Name:__________________ AP World History Block:________

Period 6 Quiz Study GuideWorld War I

I. Underlying Causes of WWIa. MilitarismPowerful military leaders and armies started an arms race among nationsb. Alliances-Agreements were made between countries in case of war-Emergence of Allies and Central Powersc. Imperialism-Competition over colonies-Economic rivalries between major European powers

d. Nationalism -Serbian desire to create a nation-German pride in military and power---French revenge on Germanye. Anarchy-Many areas in Europe were going through social unrest -No international body for peace

II. New Found Alliances• Germany formed Dual Alliance with Austria-

Hungary in 1879• Italy joined in 1882 creating the Triple Alliance

• Germany wanted to isolate France and allied with Russia

III. Birth of the Triple Entente• New Kaiser Wilhelm II took the German throne

and fired Otto von Bismarck• This ended the alliance with Russia

• Russia then allied with France and Great Britain • They formed the Triple Entente

IV. Rivalries in the Balkans• The Balkans were called the “Powder Keg” of Europe• Many countries had claims to the territories and spheres of influence existed with many European nations • Austria makes the first move by annexing Bosnia• Serbia demanded that Bosnia have self rule

V. Serbian Payback Serbia set out to end Austrian interference in

the Balkans Archduke Ferdinand and His wife were visiting

Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia

Gavrilo Princep a member of the Black Hand assassinated the Archduke and his wife.

VI. The Start of War• Austria offered an ultimatum to Serbia

demanding they stop resisting Austrian rule• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July

28, 1914.

• Russia then joined the Serbians side• By August 3rd, Germany declared war on Russia

and France

VII. The Schlieffen Plan• The Schlieffen Plan was a full out attack on France by crossing neutral Belgium• The purpose was to destroy France quickly and then attack Russia • This plan forced Great Britain to join the war and Italy to abandon Germany

VIII. Two Major Battles a. The First Battle of Marne

Germany crossed Belgium but could not break French defenses The Germans were now forced to fight a two-front war.

This stalemate gives birth to trench warfare

b. Gallipoli Campaign Britain launched an attack on the Gallipoli

Peninsula In 1915, the Ottoman Empire joined WWI. They stopped the British assault

This cut off the Allies from supplying the Russians

This forced the Russians to suffer major losses in supplies and amm

IX. The United States Enters the Waro The U.S declared its neutrality in 1914o The Germans Started submarine warfareo The Germans sank a British passenger liner called the Lusitaniao Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare to sink any ship without warning o Even after unrestricted sub-warfare, the U.S remained neutralo The Zimmerman Telegram stated that the Germans would help Mexico regain lands lost to the U.S, if the

Mexicans would join the waro The U.S is forced into WWI

X. Russia Withdraw from the War Russian involvement in WWI was hurting the

Russia economy, soldiers and people Revolts broke out forcing Czar Nicholas II to

abdicate in1917 A provisional government was set up, but it was

also weak

The Communist Party rose to power under Vladimir Lenin

Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany

Russia gives Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Ukraine to Germany

XI The End of WWI When Russia left the war Germany focused on

France The United States was now involved and

prevented a German victory Bulgaria surrendered September 29, 1918 The Ottoman Empire surrendered October 30,

1918

Austria-Hungary surrendered November 3, 1918 November 10, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated

German throne November 11, 1918 Germany agrees to

armistice World War I is now over

XII. X New TechnologyMachine Guns Grenades Mortars and Artillery TanksPoison Gas Gas Grenades Airplanes SubmarinesPropaganda Gun Ships Trench Warfare

XIII. Building the Peace There were four major politicians involved with making peace: David Lloyd George, Britain, Georges Clemenceau, France, Woodrow Wilson, the U.S, Vittorio Orlando, Italy

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Altering national borders in Europe Create new nations along the lines of Self-Determination Create a League of Nations to prevent future wars

XIV. The Treaty of Versailles• The Treaty of Versailles set harsh clause on Germany:1. Germany loses colonies in Africa and the Pacific2. Limitations on German army: (100,000 soldiers, air force, navy, subs) 3. Germany could not manufactures weapons

4. Germany had to pay 33 Billion dollars in reparations5. “War Guilt” clause placing blame for WWI solely on Germany 6. Formation of League of Nations, Germany and Russia could not join7. The U.S never joined the League of Nations

Armenian Massacre I. Origins of Problems between Turks and Armenians

1. The Ottoman Empire contained many Christian Armenians and Muslims2. Armenians started calling for an independent state.3. Russia promoted Armenian independence

II. Problems Escalate1. The Turks blamed the Armenians for losing important WWI battles. 2. They were considered a threat to Turkish unity. 3. This is what began the massacre

III. The Massacre Begins1. Turks arrested thousands of Armenian intellectuals and most were executed.2. Encouraged a forced evacuation of Armenians3. The Turks built labor camps where thousands of Armenians were killed by a variety of techniques: burned alive,

shot, starvation, morphine injection, and poisoning.

IV. Results1. The Turks massacred over a million and a half Armenians 2. After WWI the people responsible were sentenced to death.3. Genocide was brought to the attention of the world

Russian RevolutionI. The Effects of World War I on Russia

• The Russian Revolution occurred due to the following:

• Major losses • poor leadership and poorly trained soldiers

• No ammunition • No food, shortage of bread• The Duma, the Russian Parliament (1906-1917),

was created to help but had no real authority

II.RUSSIAN LEADERSHIP• Czar Nicholas II:• Last czar of the Romanov’s • Refused to pull Russia out of war despite the

suffering

• People rioted and demanded change • He abdicated (stepped down) from the throne

in February 1917

III. Provisional Government• Alexander Kerensky set up provisional

government • Tried to be democratic, but kept Russia in WWI

(not a popular decision) • Tried to suppress Lenin and the Bolshevik party

• Soviets: formed local councils that represented peasants, workers, soldier

• The provisional government lasted from Feb 1917-Oct 1917

IV.HERE COMES LENIN!• Follower of Karl Marx• 1917 Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks, led the October Revolution and removed the provisional gov’t • This was a successful coup d’etat • He mobilized the support of soldiers, workers, and peasants to revolt

V. Communism• Communism was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and was published in the Communist Manifesto• Communism is a society in which there is no private ownership, all property is shared by the community for the

common benefit of all members

The Differences between Communism and Capitalism

Communism CapitalismHistory is a series of class strugglesWorkers are exploited by employers

Individuals should follow self interestCompetition is the key to success

There should be a classless societyGov’t controls everythingNo private ownershipsAll share wealth

Allows for profitClasses developGovernment should not interfere

Also known as a command economy Also known as a market economy

VI. LENIN’S PROMISE• Promised LAND, PEACE AND BREAD!!• Land seized from nobility would go to the

peasants

• Peace: to get out of WWI• Bread: end of food shortages

VII. Bolshevik Takeover• Began to nationalize the industries and assets of

Russia• 1918 signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with

Germans

• Russia lost the Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, and Finland

• Russia was officially out of WWI

VIII. LENIN’S RULEa. dictator b. Set up a totalitarian gov’t c. Destroyed churches and synagoguesd. Created the Cheka : secret police e. Created the RED army led by Leon Trotskyf. The Execution of Tsar Nicholas II 1918• The Red Army ordered the execution on the

entire Romanov family • July 17 The Romanov family was executed. • Russia plunged into civil war • The White Army was anti-Bolshevik and aided

by the Allies

• 1917-1921 RED army put down revolts• Allies withdrew support, and the Reds were

victorious • Lenin renames Russia : The Soviet Union in 1921

IX. Lenin’s NEP • 1920’s: rebuild Russia he used his New Economic Policy• The NEP placed major industries in gov’t hands, but allowed for private businesses to form • Combined communism with some capitalism• Ex: allowed farmers to sell grain for profit

X. The Death of Lenin• This plan slowly helped Russia• Lenin has a series of strokes from 1922-1924,

and dies in 1924

• He did not choose a successor

XI. Trotsky vs. StalinTrotsky: War Commissar under Lenin, and a war heroStalin: General Secretary of the Central Committee 1. Lenin did not trust Stalin, would have chosen

Trotsky to lead2. 1927 forced Trotsky to step down as war commissar3. 1929 Trotsky was banished from Communist Party

and exiled

4. Stalin now had sole power over Russia5. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by an ice pick in

19406. Stalin become totalitarian dictator

XII. Five Year Plans• Stalin ends NEP in 1928• Creates command economy• Creates the Five Year Plan• A plan of rapid industrialization and production• Stalin set demanding goals for factories and

production• Used collectivization, Gov’t took over farms• Kulaks or peasants were kicked off• They rebel: burn livestock, farms,

• Cause a Great Famine • Anyone that disagreed were sent to labor

camps, known as Gulags or executed.• Stalin believed this policy would lead to

increased production. • In 1939, two countries in the world produced

more than Russia, the United States and Germany

XIII. Stalin and Totalitarianism single-party dictatorship that controls every aspect of the lives of its citizens There are no individual rights Citizens must obey the gov’t without question This gov’t uses propaganda, censorship, and terror Ex: Great Purge where Stalin eliminated threats in the Communist party in the 1930’s Secret police spied on citizens

In the end, his plans helped the Soviet Union become a major world power, at the cost of millions of lives

The Mexican RevolutionI Porfirio Diaz

• President of Mexico for 31 years.• Power & wealth was in the hands of a select few.• The people had no power • President Diaz and his supporters used their political and economic resources to stay in power indefinitely.

II Francisco Madero• Madero a local landowner wanted to remove Diaz and ran for president.• Shortly before the elections of 1910, Madero was captured and imprisoned. • He stated that the election was a fraud and declared himself President• This started the Mexican Revolution

III The Revolution1. Francisco “Poncho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata led an uprising of the peasants. 2. The revolts defeated Diaz in six months. 3. The people called for an election and Francisco Madero was elected President.

IV A Second Uprising• military uprisings led to the assassination of Madero was killed in 1913• New leader General Huerta was abusive• Villa, Zapata, Carranza and Obregón fought and removed Huerta

V The Constitution of 19171. . Carranza created a new constitution in 1917. 2. It addressed

-no foreign ownership of resources-organized labor code, the right to strike and eight hour work days. -Education was to be free

3. Carranza would be killed and leaders would continue to push for democracy

Rebuilding of TurkeyI. The Rise of Mustafa Kemal

The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in WWI.

After the loss, the empire fell apart The Greeks attempted to overtake Turkey Mustafa Kemal was nationalist leader of the

Young Turks

The Young Turks rose up to defeat the sultan and the Greeks in 1919

Kemal took the name Atatürk or “Father of the Turks”

Became President of Turkey in 1923

II. Atatürk’s Reforms Turkey was predominantly Muslim Wanted to reform Turkey using Western ideas He introduced western customs and clothes Western ideas in gov’t by creating a parliament Changed legal code from Islamic to Western

Educational system became coeducational He gave women full social and political rights. He used ruthless actions to institute change in

Turkey

III. Pan-Arabism Pan-Arabism is a nationalist movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle

East. Pan-Arabism is a form of cultural nationalism.

Rise of FascismI Rise of Fascism

o Fascist parties began to rise in Europe after WWIo Fascism was to destroy the will of the individual in favor of the countryo Fascism is a division of totalitarianism

II Post War Problems in Italy1. Italy Joined WWI to gain land.2. Wilson cut them out of the settlement, 600,000 soldiers died3. Italian post-war problems:

i National debtii High unemploymentiii Povertyiv Anger

v Strikesvi Riots vii Demands for land reform

III Italy: The First Fascist Statea) Italy was the first state to have a fascist

government b) Benito Mussolini created the Nationalist Fascist

Party in 1919. c) Mussolini’s Blackshirts, fought against Socialists

and Communists.

d) By 1921 members were in the Italian parliament.

e) Mussolini marched on Rome in 1922f) King Victor Emanuel III named Mussolini Prime

Minister.

IV Totalitarian Italyi Mussolini took over parliament in 1922. ii When he did take complete power Mussolini:

a. limited the power of parliamentb. banned labor unions c. abolished rival political parties d. set up a secret police e. Use Black Shirts to intimidate opponents. f. He also used propaganda photos, documentary films, music, education, television, and parades to help his

image. g. In addition he rejected Democracy, Capitalism, and Free Trade

V Italian Foreign Policyi Italy started to focus on expansionii a. Took Corfu in Greece in 1923 iii b. Controlled Albania iv c. Reconquered Libya

v d. In 1935 Mussolini conquered Ethiopiavi This led to the relationship between Hitler and

Mussolini

Rise of Nazi GermanyI. Fascism in Germany

After World War I, the Weimar Republic began The attempted to create a democracy, but problems existed A political party named The National Socialist German Workers’ Party will begin its rise to power

II. Adolf Hitlera. Hitler joins Nazi Party in 1921b. 1923 starts the Beer Hall Putsch (attempted

overthrow the government)c. 1924 sentenced to 5 years in prison

d. In prison Hitler writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

e. This book became the key to Hitler’s success

III. The Nazi Party 1926, Hitler became supreme leader of Nazis

(Führer). October 29, 1929, the Wall Street stock market

crashed Unemployment rose

In 1932 Hitler ran for president but was defeated

Hitler gained widespread support and became chancellor in 1933

He soon concentrated power to the Nazi Party.

IV. Hitler Becomes Dictatori The Reichstag was burned on February 27. ii The Reichstag Fire was blamed on the

Communists.iii Hitler suspended many constitutional rights.

iv Hitler proposed the Enabling Act, which gave him dictatorial powers

v Hitler became dictator of Germany in March 1933.

V. Consolidation of Powera. This was the birth of the Third Reich in German history.b. Hindenburg died in 1934 c. Hitler became the sole ruler of Germany.

VI. Totalitarian Reign Banned all political parties. Big business under government control. Outlawed freedom of the press

Secret state police hunted down its enemies 1933 saw the birth of the first concentration

camps for enemies of the state.

VII Rebuilding Germany• Hitler launched large public works:

– the construction of superhighways (autobahns), • Hitler wanted to rearm Germany, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. • Ended unemployment in Germany• Germany was the first country to rise up from the depression.

VIII. The Night of Long Knivesa. Hitler feared that others wanted his power. b. The Night of Long Knivesc. During the next 24 hours 200 other senior SA officers were arrested. d. Many were shot as soon as they were captured

IX Hitler’s Anti-Semitism• Hitler was an anti-Semite. • Anti-Semitism is the hatred for the Jews. • To Hitler the Jews were responsible for all problems in the world.

A. The Nuremberg Lawsi A citizen of the Reich may be one who is of German blood.ii Marriages between Jews and subjects of German or kindred blood are forbiddeniii Extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans is forbidden.iv Germans were encouraged not to use Jewish doctors and lawyers.

X Kristallnacht• Kristallnacht took place on November 9-10, 1938. • A German diplomat, had been murdered by a Jew in Paris. • During Kristallnacht or the Night of Broken Glass as it was known:

– Jewish shops were destroyed – Synagogues were burnt down. – 20,000 were sent to concentration camps.– After Kristallnacht the numbers of Jews wishing to leave Germany increased.

• Between 1933 and 1939, half the Jewish population of Germany left the country.

XI The Holocausta) The worst atrocity by Hitler was the Holocaust.b) Known as The Final Solutionc) 6 million Jews were killed during the Second World War

Japanese AggressionI. Japan after WWI

• Japan was on the winning side in WWI and began to experience rapid growth economically• Japan demanded trading rights and control over some aspects of the Chinese gov’t and economy• When the Depression hit, Japanese militarists gained control and planned to create a new empire in China

II. Sino-Japanese War• Japan began expanding into Korea• Japan established control over Manchuria in 1931• The Sino-Japanese war started because Japan wanted to expand further into Asia

III. The Battle• Japan signed an alliance with Germany in 1936• Japan was more advanced technologically• Japan was stronger but China was able to force the war into a stalemate

• Most costly loss was the City of Nanking (Nanjing)• Fighting ensued again in 1941

A. Rape of Nanking 300,000 civilians were murdered 20,000 women were raped, most of whom were

murdered thereafter Rapes were committed in broad daylight, in

front of spouses, children, or other family members, and with appalling frequency.

Japanese officials condoned the murder of women after the rape

One outstandingly revolting account:

Europe 1931-1939IV. Spain

Spain established a parliamentary gov’t in 1931 The system was extremely weak and failing 1936 General Francisco Franco took control of

parts of Spain This led to a massive civil war

Germany and Italy supported Franco’s troops to help crush the democracy

While France and Britain refused to help the Spanish democracy

In 1939 Franco installed a dictatorship in Spain Spain stayed neutral during WWII

V. Germany In 1933, Hitler began to rebuild the German

military. Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933 Germany withdrew from the League of

Nations. 1935, Hitler took back the Rhineland.

In 1937 Germany signed an alliance with Japan. In early 1938 Hitler annexed Austria At the Munich Conference of 1938, Hitler was

given the Sudetenland Hitler received appeasement policy was used to

avoid a war.

VI. Europe 1939 Appeasement worked for one year 1939, Hitler claimed the rest of Czechoslovakia. March 1939 Italy invaded Albania. The Germans signed the “Pact of Steel” uniting Germany and Italy in May 1939.

VII. Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in august

1939. Germany would take Eastern Poland and

Lithuania Russia would get the remainder of Poland,

Finland and the Baltic States.

German forces marched into Poland on September 1, 1939.

September 3, 1939 Britain and France declared war on Germany

World War III. The War Begins

On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland German attack called “blitzkrieg”, or lightning

war. Britain and France declare war on Germany

The United States declared its neutrality Soviets and Nazis split Poland Russians attacked Finland and are expelled from

the League of Nations.

II. 1940 In early1940 the Nazis invaded: Denmark Belgium France

And other countries All of the nations above surrender to the

Germans. Great Britain was the next target

III. The Battle for Britain In July 1940 the Battle of Britain began. The German Luftwaffe began mass bomber attacks on radar stations and airfields. Hitler then switched the attack to civilian targets. This decision cost the Germans the Battle for Britain.

IV. Pact of Steel The Italians and Germans signed the Pact of Steel The Italians finally joined WWII in 1940 and attack Greece and North Africa Italy was being defeated in both areas The Germans had to help and defeated the Greeks, the Balkans and North Africa The Germans cancelled the Nazi-Soviet Pact German attacked Russia: Operation Barbarossa

V. Operation BarbarossaGermany:

• Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.• The Soviets retreated and used the scorched earth plan, burning everything to keep them from the Germans• This forced the Russians to side with the Allies and Germany was fighting a two-front war

VI. The Pacific• Japan continued its expansion• Tripartite Pact was signed between Tokyo, Rome and Berlin. • Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.• The United States and Britain declare war on Japan• Germany and Italy Declare war on the U.S• After attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma and the Dutch

East Indies.• The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes using kamikaze attacks against U.S. ships.

Bataan Death March • The Japanese forced U.S. and Filipino soldiers to march after Japan defeated the Philippines in 1942.• About 10,000 people died or were killed during the march.

Relocation of Japanese Americans After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were targeted and thrown in internment camps

VII. The U.S• Italy surrendered in 1943• June 1944 the Allies stormed Normandy (D-Day). • On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide • May 7, 1945 the German Army authorized an unconditional surrender.

VIII. War in the Pacific• Japan refused to surrender.• The U.S dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima • The U.S dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki, • The Japanese surrendered and World War II was over.

Peace after WWIIIX. The Yalta Conference

1. After the war, Germany would be split into four occupied zones, with a quadripartite occupation of Berlin.2. Germany would undergo demilitarization and de-nazification

X. United Nations• Allies set up an international organization to secure peace. • The United Nations Security Council was given great power. • Five permanent members are the US, GB, France, China and the Soviet Union.

***Purpose of the UN• To maintain international peace and security

XI. Universal Declaration of Human Rights• Universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.• All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.• All are equal before the law

XII. Genocide Convention• The Genocide Convention was set up to declare that genocide is a crime• Any act of genocide will now be punished

XIII. Marshall Plan• U.S would assist Europe in a plan to rebuild • Aid to prevent starvation• Repair and begin economic reconstruction.• $13.3 billion for recovery.• The plan had two major aims:• To prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe • To stabilize Europe for the development of democracy and free-market economies.

Holocaust A. What was the Holocaust?

• Nazi genocidal policy: Referred to as the “Final Solution”• Began in 1939-1945• 11 million were killed: 6 million Jews• 5 million Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled, political dissidents

I. STEPS LEADING TO THE HOLOCAUSTo Nazi’s targeted a number of ethic and cultural groupso Jews were the most hatedo Hitler wanted a master “Aryan” race: pure German blood

1. 1933: Nuremberg Laws2. November 1938: Kristallnacht 3. 1939-1940: Anti-Semitic policy escalated to the point of genocide

II. Identifying Jews o 1938 identification cardso "J Stamp" based on the religion of grandparents was added to ID cards and passports of Jewso They had to take a "Jewish middle name" (Sara for women, and Israel for men)o Jews were forced to wear the yellow star to identify themselves

III. The Ghettos• Jews were rounded up and placed in ghettos• Some Jews were sporadically executed or died by random violence• Other Jews were placed into concentration( labor) camps

IV. Medical Experimentso Zyklon-B was chosen as most efficient gaso Nazi’s used Jews to test medical experimentso Jews (especially twins and dwarfs) were dissected for organs, and infected with diseases

V. 1942: The Beginning of the Final Solution• Hitler implements his Final Solution at the Wannsee Conference • The creation of Death or extermination camps began• The largest and most famous was Auschwitz in Poland• Between 1943-1945 Jews from all over Europe were shipped to death camps• Victims were gassed, and their bodies were cremated

VI. The Aftermath Soviets liberate camps in Poland in 1944 and Auschwitz was liberated in 1945 An estimated 6 million Jews and 5 million others were killed 1946: Nuremberg Trials: They tried Nazi’s for “crimes against humanity” 1948: UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

VII. War Crimes Trials· In 1945 and 1946, as a result of the Nuremberg Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death for their war

crimes.· Thousands of other Nazis were found guilty of war crimes and were imprisoned, and in some cases, executed.

Jewish NationalismI. Treatment of Jews

1. Persecuted for centuries 2. Pogroms: violent attacks on Jews3. Anti-Semitism: Hatred for Jews

4. Jews were not welcome in many places 5. Ex. Russia produced the May Laws prohibiting

the rights of Jews during the 1800’s

II. Dreyfus Affair1. Captain Alfred Dreyfus was accused of treason in

France2. Anti-Semitic atmosphere caused Dreyfus to be

imprisoned, released 12 years later

3. Proved Jews were not welcome anywhere4. One solution: the mass immigration of Jews to a

land that they could: the mass immigration of Jews to a land that they could call their own

III Theodor Herzl1. Herzl published The Jewish State in 18962. Herzl started a plan called Zionism3. Zionism: ideology that supports a homeland for the

Jews in the Land of Israel4. First Zionist Congress

5. The congress established the World Zionist Organization

6. Created the economic foundation for the proposed Jewish state

7. He died in 1904

IV. Balfour Declaration1. Arthur Balfour in 1917 he issued the Balfour

Declaration2. Called for a Jewish homeland in Palestine for Jews3. But this should not displace the Muslims4. In 1920 Britain gained control of Palestine as a

mandate from the League of Nations5. From 1917-1939 hundreds of thousands of Jews

went to Palestine.

6. The White Paper of 1939 was the idea of an independent Palestine governed jointly by Arabs and Jews

7. The Jews finally received their own home state in 1948 when the United Nations created two Palestine’s, one for Muslims and one for Jews.

Chinese RevolutionI. The Chinese Revolution of 1911

1. Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese Revolution of 1911.2. China became more westernized. 3. Three Principles of the People were:4. Nationalism, socialism, and democracy.

II. Chiang Kai-Shek1. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925. 2. Chiang Kai-shek was the new leader.3. Two major problems for China: 4. The Japanese invaded Manchuria and the Communists allied with Russia

III. Rise of Communism1. A civil war was fought for four years 2. 1949 the communists were led by Mao Zedong 3. The Kuomintang fled to the island of Taiwan, where they established the Republic of China. 4. Communists named mainland China the People’s Republic of China.5. The UN and U.S recognized the People’s Republic of China as the true China.

IV. Mao Tse-tung1. Mao Tse-tung, collectivized agriculture and industry.2. Steel production grew rapidly.3. 1950’s Great Leap Forward: use cheap labor to rapidly industrialize the country.4. It failed crippling the economy and causing millions of deaths from starvation.

V. Rebuilding China1. Between 1959 and 1961 poor policies and natural disasters caused famine. 2. China introduced elements of capitalism that helped the economy.

VI. The Cultural Revolution1. Universities were shut down for four years. 2. Students and faculty worked in the fields.3. Anyone who opposed were arrested or killed. 4. The new curriculum included only communist studies and vocational training. 5. Mao Tse-tung died in 1976. 6. He was replaced by Deng Xiaoping

VII. Deng Xiaoping• In September 1976, Mao Zedong died at the age of 83. • Deng Xiaoping seized power and the Cultural Revolution ended.

VIII. Four Modernizations

• “It matters not whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice." Deng Xiaoping ...• His policy was called the Four Modernizations • SAID • S: Science and Technology• A: Agriculture• I: industry• D: Defense • Tried to advance China because they had been isolated for so long• Thousands of students were sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business techniques.

IX. Collective farms• Collective farms could now lease lands to peasant families who paid rent• Peasants could now make profit on produce• Combining capitalism with communism• Similar to Lenin’s NEP and Gorbachev’s Perestroika

X. Results• Plan worked : industry began to rise• Per capita income went up• 1980’s no money for refrigerators, radio’s, watches, & TVs• By 1990’s: more could afford these items• People still wanted change• They wanted democracy, especially students• Students were sent abroad and influenced by western ideas, dress, and pop culture

XI. Tiananmen Square• In May 1989, student protests called for the end of corruption • Led to massive demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. • Deng ordered tanks and troops into Tiananmen Square to crush the demonstrators • This was a violation of human rights• Hundreds were killed • Democracy remained a dream

India’s IndependenceI. India

1. India was still a British colony2. Many people wanted their autonomy or self-rule3. The Indian National Congress was formed it 18854. It was meant to increase Indian rights5. In 1906 the Muslim League was formed to increase the rights of Islamic Indians 6. Both were formed to oppose colonial rule

II. India’s involvement in WWI1. The Indians supported Britain in WWI.2. When the war was over India wanted to become free like other colonies3. Gandhi began to speak out against British rule

III. Amritsar Massacre Indian nationalists held a peaceful protest The protesters were unarmed and were slaughtered by the British 379 people died, 1,137 wounded Indians from all over joined the movement for independence Britain now opposed any opposition

IV. Indian Nationalism Mohandas Gandhi had become a national figure by supporting passive resistance Gandhi and his followers used protests, boycotts of imperial goods, and strikes The British attempted to make minor reforms but Indians were not satisfied Fighting between Hindus and Muslims also escalated Gandhi pleaded for Indian unity, while others demanded a division of India

V. Great Salt March1. Nonviolent resistance to British authority. 2. Britain imposed a heavy tax on the salt they sold to India. 3. Gandhi led 50,000 people on a 200 mile march to the seashore4. People began to make salt illegally

VI. Movement for peace1. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru pressed the British for greater reform.2. In 1935, the British granted a constitution.3. In 1937, Gandhi and Nehru began their “Quit India” campaign4. The start of WWII delayed the British withdrawal 5. India would gain its freedom in 19476. 1948 Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse

VII. Problems after Independence• After WWII Hindus and Muslims killing each other• Gandhi promoted a united India (Hindu and Muslims ruling together)• Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed a partition of India to create a Muslim state in Northern India• India was divided into thirds: India in the south and a Muslin state Pakistan into two parts (West Pakistan and

East Pakistan) East Pakistan would become Bangladesh• After the partition, millions of people shifted to live where their religion was dominant• Hundreds of thousands of people were killed • The nations are still fighting today especially in Kashmir • Both India and Pakistan are now nuclear powers, making the area extremely dangerous

Cold WarI. The Crumbling Alliance

1. The United States and the Soviet Union became the world superpowers. 2. They had the resources and military to dominate the globe. 3. Conflicting ideologies and distrust divided the Allies and led to the Cold War. 4. The Cold War was a state of tension and hostility that developed

II. Origins of the Cold War1. Stalin wanted to spread Communism into Eastern Europe.2. Stalin left troops in every country that they liberated from Nazi rule.3. Stalin installed governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia and other Eastern European countries.4. By 1946, almost all of Eastern Europe was under Stalin’s control.

III. The Cold War Heats Up• Churchill’s labeled Stalin’s Eastern European countries as an “iron curtain.” • It described the division of Europe into an “eastern” and “western” bloc.

IV. Containment and The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine resisted Communism and would resist Soviet expansion anywhere. The United States would resist Soviet expansion anywhere in the world. Truman sent military and economic aid to resisting countries.

Containment , limited communism to the areas already under Soviet control.

V. Division of Germany Germany was split into four parts. The Soviet Union controlled the East The West was united by the U.S, Britain and

France.

The Russians dismantled factories and resources. The Western democracies rebuilt German

industries.

VI. Berlin1. All four Allies occupied the capital. 2. Stalin sealed off railroads and highways into

Berlin. 3. This was known as the Berlin Blockade. 4. The western powers responded with the Berlin

Airlift.

5. The airlift was a round the clock supply drop into Berlin

6. The airlift forced the Soviets to stop the blockade.

VII. NATO1. In 1949, the U.S, Canada, G.B, France, and other democracies formed NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 2. Members of NATO pledged to help one another if any one of them was attacked.3. Other countries joined during the Cold War like Greece, Turkey, Spain and Germany

VIII. The Warsaw Pact 1. In 1955 the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact. 2. It included the U.S.S.R, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania Bulgaria, East Germany and Romania.3. The Warsaw Pact was used by the Soviets as a weapon to keep the satellites in order.

IX. Nuclear Arms Race • The United States and Russia had the atomic bomb.• The superpowers spent billions to develop nuclear weapons. • The advance of technology was greater than that of any one time period.

X, Propaganda The US defended capitalism and democracy The Soviet Union defended communism and totalitarianism.

XI. The Korean War1. After WW II, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel.2. Soviets in North Korea 3. U.S. occupied South Korea4. Both Superpowers withdrew in 19495. But in 1950, the North invaded the South. 6. The North wanted to unify Korea under communism. 7. The US and UN placed the forces in the South.8. The South Koreans were winning until China entered the war aiding the North 9. An armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953. 10. South Korea became an economic powerhouse, while the North has suffered 11. But North Korea has nuclear weapons and is considered a dangerous threat

XII. Joseph McCarthy• Joseph McCarthy led a campaign against Communism in the early 1950s. • “McCarthyism” made many people believe that the U.S was full of communists

XIII. The Space Race1. 1957 the Soviets launch Sputnik.2. 1969 the US’s Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.3. The Space Race caused the birth of superior world technology.

XIV. The Cuban Revolution 1. Cuba became independent in 1898 with U.S help2. For decades, the U.S invested in Cuban businesses which only helped the wealthy and not the peasants3. The policies were under the Batista dictatorship4. Fidel Castro led a peasant revolt in Cuba in 1959. 5. Cuba became a communist country and was supported by the USSR6. The new government began taking property owned by major US corporations7. The U.S feared a communist threat so close to its country

XV. The Bay of Pigs1. US-planned landing to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in 1961.2. The invasion failed miserably and communism remained in Cuba.

XVI. The Berlin Wall1. 1961 Khrushchev begins construction on the Anti-Fascist Protection Wall2. built to keep people from escaping from the east to the West for democracy

XVII. The Cuban Missile Crisis1. Soviet Union was building secret missile bases in Cuba.2. Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba 3. Khrushchev eventually removed the weapons as long as the U.S did not invade Cuba4. Nuclear war was avoided

XVIII. France vs. Vietnam1. France attempted to re-establish control over Indochina after WWII 2. Fighting went on until 1954 when the French were slaughtered by Vietnamese guerilla warfare3. Vietnam was split into two pieces 4. The Communist North was led by Ho Chi Minh5. The South was led by Ngo Dihn Diem 6. Diem was overthrown and executed in 1963

XIX. The Gulf of Tonkin1. Communism was spreading quickly in Asia2. domino theory: when one country fell to communism others could too3. The U.S and France wanted to back the South Vietnamese4. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the U.S to take any measures against Vietnam.

XX. The Vietnam War Begins1. US and French troops aided the South 2. The North Vietnamese used Guerilla warfare.3. The U.S and France were unprepared for that style of combat4. The North Vietnamese proved to be too much for the U.S and France and they removed troops in the early

1970’s 5. Peace was in signed 1973. 6. Vietnam was united in July 1976. 7. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed on both sides of this conflict

XXI. The War in Afghanistan1. The Mujahdeen declared a jihad, a holy war on the communist gov’t.2. Russian soldiers were no match against Afghanistan.3. Mikhail Gorbachev took the Soviet Union out of the Afghanistan conflict.4. This showed the weaknesses of the Soviet Union

XXII. Star Wars Star Wars or SDI: a defense system that destroyed missiles before they hit a target. This cost both countries billions with no success.

XXIII. The Birth of a New Soviet Russia1. 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became Russian leader2. Gorbachev wanted to end Cold War tensions 3. Glasnost or openness where he ended censorship.4. Perestroika was the restructuring of government and the economy.

XXIV. Collapse of the Berlin Wall1. On Nov. 9 1989, the Berlin Wall is opened. 2. Many East Germans cross the border to West Berlin they celebrate for days.

XXV. The Fall of the Soviet Union1. Food shortages grew worse and prices soared. 2. Countries gained full independence. 3. Others broke from Soviet control4. Gorbachev resigned as president in 1991. 5. Cuba was economically devastated by the fall of Russia

XXVI. Poland• Anti-Communist movements existed in Poland during the 1980’s• The Solidarity Movement was led by Lech Walesa• Workers began to strike against communist policies• Martial law was instituted but the movement was too strong• When communism fell in 1990, Walesa was elected president of Poland• He instituted Western reforms• Poland has since joined NATO and the European Union

XXVII. Ethnic Cleansing in former Yugoslavia• Nationalistic movements erupted in the 1990s following the fall of Soviet Russia• Bosnian-Serb militias attempt to expel Bosnia's Muslim and Croat population • This “ethnic cleansing” of Muslims was led by Slobodan Milosevic • Hundreds of thousands were killed• Ethnic Cleansing created more than two million refugees and displaced persons• Peace was signed at the Dayton Agreement

Genocide in Cambodia Khmer RougeI. The Rise of the Khmer Rouge

1. Former leader was deposed.2. Lon Nol came to power but the Khmer Rouge gained power too.3. In 1975 the U.S stopped bombing Cambodia.4. In that same year Lon Nol resigned

II. Khmer Rouge in Power1. The Khmer Rouge wanted a classless society 2. Pol Pot wanted to purify Cambodia from western ideas.3. The regime executed civil servants, police, intellectuals and starved peasants

III. Torture and Killing1. S-21 a prison camp was used to extract confessions from political prisoners.2. To do this they used electrocution, hot metal prods, and knives.3. Thousands were executed in this fashion and buried in mass graves.4. 1.4 million Deaths, 20 percent of the population died between 1975 and 1978.

IV. The Fall of the Khmer Rouge1. In 1978 100,000 Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia.2. Within weeks they took the capital and Pol Pot fled.3. They instituted a new gov’t the People's Republic of Kampuchea.4. Pol Pot died in 1998.

20th Century Africa1. WWI and its effects in Africa

a. Allies targeted the four German colonies in Africa

2. The mandate system a. United States opposed direct colonizationb. Allies divided up the Central Powers colonies in Africa and Asiac. League of Nations: territories would be assigned to advanced nations until they could self-govern d. Most important mandate was British control over Palestine

3. Africa and WWIIa. WWI weakened Europeb. set the stage for decolonization c. European grip on colonies weakened because of Depression d. Rise of Germany and Italy lead to conquest of Northern Africae. After WWII countries demand independence

4. Decolonizing Africaa. African nationalism and independence

African nationalism grew to protest against European imperialism Imperial powers stated Africa was not ready for self-government White settlers opposed black independence

b. Forcing the French out of North Africa 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria War in Algeria, 1954-1962 Algerian nationalists used guerrilla warfare Atrocities on both sides; Algerian independence, 1962

c. Freedom and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa a. Ghana on the Gold Coast first to gain independence, 1957 b. Kwame Nkrumah, nationalist leader, jailed and censored for political actionsc. Nkrumah became Ghana's first president, 1957 d. Anti-colonial rebellions in Kenya after 1947 e. between native Kikuyu (Mau Mau) and European settlersf. Mau Mau leaders arrested many radical and political leaders

g. Mau Mau uprising crushed in 1955h. Political prisoners released: most notably Jomo Kenyattai. Kenya gained independence, 1963 with Kenyatta as its first president

d. Egypt• Egypt became independent in 1922• Egypt was still closely connected to Britain• In the 1950s Gamal Nasser overthrew the king and established a republic in Egypt • He nationalized industries, including the Suez Canal• He was involved in many conflicts between the Western countries and the Middle East• He ruled Egypt until his death in 1970• He was replaced by Anwar Sadat• Sadat’s contribution was a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel at the Camp David Accords in the late 1970’s

e. South Africaa. independent in 1901, but rights were denied to blacks b. Apartheid: 1948 legal system designed to keep races separate c. African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to protest apartheid d. Nationalism and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989 e. 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black president

f. Crisis in Darfura. Darfur region of Sudan is home to racially mixed Muslim tribesb. In 2003 two Darfurian rebel groups launched an uprising against the gov’tc. The gov’t responded with:d. a scorched-earth campaigne. arming and bankrolling militias that kill innocent civiliansf. this tragedy is largely unsupported by the rest of the world g. to date the Darfur genocide has killed more than 400,000 civilians h. It has also displaced 2.5 million people

Genocide in RwandaI. Background:

• Two Main Ethnic Groups• Hutu and Tutsi

• Hutu were 90% of population • Tutsi were considered aristocracy

II. Colonial Background• Belgians received Rwanda after the First World

War • They made the Tutsi elite

• They enjoyed more privileges:• Colonial Identity Cards used to determine who

is Hutu and who is Tutsi

III. Tensions begin 1990’s 1962: Rwanda received its independence The Hutu seized power Hutu began discriminating against Tutsi

UN sends peacekeeping forces in 1990 Hutu extremists plan to exterminate Tutsi

IV: Turning Point 1994• April 6th 1994: • Rwandan president Habyalimana and President

from Burundi were assassinated

• Rwanda plunged into political violence • Death lists were made (ex: Tutsi

politicians ,leaders, moderate Hutu’s)

V. Genocide Begins

• The Hutu militia begin to kill Tutsi’s in cold blood • The Hutu radio encourage killing by broadcasting non-stop propaganda• Tutsi’s take refuge in churches and hospitals became main targets• Tutsi were forced by Hutu to kill their own families

VI. The World Response The UN sent in 5,000 soldiers UN and US were careful not to use the word “genocide” The UN army pulled out and only 200 soldiers were left to guard the entire country

VII. The Aftermath1. The killings end when Tutsi rebels invade from neighboring countries and Defeat the Hutu2. Genocide ended July 19943. Two million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda to neighboring countries4. America gave financial support and food 5. By 1996, UN trials began 6. March 31st, 2005 finally condemned the Genocide of 1994

Middle East and OilI. OPEC

1. The Middle East controls two-thirds of the world’s oil reserves2. In 1960, the Middle East united with a few other oil-exporting countries, like Venezuela, to form OPEC

(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). 3. OPEC members countries have controlled the price of oil since 1960

II. The Persian Gulf War1. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 under Saddam Hussein 2. Iraq wanted to gain control of a greater percentage of the world’s oil reserves3. The UN and U.S sent forces to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait4. Kuwait was liberated and Iraq was humiliated5. Iraq was then subjected to UN monitoring, severe limitations on its military activities and economic sanctions. 6. Hussein still remained in power7. Hussein held on to his brutal dictatorship for another 10 years8. 2005 Hussein was captured9. Hussein was executed in December 2006

III. Taliban and Al Queda The Taliban formed in Afghanistan following the fall of the U.S.S.S They are a Islamic fundamentalist group The gov’t imposed strict Islamic law It was also a safe haven for Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist group Al Queda Al Queda despises the United States, Saudi Arabia and Israel Al Queda wants these countries removed to stop infecting Islamic culture On Sept. 11 2001, Al Queda operatives attacked the World Trade Center in NYC Al Queda also organized other attacks The U.S and UN targeted and removed the Taliban from power Al Queda in still a major terrorist threat

European UnionI. The European Union

o Is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 democratic countries o Established in 1992 o A common single market

o A single currency (the euro) o A common trade policyo A Common Foreign and Security Policyo Set up internal borders which allows mobility for European Union citizens

II. European Common Marketo Designed to help the economy of Europe o Prevent future war by integrating its members together

III. The European Parliament o Elected officials that represents the interests of the citizenso Elections are held every five yearso Every European Union citizen is entitled to voteo The Parliament governs more than 455 million people

Iranian revolutionI. Problems in Iran

1. Reza Shah used western ideas in Iran since 19252. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took over Iran in 1941 3. continued Western reforms and increased women’s rights4. This infuriated Islamic fundamentalists who wanted to make Islam the law of the land5. But people demanded more reforms, rights, and freedoms

II. The Iranian Revolution1. Two sides surfaced: 2. One focused on the Shari'ah and Ulema3. The other wanted Westernization4. These two groups formed a unified front. 5. protests erupted January 9, 1978 6. The protesters demanded that the Ayatollah Khomeini be allowed to return 7. police opened fire on the students 8. The police continued to interrupt protests9. Hundreds were killed between January and August 1978 10. September 8, "Black Friday," Iranian troops killed several hundred people11. On September 9, the Shah declared martial law and imprisoned many 12. The revolutionaries changed tactics from demonstrations to strikes. 13. Khomeini spoke regularly to Iran through "speeches" which were distributed throughout Iran14. In December demonstrators seized gov’t buildings, shut down businesses with strikes, assassinated gov’t

officials. 15. On January 16, 1979, the Shah left Iran for good. 16. On February 1, Khomeini returned to Iran 17. The Revolution was over and Khomeini declared a new Islamic Republic.

III. Khomeini1. Under Khomeini's rule, Sharia was introduced, 2. Islamic dress code enforced for both men and women 3. The Iranian educational curriculum was Islamized 4. He promised many reforms but died before they were enacted in 1989