6 Pollution Prevention

8/8/2019 6 Pollution Prevention

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MARINE OIL POLLUTIONMARINE OIL POLLUTION

Approximately 5.65 million tonnes of oil were lost as aApproximately 5.65 million tonnes of oil were lost as a

result of tanker accidents / incidents from 1970 toresult of tanker accidents / incidents from 1970 to2009.2009.

Percentage of oil spilt per decadePercentage of oil spilt per decadeFigures courtesy ITOPFFigures courtesy ITOPF


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MARINE OIL POLLUTIONMARINE OIL POLLUTION

Quantity of oil spilt

Quantity of oil spilt 1970 to 20091970 to 2009 Data Courtesy ITOPFData Courtesy ITOPF


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QUANTITY OF OIL SPILTQUANTITY OF OIL SPILT 1970 TO 20091970 TO 2009Year Quantity (tonnes)

1970 330,000

1971 138,0001972 297,000

1973 164,000

1974 174,000

1975 355,000

1976 398,000

1977 291,000

1978 352,000

1979 641,000

1970s Total 3,140,000

1980 206,000

1981 48,000

1982 12,000

1983 384,000

1984 29,000

1985 85,000

1986 19,000

1987 30,000

1988 190,000

1989 174,000

1980s Total 1,177,000

Year Quantity (tonnes)

1990 61,000

1991 430,0001992 167,000

1993 140,000

1994 130,000

1995 12,000

1996 80,000

1997 72,000

1998 15,000

1999 29,000

1990s Total 1,136,000

2000 14,000

2001 8,000

2002 67,000

2003 42,000

2004 15,000

2005 18,000

2006 23,000

2007 18,000

2008 2,000

2009 100

2000s Total 206,000


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MAJOR MARITIME OIL SPILLSMAJOR MARITIME OIL SPILLS


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OIL SPILLSOIL SPILLS BREAKBREAK--UP (1970 T0 2009)UP (1970 T0 2009)

700 Tonnes Total

OPERATIONS

Loading /Discharging

3155 383 36 3574

Bunkering 560 32 0 593

Other Operations 1221 62 5 1305

ACCIDENTS

Collisions 176 334 129 640

Groundings 236 265 161 662

Hull Failures 205 57 55 316

Equipment Failures206 39 4 249

Fire & Explosions 87 33 32 152

Other/Unknown 1983 44 22 2049

TOTAL7829 1249 444 9522


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EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS AND CLEANEFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS AND CLEAN--UPUPOPERATIONSOPERATIONS

Spilled oil and certain cleanup operations can threaten different types of marineSpilled oil and certain cleanup operations can threaten different types of marine

habitats in different ways.habitats in different ways.

Coral reefsCoral reefs

Important nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals as well asImportant nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals as well asrecreational attractions for divers.recreational attractions for divers.

Coral reefs and the marine organisms that live within and around the reefsCoral reefs and the marine organisms that live within and around the reefs

are at risk from exposure to the toxic substances within oil as well asare at risk from exposure to the toxic substances within oil as well assmothering.smothering.

Single spill may take years to repair. Highly vulnerable to oil spill and cleanSingle spill may take years to repair. Highly vulnerable to oil spill and cleanup operations.up operations.

Exposed sandy, gravel or cobbled beachesExposed sandy, gravel or cobbled beaches

Oil can soak into sand and gravel, few organisms live fullOil can soak into sand and gravel, few organisms live full--time in thistime in thishabitat, so the risk to animal life or the food chain is less than in otherhabitat, so the risk to animal life or the food chain is less than in otherhabitats, such as tidal flats.habitats, such as tidal flats.

Sheltered beachesSheltered beaches

Have very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion.Have very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion.

If timely cleanup efforts are not begun, oil may remain stranded on theseIf timely cleanup efforts are not begun, oil may remain stranded on these

beaches for yearsbeaches for years


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SeaSea--bottomsbottoms

Oil contamination of the seabed may cause serious longOil contamination of the seabed may cause serious long-- and short termand short termeffects on bottomeffects on bottom--dwelling organisms (animals, algae and microdwelling organisms (animals, algae and micro

organisms).organisms). Filtering organisms such as oysters and mussels and clams which filtersFiltering organisms such as oysters and mussels and clams which filters

large volumes of water to get their food are especially likely to accumulatelarge volumes of water to get their food are especially likely to accumulateoil or oil components.oil or oil components.

In addition, if tarIn addition, if tar--like clumps of oil sink to the bottom, they may destroylike clumps of oil sink to the bottom, they may destroyliving conditions for bottomliving conditions for bottom--living organisms, as well as nursing groundsliving organisms, as well as nursing grounds

for fish and shellfish.for fish and shellfish. Low temperaturesLow temperatures

Oil tends to persist for long periods because of the low rates ofOil tends to persist for long periods because of the low rates ofevaporation.evaporation.

The frozen ground prevents it from seeping in, and this has the effect ofThe frozen ground prevents it from seeping in, and this has the effect ofmaking it travel for long distances.making it travel for long distances.

Disturbance of the thin layer of vegetation covering a frozen soil canDisturbance of the thin layer of vegetation covering a frozen soil canprecipitate catastrophic meeting of the underlying ice and result inprecipitate catastrophic meeting of the underlying ice and result inextensive thermokarst erosion.extensive thermokarst erosion.

Tundra environments are particularly susceptible to disturbance, andTundra environments are particularly susceptible to disturbance, andeffects remain visible for many years. Many of the Arctic plants are veryeffects remain visible for many years. Many of the Arctic plants are verysusceptible to pollutants, especially lichens which are the main food ofsusceptible to pollutants, especially lichens which are the main food of

reindeer.reindeer.


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Penalties for Polluting seasPenalties for Polluting seas

Provisions:Provisions:

Maritime conventionsMaritime conventions Civil lawsCivil laws

Criminal lawsCriminal laws

Maritime Conventions:Maritime Conventions:

MARPOL conventionMARPOL convention

ISM codeISM code

Civil Liability Convention (CLCCivil Liability Convention (CLC 1969)1969)

Fund Conventions (1991)Fund Conventions (1991)

Civil and Criminal Laws:Civil and Criminal Laws:

Varies with the law of the land.Varies with the law of the land.

Severe penalties amounting to millions of dollars may be imposed forSevere penalties amounting to millions of dollars may be imposed forwillful wrong doings and falsifying the records. Criminalization of shippingwillful wrong doings and falsifying the records. Criminalization of shippingcompanies (including shipboard personnel's involved) and companiescompanies (including shipboard personnel's involved) and companiesbuying and selling the cargo.buying and selling the cargo.

The parties involved will be tried by the local courts wherein there will beThe parties involved will be tried by the local courts wherein there will belittle influence of the nationality of the parties involved.little influence of the nationality of the parties involved.


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Operational Requirements of Oil tankerOperational Requirements of Oil tankerwith regard to preventing pollutionwith regard to preventing pollution

Provisions:Provisions:

Marpol regulations w.r.t Construction, design andMarpol regulations w.r.t Construction, design andfittings.fittings.

Marpol regulation w.r.t provision of SOPEP.Marpol regulation w.r.t provision of SOPEP.

ISM code provisions w.r.t safe operation andISM code provisions w.r.t safe operation andenvironmental protection.environmental protection.


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Marpol regulations w.r.t Construction, design and fittings:Marpol regulations w.r.t Construction, design and fittings:

Slop tank arrangement, capacity and Crude oil Washing.Slop tank arrangement, capacity and Crude oil Washing.

Dedicated ballast tanks and use of ODMC equipment.Dedicated ballast tanks and use of ODMC equipment.

Limitation on the size of cargo oil tank capacity.Limitation on the size of cargo oil tank capacity.

Segregated Ballast Tanks.Segregated Ballast Tanks.

Protective location of Segregated Ballast tanks.Protective location of Segregated Ballast tanks.

Double hull constructions and alternative design such asDouble hull constructions and alternative design such asmidmid--deck oil tight flat.deck oil tight flat.

Double hull protection for pump room and bunker tanks.Double hull protection for pump room and bunker tanks.


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Marpol regulation w.r.t provision of SOPEP.Marpol regulation w.r.t provision of SOPEP.

Mandatory requirement regarding SOPEP booklet.Mandatory requirement regarding SOPEP booklet.

List of SOPEP equipments to be carried on board.List of SOPEP equipments to be carried on board.

Drills and training of ships staff.Drills and training of ships staff.The Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan ("SOPEP") is to be seen as an

information from the owners to the Master of a particular ship.

It shall advise the Master how to react in case of an oilspill to prevent or at leastmitigate negative effects on the environment.The Plan contains operational aspects for various oilspill scenarios and lists

communication information to be used in case of such incidents.

6 Pollution Prevention

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