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6 million Jews 5 million others (Roma, homosexuals, “political enemies”) 1933 - 1945 11 million...
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Transcript of 6 million Jews 5 million others (Roma, homosexuals, “political enemies”) 1933 - 1945 11 million...
6 million Jews6 million Jews5 million others 5 million others (Roma, homosexuals, (Roma, homosexuals,
“political enemies”)“political enemies”)
1933 - 19451933 - 1945
11 million people were exterminated11 million people were exterminated
Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST (Heb., (Heb.,
sho'ah) sho'ah) which which originally meant a originally meant a sacrifice totally sacrifice totally burned by fire burned by fire
the annihilation of the the annihilation of the Jews and other groups Jews and other groups of people of Europe of people of Europe under the Nazi regime under the Nazi regime during World War IIduring World War II
GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the : the systematic systematic extermination of a extermination of a nationality or groupnationality or group
Cold Hard FactsCold Hard Facts
Casualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in Europe killed63% of Jewish population in Europe killed
91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed
Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women836, 255 women’’s dresses, 348, 000 mens dresses, 348, 000 men’’s s suits, 38, 000 pairs of mensuits, 38, 000 pairs of men’’s shoes and 14, s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only 000 pounds of human hair. But only
7, 6507, 650 live prisoners live prisoners
How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?
The Power of WordsThe Power of Words The Stages of The Stages of
IsolationIsolation The Bystander The Bystander
versusversusthe Collaboratorthe Collaborator
Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism
The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small The great masses of the people will more easily fall victims to a big lie than a small
oneone””
““How fortunate for leaders that men do not thinkHow fortunate for leaders that men do not think””
The victor will never be asked if he told the truthThe victor will never be asked if he told the truth””
The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jewthe Jew””
What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?
Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: Survivors of Holocaust:
3,546,2113,546,211
The Stages of IsolationThe Stages of IsolationThe Holocaust was a progression The Holocaust was a progression
of actionsof actions
leading to the annihilation of leading to the annihilation of millions by:millions by:
1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights
2: Segregation2: Segregation
3: Concentration3: Concentration
4: Extermination4: Extermination
Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRights1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all JEWS were :1935: Nuremberg Laws stated that all JEWS were :
stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses boycotted fired from jobs & businesses boycotted banned from German schools and universitiesbanned from German schools and universities Marriages between Jews and Aryans forbiddenMarriages between Jews and Aryans forbidden Forced to carry ID cards Forced to carry ID cards Passports stamped with a Passports stamped with a ““JJ ”” forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow forced to wear the arm band of the Yellow ““Star of Star of
DavidDavid”” Jewish synagogues destroyedJewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a special income taxforced to pay reparations and a special income tax
Stage 2: Segregation Stage 2: Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS Jews were forced to live in Jews were forced to live in
designated areas called designated areas called ““ghettosghettos”” to isolate them from the rest of to isolate them from the rest of societysociety
Nazis established 356 ghettos in Nazis established 356 ghettos in Poland, the Soviet Union, Poland, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII
Ghettos were filthy, with poor Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme sanitation and extreme overcrowdingovercrowding
Disease was rampant and food Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death many slowly starved to death
Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in sizesquare miles in size
Nazi ghettos Nazi ghettos were a preliminary were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews, step in the annihilation of the Jews,
as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for as the ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for
deportation to concentration & death campsdeportation to concentration & death camps
Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps
essential to Naziessential to Nazi’’s systematic oppression and eventual s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)Communists, homosexuals, opponents)
Slave labor Slave labor ““annihilation by workannihilation by work”” Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Prisoners transported in cattle freight cars Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient
transportation transportation
Life in the Life in the CampsCamps
possessions were possessions were confiscatedconfiscated
heads were shavedheads were shaved arms tattooedarms tattooed Prison uniformsPrison uniforms Men, women and Men, women and
children were children were separated separated
Survival based on Survival based on trade skills / trade skills / physical strength physical strength
Unsanitary, Unsanitary, disease ridden and disease ridden and lice infested lice infested barracks barracks
inhumane medical inhumane medical experimentsexperiments
Stage 4: ExterminationStage 4: Extermination
Einsatzgruppen (mobile (mobile killing units) had began killing units) had began killing operations aimed killing operations aimed at entire Jewish at entire Jewish communities in the communities in the 1930s1930s
DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES: : Nazi extermination Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder
EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: program: Nazi policy to eliminate Nazi policy to eliminate ““life unworthy of lifelife unworthy of life”” (mentally or physically (mentally or physically challenged) to promote challenged) to promote Aryan Aryan ““racial integrityracial integrity””
““FINAL SOLUTIONFINAL SOLUTION”” Wannsee Wannsee
Conference Conference (Berlin -1942 ) (Berlin -1942 ) established the established the ““complete complete solution of the solution of the Jewish questionJewish question””
called for the called for the complete and complete and mass mass annihilation and annihilation and extermination extermination of the Jews as of the Jews as well as other well as other groups groups
Zyklon B Zyklon B gas gas became the became the agent in the agent in the mass mass exterminationextermination
Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums
Prisoners were sent to gas Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as chambers disguised as showersshowers
Zyklon B gas used to gas Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutespeople in 3 – 15 minutes
Up to 8000 people were Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambersoperating gas chambers
Gold fillings from victims Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to teeth were melted down to make gold barsmake gold bars
Prisoners moved dead Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive bodies to massive crematoriums crematoriums
Nearing the End of Nearing the End of the Warthe War
By 1945, the NazisBy 1945, the Nazis’’ began to destroy began to destroy crematoriums and crematoriums and camps as Allied camps as Allied troops closed introops closed in
Death Marches Death Marches Between 1944-1945, Between 1944-1945,
Nazis ordered Nazis ordered marches over long marches over long distances. distances. Approximately 250 Approximately 250 000 – 375 000 000 – 375 000 prisoners perished prisoners perished in Death Marchesin Death Marches
On January 27, 1945, On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army the Soviet army entered Auschwitz entered Auschwitz (largest camp) and (largest camp) and liberated more than liberated more than 7,000 remaining 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying. mostly ill and dying.
Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?
•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis' flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.
• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)
After studying the rise of Hitler and the Holocaust, many students ask “How can something like this happen?" and "Why did nobody speak up"? Yet the fact is, the extermination of the Jews continued on an unprecedented scale during World War II (1939-1945). Over the years, psychologists have attempted to explain why.
-Do you feel psychology is a factor in the Holocaust?
- Who do you think is responsible or to blame for the Holocaust? (perpetrator, collaborator or bystander) Explain.