6. HortFlora Full PDF Vol. 2(2)-Apr-Jun2013

Date of Publication : 9-6-2013

HORTFLORA RESEARCH SPECTRUM ISSN : 2250-2823

Volume 2(2), April-June, 2013

Contents

1. GAP : Non monetary way to manage faba beandiseases—A Review

Anil Kumar Singh and Vijai Kr. Umrao 93-102

2. Influence of positions of bearing and methods ofharvesting on the quality of fruits—A Review

Priyamvada Pandey, Rajesh Kumar, Ayushi Tamta andD.S. Mishra

103-108

3. Status of dry matter at harvesting stage in commerciallygrown grape varieties under tropical climatic condition

R.G. Somkuwar, Roshni R. Samarth, J. Satisha, S.D.Ramteke and Prerna Itroutwar

109-115

4. Performance of planting material on growth and yield ofturmeric under guava orchard

D.K. Singh, S. Aswal, G. Aswani and M.K. Shivhare 116-120

5. Optimization of planting density in carnation S. Karthikeyan and M. Jawaharlal 121-125

6. Evaluation of the incidence of powdery mildew(Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on bottle gourd

Sashiyangba and L. Daiho 126-129

7. Integrated management of powdery mildew of gerberaunder polyhouse condition in Arunachal Pradesh

Sunil Kumar, Krishna S. Tomar, R.C. Shakywar andM. Pathak

130-134

8. Influence of microbial, organic and inorganic sources ofnutrients on growth parameters of strawberry

Rubee Lata, Deepa H. Dwivedi, R.B. Ram andM.L. Meena

135-138

9. Multiplication of bougainvillea cv. Torch Glory throughshoot tip cutting under mist chamber

K.. K. Singh, Tejpal Singh and Y.K. Tomar 139-144

10. Distribution pattern of diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (L.) on cabbage under Gangetic alluvialcondition of West Bengal

T.N. Goswami and A.K. Mukhopadhyay 145-149

11. Effect of spacing and plant architecture on yield andeconomics of capsicum under net house conditions

Pravina Satpute, S.G. Bharad and Snehal Korde 150-152

12. Effect of length of cutting and concentration of IBA onrooting in shoot tip cutting of sawani (Lagerstroemiaindica L.) under mist condition

K.K. Singh, A. Kumar, Y.K. Tomar and Prabhat Kumar 153-157

13. Some physical and frictional properties of Phule Mosambi and Kinnow

F.G. Sayyad, S.S. Chinchorkar, S.K. Patel andB.K. Yaduvanshi

158-161

14. Response of bio-regulators on horticultural traits of bellpepper under protected condition

R.N. Singh and Sidharth Shankar 162-165

15. Effect of sowing dates on phytophthora blight of taro(Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum)

R.C. Shakywar, S.P. Pathak, Krishna S. Tomar andM. Pathak

166-168

16. Bio-physical properties of the papaya ringspot viruscausing ringspot disease in papaya (Carica papaya L.)

S.K. Singh and Ramesh Singh 169-171

17. Effect of biofertilizers and presoaking treatments ofnitrate salts on yield and character association in corn (Zea mays L.) yield

S.P. Tiwari, Arti Guhey and S.P. Mishra 172-174

18. Effect of different media, pH and temperature on the radialgrowth and sporulation of Alternaria alternata f.sp.lycopersici

P.C. Singh, Ramesh Singh, Dinesh Kumar andVijay Kumar Maurya

175-177

19. Effect of weedicide in minimization of weed menance inNagpur Mandarin orchard

J. Singh, P. Bhatnagar and Bhim Singh 178-179

20. Impact of different fertigation levels onmorphophysiological traits and yield of cucumber undergreenhouse condition

S.P. Tiwari 180-181

21. Standardization of package of practices for zamikand(Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume.) cultivation

Sanjive Kumar Singh, Naushad Khan and S.D. Dutta 182-183

GAP: NON MONETARY WAY TO MAN AGE FABA BEAN DIS EASES—

A RE VIEW

Anil Kumar Singh* and Vijai Kr. Umrao1

ICAR Re search Com plex for East ern Re gion, Patna 800 014 Bihar1De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, CSSS (PG) Col lege, Machhra, Meerut-250 106 (U.P.)

*E-mail: [email protected]

AB STRACT: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is, among the old est crops in the world, at tacked by awide range of patho gens al though each of these dis eases is quite de struc tive, when two or morein ter act on the same plant, their com bined ef fect be comes greater. Good ag ro nomic prac ticesare in gen eral non mon e tary in ter ven tions, dis cussed here un der suit able heads, which can beeas ily adopted by the farm ers to man age faba bean dis ease smartly. It is an ef fi cient andex cel lent tool for ef fec tive dis ease-pest man age ment in gen eral and es pe cially for soil borne

patho gens and diseases like chocolate spot,ascochyta blight and rot etc.

Keywords: Crop di ver si fi ca tion, disease man age ment, faba bean, good ag ro nomic practices.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is among the old estcrops in the world. Chi nese used faba bean for foodal most 5,000 years ago, pres ently it is grown in 58coun tries (Singh et al., 40). Prob a bly one of thebest per form ing crops un der global warm ing andcli mate change sce nario be cause of its uniqueabil ity to ex cel un der almost all type of cli ma ticcon di tions cou pled with its wide adoptability torange of soil en vi ron ment (Rai et al., 31 and Singhet al., 36). Be ing so in cred i ble crop, serv ing hu manso ci ety with po ten tial; un for tu nately in In dia it iscat e go rized as mi nor, un uti lized, underutilized, less uti lized, and still not fully ex ploited crops (Singh etal., 41 and Singh and Bhatt, 39). Faba bean is ani tro gen-fix ing plant, ca pa ble of fix ingat mo spheric ni tro gen, which re sults in in creasedre sid ual soil ni tro gen for use by sub se quent cropsand can be used as green ma nure hav ing po ten tialof fix ing free ni tro gen (150-300 kg N/ ha). Fababean is seen as an agronomically vi a ble al ter na tiveto ce real grains (Singh et al., 38). It is good sourceof lysine rich pro tein and good source of levadopa(L-dopa), a pre cur sor of do pa mine, can bepo ten tially used as med i cine for the treat ment ofPar kin son’s dis ease. L-dopa is also a natriureticagent, which might help in con trol linghypertension. It is a com mon break fast food in theMid dle East, Med i ter ra nean re gion, China andEthi o pia (Singh and Bhatt, 39). Nu mer ous disease

caus ing agents, which prove a vi tal con straint inre al iz ing its po ten tial pro duc tion can be smartlyman aged with help of good ag ro nomic prac tices(Singh et al., 37). Good ag ro nomic prac tices aredis cussed here un der suit able heads, which can beeas ily adopted by the farm ers to man age faba beandis ease smartly.

Crop Di ver si fi ca tion Good Ag ro nomic Prac tice

Crop di ver si fi ca tion is one of the ma jorcom po nents of di ver si fi ca tion in ag ri cul ture. It isfre quently used term for di ver si fi ca tion of ce realcrop ping sys tems with non-ce re als which in cludeoil seed, pulse, and for age crops etc (Hazra, 19 andSingh et al., 41). Di ver si fi ca tion of crop not onlyim proves va ri ety of prod uct, pro duc tiv ity andeco nomic sustainability but also im provesman age ment of plant dis eases. Mono cul ture andmonocropping are vul ner a ble to dis ease be cause oftheir ge netic uni for mity (Hazra, 19, and Singh etal., 37). It is of ten ob served that af ter in tro duc tionof a new va ri ety with ma jor re sis tance genes, theaffectivity of the re sis tance genes are lost due these lec tion for cor re spond ing vir u lence genes in thedis ease-caus ing patho gen (Singh et al., 37).Though the faba bean is at tacked by a wide range of patho gens, the most im por tant faba bean dis easesare choc o late spot (Bo try tis fabae), ascochytablight (Ascochyta fabae), rust (Uromyces viciaefabae), broom rape (Orobanche crenata), and stem

HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(2): 93-102 (April-June 2013) ISSN : 2250-2823

Received : 15.4.2013 Accepted : 20.5.2013

94 Singh and Umrao

nem a tode (Ditylenchus dipsaci). Al though each ofthese dis eases is quite de struc tive, when two or morein ter act on the same plant, their com bined ef fectbe comes greater. Di ver si fied crop pro duc tionsys tems are closely as so ci ated with the man age mentof ma jor dis eases of faba bean. Crop di ver si fi ca tion in clude man age ment of host re ac tions such aschoos ing right crops and se lect ing ap pro pri atecultivar; dis rup tion of dis ease cy cles throughef fi cient crop ping sys tem and ap pro pri ate cropro ta tion, re moval of weeds and vol un teer crop plants, field in spec tion, fal low, flood ing, deep plough ing,soil solarisation, which in volves a com bi na tion ofphys i cal and bi o log i cal pro cess, ad just ing plant ingdates, ir ri ga tion, fer til iza tion, san i ta tion, till age etc.and mod i fi ca tion of the micro environment withinthe crop can opy us ing till age ma nip u la tion andop ti mum plant stand are one of them. Fur ther, in putsand their uti li za tion play a key role in the sus tain abledis ease man age ment. Seed treat ment, source, dose,time and method of seed ing, plant nu tri tion, weedman age ment and, pre and post-har vest man age ment,and doc u men ta tion can also be uti lized to man ageplant dis eases.

Good Ag ro nomic Prac tices (GAP) can beclas si fied in to three cat e go ries i.e. (1) Prac tices,which are usu ally ap plied for ag ri cul tural pur posesnot con nected with crop pro tec tion, such asfer til iza tion and ir ri ga tion. They may or may nothave a pos i tive or a neg a tive side-ef fect on dis easein ci dence, (2) Prac tices that are used solely fordis ease man age ment, such as san i ta tion and flood ing, and (3) Prac tices, which are used for both ag ri cul tural pur pose and for dis ease man age ment, such as cropro ta tion. Deep plough ing and flood ing are usedbe fore plant ing while ir ri ga tion and fer til iza tion canbe ap plied sev eral times dur ing the crop sea son fordis ease man age ment (Singh et al., 41).

Faba bean are grown un der rainfed con di tionsdur ing the win ter and typ i cally ro tated with ce re als,cot ton (Gosypium hirsutum L.) or sugar beet (Betavulgaris L.) in the coastal re gions. In China faba bean is au tumn-sown af ter rice (Oryza sativa L.), orintercropped with cot ton or maize in south ern and

West ern prov inces (Zhang et al., 51). How ever,the du ra tion of the faba bean pre-crop ef fect hasnot been stud ied in great de tail, since it can becon founded by the sub se quent crops. It is alsoob served sig nif i cant yield in creases (12%) in thesec ond ce real fol low ing faba bean com pared to Nfer til ized con tin u ous ce re als. Intercropping offaba bean with ce re als may be an ef fi cientman age ment tool to con trol weeds; par tic u larly ifno ap pro pri ate her bi cides are avail able, or whereher bi cides can not be used such as in or ganicfarm ing sys tems (Hauggaard-Niel sen et al., 17).Grow ing the ce real with faba bean will en sureear lier can opy clo sure and soil cover, which canoth er wise be dif fi cult to ob tain with aspring-sown faba bean crop. The intercroppedce real will also gen er ally com pete better than faba bean with weeds for wa ter and nu tri ents, andweed de vel op ment in a faba bean-ce realintercrops tend to be mark edly lower than with asole faba bean crop (Shalaby et al., 33). Sim i larly, there is now ev i dence in di cat ing a re duc tion inin ci dence and se ver ity of dis ease in faba bean andits intercrop com po nent when the crops are grown to gether rather than sep a rately (Hauggaard-Niel sen et al., 17). How ever, un til the ap pro pri atein ves ti ga tions on the build-up of patho genicin ocu lums within intercropping sys tems havebeen un der taken, it is still prob a bly pru dent toen sure that nei ther of the intercroppedcom po nents oc cur more fre quently in a ro ta tionthan is de sir able for sole crops, since it has notbeen de ter mined to which de gree a faba bean–ce real intercrop is able to break dis ease cy cles.

Intercropping with faba bean

The ben e fits of intercropping are of spe cialin ter est in crop ping sys tems, where the farmerwishes to grow both faba bean and theintercropped spe cies (e.g. maize, wheat) andin tends us ing the grain on farm. This is be causethere are not yet suf fi cient mar kets for mixedgrain (e.g. faba bean and wheat) even though lowcost sep a ra tion ma chin ery for the grain isavail able. The ad van tages of intercropping are

de rived from the ‘‘com pet i tive in ter fer enceprin ci ple’’ (Vandermeer, 47), in which theinterspecific com pe ti tion be tween intercropcom po nent spe cies will be less than theintraspecific com pe ti tion in sole crops. This isbased on dif fer ent growth pat terns, more ef fi cientin ter cep tion of light and use of wa ter and nu tri entsover the grow ing sea son, due to dif fer ent pat ternsof wa ter and nu tri ent up take by the intercroppedspe cies (Singh et al., 37 and Willey, 47).

Faba bean ef fects on sub se quent crops:

Faba bean can im prove the eco nomic value ofa fol low ing crop by en hanc ing the yield and/orin creas ing the pro tein con cen tra tion of the grain.In creased con cen tra tions of in or ganic N in the soilpro file af ter faba bean crop ping and in creased Nup take by sub se quent crops can re sult from ‘‘spared N’’ re main ing in the soil as a re sult of a rel a tivelyin ef fi cient re cov ery of soil min eral N com pared toother crops (Turpin et al., 43), the re lease of Nmin er al ized from above and be low groundres i dues, and/or from the im pact of the la bilele gume N on the bal ance be tween grossmin er al iza tion and im mo bi li za tion pro cessesun der taken by the soil mi cro bial bio mass(Roch es ter et al., 32). Few stud ies have at temptedto as cer tain the rel a tive im por tance of each of thesepath ways of N sup ply. Ev ans et al. (4) used amul ti ple re gres sion method to de duce that the soilmin eral N re main ing at har vest of a grain le gumecan be of greater sig nif i cance in de ter min ing there sid ual N ef fect in wheat than the N in cropres i dues. The im pact of faba bean on the Ndy nam ics of fol low ing crops is well doc u mented.For ex am ple, the re sid ual N ben e fit to a win terwheat from a pre vi ous spring-sown faba bean wasfound to rep re sent a sav ings of 30 kg fer til izer N/ ha com pared to a wheat-wheat se quence. A Ca na dianfive cy cle ro ta tion-study com par ing a faba bean-bar ley-wheat and a bar ley-bar ley-wheat ro ta tionshowed that faba bean en hanced the av er age yieldin the sub se quent bar ley and wheat crops by 21 and12%, re spec tively, which was equiv a lent to

pro vid ing the ce re als with around 120 kg N/ ha of N fer til izer (Singh and Kumar, 35 and Wright, 50).

Im por tant dis eases of faba bean and their

man age ment through GAP:

Among the var i ous con straints, the dis easeshave al ways been the ma jor lim it ing fac tor for fababean cul ti va tion. Faba bean is at tacked by morethan 100 patho gens (Hebblethwaite, 20). The mostim por tant fun gal, bac te rial and vi ral dis eases are:choc o late spot (Bo try tis fabae and B. cinerea), rust(Uromyces viciaefabae), black root rot(Thielaviopsis basicola), stem rots (Sclerotiniatrifoliorum, S. sclerotiorum), root rots anddamp ing-off (Rhizoctonia spp.), downy mil dew(Pernospora viciae), pre-emer gence damp ing-off(Pythium spp.), leaf and pod spots or blight(Ascochyta fabae), foot rots (Fusarium spp.),bac te rial com mon blight, brown spot and haloblight, like wise vi ral dis eases bean yel low mo saicvi rus, bean true mo saic vi rus and bean leaf rollvi rus (Van Emden et al., 44). Among fo liardis eases, choc o late spot Bo try tis fabae), ascochytablight (Ascochyta fabae), and rust(Uromycesviciae-fabae) are the ma jor dis eases (Aliet al., 1). Root rot (Fusarium solani) can also causecon sid er able yield losses in faba bean. In thispre sen ta tion crop di ver si fi ca tion and goodag ro nomic prac tices based dis ease man age mentstrategies are dis cussed based upon host tol er ance,ju di cious use of fer til iz ers and adop tion ofap pro pri ate cul tural prac tices to min i mize lossescaused by these dis eases.

Anthracnose dis ease

Anthracnose of faba bean is ma jor dis ease ofthis crop through out the world but causes greaterlosses in the tem per ate re gion than in the trop ics.The losses can ap proach 100% when badlycon tam i nated seed is planted un der con di tionsfa vour able for dis ease de vel op ment. Man age mentstrat e gies for this disease in clude use of healthyseed, crop ro ta tion, till age meth ods and pro mo tionof re sis tant va ri et ies. The plant de bris should be

GAP : Non-monetary way to manage faba bean diseases—A Review 95

96 Singh and Umrao

ei ther re moved or deeply ploughed and bur ied(Ntahimpera et al., 27).

Choc o late spot

Choc o late spot is the most im por tant dis easecaused by Bo try tis fabae Sard, oc curs al mostany where faba bean is grown. It causes an 5-20%loss in faba bean pro duc tion an nu ally, but losses ashigh as 50% have been re ported un der epiphytoticcon di tions (Ibrahim et al., 23). Mod i fied cul turalprac tices and fun gi cides pro vide par tial croppro tec tion only, and there fore, ef fec tive dis easeman age ment should in clude re sis tance as a ma jorcom po nent. The use of low seed ing rates (Ingramand Hebblethwaite, 25) and the choice of theplant ing date to avoid ex tended pe ri ods of wetweather con di tions (Hanounik and Hawtin, 10;Wil son, 49), re moval of in fected and in fested plantde bris from the field that may har bor hyphae orsclerotia of B. fabae (Hanounik and Hawtin, 10;Har ri son, 14), ro tat ing faba bean with non-hostcrops such as ce re als to re duce scle ro tial pop u la tion and chances of pri mary in fec tions (Har ri son, 15),use of clean, blem ish-free seed and wide rowspac ing can play an im por tant role in re duc ingdis ease se ver ity. Fun gi cides may be use ful onlywhen faba bean is grown early in the sea son to takead van tage of high prices. Hanounik and Hawtin(10), Hanounik and Viha (13) and Hanounik andRob ert son (11) iden ti fied three faba bean lines viz;BPL 1179, 710 and 1196 as du ra ble sources ofre sis tance to B. fabae.

Sclerotinia stem rot

The fun gal ge nus Sclerotinia causede struc tive dis ease of nu mer ous pulses, veg e ta blesand flower crops. Sclerotinia stem rot oc cursworld wide and af fect plants at all stages of growth,in clud ing seed lings, ma ture plant and har vestedprod ucts. The patho gen have very wide host rangeat tack ing more than 350 plant spe cies be long ingmore than 60 fam i lies. The dam age caused in thefaba bean may vary de pend ing upon the weathercon di tion, host sus cep ti bil ity and na ture ofin fec tion. Seed must be free from sclerotia and seed

in fec tion. Of ten sclerotia are car ried with seed lot.Re moval of sclerotia from seed lot can be done byflo ta tion. Soil borne inoculum in the form ofsclerotia is most im por tant source of ini tialin fec tion in the crop. Re moval of sclerotia bear ingplant parts and their de struc tion by burn ing ises sen tial. Burn ing of the crop re fuse in the fieldaf ter har vest de stroys most sclerotia and those thatsur vive have less germinability. Bury ing thesclerotia deep in soil by plough ing at least for 30weeks en sures de struc tion of most of them. Deepbur ied sclerotia fail to pro duce apo the cia. Sharmaet al. (34) have re ported con trol of stem rot by seedtreat ment with mycelial prep a ra tion ofTrichoderma harzianum and field ap pli ca tion of the mycelial prep a ra tion at the rate of 200 g per sqme ter. Soil ap pli ca tion and seed treat ment withTrichoderma harzianum and T. viride have givenen cour ag ing re sult in man ag ing white rot of pea.

Rust

It is one of the most widely dis trib uteddis eases of faba bean around the world, but se verein hu mid trop i cal and sub trop i cal ar eas (Guyot, 7;Hebblethwaite, 20). It has been re ported from allover West Asia and North Af rica (Hawtin andStew art, 18). In gen eral, rusty red pus tulessur rounded by a light yel low halo, ap pears late inthe sea son and causes an es ti mated 20% loss in faba bean pro duc tion (Bekhit et al., 2; Mohamed, 26).How ever, these losses could go up to 45% if se verein fec tions oc cur early in the sea son, can causeal most to tal crop loss (Wil liams, 48). Cul turalprac tices such as ap pro pri ate crop ro ta tion withnon-host crop, elim i na tion and burn ing of cropde bris, suit able plant spac ing, re moval of weedsand vol un teer plants that help in re duc ing theinoculum or avoid ing the dis ease and fu turein fec tions. Field san i ta tion to de stroy the cropde bris is very im por tant for re duc ing losses fromfaba bean rust. Re moval of in fected plant de bris(Prasad and Verma, 29), de struc tion of other hostspe cies and ro tat ing faba bean with non-host crops(Conner and Bernier, 3) play an im por tant role inre duc ing chances of sur vival and pri mary in fec tions

in the field. Use of clean, con tam i nant–free seed isalso rec om mended. Sev eral rust-re sis tant faba beanlines-BPL 1179, 261, 710, 8, 406, 417, and 484have been reported. The faba bean lines L82009,L82007, L82011 and L82010 have been rated asre sis tant to both rust and choc o late spot (ICARDA,24).

Ascochyta blight

Ascochyta blight (caused by fun gusAscochyta fabae Speg.) is a ma jor dis ease of fababean, also re ferred as leaf blight, widely dis trib utedthrough out the world. Its se ver ity var iescon sid er ably from crop to crop and be tweensea sons. Yield losses of 10-30 per cent can oc cur insea sons fa vour able for the dis ease. The dis ease cancause sig nif i cant crop losses and dis col our ation ofgrains, which se ri ously re duces its mar ket value.Field san i ta tion to de stroy crop de bris is veryim por tant for re duc ing losses from the dis ease.Crop ro ta tion, suit able spac ing and properplace ment of seed help in avoid ing the dis ease.Patho gen is ex ter nally and in ter nally seed-borneand the only sat is fac tory pre ven tive mea sure is touse clean seed har vested from healthy crops. Fababean pro duc ers are ad vised not to use dis col ouredseed, par tic u larly seed with more than 25%dis col our ation, as it may se ri ously re duce the grainyield of their faba bean crops.

Pythium seed rot, root rot and damp ing off

These dis eases af fect seed, seed lings, and rootof faba bean. In this case, how ever, the great estdam age is done to the seed and seed lings’ rootsdur ing ger mi na tion ei ther be fore or af teremer gence. Losses vary con sid er ably with soilmois ture, tem per a ture and other fac tors. In manyin stance, poor ger mi na tion of seeds or pooremer gence of seed lings is the re sult of damp ing offin fec tion in the pre-emergence stage. Older plantsare sel dom killed when in fected with damp ing offpatho gen, but they de velop root and stem le sion and root rots, their growth may be re tarded con sid er ably and re duce yield con sid er ably (Hagedorn andInglis, 8). The most ef fec tive mea sure against

Pythium rot, root rot and damp ing off are use ofchem i cal and/or bi o log i cal seed protectants to keepaway the pre-emer gence phase and to adoptsan i tary pre cau tions in the nurs ery to check theap pear ance of post-emer gence damp ing off. Seedtreat ment with fun gi cides pro vides good con trol ofpre-emer gence damp ing off. The chem i cals areap plied in dry or wet form to the seed and form apro tec tive layer around the seed coat keep ing thesoilborne fungi away un til the seed lings haveemerged. Cer tain cul tural prac tices are also help fulin re duc ing the amount of in fec tion. Such prac ticesin clude pro vid ing good soil drain age and good aircir cu la tion, plant ing when tem per a tures arefa vour able for fast plant growth, thin sow ing toavoid over crowd ing, light and fre quent ir ri ga tion,use of well de com posed ma nure, avoid ingap pli ca tion of ex ces sive amounts of ni trate forms of ni tro gen fer til iz ers and prac tic ing crop ro ta tion.

Seed ling blight

Rhizoctonia dis eases oc cur through out theworld. They cause se ri ous dis eases on many hostsby af fect ing the roots, stems and other plant parts of al most all veg e ta ble, flow ers and field crops.Symp toms may vary fairly on the dif fer ent crops,with the stage of growth at which the plant be comes in fected and with the pre vail ing en vi ron men talcon di tions. Con trol of Rhizoctonia dis eases hasal ways been a chal lenge be cause of wide host range and pro longed sur vival in soil and plant parts.Con sid er ing the fac tors re spon si ble for sur vival ofthe patho gen and dis ease de vel op ment, it must been sured that weed hosts are kept at the min i mumwith in and around the faba bean field and propersan i ta tion is main tained by re moval of stubbles of abadly af fected crop. Wet, poorly drained ar easshould be avoided or drained better. Dis ease-freeseeds should be planted on raised beds un dercon di tions that en cour age fast growth of theseed ling. There should be wide spaces amongplants for good aer a tion of the soil sur face and ofplants. When pos si ble, as in green houses and seedbeds, the soil should be ster il ized with steam ortreated with chem i cals.


98 Singh and Umrao

Alternaria leaf spot

The fun gus Alternaria tenuissima, A.alternata fre quently as so ci ated with dis eased beanleaves hav ing the char ac ter is tic leaf spotsymp toms. Ini tially le sions were brown, wa tersoaked, cir cu lar to ir reg u lar in shape, also ap pearedon stems, pods and other plant parts. These darkbrown leaf spots of ten have a zoned pat tern ofcon cen tric brown rings with dark mar gins, whichgive the spots a tar get-like ap pear ance. Older leaves are usu ally at tacked first, but the dis ease pro gresses up ward and make af fected leaves turn yel low ish,be come se nes cent and ei ther dry up and droop orfall off. In a later stage of the dis ease, the leavesbe come blighted from the mar gin to the cen ter andmost of the dis eased plants de fo li ated com pletely(Rahman et al., 30). Alternaria spots can bedis tin guished from ascochyta blight as the spotshave a brown mar gin con tain ing ob vi ous con cen tric rings but do not pro duce black fruit ing bod ies(pycnidia) on a grey cen tre. Alternaria spp.overwinter as my ce lium or spores in in fected plantde bris and in or on seeds. They have dark-col ouredmy ce lium and short, erect co nidio phores that bearsin gle or branched chains of conidia which aredark, long or pear shaped and multicellular, withboth trans verse and lon gi tu di nal cross walls.Conidia are de tached eas ily and are car ried by aircur rents. The ger mi nat ing spores pen e tratesus cep ti ble tis sue di rectly or through wounds andsoon pro duce new conidia that are fur ther spread by wind, splash ing rain, etc. Alternaria dis eases arecon trolled pri mar ily through the use of dis ease-freeor treated seed, and chem i cal sprays withap pro pri ate fun gi cides. Ad e quate ni tro gen fer til izer gen er ally re duces the rate of in fec tion byAlternaria. Crop ro ta tion, re moval and burn ing ofplant de bris, if in fected, and erad i ca tion of weedhosts help to re duce the inoculum for sub se quentplantings of sus cep ti ble crops.

Cercospora leaf spot

This is a mi nor bean dis ease, caused by fun gus Cercospora zonata. It mainly af fects leaves, but

may also af fect stems and pods of faba bean. Symp toms of this dis ease can be eas ily con fusedwith those of Ascochyta leaf spot (Ascochytafabae) or choc o late spot (Bo try tis fabae). This hasbeen caus ing some con fu sion in ac cu rate di ag no sisby many grow ers and con sul tants in re cent years.Cercospora, like Ascochyta, de vel ops early in thesea son dur ing wet and cold con di tions but is lessdam ag ing. The fun gus is fa voured by hightem per a tures and there fore is most de struc tive inthe sum mer months and in warmer cli mates. Spores need wa ter to ger mi nate and pen e trate and heavydews seem to be suf fi cient for in fec tion. Thepatho gen overseasons in or on the seed and asmin ute black stromata in old in fected leaves. Cercospora dis eases are con trolled by us ing dis ease free seed, crop ro ta tions with hosts not af fected bythe same Cercospora spe cies; and by spray ing theplants, both in the seed bed and in the field, withap pro pri ate fun gi cides. The se ver ity of Cercosporaleaf spot ap pears to be strongly linked to close fababean ro ta tion. Fo liar spray of chlorothalonil orcarbendazim ap plied for the man age ment of ma jordis eases, it can also take care of Cercosporain fec tion and help to re tain on lower leaves in thecan opy. It is an tic i pated that re sis tant cultivars willbe re leased within five years.

Com mon blight

It is a se ri ous bac te rial dis ease of faba bean,re ported to cause 10 to 45 per cent yield losses. Thedis ease seems to be more prev a lent in rel a tivelywarm weather con di tions. This dis ease re duced thequal ity of the pods and thereby low er ing the mar ket value due to rough and blem ishes skin (Fahy andPersley, 5). The seed must be ob tained from are li able source to min i mize the dan ger fromseedborne inoculum. Proper crop ro ta tion is oneway of avoid ing soil borne inoculum of thebac te rium. Hence, a 2-3year crop ro ta tion had beenfound to af ford con sid er able pro tec tion to the crop.San i ta tion prac tices aim ing at re duc ing theinoculum in a field by re mov ing and burn ingin fected plants or branches. Deep plough ing of soil

to elim i nate in fested bean de bris in the field founduse ful (Web ster et al., 46).

Bac te rial brown spot

It is the most eco nom i cally sig nif i cant

bac te rial dis ease of faba bean, oc curs in all the bean

grow ing ar eas of the world. In se vere in fec tions the

spots may be so nu mer ous that they de stroy most of

the plant sur face and the plant ap pears blighted or

the spots may en large and co alesce, thus pro duc ing

large ar eas of dead plant tis sue and blighted plants

(Hirano and Up per, 21). A com bi na tion of con trol

mea sures is re quired to com bat a bac te rial dis ease.

In fes ta tion of fields or in fec tion of crops with

bac te rial patho gens should be avoided by us ing

only healthy seeds. Crop ro ta tion should be

prac ticed to check the build-up of patho gen. The

use of chem i cals to con trol bac te rial dis eases has

been gen er ally much less suc cess ful than the

chem i cal con trol of fun gal dis eases. Of the

chem i cals used as fo liar sprays, cop per com pounds

give the best re sults. How ever, even they sel dom

give sat is fac tory con trol of the dis ease when

en vi ron men tal con di tions fa vour de vel op ment and

spread of the patho gen. Bor deaux mix ture, fixed

cop pers, and cu pric hy drox ide are used most

fre quently for the con trol of bac te rial dis eases like

brown spot, leaf spots and blights.

Halo blight

This dis ease is a se ri ous dis ease in beanpro duc ing re gions of the world. It is world wide inoc cur rence, re peat edly cause im por tant eco nomicyield losses (Fourie, 6). Sev eral mea sures must bein te grated for suc cess ful halo blight con trol. Usesof dis ease-free seed, Seed treat ment withstreptocycline, crop ro ta tion, deep plough ingre duces the in ci dence of dis ease (Tay lor andDudley, 42). Ad just ing fer til iz ing and wa ter ing sothat the plants are not ex tremely suc cu lent dur ingthe pe riod of in fec tion may also re duce thein ci dence of dis ease. Har vest ing should be donebe fore pod le sion turn brown.

Yel low mo saic

Yel low mo saic is a po ten tial and widelyoc cur ring vi rus dis ease of faba bean crop. It isprob a bly co-ex ten sive with the host in In dia. Thedis ease is of sig nif i cant eco nomic im por tance inar eas where it com monly oc curs. There is to talyield loss if the plants are af fected at early stage ofgrowth. Con trol of the dis ease through pre ven tionof vec tor pop u la tion build up has also beenrec om mended. Con trol of plant vi ruses throughcon trol of vec tors is of ten not very ef fec tive due tothe fact that com mon in sec ti cides do not causein stant death of all in di vid u als in the vec torpop u la tion and even a very few sur viv ingpop u la tion is ca pa ble of spread ing the dis easerap idly.

Stem nem a tode

The stem nem a tode Ditylenchus dipsaci(Kuhn) Filipjev is a de struc tive seed and soil-bornepatho gen of faba bean in many parts of thetem per ate re gion (Hanounik and Sikora, 12;Hanounik, 9; Hashim, 16; Hooper and Brown, 22).In fested seeds play an im por tant role in the sur vival and dis sem i na tion (Hooper and Brown, 22) of thenem a tode. This is prob a bly why D. dipsaci has avery wide geo graph ical dis tri bu tion (Hebbleth-waite, 20). Losses due to D. dipsaci can be re duced by long (2–3 years at least) ro ta tions with re sis tantcrops, use of healthy seeds, de struc tion of wildhosts and re moval of in fected plant de bris af terhar vest. The use of nem a tode-free seeds isex tremely im por tant. In fested seeds can bedisinfested by treat ing them with hot wa ter for 1hour at 46°C, with a nematicide in a gas-tightcon tainer, or with 0.5% form al de hyde (Powell, 28).

CON CLU SION

Faba bean is con sid ered as an im por tantsource of di etary pro tein for hu man and an i malnu tri tion. It also con trib utes to farmer’s in come andim proves the soil fer til ity through bi o log i calni tro gen fix a tion. Crop di ver si fi ca tion incom bi na tion with other ag ro nomic man age ment


100 Singh and Umrao

prac tices is ca pa ble of pro vid ing sus tain abledis ease man age ment. De vel op ment anddis sem i na tion of dis ease and pests man age mentstrat e gies will help to achieve the goal of large scale pro duc tion of faba bean which is still anunderutilized crop in In dia.

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IN FLU ENCE OF PO SI TIONS OF BEAR ING AND METH ODS OF

HAR VEST ING ON THE QUAL ITY OF FRUITS–A RE VIEW

Priyamvada Pandey*, Rajesh Kumar, Ayushi Tamta and D.S.Mishra

De part ment of Hor ti cul ture,G.B.P.U.A. & Tech., Pantnagar

*Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:In dia is blessed with var ied cli ma tic con di tions and is thus the home of var i oustypes of fruits. But most of the fruits are highly per ish able and show a great de cline in qual ity aswell as stor age life soon af ter har vest. This de cline is fur ther ag gra vated if har vest ing is not doneat the right time and by the cor rect method. More over po si tion of bear ing also plays a key role inthe qual ity of fruit. Fruit po si tion on tree is found to in flu ence the fruit size, ma tu rity, skin col our,flesh col our, min eral com po si tion, TSS, acid ity and fruit yield. Har vest ing fruits with and with outpedicel in ad di tion to af fect ing the stor age life of fruits, also af fects sugar con tent, acid ity, fruitfirm ness and col our re ten tion. This re view sum ma rises ef fects of po si tions of bear ing and

meth ods of har vest ing on the over all qual ity of fruits.

Keywords: Po si tion of bear ing, har vest ing method, fruit qual ity.

In fruits, phys i cal and phys i o log i cal changestake place over a rel a tively shorter pe riod of timeand ex hibit a typ i cal in crease in res pi ra tion andeth yl ene pro duc tion dur ing rip en ing. Rip en ing isas so ci ated with a change of skin col our from greento yel low. The col our of the flesh changes fromwhite to creamy white, yel low ish pink or dark pinkor salmon red. Fruits have great mor pho log i cal andan a tom i cal pe cu liar i ties. The po si tion of fruit ontree and the cor rect method of har vest ing is a keyas pect for im prov ing the qual ity of these highlyper ish able com mod i ties. The in di vid ual fruit iftimely har vested from ap pro pri ate po si tion from the tree can opy with better knowl edge of theirhar vest ing method may re duce the phys i cal loss ofweight (PLW) from the fruit and re tained betterqual ity for lon ger time. The fruit bear ing habit ofplants re fer to po si tion and type of wood on whichflower buds and sub se quently fruits oc cur. Itin di cates the po si tion of flower bud with re spect toveg e ta tive growth of plant af ter ces sa tion ofjuvenility. The flower bud may ap pear ter mi nallyon the apex of shoot, lat er ally in the axils of leavesor ad ven ti tiously from any point on stem. For fruitbear ing it is im por tant to keep good light ex po surethrough out the can opy oth er wise shaded part failsto form flower buds. Bear ing trees should bepruned reg u larly and lightly a lit tle ev ery year or at

least ev ery al ter nate year. Old bear ing trees usu ally need more prun ing than young vig or ous trees thathave just come into bear ing to in crease thefa vour able po si tions of fruit bear ing on these trees.In gen eral, fruits from up per can opy of tree werefound to be of good qual ity but stor age qual ity isbetter of lower can opy fruits. The size and weightof fruits har vested from lower and mid dle can opywas higher than the fruits of up per po si tion. Lon gershelf lives were ob served in fruits with a smallstalk. The level of acid ity was higher and to talsug ars were lower in the fruits har vested withpedi cels.

Ef fect of fruit po si tion on tree on ma tu rity

and qual ity : Ef fect of fruit po si tion on tree on fruit ma tu rity and qual ity was ob served in ap ple(Patterson et al., 22; Krishnaprakash et al., 19;Baritt et al., 4; Zen, 37), Mineola fruit (Co hen 7),and guava (Dhaliwal and Dhillon, 11). The rip en ing pat tern of ‘De li cious’ ap ples in re la tion to po si tionon the tree showed that the eth yl ene pro duc tion of‘Hi Early Red De li cious’ ap ples har vested frompri mary, sec ond ary and ter tiary branches of 4uni form trees of Malus domestica Borkh var iedcon sid er ably be tween and within branches(Petterson et al., 22). Re gres sion anal y sis re vealeda lin ear trend be tween pri mary branches from baseto apex of the tree. Fruits on ter mi nal shoots ma turelater. Fruits at the bot tom of the tree ma ture ear lier



104 Pandey et al.

than those at the mid dle and top (Krishnaprakash, etal., 19). A vari a tion in mat u ra tion rate be tween fullcol oured and less col oured, in te rior and ex te riorfruits and small and large ones on the same bunchand on sep a rate stalks was also ob served. In ap ple,the fruits on the lower shoot had the larg est fruitweight among the 9 po si tions (Zen, 37). Up per in nerfruits had the low est weight and vol ume but morein ten sity of red col our. Trees with bear ing spurspro vided with dif fer ent so lar ex po sure level rang ingfrom 5% to 95% of full sun light gives better qual ityfruits (Baritt et al., 4). As the ex po sure level ofcan opy is re duced fruits length, width, weight,sol u ble sol ids, to tal sol ids were re duced while fruitfirm ness and to tal acid ity were in creased. In Mineolafruit, ma tu rity and taste char ac ter is tics mea suredwere better in large, heavy fruit har vested from theup per, ex ter nal south ern side of the tree than in small, light fruit har vested from the lower, in ter nal andnorth ern side of the tree (Co hen, 7). Har vest andstor age fruit in creased its juice con tent, while fruitre main ing on tree showed an in crease in TSS and ade crease in acid lev els, re sult ing in in crease in TSS:acid ra tio and im proved taste. In guava cv. Sardar thefruit size and weight and seeds num ber per fruitin creased with in creas ing can opy vol ume. Thehigh est num ber of fruits was re corded with 107.6 m3

can opy vol ume. Fruit acid ity in creased whereas to talsol u ble solid: acid ra tio de creased with in creas ing

tree vol ume (Dhaliwal and Dhillon, 11).

Ef fect of the in flu ence of shade within tree

po si tion on fruit qual ity: In ap ple, the fruits fromthe outer po si tions were larger with a higherpro por tion of skin col oured red and de velop coreflush than fruits from the in ner and lower por tions ofthe trees. Shade re duced the core flush as well asre duc ing fruit size and col our (Jack son et al., 15). InCox’s Or ange Pip pin ap ple fruit, the tree bot tomcan opy with high shad ing re duced the fruit size, fruitcol our and qual ity. They have less dry mat ter andstarch per unit fresh weight. But there was noev i dence that the con cen tra tions of N, P, K, Ca andMg dif fered in fruits of same size pro duced fromup per or bot tom can opy. But smaller fruits had higher con cen tra tions of Ca, N and P than the larger one of

up per can opy fruits (Jack son et al., 16). Therewas no dif fer ence be tween ver ti cal fruitdis tri bu tion in trees in Slen der Spin dle and trel lissys tem. But the larg est tress (interstem hedge rowand pyr a mid hedge row) pro duced twice as muchfruits in top half of the can opy as in the bot tomhalf (Da vid, 8). In all cases the fruits from up percan opy of tree are of good qual ity but stor agequal ity is better of lower can opy fruit. The up perpart of the tree can opy in ter cepted max i mumra di a tion than the mid dle and lower can opy partsin guava trees cv. Sardar. The size and weight offruits har vested from the mid dle and lower layerpo si tion of the tree were found sig nif i cantlyhigher than the fruits of up per po si tion (Singh and

Dhaliwal, 25).

Ef fect of tree age and can opy po si tion on

fruit qual ity: In guava, fruits from up per can opyhave higher TSS (11.85%) and to tal sug ars(7.50%). Vi ta min C con tent was higher fromfruits ob tained from mid dle and lower can o pies.Min er als were higher in mid dle and lowercan o pies fruit rather than the up per can opy (Asrey et al., 2). There is in crease in can opy vol ume, fruit num ber, yield and qual ity and dry mat ter con tentwith in creas ing cross trunk sec tion whereas fruitsize de creased with de crease in trunk crosssec tion in guava cv. Allahabad Safeda (Dinesh etal., 12).

Ef fect of tree can opy po si tion on fruit

yield qual ity and min eral com po si tion: Kinnow fruits har vested from the in ner side of tree wereheavier and con tained more juice and less rag,whereas outer fruits had higher acid, TSS,re duc ing sugar and to tal sugar con tent andrip ened ear lier. The yield of in ner fruits was 2-3times greater than that of outer fruits in bothweight and num ber (Jawanda et al., 17).Physico-chem i cal char ac ter is tics also var ied withfruit size; me dium sized fruits (6-8cms) had thebest over all qual ity. Grape fruit from sun lightpo si tions ma ture ear lier than fruit from shadedpo si tions. So the fruits were more in the mostex posed can opy po si tion with higher sol u ble

sol ids, yields and juice qual ity with re spect to otherdif fer ent can opy po si tion (Syvertsen and Albrigo,32). Large sized ‘Anna’ ap ples as well as thoseborne on the tree ex te rior had sig nif i cantly lowerchlo ro phyll con cen tra tions and higher anthocyninlev els than small or in te rior fruits. A neg a tivecor re la tion was found be tween fruit size and bothfruit firm ness and acid ity, while a pos i tivere la tion ship was ob served be tween fruit size andTSS per cent ages or phys i o log i cal weight loss.Fruits from the ex te rior part of the tree showedsig nif i cantly firm ness and acid ity val ues and higher TSS and weight loss per cent ages than those fromthe in te rior. Dur ing stor age, large and ex te rior fruits seemed to lose their firm ness and acid ity at a muchhigher rate than ei ther small or in te rior fruits(Ahmed et al., 1). In ‘Tai So’ Ly chee, the fruitsfrom up per po si tion were of lower vi sual qual ity,due to high light and dark brown blem ishes on theskin, rather than the col our of the red por tion of theskin but the yield was higher in up per can opypo si tion (Jones and Sreenivas, 18). Fruits from thelower can opy has lower Brix/acid ra tio. Peach fruits of cv. Hamas col lected from dif fer ent parts of thecan opy were ana lysed for to tal sol u ble sol ids anddry mat ter con tent were high est in the fruits pickedfrom the up per/api cal part of the can opy and low estin those from lower/outer parts (Morgas andSzymczak, 21). The high est yield per tree wasob tained from open cen tre trees (714 trees/hect are), but the high est to tal yield per hect are was frompil lar shaped trees (2857 trees/hect are). In guavacv. Pant Prabhat fruits from lower tree can opyma ture ear lier than rest of the can opy (Tamta et al.,34). There was also a vari a tion in chem i cal as wellas min eral com po si tion be tween dif fer ent can opypo si tions on tree. Cal cium and po tas sium werehigher in up per can opy po si tions than lower can opy

fruits (Tamta and Kumar, 33).

Re la tion ship be tween the qual ity and fruit

po si tion on tree: In Sat suma man da rins, colour ingon fruit at the low est site was slower than with theother sites dur ing the first week, but there was nodif fer ence in col our by the fourth week of stor age(Suzuki and I to, 31). Fruit sweet ness for the low est

side was mark edly less than for other sites in thefirst week of stor age, but in the sec ond week it waslow est at the lower site and high est at the mid dlesite. How ever, the con tents were very sim i lar by the third week of stor age. In sweet or ange, a higherper cent age of the fruits of young trees werepro duced at the pe riph ery. Yields were higher onthe half of the can opy fac ing south-west andsouth-east than on fac ing north-west and north-east. Fruits in side the can opy were smaller and paler andhad a softer rind and higher juice con tent, but it hadlower sugar con tent and more acid. Fruit pro ducedhigh on the tree was larger and darker and had ahigher TSS con tent (Dettori et al., 9). Eightcom mer cially grown cultivars of guava werehar vested at the col our-break stage dur ing thewin ter sea son. The fruits were stored for up to 12days un der am bi ent con di tions (18+2°C and80-85% RH). The fruits were as sessed for ripe ness,firm ness, phys i o log i cal weight loss, TSS, titrableacid ity, vi ta min C and Ca con tents. The cultivarsChittidar and Sardar were noted for good shelf life(9 days) com pared with a max i mum of 6 days inAllahabad Safeda. The cultivars Sardar, Chittidar,Karela and Ap ple col our were noted for high Cacon tent rel a tively good pulp firm ness for upto 9days (Tandon and Chadha, 35). Postharvestchanges in mango cv. Nam Dok Mai fruits fromdif fer ent parts of the tree were fol lowed af tercol lec tion at 3 stages of ma tu rity (14, 15 or 16weeks af ter full bloom). Re gard less of ma tu ritystage at har vest there were no sta tis ti callysig nif i cant dif fer ences in the qual ity of rip enedfruits be tween up per and lower parts of the tree(Subhadrabandhu et al., 30). How ever, gen eralqual ity ap peared slightly better in the fruits fromthe up per part of the can opy; these fruits had adeeper-yel low pulp, higher con tents of TSS andre duc ing sug ars and had a higher TSS: titrable ac ids ra tio but lower mois ture con tent, ascor bic ac ids,flesh firm ness, titrable acid ity and to talnon-struc tural car bo hy drates than fruits from thelower can opy of the tree. In cv. Mid night Va len ciaof or ange each tree was di vided into 6 fruit zones,com pris ing 3 ver ti cal po si tions (up per, mid dle and

Influence of positions of bearing and methods of harvesting on quality of fruits 105

106 Pandey et al.

lower) and 2 hor i zon tal po si tions (in ner and outer).The fruit col our was best in the up per zone but there was no sig nif i cant dif fer ence be tween that of fruitsin the in ner and outer zones or be tween the mid dleand lower zones (De-Vr ies and Best er, 10). Theper cent age brix was high est in the up per and outerzones. Fruit sugar con tent was higher in both up perzones and the mid dle outer zone.

Bio chem i cal changes dur ing stor age of

fruits: The gua vas were picked at 5 day in ter valsfrom 20th No vem ber to 25th De cem ber. TSS, sug ars, ascor bic ac ids and starch con tents were cal cu latedand were av er age but the spe cific grav ity de creased grad u ally and its op ti mum value was ob served in2nd week of De cem ber (Tripathi and Gangwar, 36).The ascor bic acid con tents of the fruit in creasedsteadily to max i mum. Among guava cvs. Guneesgave the larg est fruit (220.9g), White Flesh hashigh est acid ity (0.45%) and Lucknow-49 and Behat Co co nut had the high est con tent of sol u ble sugarand ascor bic acid re spec tively (Tandon andChadha, 35). Guava fruits ex hibit cli mac tericpat terns of re spi ra tory be hav iour and eth yl eneevo lu tion. The time to at tain the cli mac tericchanges was gen er ally not re lated to fruit ma tu rityat har vest, but rates of pro duc tion of CO2 andeth yl ene were higher at ma tu rity level (Brown andWil ls, 5). In Kinnow man da rin ir re spec tive of fruitpo si tion on the tree its weight was pos i tivelycor re lated with TSS con tent. Among dif fer entma tu rity in di ces, TSS showed pos i tive cor re la tionwith re duc ing and non-re duc ing sug ars. Peel (%)was neg a tively cor re lated with juice (%) and fruitshape in dex. Peel (%) and TSS showed a very highpos i tive cor re la tion but with only in fruits on westside of trees (Singh et al., 26). Guava cv.Lucknow-49 fruit graded ac cord ing to their spe cific grav ity (1<, 1-2 or >1), were packed in 200 gauge,ven ti lated poly thene bags and stored un der am bi ent con di tion upto 12 days. Weight loss, firm ness,titrable acid ity, vi ta min C, TSS and re duc ing sugarcon tent were as sessed at 3 days in ter val. Fruits with higher spe cific grav ity can be stored for lon gerpe riod than with lower spe cific grav ity fruits(Balkrishnan et al., 3). In Clementine, fruit po si tion

also af fected juice pH, peel thick ness and seednum ber. In guava cv. Sardar phys i o log i cal loss inweight reaches a max i mum at 12 days of stor ageand the de cay pro cess started on day 4 reach ing amax i mum of 58.58% on day 16. TSS, to tal sugar,su crose, pec tin, acid ity and ascor bic acid con tentsin fruits in creased grad u ally dur ing mat u ra tion andreached max i mum on day 8 of stor age and de clinedthere af ter. How ever, starch, pro tein, amino ac ids,to tal phe nols, chlo ro phyll a and b and min eralcom po si tion of fruits started de clin ing frommat u ra tion on wards and were low est on day 16 of

stor age (Ramchandra, 24).

Stor age qual ity: In guava fruits, the acid ityde creased at room tem per a ture while at lowtem per a ture, it in creased grad u ally in the ini tialstages and then de creased (Srivastava et al., 29).The ex tent of acid ity de cline var ied with cultivarsbe ing max i mum in Lucknow-49 and min i mum inAllahabad Safeda (Chundawat et al., 6). Acid ity in creased upto 4 days of stor age at roomtem per a ture and then de creased (Gupta et al., 13).Sim i lar trends were also re ported in grapes cultivarPerlette (Kumar, 20). This in crease in acid ity wasprob a bly due to wa ter loss from the fruits dur ingstor age (Hifney and Abdel, 14). Max i mum titerable acid ity con tent (0.35%) was found with spe cificgrav ity <1.0 in 3 days af ter stor age (Balkrishnan et

al., 3).

Peduncle ef fect on fruit qual ity: In guava cv. Allahabad Safeda fruits kept in nat u ral pos ture i.e.pedicel end ver ti cally up ward showed the low estphys i o log i cal loss in weight, eth yl ene and CO2

evo lu tion rates, the high est sol u ble sol ids andascor bic acid con cen tra tion and were the low est toripen dur ing stor age (Siqqiqui and Gupta, 28). Inmango, the pedicellate fruits showed less in fec tionthan non-pedicellate fruits upon rip en ing dur ing the stor age pe riod (Singh and Tandon, 27). Lon gershelf life was ob served in mango fruits with a smallstalk. Pear fruits with pedicel re tained veryat trac tive yel low col our, glossy ap pear ance, noshrink age, and mod er ately loose tex ture with goodtaste at the 10th day of stor age (Prakash et al., 23).

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15-18.

STA TUS OF DRY MAT TER AT HAR VEST ING STAGE IN COM MER -

CIALLY GROWN GRAPE VA RI ET IES UN DER TROP I CAL CLI MA TIC

CON DI TION

R.G. Somkuwar*, Roshni R. Samarth, J. Satisha, S.D. Ramteke and Prerna Itroutwar

Na tional Re search Cen tre for Grapes, P.O. Box No. 03, Manjri Farm Post, Pune 412307

* E-mail:[email protected]

AB STRACT: The ex per i ment was con ducted at NRC for Grapes, Pune dur ing year2007-08.Four com mer cially cul ti vated grape va ri et ies viz. Thomp son Seed less, Tas-A-Ganesh,Flame Seed less and Sharad Seed less were an a lyzed for dry mat ter con tent dur ing har vest ingstage of the crop. Dry mat ter par ti tion ing in dif fer ent parts of vines were ob served. Highlysig nif i cant dif fer ences were ob served among va ri et ies, var i ous vine parts and theircom bi na tions. Among the va ri et ies, max i mum dry mat ter con tent was re corded in SharadSeed less (42.87%) fol lowed by Tas-A-Ganesh (42.29%) and among the var i ous parts of thevine, it was found max i mum in cor don (54.84%) fol lowed by trunk (54.39%). When dry mat tercon tent was mea sured in par tic u lar va ri ety in spe cific part of the vine, max i mum dry mat ter wasre corded in the trunk of Sharad Seed less va ri ety. Roots are the source of nu tri ent ab sorp tion bythe vine. Root health found to be pos i tively cor re lated with the health of the plant andpro duc tiv ity. In the pres ent ex per i ment, high est dry mat ter con tent of the roots was ob served inthe Sharad Seed less with the mean value of 47.72%. Also the dry mat ter con tent of theharvestable or gan (bunches) was found max i mum in Sharad Seed less (25.73%) as com pared to other va ri ety.

Keywords: Dry mat ter, cor don, trunk, pet i ole, bunches, har vest ing stage, grape.

Grape is grown un der a va ri ety of soil andcli ma tic con di tions in In dia. Grape (Vitis viniferaL.) is one of the ma jor im por tant fruit crops of thecoun try grown on an area of 111,000 ha with anan nual pro duc tion of 1,235,000 tonnes (Anon., 1).In In dia, 74.5 per cent of pro duced grape isavail able for ta ble pur pose, nearly 22.5 per cent isdried for rai sin pro duc tion, 1.5 per cent for winemak ing and 0.5 per cent is used for juice mak ing.Farm ing for de sired fla vour, qual ity and eco nomicsustainability is an ul ti mate goal of vi ti cul tur ists.This should be achieved through best man age mentprac tices for a vine yard site. For as long as grapeshave been grown, it has been known that the bestgrapes come from those vine yards where veg e ta tive growth and crop yield are in bal ance (Dry et al. 8).Vine bal ance was de fined by Gladstones (12) bystat ing, “bal ance is achieved when veg e ta tivevig our and fruit load are in equi lib rium andcon sis tent with high fruit qual ity.”

The dry mat ter par ti tion ing is the end re sult ofthe flow of as sim i lates from the source or gan via a

trans port path to the sink or gan (Marcelis, 23). Theterm dry mat ter par ti tion ing may be de fined as forin stance, the dis tri bu tion of dry mat ter be tween theor gans of a plant or as a dis tri bu tion be tweendif fer ent pro cesses (Marcelis, 23).

Any en vi ron men tal fac tors or cul turalprac tices that al ter the de mand-sup ply re la tion shipof crop load, wa ter, nu tri ent and pest and dis easeswill likely af fect the vine re serve sta tus (Cheng andXia, 4). Al though, there is a con sid er ablein for ma tion on the op er a tions of in di vid ualpro cesses in plants such as pho to syn the sis, sugarme tab o lism, translocation and cell ex pan sion, thecon trol which ac tu ally reg u late the par ti tion ing ofdry mat ter at the crop level are still only poorlyun der stood (Wardlaw, 31). How ever, there has been re cently some prog ress in quan ti fy ing andmod el ing dry mat ter par ti tion ing in fruits(Wermelinger et al., 32; Grossman and DeJong,14). Be sides ge no types, de vel op men tal stages ofplant in many growth con di tions and in ter nalreg u la tion by plants may also af fect dry mat terpar ti tion ing (Marcelis, 23). Palmer (27) sug gested



110 Somkuwar et al.

that for a reg u lar pe ren nial pro duc tion pat tern ofap ple fruits, the frac tion of as sim i lates par ti tionedinto the fruits should not ex ceeds 60-65%.

More pro duc tiv ity is gen er ally co mes fromhealthy vines. This can be mea sured in terms of drymat ter pro duc tion. In the pres ent in ves ti ga tion, drymat ter sta tus was mea sured from source to the sink(harvestable or gan-bunches) at har vest ing stage.

MA TE RI ALS AND METH ODS

The trial was con ducted at the farm of Na tionalRe search Cen tre for Grapes, Pune dur ing 2007-2008. The grape rootstock Dog Ridge was planteddur ing March, 2001 and the graft ing of ta ble grapeva ri et ies (Thomp son Seed less, Tas-A-Ganesh, Flame Seed less and Sharad Seed less) was done dur ingOc to ber, 2001. The vines were planted at the spac ingof 3.0 m be tween the rows and 1.83 m be tween thevines, to tal ling the den sity of 1800 vines per hect are. The vines were trained to flat roof ga ble sys tem oftrain ing with four cor dons (H shape) de vel opedhor i zon tally. The vines were trained on a hor i zon tally di vided can opy trel lis with ver ti cal shoot po si tion ing. The height of cor don from the ground sur face was1.20 m and was sep a rated by 0.60 m wide cross arms. The dis tance from the fruit ing wire to the top offo liage sup port wire was 0.60 m.

The ex per i men tal site is sit u ated in Mid-WestMaharashtra at an al ti tude of 559 m above sea level;it lies on 18.32 °N lat i tude and 73.51 °E lon gi tudes.The cli mate in this re gion is mild to slightly dry.Since the re gion falls un der trop i cal con di tion,dou ble prun ing and sin gle crop ping is fol lowed.Hence, the vines were pruned twice in a year (onceaf ter the har vest of crop i.e., back prun ing and sec ond for fruits i.e., for ward prun ing). The trial was laid outin fac to rial Ran dom ized Block De sign. The land inthe ex per i men tal plot was uni form and lev elled.Dur ing the sea son, all the rec om mended cul turalop er a tions like fer til iz ers, ir ri ga tion and plantpro tec tion, etc. were given to the vine. The vineswere ir ri gated with drip ir ri ga tion sys tem hav ing 2drip pers/vine of 8-litre ca pac ity. A light trench of 0.6m × 1.2 m trench was opened at a depth of 10 cm

twice in a year to ap ply well rot ten farm yardma nure and sin gle super phos phate and the trench were closed back. At the time of har vest, the vines un der each va ri ety were up rooted and the sam ples were brought to the lab o ra tory. The ob ser va tionson fresh weight of dif fer ent parts of vine (roots,trunk, cor dons, shoot, pet i ole and bunches) werere corded. The sam ples were then kept in the oven for about 3 days at 50°C to re cord theob ser va tions on dry weight. The data on freshweight and dry weight of in di vid ual vine partswere re corded and the dry mat ter was cal cu lated.The va ri et ies used un der the study were 1.Thomp son Seed less, 2. Tas-A-Ganesh, 3. FlameSeed less, and 4. Sharad Seed less. These va ri et ieswere stud ied for dry mat ter con tent in var i ousparts of the vines, such as : Root, Trunk, Cor don, Shoot, Pet i ole, and Bunches. There were to tal 24treat ment com bi na tions for dry mat ter es ti ma tion(Ta ble 1).

Table 1 : Treatment combination for present

study.

Treatment Treatment combination

Variety Vine part

1 Thompson Seedless Root

2 Thompson Seedless Trunk

3 Thompson Seedless Cordon

4 Thompson Seedless Shoot

5 Thompson Seedless Petiole

6 Thompson Seedless Bunches

7 Tas-A-Ganesh Root

8 Tas-A-Ganesh Trunk

9 Tas-A-Ganesh Cordon

10 Tas-A-Ganesh Shoot

11 Tas-A-Ganesh Petiole

12 Tas-A-Ganesh Bunches

13 Flame Seedless Root

14 Flame Seedless Trunk

15 Flame Seedless Cordon

16 Flame Seedless Shoot

17 Flame Seedless Petiole

18 Flame Seedless Bunches

19 Sharad Seedless Root

20 Sharad Seedless Trunk

21 Sharad Seedless Cordon

22 Sharad Seedless Shoot

23 Sharad Seedless Petiole

24 Sharad Seedless Bunches

The shoot sam ples were col lected leav ing onenode at the base and the ini tial weight wasmea sured. The sam ples were then al lowed to dryfor 72 hours in hot air oven at 75°C or un til nochange in dry weight and again weight wasmea sured af ter dry ing and the dry mat ter wascal cu lated. The data was an a lyzed sta tis ti callyus ing SAS ver sion 9.3, where all the data tested for treat ments ef fects on in di vid ual pa ram e ters wasar ranged by the gen eral lin ear model (GLM) andanal y sis of vari ance (ANOVA) tech niques as acom bined anal y sis was pre sented.

RE SULTS AND DIS CUS SION

The ob ser va tions re corded on dry mat tercon tent in var i ous parts of dif fer ent grape va ri et ies(Thomp son Seed less, Tas-A-Ganesh, FlameSeed less and Sharad Seed less) pre sented in Ta ble 2and 3 revealed that sig nif i cant dif fer ences werere corded for dry mat ter con tent in the va ri et ies.Con sid er ing the to tal amount of dry mat ter con tentin the vine, the va ri ety Flame Seed less had high estper cent dry mat ter con tent fol lowed by SharadSeed less, Tas-A-Ganesh and Thomp son Seed less.The dry mat ter con tent in dif fer ent parts of vinealso var ied sig nif i cantly. The dry mat ter con tent inroots was max i mum in Tas-A-Ganesh grapes(54.17%) fol lowed by Sharad Seed less (47.72%)whereas the least amount of dry mat ter wasre corded in Thomp son Seed less grapes (45.17%).The vari a tion in avail abil ity of dry mat ter indif fer ent grape vine parts sug gests the re sponse ofdif fer ent grape va ri et ies dif fer ently forphys i o log i cal de vel op ments. The root sys tem playsan im por tant role in grape pro duc tion. In pen in su lar con di tion, grape vine is pruned twice in a year fortwo dif fer ent pur poses. Cul tural prac tices likeopen ing of light trench to ap ply farm yard ma nureand the fer til iz ers are fol lowed be fore each prun ing. The new root growth starts alongwith the shootgrowth af ter prun ing of a vine. F value es ti mated

for va ri et ies, dif fer ent parts of the vine and theirin ter ac tion were 40.61, 1974.89 and 12.33,re spec tively. Also sig nif i cant dif fer ences werere corded for va ri et ies, dif fer ent vine parts and theirin ter ac tions (Ta ble 4). Miller and Howell (26) alsore ported that high ca pac ity vines pro duced thegreat est quan tity of fruits, leaves, shoots and to talcan opy dry mass. The fruits are pro duced bypar ti tion ing of car bo hy drates to ber ries at theex pense of veg e ta tive tis sues and an in crease drymat ter pro duc tion/unit leaf area as the sink strengthin creases (Layne and Flore, 22 Miller and Howell,25).

Al though there is con sid er able in for ma tion onthe op er a tion of in di vid ual pro cesses in plants suchas pho to syn the sis, sugar me tab o lism, translocation, and cell ex pan sion, the con trols which ac tu allyreg u late the par ti tion ing of DM at the crop level arestill only poorly un der stood (Wardlaw, 31).How ever, there has re cently been quite someprog ress in quan ti fy ing and mod el ing dry mat terpar ti tion ing in fruits (Wermelinger et al., 32;Grossman and DeJong, 14) and veg e ta bles (Dayanet al., 6 Marcelis, 24; De Koning, 7; Heuvelink,15). There seems to be a great di ver sity in the way a crop par ti tions its as sim i lates. Con se quently, thesim u la tion mod els avail able at the mo ment arerather spe cies spe cific. The most suit ablesim u la tion ap proach de pends on the type of cropstud ied and the aim of the model.

The trunk is con sid ered as one of the ma jorplant part for food re serve that can sup ply foodma te rial to the sink, a de vel op ing bunch. Can opyman age ment plays an im por tant role in stor ing thefood ma te rial in grape vine. The dry mat ter con tentvar ied sig nif i cantly in the trunk part of all the fourva ri et ies stud ied (Ta ble 3 and Fig. 1). The high estdry mat ter con tent in the trunk was re corded inSharad Seed less (53.92%), how ever, the low estquan tity of dry mat ter was re corded inTas-A-Ganesh grapes (52.58%). Clingeleffer andKrake (5) sug gested that the amount of bio masspar ti tioned to the stem de clines as the num ber ofshoots per vine in creases. Ori en ta tion of shoots also

Status of dry matter at harvesting stage in commercially grown grape varieties 111

112 Somkuwar et al.

de cides the avail abil ity of bio mass (Kliewer et. al.,18).

Pri mary and sec ond ary cor dons com bineto gether sup ply food ma te rial to the de vel op ingshoots that ul ti mately of fer the fruit buddif fer en ti a tion. Ba si cally, a cor don be comes thepri mary source of food ma te rial to the canes.Higher amount of dry mat ter was re corded in thecor dons of Tas-A-Ganesh vines (55.68%) ascom pared to the low est in cor dons of FlameSeed less (53.64%). In crop growth mod els, the drymat ter par ti tion ing among plant or gans is of tende scribed as only a func tion of the de vel op men tal

stage of the crop (Pen ning de Vries and van Laar,29).

The dry mat ter par ti tion ing be tween root and

shoot has been de scribed as a func tional

equi lib rium be tween root ac tiv ity (wa ter or nu tri ent

up take) and shoot ac tiv ity (pho to syn the sis); i.e. the

ra tio of root-to-shoot weight is pro por tional to the

ra tio of shoot-to-root spe cific ac tiv ity (Brouwer, 2).

Al though in this way the ra tio be tween shoot and

root dry weight can of ten be es ti mated fairly well in

veg e ta tive plants, the mech a nism un der ly ing this

equi lib rium is quite com pli cated and not well

un der stood (Brouwer, 3; Lambers, 19; Farrar, 11).

Fur ther more, this equi lib rium can only be ap plied

to shoot:root ra tios and not eas ily to ra tios be tween

other plant or gans, be cause of the ab sence of

func tional in ter de pen dence. Dry mat ter par ti tion ing

is the end re sult of a co-ordinated set of trans port

and met a bolic pro cesses gov ern ing the flow of

as sim i lates from source or gans via a trans port path

to the sink or gans. The ac tiv i ties of these pro cesses

are not static, but may change both di ur nally and

dur ing plant de vel op ment (Pat rick, 28). As sim i lates

are pro duced by pho to syn the sis in the source

or gans (mainly leaves). The as sim i lates can be

stored or trans ported from the source to the

dif fer ent sink or gans via vas cu lar con nec tions

(phloem). The translocation rate of as sim i lates in

the phloem is of ten con sid ered to be driven by

gra di ents in sol ute con cen tra tion or in wa ter or

turgor po ten tial be tween the source and the sink

ends of the phloem (Ho, 16; Wolswinkel, 33; Lang

Ta ble 2: Dry mat ter con tent in dif fer ent parts of grape va ri et ies.

Vine parts Varieties

Thompson Seedless Tas-A-Ganesh Flame Seedless Sharad Seedless

Roots 45.17e (5.00)* 54.17ab (4.00) 46.27de (5.00) 47.72de (5.51)

Trunk 53.90ab (5.00) 52.58bc (5.00) 53.92ab (3.00) 57.15a (5.00)

Cordon 54.66ab (4.00) 55.68ab (5.00) 53.64ab (3.00) 55.38ab (4.00)

Shoot 40.17f (3.00) 45.88e (4.51) 39.30f (4.00) 49.69cd (5.00)

Petiole 20.25j (3.00) 20.48ij (2.00) 19.35j (2.00) 21.54ijh (1.00)

Bunches 24.42gh (4.00) 24.98gh (4.00) 23.97igh (3.00) 25.73g (4.00)

* The values in brackets are standard deviations.

Ta ble 3: Mean dry mat ter con tent com par i son in

dif fer ent va ri et ies and parts.

Mean dry mattercontent among varieties

Mean dry mattercontent among different

parts

39.76b 48.33b

42.29a 54.39a

39.41b 54.84a

42.87a 43.76c

20.41e

24.78d

LSD 0.78 0.96

Ta ble 4: ANOVA for four grape va ri et ies, parts

of vine and their com bi na tions.

MeanSquare

F Value Pr > F

Variety 55.25 40.61 <.0001

Parts 2686.86 1974.89 <.0001

Variety*parts 16.77 12.33 <.0001

and Thorpe, 21; Pat rick, 28; Lang and Dur ing, 20).

Uti li za tion and compartmentation of the as sim i lates

in the sink are im por tant to main tain these

gra di ents. The con trol of dry mat ter par ti tion ing

may be at the source, at the sink and/or at the

trans port path. How ever, sev eral au thors have

found in di ca tions that dry mat ter par ti tion ing

among sink or gans is pri mar ily reg u lated by the

sinks them selves (Gifford and Ev ans, 13; Farrar,

10; Ho, 17; Verkleij and Challa, 30).

The con sid er able amount of dry mat ter var iedsig nif i cantly in the shoots of dif fer ent va ri et ies.Higher dry mat ter was re corded in the canes ofSharad Seed less (49.69%) as com pared to thelow est in the canes of Flame Seed less va ri ety(39.30%). This in di cates the avail abil ity of drymat ter for de vel op ing bunch var ies with theva ri ety.

Pet i ole is con sid ered as an in di ca tor fornu tri ent re quire ment of a vine. In grape vine yard,gen er ally af ter 45th day dur ing both prun ing, thepet i ole of 5th leaf is har vested to study the nu tri entsta tus of a vine. The dry mat ter con tent in thepet i ole in di cates the vine stor age. Sig nif i cantdif fer ences were re corded for dry mat ter con tent inthe pet i ole. The pet i ole of Sharad Seed less hadhigher dry mat ter (21.54%) than the low est inFlame Seed less (19.35%). Higher dry mat ter alsore corded in bunches of Sharad Seed less grape vine(25.75%) and was fol lowed by Tas-A-Ganesh(24.98%), how ever, the low est dry mat ter con tentwas re corded in Flame Seed less (23.97%).Edsonand Howell (9) con sid ered the in ter ac tion of theyield com po nents: to tal yield, clus ters per vine andber ries per vine and how these re pro duc tivecom po nents might in flu ence the source: sinkre la tion ship.


Figure 1 : Dry matter distribution among various combinations of grape varieties and parts of the vine.

114 Somkuwar et al.

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PER FOR MANCE OF PLANT ING MA TE RIAL ON GROWTH AND YIELD

OF TUR MERIC UN DER GUAVA OR CHARD

D.K. Singh*, S. Aswal, G. Aswani and M. K. Shivhare

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Anta, Baran, Rajasthan-325202

Maharana Pratap Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture & Tech nol ogy, Udaipur

*E-mail :[email protected]

Abstract: The pres ent in ves ti ga tion was con ducted to find out the ef fect of dif fer ent plant ingma te ri als i.e. mother rhi zome, pri mary fin ger, sec ond ary fin ger and ter tiary fin gers on plantgrowth, yield and yield con trib ut ing char ac ters along with eco nom ics of tur meric cv. ErodeSe lec tion-1. All the intercropping sys tems showed sig nif i cant en hance ment in the height of thetree vary ing from 1.25 to 3.40 over the sole tree. Among the dif fer ent intercrops, better growth ofthe guava tree was ob served where mother rhi zome tur meric was grown as intercrop fol lowed by pri mary, sec ond ary and ter tiary fin gers treat ments. Plant height and num ber of till ers per plantwere en hanced in mother rhi zome of tur meric (96.68 cm and 4.03, re spec tively) un der shade ofguava plant which re sults max i mum sur vival per cent age (98.45%) and its growth andper for mance was better than other plant ing ma te ri als. The high est num ber of fin gers per plant(13.64), fin ger length (9.06), fin ger weight (36.14) and yield (389.47g/plant and 235.41q/ha) were re corded when tur meric were grown un der ju ve nile guava tree which was sig nif i cantly higherthan all other plant ing ma te ri als. All the tur meric plant ing ma te ri als grown un der shade of ju ve nile guava or chards were found most de sir able in terms of veg e ta tive growth, yield, gross re turn, netre turn and ben e fit cost ra tio than sole crop.

Keywords: Tur meric, fin ger, intercrop, guava or chard, eco nom ics.

Tur meric (Curcurma longa L.) is one of theim por tant spice crops which can be grownsuc cess fully un der shade of or chards (Singh, 9). Itis used as a spice, food pre ser va tive, pick les,colour ing agent, and in cos metic and med i cine.Tur meric pos sesses a thick un der ground stemrhi zome with short blunt fin gers (Fig.1). Thepri mary round shape tu ber at the base of the ae rialstem is known as mother rhi zome, which bearspri mary fin gers, sec ond ary fin ger and fur ther givesrise to ter tiary fin gers, thus as a whole dense clumpis formed (Rao et al., 8). Guava is a pop u lar fruittree es tab lished in Haroti re gion of Rajasthan. Ines tab lished or chards mono cul ture is prac ticed bythe farm ers due to shad ing ef fect on intercrop.Some shade lov ing plants like tur meric (Curcurmalonga L.), gin ger (Zingiber officinalis) andcolocassia (Colocasia esculenta) etc. can be grownin suc cess fully as an intercrop in or chards (Haque,et. al., 5). Tur meric, be ing a ster ile triploid, isveg e ta tive prop a gated by mother rhi zome, pri maryfin gers, sec ond ary fin ger and ter tiary fin gers. The

vari able size of plant ing ma te rial sig nif i cantlyin flu enced the seed ling vig our, early growth, yieldand seed re quire ment of tur meric (Singh et. al., 10); Dhatt et al., 4; Meenakshi et al., 6). There fore,pres ent in ves ti ga tion was planned to stan dard izethe plant ing ma te rial for use as seed of tur mericva ri ety un der the shade of guava or chards.


The ex per i ment was con ducted at KrishiVigyan Kendra, Anta, in a ran dom ized block de sign with three rep li ca tions for two con sec u tive years,i.e. 2009 and 2010. Four types of plant ing ma te ri als i.e. mother rhi zome, pri mary fin ger, sec ond aryfin ger and ter tiary fin gers of tur meric cv. ErodeSe lec tion-1were planted sep a rately in opencon di tion as well as un der the pe riph ery of 8 yearsguava va ri ety L-49 on ridges spaced 45 cm apartwith plant to plant dis tance of 20 cm in last week ofJune. The dif fer ent plant ing ma te ri als i.e. motherrhi zome, pri mary fin ger, sec ond ary fin ger andter tiary fin gers of tur meric hav ing a size of4.5-5.0cm, 6-7cm, 4.5-5.0 and be low 3.0 cm,



Performance of planting material on growth and yield of turmeric under guava orchard 117

re spec tively are de picted in Figure1. Rec om mendedcul tural op er a tions and plant pro tec tion mea sureswere fol lowed to raise a healthy crop. Theob ser va tions were re corded for plant height (cm),num ber of till ers/plant, num ber of leaves per plant,,leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), yield per plant(g),yield per hect are (q), length, girth and weight ofmother rhi zome, pri mary, sec ond ary and ter tiaryfin gers. Ten plants se lected ran domly andmor pho log i cal and yield con trib ut ing char ac terswere re corded for sta tis ti cal anal y sis. Eco nom ics was done for each treat ment on hect are ba sis tak ing intoac count the mar ket value of each crop to find out themax i mum rate of re turn to in vest ment. For thispur pose, cost of plough ing, seed, fer til iza tion,ir ri ga tion, hu man la bour were con sid ered incal cu la tion.The data was an a lyzed as per sta tis ti calpro ce dure given by Panse and Sukhatme (7).


Growth at trib utes like plant height, plantpe riph ery and trunk thick ness of guava treesin creased sig nif i cantly with tree age and theirper cent age in crease over the year 2008 was 7.76,5.18 and 3.23%, re spec tively (Ta ble 1). Ir re spec tiveof the year, all the intercropping sys tems showedsig nif i cant en hance ment in the height of the treevary ing from 1.25 to 3.40 over the sole tree. Amongthe dif fer ent intercrops, better growth of the guavatree was ob served where mother rhi zome tur mericwas grown as intercrop fol lowed by pri mary,sec ond ary and ter tiary fin gers treat ments. Sim i lartrend was also re corded with re spect to plantpe riph ery and trunk thick ness. On the other hand, thein crease in plant pe riph ery due to intercropping didnot show any sig nif i cant dif fer ence. Better growth ofguava plants in as so ci a tion with intercrops may beat trib uted to the im proved aer a tion from fre quent soil work ing and to the better re sponse of in puts ap pliedto the intercrops than in sole plan ta tion, where theinter spaces were left un cul ti vated and did notre ceive any ad di tional in puts like, ma nures,fer til iz ers and ir ri ga tion etc. Max i mum tree growth in as so ci a tion with mother rhi zome treat ment was dueto cov er age of or chards soil to better growth of

tur meric plant than other treat ments. As blackcot ton soils are hav ing hard pan be low soilsur face, low in ni tro gen, even a min i malap pli ca tion of in puts and cul tural op er a tions helps in better growth and de vel op ment of plants.Pos i tive in flu ence of intercrops on growth andvig our of trees has been also re ported in guavaand mango (Mangifera in dica L.) in past stud iesin other places (Awasti et al., 1 and Awasti andSaroj, 2).

The re sults of the ex per i ment were in di catedthat veg e ta tive and veg e ta tive con trib ut ingchar ac ters of dif fer ent plant ing ma te ri alssig nif i cantly in flu ence the growth of plants (Ta ble 2). The plant height, num ber of till ers per plantand num ber of leaves per plants, num ber of roots,length of roots and sur vival per cent age weresig nif i cantly in flu enced by dif fer ent type ofplant ing ma te rial of tur meric but leaf size werenot found sig nif i cant (Fig.2). Intercropping ofdif fer ent type of tur meric un der shade of guavaor chards per formed better than sole crop. Plantheight and num ber of till ers per plant of dif fer ent type of plant ing ma te rial were en hanced inintercrop and high est plant height and num ber oftill ers per plant was re corded in mother rhi zomeof tur meric (96.68) and (4.03) un der shade ofguava plant. Plant height of gin ger was grad u allyin creased in intercrop of guava than sole crop ping might be due par tial shad ing. Sim i lar in crease ofplant height of gin ger in intercropping of mangowas re ported by Chaudhary et al., (3). Num ber ofleaves per plant was high est in mother rhi zome oftur meric in intercrop (16.16) as well as in solecrop (14.34) in com par i son of pri mary fin ger,sec ond ary fin ger and ter tiary fin gers re spec tivelyof tur meric cv. Erode Se lec tion-1. The high estnum ber of roots (13.11) and length of root(10.45cm) was ob tained in mother tur mericgrown in guava intercrop. Leaf size was larg est intur meric in both con di tion i.e. in sole andintercrop of mother rhi zome. The leaves ofter tiary fin gers were small est (29.24cm ́ 7.14cm)and its over all growth was found poor in sole aswell as in intercropping sys tem. Haque et al. (5)

118 Singh et al.

also re ported that the veg e ta tive growths of gin ger,tur meric and mukhi kachu were per form ing wellun der the ju ve nile or chards of mango. The sur vivalper cent age of plants gen er ated from motherrhi zomes were max i mum (98.45%) inintercropping of guava than sole crop (98.45%) and its growth and per for mance was better than otherplant ing ma te ri als. Better growth of motherrhi zome of tur meric was due to the pres ence ofmax i mum food ma te ri als stored at ini tial stage.

The yield and yield con trib ut ing per for manceof dif fer ent plant ing ma te ri als of tur meric un dershade of guava as well as sole crop was pre sented in Ta ble 3 clearly in di cated that the yield of all theplant ing ma te ri als were per form ing better in shadeof guava tree. The yield of tur meric in opencon di tions was re duced in com par i son of intercropdue to the less num ber of fin gers per plant, weightof fin ger, fin ger size and poor growth andde vel op ment. Tur meric leaves be comes white inopen con di tion and is very sen si tive to sun light.Sim i lar to tur meric the gin ger plants pro ducedmod er ate plant height and higher yield un der par tial shade than open sun shine (Singh, 9). The high estnum ber of fin gers per plant (13.64), fin ger length(9.06), fin ger weight (36.14) and yield(389.47g/plant and 235.41q/ha) were re cordedwhen tur meric were grown un der ju ve nile guavatree which was sig nif i cantly higher than all otherplant ing ma te ri als.

The eco nomic per for mance of dif fer entplant ing ma te rial of tur meric in sole and un dershade of guava or chards has been pre sented inTa ble 3. Cul ti va tion of tur meric in ju ve nile guavaor chards was more ben e fi cial than other crops.Yield of tur meric was re duced in sec ond year in theguava or chard in all the plant ing ma te rial treat mentdue to the emer gence of max i mum shoots andbranches of guava or chards. The high est costben e fit ra tio (5.97) was ob tained from mothertur meric rhi zome crop grown un der guava plantfol lowed by pri mary fin ger (4.86), sec ond ary fin ger (4.77) and ter tiary fin ger (4.56), re spec tively. To talvari able cost of all the plant ing ma te rial was sim i lar to each other due the ap pli ca tion of sameintercultural op er a tions. The whole sale prices oftur meric and guava fruit were Rs. 15/kg and Rs.7/kg, re spec tively in lo cal mar ket.

The pres ent study con cluded that plant ingma te ri als ex hib ited sig nif i cant dif fer ences on plantgrowth, rhi zome size, yield and net re turn oftur meric. Mother rhi zome and pri mary fin gers aresig nif i cantly better plant ing ma te rial thansec ond ary and ter tiary fin gers in terms of plantgrowth, yield and rhi zome size. There fore, motherrhi zome or pri mary fin gers can be used as plant ingma te rial for rais ing tur meric crop. Since, pri maryfin gers pos sesses better stor age, more tol er ance towet soil and lower seed re quire ment (Rao et al., 8)there fore, use of pri mary fin gers as seed ma te rialwill be im mense ben e fit to the grow ers with out

Performance of planting material on growth and yield of turmeric under guava orchard 119

Table 1: Response of different turmeric planting materials on vegetative growth of guava cv. L-49.

Treatment Plant height(m)

Mean

Plant Periphery

(m)Mean

Trunk thickness (cm)

Mean2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010

Guava (sole) 7.34 7.59 7.46 13.81 13.97 13.89 45.43 45.69 45.56

Guava + Mother rhi zome 7.99 8.09 8.04 14.52 14.71 14.61 46.78 46.91 46.84

Guava + Pri mary fin ger 7.92 7.98 7.95 14.17 14.23 14.20 46.72 46.82 46.77

Guava + Sec ond ary fin ger 7.84 7.91 7.87 13.94 13.99 13.96 46.61 46.73 46.67

Guava + Ter tiary fin ger 7.76 7.81 7.78 13.87 13.91 13.89 46.59 46.58 46.58

Mean 7.77 7.876 7.82 14.06 14.16 14.11 46.43 46.55 46.49

CD (P = 0.05) 0.63 0.74 0.59 NS 0.94 0.93 1.01 1.06 1.03

Ta ble 2: Ef fect of plant ing ma te ri als on growth char ac ter is tics of tur meric planted in sole and un der shadeof guava plant (pooled over year).

Plantingmaterial

(Rhizome)

Plantheight(cm)

No.oftiller/plant

No. ofleaves/plant

Leaves size (cm) Root parameter Survival (%)length width No of root/

plantLength

Mother (sole) 91.54 3.72 14.34 42.42 10.43 11.43 9.31 98.45

Primary (sole) 87.18 3.01 14.31 41.78 10.43 9.87 8.93 94.78

Secondary (sole) 68.12 2.14 13.11 37.33 9.23 7.98 4.21 94.11

Tertiary (sole) 42.73 2.01 8.70 29.24 7.14 4.21 2.4 89.12

Mother + JGT 96.68 4.03 16.16 51.36 12.11 13.11 10.45 98.45

Primary + JGT 92.78 3.68 16.63 51.35 12.10 10.24 9.45 95.47

Secondary + JGT 72.62 2.72 14.32 44.57 9.96 7.89 5.81 95.56

Tertiary +JGT 45.84 2.17 9.74 31.43 8.18 5.76 2.68 91.10

CD (P = 0.05) 7.84 2.14 7.01 NS NS 8.25 7.98 6.74

Ta ble 3: Ef fect of plant ing ma te ri als on yield and yield at trib utes of tur meric planted in sole and un dershade of guava plant (pooled over year).

Planting material(Rhizome)

No.offingers/plant

Length offinger (cm)

Weight offingers (g)

Yield/plant (g) Yield/ha (q)

Mother (sole) 12.45 8.96 34.56 384.12 234.13

Primary (sole) 10.13 8.41 32.15 319.13 232.17

Secondary (sole) 8.14 7.83 28.34 289.73 228.78

Tertiary (sole) 4.79 4.21 21.04 192.24 221.22

Mother + JGT 13.64 9.06 36.14 389.47 235.41

Primary + JGT 11.25 8.82 33.24 326.35 232.89

Secondary + JGT 9.16 8.13 29.13 296.93 229.16

Tertiary +JGT 5.14 4.57 22.41 197.14 221.94

CD (P = 0.05) 6.25 5.62 7.34 9.47 3.96

120 Singh et al.

re duc tion in yield. The re sult showed that all thetur meric plant ing ma te ri als grown un der shade ofju ve nile guava or chards were found most de sir ablein terms of veg e ta tive growth, yield, gross re turn,net re turn and ben e fit cost ra tio than sole crop. Thisgave a pos i tive in di ca tion of the pros pects of us ingthe space un der the ju ve nile guava tree ascom mer cial prop o si tion. So, our farm ers should bemo ti vated to grow tur meric intercropped with guava at ju ve nile age level in Haroti re gion of Rajasthan.

REF ER ENCES

1. Awasti, O.P., Singh, I.S. and More, T.A. (2009).

Per for mance of intercrops dur ing es tab lish ment

phase of guava or chards. In dian J.Agric Sci.,

79(8): 587-591.

2. Awasti, O.P. and Saroj, P.L.(2004). Eco nomic

anal y sis of mango multistrata intercropping.

Trop. Sci., 44(1):43-47.

3. Chaudhary, A.K., Firoz, Z.A. and Haque,

A.F.M.E.(1998). Per for mance of gin ger-

le gumes intercropping at dif fer ent spac ings of

gin ger in hilly re gion. Ban gla desh J. Agril. Res.,

23(1): 135-142.

4. Dhatt. A.S., Sidhu, A.S. and Garg, N. (2008).

Ef fect of plant ing ma te rial on plqant growth,

yield and rhi zome size of tur meric. In dian J.

Hort., 65(2):193-195.

5. Haque, M.E., Roy, A.K. and Sikdar, B. (2004).

Per for mance of gin ger, tur meric and mukhi

kachu un der shade of mango or chard. The Hort.

J., 17(2): 101-107.

6. Meenakshi, N.., Sulikeri, G.S. and Hegde, R.V.

(2001). Ef fect of plant ing ma te rial and P& K

nu tri tion on yield and qual ity of tur meric.

Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 14:197-98.

7. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1985).

Sta tis ti cal Meth ods for Ag ri cul tural Work ers.

In dian Coun cil of Ag ri cul ture Re search, New

Delhi.

8. Rao, A.M., Jagdeeshwar, R. and Sivaraman, K.

(2007). Tur meric. In: Ad vances in Spices

Re search: His tory and Achieve ments of Spices

Re search in In dia since In de pend ence (Eds.,

Ravindran, P.N., Babu, K.N. Shiva, K.N. and

Kallupurackal, J.A.). Agrobios Pub lish ers,

Jodh pur. Pp. 433-91.

9. Singh, D.K. (2001). Per for mance of tur meric

un der guava or chards and its ef fects on fruit

qual ity. Na tional Symp. on Farm ing Sys tem

Re search in New Mil len nium. held dur ing

15-17 Oct. 2001 at P.D.F.S.R., Modipuram,

Meerut, pp.331.

10. Singh, J., Malik, Y.S., Nehra, B.K. and Pratap,

P.S. (2000). Effect of size of seed rhizomes and

plant spacing on growth and yield of turmeric

(Curcuma Longa L.). Haryana J. Hortic. Sci.,

29: 258-60.

Ta ble 4: Eco nomic per for mances of sole and intercrop of dif fer ent plant ing ma te rial of tur meric in sole andun der shade of guava or chards.

Plant ing ma te rial(Rhi zome)

Yield (q/ha) Mean

yield

(q /ha)

Yield of guava

(q/ha)

TotalIncome

(Rs)

TVC

(Rs)

NetIncome

(Rs)

BCR

2009 2010

Mother (sole) 232.58 235.68 234.13 - 289000 60000 229000 4.81

Pri mary (sole) 231.33 233.01 232.17 - 286000 60000 226000 4.76

Sec ond ary (sole) 227.47 230.09 228.78 - 280000 60000 220000 4.66

Ter tiary (sole) 221.01 221.43 221.22 - 268000 60000 208000 4.46

Mother + JGT 233.81 237.41 235.41 89.78 358500 60000 298500 5.97

Pri mary + JGT 231.94 233.84 232.89 89.58 292000 60000 232000 4.86

Sec ond ary + JGT 228.47 229.85 229.16 89.78 286500 60000 226500 4.77

Ter tiary +JGT 221.41 222.47 221.94 89.80 274000 60000 214000 4.56

Whole sale price of turmeric (Rs.15/kg) and guava (Rs.7/kg) in market.

OP TI MI ZA TION OF PLANT ING DEN SITY IN CAR NA TION

S. Karthikeyan* and M. Jawaharlal

De part ment of Flori cul ture & Land scap ing, Hor ti cul tural Col lege & Re search In sti tute,

Tamil Nadu Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, In dia.


AB STRACT: The ex per i ment on op ti mi za tion of plant den sity in side a green house for grow ingcar na tion is a very im por tant area for pres ent day pro duc tion and pro duc tiv ity. The re sults of thestudy on op ti mi za tion of plant ing den sity in car na tion led to the in fer ence that plant ing den sity intreat ment T4 (check) (15 X 15 cm with 36 plants/m2) proved better in terms of flower qual itypa ram e ters namely early flower bud ap pear ance, bud open ing, lon gest du ra tion of flow er ing,chlo ro phyll con tent and more num ber of flow ers per plant due to con ge nial mi cro cli mate be tween the plants for the plant growth and flow er ing. Though the per cent age of ‘A’ grade qual ity flow erswere higher in treat ment T3 (20 X 20 cm with 20 plants per m2), the num ber of plants and floweryield per sq. m. in this treat ment was very less. Hence, treat ment T4 (check) with 15 X 15 cm spac ing may con vinc ingly be fol lowed for ob tain ing more num ber of flow ers per plant and perunit area and value in terms of eco nomic suc cess of the crop.

Keywords : Car na tion, spac ing, low vol ume, high value, green house, flow er ing du ra tion.

Car na tion (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is oneof the most im por tant cut flower crops hold ing ama jor share in the cut flower mar ket. Op ti mumplant spac ing for the green house grown crops is anim por tant fac tor which needs to be op ti mizedow ing to the in creas ing cost of plant ing ma te ri alsand in puts. The ef fec tive uti li za tion of avail ablespace in side the green house will pro duce betterout come com pared to open field crops. Car na tiongrow ers adopt dif fer ent spac ing lev els de pend ingon avail abil ity of space in side the green house andtheir con ve nience. The car na tion grower shouldhave a sys tem atic idea to take up plant ing in a righttime to har vest max i mum num ber of qual ityflow ers for the sup ply dur ing the peak de mand ingpe riod. This re quires a proper de ci sion re gard ingplant ing time and plant den sity.

Op ti mum spac ing en ables proper uti li za tion of so lar en ergy, avoids com pe ti tion in the up take ofnu tri ents caused by the col li sion of root sys tem,fa cil i tates proper intercultural op er a tions etc. So itis im per a tive to main tain the op ti mum plant den sity to achieve more yield and better qual ity. This studywas taken up to op ti mize the plant ing den sity in side the green house for car na tion with the ob jec tive ofin creas ing the yield and qual ity of flow ers.


The pres ent study was car ried out at M/s.Elkhill Agrotech, Ooty, a lead ing car na tion unit and one of the con sor tium part ners in the Na tionalAg ri cul tural In no va tion Pro ject with theDe part ment of Flori cul ture & Land scap ing, TamilNadu Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Coimbatore. Theex per i ment was car ried out in side green house in aran dom ized block de sign with four treat ments viz.T1: 15 ´ 12.5 cm (42 plants /m2), T2: 20 ´ 15 cm (30 plants /m2), T3: 20 ´ 20 cm (20 plants/m2) and T4:15 ´ 15 cm* (36 plants/m2) as check* which weregrown in five rep li ca tions. A spac ing of 15 ´ 15 cm is adopted by the grow ers for com mer cialcul ti va tion. In this study, this spac ing wasmain tained as the check and was com pared withthree other spac ing treat ments as de tailed above.The ob ser va tions on growth pa ram e ters viz., plantheight (cm), num ber of leaves per plant, num ber oflat er als per plant and inter nodal length (cm) werere corded at monthly in ter vals for three flushes ofthe crop. Yield pa ram e ters viz., days taken forflower bud ap pear ance and flower bud open ing,du ra tion of flow er ing (days), num ber of flow ers per plant, flower yield/m2 and qual ity pa ram e tersnamely length of flower stalk (cm), bud length(cm), bud cir cum fer ence (cm), num ber of qual ity



122 Karthikeyan and Jawaharlal

grade flow ers/m2, ca lyx split ting (%), vase life (days) and phys i o log i cal pa ram e ters viz., leaf area (cm2),and chlo ro phyll con tent (mg/g) were ob served for the three flushes of flow er ing.


The pres ent ex per i ment was taken up to have asci en tific da ta base per tain ing to im pacts of thedif fer ent lev els of plant ing den sity adopted incar na tion cul ti va tion and to op ti mize the most idealplant ing den sity.

Growth Pa ram e ters:

Growth and de vel op ment of plants were highlyin flu enced by the im posed lev els of plant ing den sity.The quan ti ta tive char ac ters viz., plant height, num ber of leaves and lat er als per plant and internodal lengthshowed marked dif fer ences among the treat ments.The plant ing den sity of treat ment T3 (20 ´ 20 cmwith 20 plants per m2) pro duced sig nif i cantly tallerplants with 77.30 cm, 75.80 cm and 68.20 cm andmore num ber of leaves with 210.50, 212.12, 204.20and max i mum internodal length of 8.40 cm, 6.80 cm6.70 cm dur ing the first, sec ond and third flush offlow er ing in com par i son with higher den sity ofplants in treat ment T1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm hav ing 42 plantsper m2). The num ber of lat er als per plant was higherin treat ment T4 (check) (15 ´ 15 cm) hav ing 36plants/m2 with 6.20, 7.80 and 6.00. The num ber ofplants per m2 in treat ment T1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm) was 2.1times more than that the treat ment T3 (20 X 20 cm)which might have ul ti mately re sulted in lessergrowth of plants due to higher plant-to- plantcom pe ti tion. The in crease in growth char ac ters in T3

(20 ´ 20 cm with 20 plants per m2) might be due tothe avail abil ity of more space fa cil i tat ing im provedaer a tion, and better pen e tra tion of light which in turnmight have in creased photosynthetic ac tiv ity andtranslocation of as sim i lates to grow ing partsre sult ing in better avail abil ity of nu tri ents. This is incon fir ma tion with the find ings of Schroder (11) incar na tion, Mukhopadhyay and Yadav (6) inglad i o lus, Belgaonkar et al. (3) in an nualchry san the mum, Kool (5) in rose, and Ram et al.,(10) and Singh and Sangama (16) in China as ter.

Flower Yield and Qual ity Pa ram e ters

The op ti mum plant spac ing in treat ment T 4(check) (15 ´ 15 cm) might have added inshort en ing the veg e ta tive phase, lead ing toear li ness of flower bud ap pear ance (145.33,166.33, 168.67 days dur ing I, II and III rd flush offlow er ing, re spec tively) and flower bud open ing(189.33, 198.00, 214.67 days) and lon gest of thedu ra tion of flow er ing (83.00, 91.33, 112.33 days)in con trast to the treat ment T1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm).This can be ex plained in terms of fact thatflow er ing is sig nif i cantly in flu enced by theamount of light pen e trat ing into the can opy of theplant, and the level of aer a tion. Fur ther, im provedaer a tion and light pen e tra tion also re ducesin ci dence of pests and dis eases. Theseob ser va tions are in con cur rence with the find ingsre ported by Singatkar et al. (14) in gaillardia andBhattacharya et al. (4) in rose. The num ber ofqual ity flow ers per plant was the high est intreat ment T4 (15 ´ 15 cm) with 6.20, 7.80 and6.00 which is at trib ut able to the op ti mummois ture, nu tri ents and sun light avail able for thegrowth and de vel op ment of plants in thistreat ment.

The production of flowers per m2 wassignificantly more in treatment T1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm)having 42 plants per m2 with 243.60, 277.20 and216.30 and it was drastically low in T3 (20 ´ 20cm) with 120.00, 150.00 and 117.60 flowers perm2 during first, second and third flush offlowering, respectively (Fig.1). The high densityof plants in T1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm) produces a two foldincrease in flower yield during the three flushes of flowering. However, in terms of quality offlowers, T3 proved superior to all othertreatments. The treatment T3 produced 94.50 percent, 4.00 per cent and 2.00 per cent of ‘A’, ‘B’and ‘C’ grade flowers, respectively whereas T1

(15 ´ 12.5 cm) produced with 89.30 per cent,5.80 per cent and 4.90 per cent of ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’grade flowers, respectively. Thus it was evidentthat though treatment T1 produced more numberof flowers per m2, the proportion of ‘A’ grade

flowers was less and it might be due to highcompetition between plants for space, light, waterand nutrients. This observation is in confirmationwith the findings of Oydvin (7) in carnation.

Im prove ment in qual ity of flo ral char ac tersviz., bud length (4.40, 4.20 and 4.00 cm) and budcir cum fer ence (7.90, 7.50 and 6.30 cm) in T4

(check) (15 ´ 15 cm) might be due to the op ti mumplant spac ing which in turn might have re sulted inbetter uti li za tion of the avail able re sourcesfa cil i tat ing a fa vour able source - sink re la tion ship.Such ob ser va tions are in ac cor dance with there sults of Pessala (9) in rose and Singh and Sangma(16) in China as ter.

The length of the flower stalk was max i mumin treat ment T3 (20 ´ 20 cm) with 73.80 66.10 and62.00 cm which might be due to the fact that theplant height and internodal length was max i mum inthis treat ment. This is in cor rob o ra tion with thefind ings of Pandey and Mishra (8) in glad i o lus.

The girth of flower stalk (1.60, 1.52 and 1.44cm) was the high est in treat ment T3 (20 ´ 20 cm)and this is at trib ut able to the com pe ti tion-freeen vi ron ment. Lesser girth no ticed in treat ment T1

(15 ´ 12.5 cm) 1.12, 1.05 and 0.88 cm might be due to higher den sity of plants. Nor mally the flowerstalk be comes lean and lanky due to more num berof plants in an unit area. This is in con fir ma tionwith the find ings of Singh and Chetan (15) inglad i o lus.

Higher den si ties of plant ing per m2 were

as so ci ated with the in ci dence of ca lyx split ting. The oc cur rence was more in treat ment T1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm) and low in T4 (check) (15 ´ 15 cm) dur ing the threeflow er ing flushes. This might be due to theim bal ance and com pe ti tion for nu tri ents among theplants in the unit area. A sim i lar trend in ca lyx splitin ci dence as ob served by Seager (12) and Aroraand John (1) in car na tion.

Ob ser va tion on the keep ing qual ity of flow ersaf ter har vest showed that the treat ment T3 (20 ´ 20cm) with 7.67, 7.00, 6.27 days was su pe rior andtreat ment T 1 (15 ´ 12.5 cm) had low est vase life of5.00, 6.00 and 5.00 days dur ing the first, sec ondand third flush of flow er ing, re spec tively. Sim i larre sults have been re ported ear lier by Arora andJohn (1) in car na tion.

Phys i o log i cal Pa ram e ters

Leaf area of the plant was found max i mum intreat ment T3 (20 ´ 20 cm) with 18.60, 18.30 and17.50 cm2 (Fig.2) and it is due to the fact that theplants en joyed more spac ing and hence grewvig or ously with out much com pe ti tion for nu tri ents.These re sults are in ac cor dance with the find ings ofShiraj and Maurya (13) in glad i o lus.

The chlorophyll contents are mainlyinfluenced by the amount of light intensitiesreceived by the plants. The treatment T4 (check) (15

´ 15 cm) with 0.75, 0.35 and 1.18 mg/g during first flush and 0.70, 0.30 and 1.05 mg/g during secondflush and 0.68, 0.28 and 0.96 mg/g during thirdflush of flowering, respectively which has optimum

Optimization of planting density in carnation 123

124 Karthikeyan and Jawaharlal.

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spacing level utilized the received light intensityeffectively for the photosynthesis and furtherenhanced the healthy growth of plants, earlyflowering, better quality stalks and yield. This is inconfirmation with the report of Attridge (2)according to which such an adaptive mechanism iscommonly observed in plants to maintain thephotosynthetic efficiency.

AC KNOWL EDGE MENT

The au thors ac knowl edge the Na tionalAg ri cul tural In no va tion Pro ject com po nent - II ofthe In dian Coun cil of Ag ri cul tural Re search, NewDelhi for the fi nan cial as sis tance pro vided to take

up the re search trial.

REF ER ENCES

1. Arora, J. S. and John. A. Q. (1978). Ef fect of

dif fer ent lev els of ni tro gen, their time of

ap pli ca tion and plant den sity on the growth and

flow er ing of car na tion cv. Mar gue rite Scar let.

In dian J. Hort., 35 (3): 254 -260.

2. Attridge, T.H. (1990). Light and Plant

Re sponses. Ed ward Ar nold, A di vi sion of

Hodde and Stoughtton Ltd., p. 82-101.

3. Belgaonkar, D.V., Bist M.A. and Wakde.

M.B.(1996). Ef fect of lev els of ni tro gen and

phos pho rus with dif fer ent spac ing on growth

and yield of an nual chry san the mum. J. Soils and

Crops, 6 (2): 154 -158.

4. Bhattacharya, J., Sa ble A.S. and Gaikwad.

A.M. (2001). Ef fect of plant ing den sity on

growth and yield of rose cv. Glad i a tor. J. Orna.

Hort., 4 (2): 126 - 127.

5. Kool, M.T.N, (1997). Im por tance of plant

ar chi tec ture and plant den sity for rose crop

per for mance. J. Hort. Sci., 72 (2): 195-203.

6. Mukhopadhyay, T.P and Yadav. L. P. (1984).

Ef fect of corm size and spac ing on growth,

flow er ing and crop pro duc tion in glad i o lus.

Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 13 (3-4): 95 – 98.

7. Oydvin, J. (1966). Stud ies on the dif fer ent

spac ing for car na tion. Gartnerurbet, 56 (3): 23

– 25.

8. Pandey and Mishra. A. (2005). Ef fect of corm

size and spac ing on growth, flow er ing and corm

pro duc tion in glad i o lus cv. White Pros per ity.

Prog. Hort., 37 (20): 353 -357.

9. Pessala, T. (1977). The ef fect of plant ma te rial

and plant den sity on flow er ing in the Baccara

rose va ri ety. Ann. Agric. Fenniae, 16 (1): 72 -79.

10. Ram, M., Pal, V., Singh, M.K. and Kumar, M.

(2012). Re sponse of dif fer ent spac ing and

sal i cylic acid lev els growth and flow er ing of

glad i o lus (Glad i o lus grandiflora L.) HortFlora

Res. Spec trum, 1 (3) : 270-273.

11. Schroder, U. (1974). A trial to de ter mine the

op ti mal spac ing for min ia ture car na tions.

Erwerbsgartner, 28 (37): 1394-95.

12. Seager, J. C. R. (1969). Ef fect of spac ing and

stop ping of flower pro duc tion in the per pet ual

flow er ing car na tion. Irish J. Agri. Res., 8 (2):

261 - 270

13. Shiraj, A. and Mayura, K. R. (2005). Ef fect of

spac ing and corm size on growth, flow er ing and

corm pro duc tion in glad i o lus. In dian J. Hort.,

62 (1): 94 - 96.

14. Singatkar, S.S., Swant, R.B., Ranpise S. A. and

Wavhal. K. N.(1995). Ef fects of dif fer ent lev els

of N, P and K on growth and flower pro duc tion

of gaillardia. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 20

(3): 392 - 394.

15. Singh, A.K. and Chetan, S. 2004. Ef fect of

spac ing and zinc on growth and low er ing in

glad i o lus cv. Syl via. Prog. Hort., 36 (1): 94 -98.

16. Singh, K.P. and Sangama. (2001). Response of

China aster to spacing. J. Orna. Hort., 4 (1):

61-62.

Optimization of planting density in carnation 125

EVAL U A TION OF THE IN CI DENCE OF POW DERY MIL DEW

(Sphaerotheca fuliginea) ON BOT TLE GOURD

Sashiyangba* and L.Daiho

De part ment of Plant Pa thol ogy, School of Ag ri cul tural Sci ences and Ru ral De vel op ment,Medziphema-797106, Nagaland, In dia

*E-mail: Sashiyangba@ya hoo.co.in

AB STRACT: Pow dery mil dew caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea on lo cal cultivars of bot tlegourd was found greatly in flu enced by the nat u ral epiphytotic con di tion both from the farm ers’fields and ex per i men tal plot at Re search and Dem on stra tion Farm Ruzaphema, Nagaland(In dia). The max i mum in ten sity ranges from 51.45 – 86.90 per cent in lo cal cultivar at 95DAPdur ing the peak month of June 2005 with av er age tem per a ture (29.25 ºC), dew point (27.4 ºC),rel a tive hu mid ity (84.7 %) and rain fall (3.78 mm), re spec tively. Dis ease in ten sity and per centplant in fec tion were non sig nif i cantly cor re lated with the rel a tive hu mid ity, rain fall, tem per a tureand hu mid ity at (P =0.05).How ever, per cent of in fec tion and dis ease in ten sity was foundsig nif i cant and pos i tively cor re lated with dew point in both the fields. Due to ge net i cally adoptedfac tors with the host cultivars sig nif i cant dif fer ence on the yield re cords from both the fieldsranged be tween 20.18 - 24.55 t/ha un der Nagaland con di tion and can be used for fu turebreed ing programme for de vel op ing re sis tant va ri ety.

Keywords: Bot tle gourd, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, screen ing, cor re la tion.

Pow dery mil dew is a se ri ous dis ease causedby a fun gus Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Which oc cursmore com monly in al most all the cu cur bits grow ing ar eas of the world (Ballantyne, 1).Bot tle gourd(Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standl.), com monlyknown as “Lao”, is an im por tant veg e ta ble grownal most in all parts of Nagaland. Fruits aretra di tion ally used in gen eral tonic, di uretic,aph ro di siac an ti dote to cer tain poi sons andbron chial dis or ders-es pe cially syrup pre pared fromthe ten der fruits (Sivarajan and Balchandran, 12;Nadkarni, 8; Duke, 2). This dis ease ex pressed itssymp toms ini tially a pow dery gray or white coat ing ap peared su per fi cially on the plant parts and spreadrap idly over a wide area caus ing pre ma ture kill ingof the fo liage and sub se quently re sults in poorqual ity of fruits and un fit for pro cess ing. Un derfa vour able en vi ron men tal con di tions the pow derymil dew dis ease cause sig nif i cant de struc tion andul ti mately yield losses ex ceed ing 30 per cent in thecrop (Tisserat, 11). They are gen er ally fa voured byrel a tively dry at mo spheric con di tions, mod er atetem per a ture, re duced light and lux u ri ous plantgrowth (Yarwood, 13). The com bi na tion of cli ma tic fac tors i.e. air tem per a ture, hu mid ity, sun light,wind and rain fall play a vi tal role for dis sem i na tion and ger mi na tion of conidia, mycelia

growth and sporulation. In view of the wideprev a lence and con tin u ous oc cur rence of thisdis ease, a study was taken up to ex am ine thenat u rally oc cur ring vir u lent strains of pow derymil dew with the in flu ence of weather pa ram e terand its ef fect on yield un der Nagaland con di tion.


Screen ing for dis ease re sis tance of seven lo cal bot tle gourd cultivars (Ta ble 1) was done both inthe farm ers’ field and ex per i men tal plot dur ing theyear 2005 un der nat u ral epiphytic con di tion ofNagaland. A sur vey was con ducted in farm ers’ field by ran dom sam pling, mostly in the main pro duc tion ar eas of four dis tricts viz. Mon, Mokokchung,Kohima and Dimapur in the state of Nagaland(In dia) and the ex per i men tal plot at Re search andDem on stra tion Farm Ruzaphema, Nagalandsit u ated at 25º44’N and 93º48’E with an av er ageal ti tude of 309 m above the mean sea level. Seedswere planted in pit at 2 m apart at a dis tance of 2.5m in the first week of March dur ing 2005 with plotsize of 6m x 3m (18 sqm.) fol low ing ran dom izedcom plete block de sign (RCBD) rep li cated thriceun der rainfed con di tion of Nagaland.Rec om mended pack age of prac tices of bot tle gourd was adopted for main tain ing growth and vig our ofthe plant. In flu ence of weather pa ram e ters (rel a tive



Evaluation of the incidence of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on bottle gourd 127

hu mid ity, tem per a ture, dew point and rain fall) of thede vel op ment and spread of pow dery mil dew dis easewas re corded at 45, 70, 95 and 120 days af terplant ing. Ob ser va tions were made on the ba sis of 10ran domly se lected leaves per plant from each cultivar us ing 0 -5 vi sual dis ease rat ing scale ac cord ing toLebeda (6), where 0 = No symp tom –Im mune (I); 1 = 1-20% in fec tion – Re sis tant (R); 2 = 21-40 % areain fected – mod er ately re sis tant (MR); 3 = 41-60%area in fected – mod er ately sus cep ti ble (MS); 4 =61-80% area in fected – sus cep ti ble (S); 5 = > 80 %area in fected – Highly sus cep ti ble (HS). Mar ket ablefresh fruit yield was cal cu lated on plot ba sis andcon verted into tone per hect are.

All the data were sta tis ti cally an a lyzed bystan dard anal y sis of vari ance tech nique forran dom ized com plete block de sign (RCBD) assug gested by Gomez and Gomez (3). Wher evertreat ment dif fer ences were found sig nif i cant basedon re sults of F-test, crit i cal dif fer ences werecal cu lated at 5% level of prob a bil ity.


Dis ease de vel op ment on host cultivars

In ci dence of pow dery mil dew un der nat u ralepiphytotic con di tion (Ta ble 1) and weatherpa ram e ters (Fig.1) re vealed that the ini tial symp tomap peared at 45 days af ter plant ing dur ing the monthof April and grad u ally raises along with the growthstage of the crop till the peak of pe riod 95 DAP (inthe month of June) with max i mum dis ease in ten sity re corded in all the cultivars viz. Mesü (i) with 86.90per cent fol lowed by Mepfü (k) 82.26 per cent,Maikok (m) 81.48 per cent, Aüm (k) 61.39 per cent,Aüm (m) 60.78 per cent, Lao (d) 60.21 per cent andMepfu (r) 51.45 per cent with the cor re spond ingfig ures of an av er age mean tem per a ture of 29.25 ºC,av er age dew point (27.4 ºC ) rel a tive hu mid ity (84.7%) and rain fall (3.78 mm), re spec tively. There af ter,the dis ease in ten sity de clined slowly to wards thema tu rity of the crop 120 DAP (in the month of July)with min i mum dis ease in ten sity re corded in cultivarMepfü (r) 51.44 per cent fol lowed by Lao (d) 58.04per cent , Aüm (k) 58.46 per cent , Aüm (m) 59.23 per cent, Maikok (m) 81.83 per cent , Mepfü (k) 81.86per cent with the cor re spond ing fig ures of av er agetem per a ture (28.7 ºC), av er age dew point (27.1 ºC )rel a tive hu mid ity 86.4 (%) and rain fall (5.46 mm),

re spec tively Thus, it is clear from the pres entin ves ti ga tion that the patho gen was greatlyin flu enced by the fa vour able en vi ron men talcon di tion in all the stage of the dif fer ent hostcultivars.

The re sults ob tained with re spect topow dery mil dew in ci dence and in ten sity is inagree ment with the find ings of Schnathorst (10)and Molot and Lecoq (7). Jahn et al. (5) had alsore ported that dif fer ent races have the po ten tial toat tack sev eral pow dery mil dew tol er ant orre sis tant cu cur bit crops if spe cific en vi ron men talcon di tions are fa vour able for fun gal in fec tion andspread.

Dis ease re ac tion on bot tle gourd cultivars

Col lected bot tle gourd cultivars and theirdis ease re ac tions (Ta ble 2) re vealed that amongseven lo cal cultivars screened, none of the hostcultivars were im mune or com pletely re sis tant topow dery mil dew dis ease. How ever, cultivarMepfü (r) with 45.23-46.87 per cent in fec tion was found mod er ately sus cep ti ble to the dis easesig ni fy ing high yield ing ge no type. Sus cep ti blere ac tion to dis ease in ci dence rang ing from58.22-59.33 per cent in fec tion was Lao (I);fol lowed by Aüm (m) with 59.73-60.39 per centin fec tion, Aüm (k) with 59.07-60.18 per centin fec tion, Mepfü (k) with 71.24-72.07 per centin fec tion and Maikok (t) with 71.06-71.61 percent in fec tion. High est in fes ta tion was re cordedin cultivar Mesü with 74.03-74.63 per cent. Thismight be due to ge net i cally adopted fac tors withthe host cultivars.

COR RE LA TION STUD IES

The pe rusal of cor re la tion stud ies (Ta ble 3)re vealed that weather pa ram e ter has sig nif i cantef fect on dis ease de vel op ment. It is ev i dent thatthe weather pa ram e ter at dew point (r = 0.956)ex hib ited sig nif i cant and high pos i tive cor re la tion with the dis ease se ver ity. Per cent plant in fec tionand dis ease in ten sity were neg a tive but nonesig nif i cantly cor re lated with rel a tive hu mid ity (r = -0.374) whereas tem per a ture (r = 0.875), andrain fall (r = 0.517) with dis ease in ten sity wasfound to be non sig nif i cant. Jarvis et al. (4) hasre ported that due to in ten sive dews on leafsur face, the se ver ity of the dis ease was en hanced.

128 Sashiyangba and Daiho

Ta ble 1: Re ac tion of dif fer ent host cultivars of bot tle gourd to pow dery mil dew dis ease.

Cultivars Disease intensity (%) Disease reactionsMepfü (k) –V1 71.24 – 72.07 SusceptibleMaikok (m) –V2 71.06 – 71.61 SusceptibleMepfü (r) –V3 45.23 – 46.87 Moderately susceptibleLao (d) –V4 58.22 – 59.33 SusceptibleMesü (i) –V5 74.03 – 74.63 SusceptibleAüm (k) –V6 59.07 – 60.18 SusceptibleAüm (m) –V7 59.73 – 60.39 Susceptible

Ta ble 2: Eval u a tion of dis ease in ci dence on host cultivars of bot tle gourd at farmer’s field and ex per i men tal plot.

Cultivars Natural disease incidence on the growth stage of the cultivars

45 DAP* Mean 70 DAP* Mean 95 DAP* Mean 120 DAP*

Farmers

field

Expt. Plot

Farmers

field

Expt. Plot

Farmers

field

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Farmers

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Mean

Mepfu (k) 61.02 61.17 61.10 61.34 62.00 61.67 81.21 83.31 82.26 81.39 81.83 81.86

Maikok (m) 60.22 61.14 60.68 62.02 62.05 62.04 81.07 81.89 81.48 80.92 81.34 81.83

Mepfü (r) 34.95 35.39 35.17 45.76 46.56 46.16 51.02 51.88 51.45 49.19 53.68 51.44

Lao (d) 57.50 58.10 57.80 58.64 59.45 59.05 59.24 61.18 60.21 57.50 58.58 58.04

Mesu (i) 62.31 63.15 62.73 64.91 65.54 65.23 86.69 87.11 86.90 82.21 82.72 82.47

Aüm (k) 58.28 58.97 58.63 59.72 60.28 60.00 59.99 62.80 61.39 58.28 58.64 58.46

Aüm (m) 58.88 59.25 59.06 60.14 62.25 61.20 60.54 61.01 60.78 59.37 59.08 59.23

CD(P=0.05) 6.29 4.08 6.24 6.31 7.96 6.32 6.13 5.29

DAP = Days after planting, Expt. = Experimental plot, *Average of three replication.

Ta ble 3: Cor re la tion co ef fi cient of weather pa ram e ters with dis ease in ten sity dur ing 2005.

Weatherparameters

N Mean Std. Dev Sum Minimum Maximum Correlation

CoefficientRelative humidity 5 90.14 4.38 450.70 84.70 94.80 -0.374Average dew point 5 24.50 3.23 122.50 19.40 27.40 0.956*Total rain fall 5 3.19 1.44 15.96 1.99 5.46 0.517 NSTemperature 5 25.53 3.56 127.65 20.65 29.50 0.875 NSDisease 5 50.25 28.64 251.27 0.00 69.21

NS-Non significant, *Significant at P = 0.05

Fig. 1 : Effect of environmental factors on powdery mildew development of bottle guard.

The pres ent re sults also cor rob o rate the find ings ofLebeda (6). Thus, it clearly in di cates that to tal dewpoint fa voured the dis ease de vel op ment in both thefield.

YIELD PO TEN TIAL

Pow dery mil dew dis ease had a pro foundin flu ence with re duced yield of mar ket able fruit(Fig ure 2). It is ev i dent that the lo cal cultivarsex hib ited sig nif i cant dif fer ence on the yield ofmar ket able fruit. This might be due to ge net i callyadopted fac tors with the host cultivars. High estyield re corded both from the farm ers field andex per i men tal plot was cultivar Mepfü with 24.55t/ha with mod er ately sus cep ti ble re ac tion fol lowedby Lao 23.15 t/ha, Aüm(m) 22.54 t/ha, Aüm 22.40t/ha, Maikok (t) 21.76 t/ha, and Mepfü 21.34 t/ha.Low est yield was re corded in cultivar Mesü with20.18 t/ha. These re sults of pres ent study havecon firmed the re ports of Protologue (9) as in bothfield had a sim i lar yield which can be used in fu turebreed ing programme.

REF ER ENCES

1. Ballantyne, B. (1975). Pow dery mil dew ofcucurbitaceae: Iden tity, dis tri bu tion, host rangeand sources of re sis tance, Proc. Lin nean Soc.New South Wales, 99:100-120.

2. Duke, J.A. (1992). Hand book of Bi o log i callyAc tive Phytochemicals and their Ac tiv i ties.CRC Press, Boca Rato. FL.

3. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez. A.A. (1984).Sta tis ti cal Pro ce dures for Ag ri cul turalRe search. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

4. Jarvis,W., Gubler, W.G. and Grove, G.G. (2002). Ep i de mi ol ogy of pow dery mil dew inag ri cul tural eco sys tems. In Belanger R, WR

Bushnell, AJ Dik, TLW Carver, ed, Thepow dery mil dews. A com pre hen sive Trea tise.The Amer i can Phytopathological So ci ety, St.Paul, Min ne sota, pp.169-199.

5. Jhan, M., Munger, H.M. and Mccreight, J.D.(2002). Breed ing cu cur bit crops for pow derymil dew re sis tance. In Belenger R, WRBushnell, AJ Dik, TLW Carver,ed, The pow dery mil dews. A com pre hen sive Trea tise. TheAmer i can Phytopathological So ci ety, St. Paul,Min ne sota, pp. 239-248

6. Lebeda, A. (1984). Screen ing of wild Cucumisspe cies for re sis tant to Cu cum ber pow derymil dew (Erysiphe cichoracearum andSphaerotheca fuliginea) Sci. Hortic., 24:241-249.

7. Molot, P.M. and Lecoq, H. (1986). Pow derymil dew of cu cur bits. I. Bib lio graphic data.Pre lim i nary stud ies. Agronomie, 6:335-362.

8. Nadkarni, K.M. (1992). In dian Materia Medica.1st Edn. Pop u lar Prakashan, Bom bay, In dia.

9. Protologue (1930). Publ. Field Co lum bian Mus; Bot. Ser. 3: 435.

10. Schnathorst, W.C. (1965). En vi ron men talre la tion ship in the pow dery mil dew. Annu. Rev.Phytopathol., 3: 343-346.

11. Tisserat, N. (2006). Pow dery mil dew of

Pump kin. Ex ten sion Bul le tin, De part ment of

Plant Pa thol ogy, Kan sas.

12. Sivarajan, V.V. and Balchandran, I. (1996).

Ayurvedic Drugs and Their Plant Source 1st

Edn., Ox ford and IBH pub li ca tion Com pany

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. ISBN:81-204-0824-4

13. Yarwood, C.E. (1957). Powdery mildew.

Botanical Rec., 23:235-312.

Evaluation on the incidence of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on bottle gourd 129

Fig. 2: Influence of powdery mildew on marketable fruit yield of bottle gourd.

IN TE GRATED MAN AGE MENT OF POW DERY MIL DEW OF GERBERA

UN DER POLY HOUSE CON DI TION IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Sunil Kumar, Krishna S. Tomar, R.C. Shakywar* and M. Pathak

Col lege of Hor ti cul ture and For estry, Cen tral Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat-791102 (A.P.)


AB STRACT: Pow dery mil dew caused by the fun gus Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. is a com mondis ease of gerbera grown in In dian con di tions. Fun gi cidal and va ri etal trial was con ducted atIn struc tional farm, De part ment of Flori cul ture, Col lege of Hor ti cul ture and For estry, Cen tralAg ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat, dur ing April 2011 to March 2012. In fun gi cidal dis easeman age ment, least dis ease se ver ity (5.23%) was ob served in spray of wettable sul phur @2.5g/l of wa ter fol lowed by Carbendazim @ 2g/ l of wa ter fo liar spray (7.23 %). Whereas, theun pro tected treat ment showed high est dis ease se ver ity (65.30 %). The high est num ber offlow ers m-2 / year (195.00) and num ber of suck ers / plant / year (6.60) were also re corded inwettable sul phur @ 2.5g/l of wa ter fo liar spray. Pow dery mil dew symp toms were first ob servedon the leaves of the va ri et ies viz. Pia, Rionegro and Tecala on 30th day af ter plant ing. InManizales, Teresa and Ga li leo pow dery mil dew in ci dence was started only af ter 38 days ofplant ing. On the other va ri et ies Figaro, Marinila and Palmira pow dery mil dew in ci dence wasstarted only af ter 68 days of plant ing. Palmira va ri ety showed re sis tance to pow dery mil dew withper cent dis ease in dex of 9.27% at the end of 160 days af ter plant ing fol lowed by Figaro andMarinila with PDI of 9.73% and 10.23%, re spec tively. Va ri ety Teresa showed mod er atelyre sis tant re ac tion (24.57 %) against pow dery mil dew in fec tion. Va ri et ies Pia and Tecala werehighly sus cep ti ble to pow dery mil dew through out the ex per i ment which showed per cent dis ease in dex of 65.30% and 54.27%, re spec tively. Other va ri et ies like as Ga li leo (34.73%), Manizales(46.93%) and Rionegro (49.67%) showed sus cep ti ble re ac tion to pow dery mil dew in fec tion.

Keywords: Dis ease, gerbera, fungicides, powdery mil dew, screening, variety.

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.), be longs to the fam ily Asteraceae, is a pop u larflower through out the world. Many peo ple en joy by grow ing this flower in gar dens or large con tain ers(Tjia et al., 14). It has de mand as cut flow er andalso as an or na men tal pot ted plant gain ingim por tance in the world mar ket and has a very good ex port po ten tial be cause of its grace ful ap pear ance,har di ness and abil ity to with stand dur ingtrans por ta tion and long shelf life (Latha andSuresh, 9). The tre men dous vari abil ity in gerberawith ref er ence to flower col our, shape and sizemakes it more use ful for cut flow ers, bou quet anddec o ra tion in mar riage and land scap ing ingar den ing (Aswath and Survay, 2). Apart fromdo mes tic con sump tion it has got export po ten tialalso. Claims have been made that from 30-70 % ofthe po ten tial last ing qual ity of cut flow ers isde ter mined at har vest (Halevy and Mayak, 5). InIn dia, gerbera is mainly grown in North East ern

States, Karnataka and Maharashtra (Aswath andRao, 1). Gerbera is sus cep ti ble to a va ri ety of pestsand dis eases. Pow dery mil dew is one of the mostde struc tive fun gal dis eases of gerbera caus ingsig nif i cant eco nomic losses un der poly housecon di tions. It is caused by two fun gal spe cies viz.Erysiphe cichoracearum DC and Podosphaerafusca (Fr.) S. Blumer. They are the ob li gate par a site(they live al ways liv ing mat ter) and can af fect allparts of the plants. Pow dery mil dew is easy toiden tify since to no tice able white spots or pow derlike ap pear ance or white patches ap pear on theup per and lower sur faces of the leaves or flow ers.These spots are en large to form a white, pow derlike mat, which can spread to stems and flow ersalso (Moyer and Peres, 11). This dis ease re ducedplant growth and lesser flower qual ity whichcon trib ute to eco nomic losses. Se verely in fectedleaves turn pale yel low or brown and the plantseven tu ally die. Some en vi ron men tal con di tions like high rel a tive hu mid ity (80-95%), mod er ate



Integrated management of powdery mildew of gerbera under polyhouse condition in Arunachal Pradesh 131

tem per a ture (20-28 °C) and low light in ten si ties orshade are most con ge nial for pow dery mil dewde vel op ment. Un for tu nately poly house usu allypro vide all these con di tions the va ri et ies will re actspe cif i cally (Daughtrey et al., 3). How ever,in for ma tion on the ef fec tive ness of these prod ucts inman ag ing pow dery mil dew in ornamentals, and more spe cif i cally on gerbera, is lim ited. Con se quently, theob jec tive of this study was to eval u ate the ef fi cacy offun gi cides and va ri etal re sponse for the man age mentof pow dery mil dew in gerbera grown un derpoly house con di tions in Pasighat, ArunachalPradesh.


Field ex per i ments (un der poly house con di tion)

were con ducted at In struc tional farm, De part ment of

Flori cul ture, Col lege of Hor ti cul ture and For estry,

Cen tral Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat, Arunachal

Pradesh dur ing April 2011 to March 2012 sea son

fol low ing rec om mended as per pack age and prac tices

of gerbera gar den ing. Fun gi cidal ex per i ment was

con ducted in a com pletely ran dom ized de sign with

eight treat ments. Va ri ety Pia (highly sus cep ti ble) was

planted in the raised beds with a spac ing of 30 x 30

cm un der poly house con di tion. Among the 1-8

treat ments, first treat ment was used as fo liar spray of

wettable sul phur @ 1.0g/l of wa ter of be gin ning of

dis ease ini ti a tion, each, wettable sul phur @ 1.5g/l,

2.0g/l and 2.5g/l of wa ter, carbendazim @ 0.5g/l,

0.1g/l, 1.5g/l and carbendazim @ 2.0g/l of wa ter at

fort nightly in ter vals. Treat ment nine was un pro tected

con trol (alone wa ter spray). The ef fec tive ness of the

treat ments was worked out by com par ing their ef fect

on dis ease se ver ity. Dis ease se ver ity rat ings were

an a lyzed fort nightly by anal y sis of vari ance

(ANOVA) with mean sep a ra tion by Fisher’s

Pro tected LSD (P=0.01), (P = 0.05) and (CV %).

Dis ease rat ings were used to cal cu late the se ver ity as

men tion scale in va ri etal eval u a tion. For re sis tance

eval u a tion, nine va ri et ies of tis sue cul ture de rived

gerbera viz. Figaro, Ga li leo, Manizales, Marinila,

Palmira, Pia, Rionegro, Tecala and Teresa were

planted in the raised beds with a spac ing of 30 x 30

cm un der poly house con di tion. The plants were

pro vided with all the in puts as per pack age and

prac tices for gerbera cul ti va tion. This ex per i ment

was laid out in com pletely ran dom ized de sign and

rep li cated thrice with 20 plants for each

rep li ca tion. Pow dery mil dew was de vel oped from

the nat u ral in ocu lums. In an ear lier study for the

eval u a tion of bio-fun gi cides for the man age ment

of pow dery mil dew of gerbera, the ex per i ment

was con ducted us ing nat u ral epiphytotic

con di tion (Moyer and Peres, 11). Ob ser va tions of

pow dery mil dew were re corded at 40 days

in ter val upto 5 months (Approximate160 days) of

plant ing and 10 plants per rep li ca tion were

se lected ran domly for dis ease as sess ment.

Dis ease se ver ity was re corded on the up per leaf

sur faces at the ear lier growth stages and at the

later stages on the lower leaves also and rated on a

0 to 6 scale (Stan dard dis ease se ver ity scale) as 0

= No pow dery growth, 1= 1-20% of the leaf area

with pow dery growth, 2 = 21- 40% of the leaf area




with pow dery growth and 6 = 100 % of the leaf

area with pow dery growth (Moyer and Peres, 11).

Us ing the stan dard dis ease score chart, the per

cent dis ease in dex (PDI) was worked out

ac cord ing to the FAO (4) formula.

Per cent dis ease in dex (PDI)

=Sum of total numerical rating

Total number of observations ´´

Maxi. grade100

From the PDI cal cu lated, the re ac tion of theva ri et ies were cat e go rized as 0% PDI = Im muneto pow dery mil dew, 5% PDI = Highly Re sis tant(HR), 5-10% = Re sis tant (R), 11-25% =Mod er ately Re sis tant (MR), 25-50% =Sus cep ti ble (S) and 51-100% = HighlySus cep ti ble (HS).


The re sults ob tained dur ing the course ofex per i men ta tion (Ta ble 1) clearly showed that all

132 Kumar et al.

the treat ments re duced dis ease se ver ity of pow derymil dew of gerbera were sig nif i cantly su pe rior overcon trol. Among fun gi cidal dis ease man age ment,least dis ease se ver ity (5.23 %), was ob served inwettable sul phur @ 2.5g/l of wa ter fo liar spray atfort nightly in ter vals (all treat ments) againstpow dery mil dew dis ease se ver ity, it was foundsig nif i cantly su pe rior over all the tested treat mentsagainst pow dery mil dew of gerbera fol lowed byCarbendazim @ 2g/ l of wa ter fo liar spray (7.23 %), whereas, the un pro tected treat ment showed high estdis ease se ver ity (65.30 %), dur ing course of thein ves ti ga tion. The high est num ber of flow ers m-2 /year (195.00) and num ber of suck ers / plant / year(6.60) were also re corded in wettable sul phur @2.5g/l of wa ter fo liar spray. The re sult was foundsig nif i cantly su pe rior over all the tested treat mentsfol lowed by Carbendazim @ 2g/l of wa ter fo liarspray and wettable sul phur @ 2.0g/l of wa ter fo liarspray num ber of flow ers m-2/year (190.60 and178.00) and num ber of suck ers / plant / year (6.40and 4.60), re spec tively. How ever, rest of thetreat ments were also re corded least amount ofpow dery mil dew dis ease se ver ity and great estnum ber of flow ers m-2 / year and num ber of suck ers / plant / year as com pared to un treated con trol(alone wa ter spray). Among the fun gi cideseval u ated for gerbera pow dery mil dew, wettablesul phur @ 2.5g/l of wa ter fo liar spray was the mostef fec tive. Nine va ri et ies of gerbera were screenedagainst pow dery mil dew un der poly housecon di tion. Pow dery mil dew symp toms were firstob served on the leaves of the va ri et ies viz. Pia,Rionegro and Tecala on 30 days af ter plant ing. Inva ri et ies Manizales, Teresa and Ga li leo pow derymil dew in ci dence started only af ter 38 days ofplant ing. On the other va ri et ies Figaro, Marinilaand Palmira pow dery mil dew in ci dence startedonly af ter 68 days of plant ing. Palmira va ri etyshowed re sis tance to pow dery mil dew with per cent dis ease in dex of 9.27% at the end of 160 days af terplant ing fol lowed by Figaro and Marinila with PDIof 9.73% and 10.23%, re spec tively. Va ri ety Teresashowed mod er ately re sis tant re ac tion (24.57%)against pow dery mil dew in fec tion. Va ri et ies Pia

and Tecala were highly sus cep ti ble to pow derymil dew through out the ex per i ment which showedper cent dis ease in dex of 65.30% and 54.27%,re spec tively. Other va ri et ies like Ga li leo (34.73%),Manizales (46.93%) and Rionegro (49.67%) weresus cep ti ble re ac tion to pow dery mil dew in fec tion.These find ings showed closely sup ported by ear lierwork ers in screen ing for dis ease re sis tance ingrape vine ge no types to pow dery mil dew in fec tion(Jamadar et al., 6) and in gerbera to powderymildew (Kumar et al., 8). The over come eco nomiclosses due to dis ease and avoid re peated ap pli ca tion of fun gi cides, de vel op ment of re sis tant va ri ety isthe best method for dis ease man age ment.Eval u a tion pro ce dure in the green house could beused as a rapid as say to screen plants for re sis tance(Scholten et al., 13). Screen ing could be im por tantin the de vel op ment and eval u a tion of new re sis tantcultivar if in cor po rated into breed ing programmes(Kozik, 7). Though, the study to pow dery mil dewre sis tant screen ing meth od ol ogy for gerbera un derpoly house con di tion has been es tab lished and fewre sis tant va ri et ies of gerbera against pow derymil dew were indentified. Those va ri et ies may beuti lized for fu ture breed ing programme to evolvepow dery mil dew dis ease re sis tant gerbera va ri et ies. All va ri et ies per formed as ex pected, Palmira,Figaro and Marinila were the re sis tant, Ga li leo,Manizales and Rionegro sus cep ti ble, and Pia andTecala were highly sus cep ti ble. Dis ease symp tomsap peared al most a month af ter trans planting and the pow dery mil dew ep i demic de vel oped slowlythere af ter. Dur ing the first six weeks of theex per i ment, the rel a tive hu mid ity was be low 80%and since pow dery mil dew de vel ops best at a highhu mid ity (80% to 90%) (Daughtrey et al., 3), thelow rel a tive hu mid ity was prob a bly a con straint to a faster ep i demic de vel op ment. This ad versemicroclimatic con di tion (low hu mid ity) wasprob a bly use ful for the plant cells that were al readyin fected by the pow dery mil dew fungi in that theyre duced the speed of in fec tion pro cess giv ing theplant more time to trans port ma te rial to thein fec tion site and stop pen e tra tion by for ma tion ofpapillae (Men zies et al., 10). Our study is the first

Integrated management of powdery mildew of gerbera under polyhouse condition in Arunachal Pradesh 133

eval u a tion of two fun gi cides at dif fer entcon cen tra tion for the man age ment of pow derymil dew of gerbera un der poly house con di tions. In ad di tion, it sig nif i cantly re duced pow derymil dew se ver ity in gerbera. Al ter na tive prod uctssuch as Cease, Milstop, Kaligreen, Biophos andelec tro lyzed ox i diz ing wa ter were pre vi ouslyre ported for con trol of pow dery mil dew ofger beras in other states in clud ing Geor gia,Ha waii, and Mich i gan (Mueller et al., 12; Uchidaand Kadooka, 15). In con clu sion, the fun gi cides

tested at dif fer ent con cen tra tion when ap plied prior to dis ease in fec tion may re duce pow dery mil dewsig nif i cantly com pared to no treatment. As acon se quence, these fun gi cides can be used as part ofan in te grated ap proach for dis ease man age mentpro gramme of pow dery mil dew in gerbera.

REF ER ENCES

1. Aswath, C. and Manjunath, T. Rao (2006).

Breed ing of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex.

Table1: Ef fect of fun gi cides against pow dery mil dew dis ease of gerbera dur ing April 2011 to

March 2012.

Treatments Disease Severity Number of flowersm-2 / year

Number of suckers/plant / year

Wettable sulphur (1.0g/l water) 22.00 *(27.97) 123.20 3.20

Wettable sulphur (1.5g /l water) 14.33 (22.22) 156.00 3.80

Wettable sulphur (2.0g/l water) 10.67 (19.09) 178.60 4.60

Wettable sulphur (2.5g/l water) 5.23 (13.18) 195.00 6.60

Carbendazim (0.5g/l water) 20.00 (26.56) 125.20 3.00




Control (alone water spray) 65.30 (53.91) 102.00 2.60

CD (P=0.01) 0.91 4.62 0.74

CD (P=0.05) 0.67 3.35 0.54

CV (%) 1.99 1.25 7.33

*Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed value.

Table 2: Va ri etal re sponse of gerbera against pow dery mil dew dis ease dur ing April 2011 to

March 2012.

Varieties Per cent disease index* Diseasereaction

Number offlowers m 2-

/ year

Number ofsuckers /plant/year

40 DAP 80 DAP 120 DAP 160 DAP

Figaro 0.0 3.93 6.53 9.73 R 143.00 3.80

Galileo 16.67 24.90 28.57 34.73 S 189.00 5.80

Manizales 12.50 16.90 31.33 46.93 S 137.20 3.20

Marinila 0.0 2.93 7.23 10.27 R 106.60 4.00

Palmira 0.0 1.57 6.50 9.27 R 190.00 5.40

Pia 23.77 33.27 55.00 65.30 HS 102.00 4.20

Rionegro 21.33 29.30 36.70 49.67 S 180.00 5.30

Tecala 19.33 31.00 44.93 54.27 HS 178.00 5.00

Teresa 10.33 15.67 20.77 24.57 MR 125.00 4.00

*Mean of three rep li ca tions; DAP = Days after Planting

134 Kumar et al.

Hooker F.) lines suit able for open field

cul ti va tion. J. Or na . Hor t ., 9(4): 243-247.

2. Aswath, C. and Survay, Nazneen (2004). An

im proved method for in vi tro prop a ga tion of

gerbera. J. Or na . Hor t ., 7(2): 141-146.

3. Daughtrey, M., Wick R.L. and Pe ter son, J.L.

(1995). Com pen dium of flow er ing pot ted plant

dis eases. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

4. FAO (1967). Crop losses due to dis eases and

pest. Rome: Food and Ag ri cul tural

Or ga ni za tion.

5. Halevy, A.H. and Mayak, S. (1981). Sensecense

and post har vest phys i ol ogy of cut flow ers-Part

II. Hor ti . Re vi., 3: 59-143.

6. Jamadar, M.M., Jawadagi, R.S. and Patil, D.R.

(2007). Nurs ery screen ing of grape vine

ge no types to pow dery mil dew in fec tion. J.

Asian Hor t ., 4: 69-70.

7. Kozik, E.V. (1999). Eval u a tion of two

tech niques for screen ing to ma toes for re sis tance

to Fusarium crown and root rot. Veg e . Crop Re s.

Bul l., 50: 5-12.

8. Kumar, S., Tomar, K.S. and Shakywar, R.C.

(2012). Response of gerbera varieties against

powdery mildew disease under polyhouse

condition. HortFlora Res. Spectrum, 1(3) :

286-288.

9. Latha, T.K.S. and Suresh, J. (2010). Va ri etal

screen ing of gerbera for their re sponse to

pow dery mil dew dis ease. J. Or na . Hor t., 13 (2):

157-159.

10. Men zies, J., Bowen, P., Ehret D., and Glass,

D.M. (1992). Fo liar ap pli ca tion of po tas sium

sil i cate re duces se ver ity of pow dery mil dew on

cu cum ber, musk melon, and zuc chini squash. J.

Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 117(6):902–905.

11. Moyer, C. and Peres, N.A. (2008). Eval u a tion

of bio-fun gi cides for con trol of pow dery

mil dew of gerbera daisy. Pro c. of Florida State

Hor ti c. So c., 121: 389-394.

12. Mueller, D.S., Hung, Y.C., Oetting, R.D., Van

Iersel, M.W. and Buck, J.W. (2003). Eval u a tion

of elec tro lyzed ox i diz ing wa ter for man age ment

of pow dery mil dew on gerbera daisy. Plant Dis.,

87:965–969.

13. Scholten, O.E., Panella, L.W., Bock, T.S.M.,

and De Lange, W. (2001). A green house test for

screen ing sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) for

re sis tance to Rhizoctonia solani. Eu ro pean J.

Plant Pa thol ., 107: 161-166.

14. Tjia, B., Black, R.J. and Park-Brown, S. (2008).

Ger beras for Florida. CIR527. Gainesville:

Uni ver sity of Florida In sti tute of Food and

Ag ri cul tural Sci ences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu /

mg 034.

15. Uchida, J.Y and Kadooka, C.Y. (2001). Control

of powdery mildew on gerbera in Hawaii. Joint

Mtg. of Amer. Phytopathol. Soc., Mycol. Soc. of

Amer., and Soc. of Nematologists, Salt Lake

City, Utah, 25–29 Aug. 2001.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu

IN FLU ENCE OF MI CRO BIAL, OR GANIC AND IN OR GANIC SOURCES

OF NU TRI ENTS ON GROWTH PA RAM E TERS OF STRAW BERRY

Rubee Lata*, Deepa H. Dwivedi, R.B. Ram and M.L. Meena

De part ment of Ap plied Plant Sci ence (Hor ti cul ture),

Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Uni ver sity, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow –226 025


AB STRACT: An ex per i ment was con ducted to study the in flu ence of mi cro bial sources ofnu tri ents along with or ganic and in or ganic sources on the veg e ta tive growth pa ram e ters ofstraw berry cv. Chan dler. The data ob served at dif fer ent days af ter trans plant ing (30, 45, 60, 75,90 and 105 days) clearly in di cate that the ap pli ca tion of in te grated sources of nu tri entssig nif i cantly af fect the veg e ta tive growth of the plant. The max i mum growth in terms of height ofthe plant (5.83 cm, 8.31 cm, 12.61 cm, 14.83 cm, 17.44 cm and 19.25 cm), num ber of leaves perplant (5.81, 10.27, 13.66, 16.86, 18.04 and 18.80), length of leaves (6.34cm, 6.96cm, 7.32 cm,8.00 cm 8.32 cm and 8.80 cm) and width of leaves (5.16cm, 6.58cm, 7.86 cm, 8.93 cm, 10.20 cm and 10.94cm) were re corded in the treat ment T12 - Azotobactor (50%) + Azospirillum (50%) +NPK (50%) + FYM at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 DAT re spec tively in each re spec tive pa ram e ters which was sta tis ti cally sig nif i cant over con trol (T1) where rec om mended dose of fer til izer wasap plied.

Keywords : Straw berry, in te grated nu tri ent man age ment, Azotobactor, Azospirillum, veg e ta tive growth.

Straw berry (Fragaria ́ananassa Duch.) hasat tained a pre mier po si tion in the world fruit mar ket as fresh fruit as well as in the pro cess ing in dus tries(Sharma and Sharma, 4). Ini tially grown intem per ate zone of the coun try but its cul ti va tion has now be come pos si ble in the sub-trop i cal zones aswell with the in tro duc tion of day neu tral cultivarviz., Chan dler (Asrey and Singh, 1). Among thevar i ous fac tors which con trib ute to wards thegrowth and yield of straw berry, nu tri tion is theim por tant as pect of crop pro duc tion (Umar et al.,8). In te grated nu tri ent man age ment in cludes the use of in or ganic, or ganic and mi cro bial sources ofnu tri ents which en sure bal anced nu tri ent pro por tion by en hanc ing nu tri ent re sponse ef fi ciency andmax i miz ing crop pro duc tiv ity of de sired qual ity. Italso helps in min i miz ing the ex ist ing gap be tweenthe nu tri ent re moval through con tin u ous use ofchem i cal fer til iz ers and sup ply through slowre lease of fer til iz ers. It is well re ported that theex ten sive use of chem i cal fer til iz ers ad verselyaf fect the soil health and re sults in de creased croppro duc tiv ity and qual ity (Macit et al., 2). Thus, inthis ex per i ment an at tempt has been made to as sessthe in flu ence of mi cro bial sources of nu tri ents

along with or ganic and in or ganic on the veg e ta tivegrowth pa ram e ters of straw berry cv. Chan dlerun der sub-trop i cal con di tions of Lucknow.


The pres ent study was con ducted at theHor ti cul tural Re search Farm of De part ment ofAp plied Plant Sci ence (Hor ti cul ture), BabasahebBhimrao Ambedkar Uni ver sity, Lucknow (U.P.)dur ing 2009-10 and 2010 – 11. Run ners ofstraw berry cv. Chan dler and biofertilizers(Azotobactor and Azospirillum) were pro curedfrom Dr. Y.S. Parmar Uni ver sity of Hor ti cul ture and For estry, Nauni, (So lan), H.P. and Pant Bio Lab,Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), re spec tively. Thestraw berry run ners of uni form size weretrans planted on ridges at a spac ing of 15 x 30 cm infirst week of No vem ber dur ing both the year ofex per i men ta tion. Straw berry was fer til ized withrec om mended (100%) and half of therec om mended doses (50%) of in te grated sources ofnu tri ents viz., NPK @ 90, 75 and 60 Kg/ha, FYM@ 50 tonnes/ha and biofertilizers (Azotobactor andAzospirillum) @ 50ml in 20 litres of wa terac cord ing to the treat ment com bi na tion. Thede sign of the ex per i ment was Ran dom ized Block



136 Lata et al.

De sign with three rep li ca tions and twelve treat mentcom bi na tions viz., T1 – Con trol (rec om mended dozeof NPK), T2 - Azotobactor (100%), T3 - Azospirillum(100%), T4 - FYM, T5 - Azotobactor (50%) +Azospirillum (50%), T6 - Azotobactor (100%) + NPK (50%), T7 - Azospirillum (100%) + NPK (50%), T8 -Azotobactor (50%) + Azospirillum (50%) + NPK(50%), T9 - Azotobactor (100%) + FYM, T10 -Azospirillum (100%) + FYM, T11 - Azotobactor(50%) + Azospirillum (50%) + FYM, T12 -Azotobactor (50%) + Azospirillum (50%) + NPK(50%) + FYM. The re quired quan tity of farm yardma nure (FYM) as per treat ment com bi na tion wasap plied at the time of land prep a ra tion. Urea wasap plied in two split doses be fore plant ing andflow er ing stages while the full dose of phos pho rusand pot ash was given be fore plant ing. Azotobactor,Azospirillum and Azotobactor + Azospirillumso lu tion were made by dis solv ing 50ml in 20 litres ofwa ter. The roots of the straw berry run ners werethor oughly dipped in the so lu tion for about 30 min.and then plant ing were done. Yel low poly thene of200 gauge was used as mulch ma te rial (Singh andDwivedi, 6). Other cul tural prac tices like weed ing,hoe ing, ir ri ga tion, in sect pest and dis easeman age ment were done as and when re quired.

Ob ser va tions on veg e ta tive growth pa ram e terswere re corded at 15 days in ter val whereas num bersof run ners per plant was re corded one month af terfi nal har vest ing of the fruits. The data re corded ondif fer ent veg e ta tive pa ram e ters dur ing both the years

of in ves ti ga tion were ana lysed sta tis ti cally.


The data re gard ing the dif fer ent growthpa ram e ters (Ta ble 1 and 2) ob served at dif fer ent daysaf ter trans plant ing clearly in di cate that theap pli ca tion of in te grated sources of nu tri entssig nif i cantly af fect the veg e ta tive growth of theplant. The data also showed a con tin u ous fastin crease in veg e ta tive growth upto 60 DAT and af terthat the veg e ta tive growth in creased slowly as there pro duc tive phase of the plant starts. The max i mumheight of the plant (5.83 cm, 8.31 cm, 12.61 cm,14.83 cm, 17.44 and 19.25 cm), num ber of leaves per

plant (5.81, 10.27, 13.66, 16.86, 18.04 and 18.80), length of leaves (6.34 cm, 6.96 cm, 7.32 cm,8.00cm 8.32 cm and 8.80 cm) and width of leaves(5.16 cm, 6.58 cm, 7.86 cm, 8.93cm, 10.20 cmand 10.94 cm) were re corded in the treat ment T12

- Azotobactor (50%) + Azospirillum (50%) +NPK (50%) + FYM at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105DAT, re spec tively which was sta tis ti callysig nif i cant over con trol (T1) while the min i mumheight of the plant (3.09cm, 4.92cm, 7.34cm, 8.70 cm, 10.67 cm and 11.75 cm), num ber of leavesper plant (3.60, 6.32, 9.65, 12.38, 14.29 and15.61), leaf length (4.05 cm, 5.67 cm, 6.16 cm,6.73 cm, 7.09cm and 7.53 cm) and leaf width(4.10 cm, 5.30 cm, 6.21 cm, 7.63 cm, 8.33 cm and9.02 cm) were re corded in treat ment T4 – FYMonly at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 DAT,re spec tively. The max i mum leaf area 30.45 cm2

was re corded in the treat ment T12 -Azotobactor–50%) + Azospirillum–50%) + NPK50%) + FYM fol lowed by 28.08cm2 in treat mentT8 (Azotobactor–50%) + Azospirillum–50%) +NPK (50%) while the min i mum (16.97cm2) wasre corded in treat ment T4 with rec om mended doseof FYM. The in crease in these veg e ta tive growthpa ram e ters may be due to in te grated nu tri entman age ment i.e. in or ganic, or ganic and bi o log i cal (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) sources ofnu tri ents. The ad di tion, biofertilizers might havehelped in N-fix a tion and its quick re lease forplants ab sorp tion. The in crease in the plant height and num ber of leaves might be due to thepro duc tion of more chlo ro phyll con tent within oc u la tion of ni tro gen fix ers. The other rea sonfor in creased veg e ta tive growth may be due to thepro duc tion of plant growth reg u la tors bybiofertilizers in the rhizosphere which areab sorbed by the roots. Better de vel op ment of rootsys tem and the pos si bly syn the sis of plant growthhor mones like IAA, GA and cytokinins and di rectin flu ence of biofertilizers might have causedin creased in plant’s veg e ta tive growth pa ram e ters. These re sults are in con for mity to that of Yadav etal. (9) in straw berry. Higher num ber of leaves,leaf length, leaf width and leaf area may be due to

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138 Lata et al.

the cell di vi sion caused by cytokinins (Singh andSingh, 5).

The max i mum (7.00) num ber of run ners/ plant (Ta ble 2) was re corded in the treat ment T12 -Azotobactor (50%) + Azospirillum (50%) + NPK(50%) + FYM which was sta tis ti cally sig nif i cantover con trol (T1) while the min i mum (4.06) wasre corded in treat ment-T4. In creased num ber ofrun ners per plant might be due to the in creasedgrowth of plant in the form of height, num ber ofleaves and leaf area, which ac cu mu lated morephotosynthates and thereby in creased run ners perplant. The re sults are in con for mity with Nazir et al.(3), Singh et al. (7) and Umar et al. (8) where theyob served that the in te grated nu tri ent man age mentwas better than the sin gle ap pli ca tion of nu tri ents.

Ac cord ing to the veg e ta tive growth re sultsob tained in this study, it is con cluded that thecom bined ap pli ca tion of nu tri ents from dif fer entsources was better than their alone ap pli ca tion.Treat ment (T12) - Azotobactor (50%) +Azospirillum (50%) + NPK (50%) + FYMper formed better than other treat ments in re spect ofplant growth which was fol lowed by the treat mentT8 (Azotobactor (50%) + Azospirillum (50%) +NPK (50%) and thus, these com bi na tion oftreat ments are ben e fi cial for straw berry growthun der sub trop i cal con di tions of Lucknow.

REF ER ENCES

1. Asrey, R. and Singh, R. (2004). Eval u a tion of

straw berry va ri et ies un der semi-arid ir ri gated

re gion of Punjab. In dian J. Hort., 61(2):

122-124.

2. Macit, I., Koc A., Guler, S. and Deligoz, I.

(2007). Yield, qual ity and nu tri tional sta tus of

or gan i cally and con ven tion ally grown

straw berry cultivars. Asian J. Pl. Sci., 6 (7):

1131-1136.

3. Nazir N., Singh S.R., Aroosa K., Masarat J. and

Shabeena M. (2006). Yield and growth of

straw berry cultivar ‘Sena Sengana’ as

in flu enced by in te grated or ganic nu tri ent

man age ment sys tem. Env. Eco., 243 (3):

651-654.

4. Sharma, V.P. and Sharma, R.R. (2003). The

Straw berry. In dian Coun cil of Ag ri cul tural

Re search, New Delhi, pp. 166.

5. Singh, A. and Singh, J.N. (2009). Ef fect of

biofertilizers and bioregulators on growth, yield

and nu tri ent sta tus of straw berry cv. Sweet

Char lie. In dian J. Hort., 66(2): 220-224.

6. Singh, N. and Dwivedi, H. (2011). Stud ies on

the dif fer ent mulches on veg e ta tive growth of

straw berry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv.

Chan dler. Prog. Hort., 43(1): 134-136.

7. Singh, S.R., Zargar, M.Y., Singh, U. and Ishaq,

M. (2010). In flu ence of bio-inoculants and

in or ganic fer til iz ers on yield, nu tri ent bal ance,

mi cro bial dy nam ics and qual ity of straw berry

(Fragaria x ananassa) un der rainfed con di tions

of Kash mir val ley. In dian. J. Agri. Sci., 80(4):

275-281.

8. Umar I., Wali, V.K., Kher, R. and Sharma, A.

(2008). Im pact of In te grated nu tri ent

man age ment on straw berry yield and soil

nu tri ent sta tus. Appl. Biol. Res., 10: 22-25.

9. Yadav, S.K., Khokhar, U.U. and Yadav, R.P.

(2010). Integrated nutrient management for

strawberry cultivation. Indian J. Hort., 67 (4):

445-49.

MUL TI PLI CA TION OF BOU GAIN VIL LEA CV. TORCH GLORY

THROUGH SHOOT TIP CUT TING UN DER MIST CHAM BER

K.K. Singh*, Tejpal Singh and Y.K. Tomar

De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Chauras Cam pus, HNB Garhwal Cen tral Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal)246174, Uttarakhand, In dia


AB STRACT: The ex per i ment was con ducted un der mist cham ber at Hor ti cul ture Re searchCen tre, HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity, Chauras Cam pus Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand. Thedif fer ent length stem cut tings (20, 35 and 50 cm) of Bou gain vil lea cv. Torch Glory treated withIBA so lu tions at 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg L-1 by quick dip method were planted care fully in theroot train ers. Among all the treat ments, max i mum num ber of sprouted cut tings (90.0%) andmax i mum num ber of sprouts per cut ting (30.22) were ob served un der C1L2 (35 cm long cut tingstreated with 3000 ppm IBA) treat ment, max i mum length of sprout per cut ting (3.25 cm) andmax i mum height of plant (63.86 cm) was found un der C1L3 (50 cm long cut tings treated with3000 ppm IBA), maximum di am e ter of sprouts per cut ting (0.74 cm) was re corded un der C3L1

(35 cm long cut tings treated with 5000 ppm IBA). Num ber of leaves on new growth (7.48) wasfound maximum un der C3L3 (50 cm long cut ting treated with 5000 ppm IBA), length of lon gestroot (9.90 cm) was max i mum un der C2L3 treat ment (50 cm long cut ting treated with 4000 ppmIBA), pro fuse cal lus for ma tion (77.77%) was found in C1L1 treat ment (50 cm long cut ting treatedwith 3000 ppm IBA) and sec ond ary root ing (77.77%) was found better un der C1L2 and C1L3 (35cm and 50 cm long cut tings treated with 3000 ppm IBA) treat ments.

Keywords: Stem cut ting, IBA, bougainvillea, root ing per cent age, mist cham ber.

Bou gain vil lea, a na tive of South Amer ica, was dis cov ered in 18th cen tury by the French bot a nistCommerson, at Rio de Ja neiro, Brazil, who namedit af ter Lois Antoine de Bou gain vil lea, the Frenchnav i ga tor with whom he went on a voy age roundthe world dur ing 1766-1769. Now it has dom i natedin In dian gar dens from north ern hilly re gion tosouth ern parts of the coun try and from east to westin short span of time due to its floriferous na ture,re cur rent bloom ing and least in ci dence of in sectand dis eases (Stoltz and Andersen, 23).Bou gain vil lea, be long ing to the fam ilyNyctaginaceae, has ten spe cies (Heimerl, 10) butonly three spe cies, i.e; B. spectabilis, B. glabra andB. peruviana are of floricultural im por tance.Holttum (11), in his com pre hen sive ac count ofBou gain vil leas, has de scribed four spe cies, whichhave arisen as a re sult of bud sports, or as seed ingvari a tion as a re sult of chance cross ing in na ture.The flow ers of Bou gain vil lea are self in com pat i bleand in the or di nary course of events seed is rarelypro duced (Awad et al., 1).

Bou gain vil lea is a ver sa tile plant and rich inits va ri etal wealth which can be used in dif fer entways like bush, stan dard shrub, climber, hedge, potplant, bon sai, and ground cover for sloppy landsand to make the gar den col or ful for most part of theyear. It is known for wide adapt abil ity to var i oussoils and cli ma tic con di tions and there fore, needsvery lit tle care for grow ing (Si mon, 20).Bou gain vil lea grows well in around the cit ies in the plains, while few spe cies like B. glabra grow athigher al ti tude from 650 to 1500 m above the sealevel and even up to 2000 m. It is grownsuc cess fully in the Nilgiri hills in south In dia.Bou gain vil lea is gen er ally prop a gated by cut ting.How ever, the suc cess in prop a ga tion by cut ting isvery lim ited in most of the va ri et ies (Mishra andSingh, 13).

Api cal cut ting had better root ing and sur vivalper cent age as com pared to basal or mid dle cut tings. Bou gain vil lea cul ti va tion has very bright scope inthe lower val leys of hills show ing sub trop i calcli mate. To pro mote Torch Glory grow ing in hill


Received : 27.12.2012 Revised : 16.2.2013 Accepted : 25.2.2013

140 Singh et al.

re gion, it is es sen tial to mul ti ply ing it throughsuit able method of prop a gates in at right time.


The ex per i ment was con ducted un der mistcham ber at Hor ti cul ture Re search Cen tre, ChaurasCam pus, Srinagar, Garhwal. Geo graph i callySrinagar val ley is spread be tween lat i tude 30° 12’ 0”to 30° 13’ 4” North and lon gi tude 78° 0’ 45” to 78° 0’50” East. The val ley is about 6 km long and 1 to 1.2km wide lo cated on both side of fa mous Alaknandariver at an el e va tion 540 m above MSL and about 132 km from Haridwar in Hi ma la yan re gion. The val leyshows a semi-arid and sub-trop i cal cli mate. Ex ceptdur ing rainy sea son rest of months are usu ally drywith ex cep tion oc ca sional show ers dur ing win ter orearly spring. The av er age min i mum and max i mumtem per a ture, rel a tive hu mid ity and rain fall vary from7.65°C to 36.5°C, 39.24% and 2.50 to 235.24 mm,re spec tively.

Soft wood cut tings of Bou gain vil lea cv. TorchGlory were col lected from 4 to 5 year old plants and20 cm, 35 cm and 50 cm long stem cut tings withapi cal por tion were used for ex per i ment. Forpre par ing the root ing me dia, sandy soil and farm yard ma nure (FYM) in ra tio of 1:1 by v/v were mixedthor oughly, cleaned for stones and grasses, then themix ture was filled in root train ers. The basal ends ofthe cut tings were dipped in di lute so lu tions (3000ppm, 4000 ppm and 5000 ppm) of indole-3-bu tyricacid by quick dip method for 10 sec onds be foreplant ing them in the root ing me dium. The treatedcut tings were planted care fully in the root train ers.Af ter the treat ment, the cut tings were im me di atelyplanted in 10x5 cm size of root trainer and in serted7.5 cm in the root ing me dia, twenty root train ers were fit ted in one frame. The size of frame was 30x24 cm.The ex per i ment was rep li cated thrice with 10cut tings in each treat ment and a to tal of 360 cut tingswere tested. Ex per i ment was con ducted in the misthouse which had the ar range ment for in ter mit tentmist ing to 60 sec onds at ev ery 30 min utes in ter valbe tween 8 am and 8 pm. The data re corded weresub jected to sta tis ti cal anal y sis for least sig nif i cant

dif fer ence (RBD) as de scribed by Cochran andCox (6).


The root ing re sponse of Bou gain vil leacut tings treated with dif fer ent con cen tra tions ofIBA (Ta ble 1 and 2) re vealed that max i mumnum ber of sprouted cut tings (90.0%) wasob served un der C1L2 (35 cm long cut tings treatedwith 3000 ppm IBA) treat ment con firm ing tofind ings of Deo et al. (7) who re ported thehigh est num ber of sprouted cut tings un der 3000ppm con cen tra tion of IBA in bou gain vil lea cv.Re ful gence. 35 cm length of cut tings con tain ingmore food stuff than 20 cm long cut tings gave thehigher sprout ing per cent age in com bi na tion with3000 ppm con cen tra tion of IBA while 50 cm longcut tings could not per form better in com bi na tionwith 3000 ppm con cen tra tion of IBA. IBAcon cen tra tions could not show best re sult in caseof unsprouted cut tings, while 50 cm and 35 cmlong cut tings showed good re sults due to thepres ence of large re served food ma te rial withlarge di am e ter of cut tings and min i mum loss ofmin er als, nu tri ents and re served food with largedi am e ter of cut tings in comparision of 20 cm long cut tings. Haising (9) pos tu lated that lack ofsprout ing of cut ting was mainly due to lack ofroot ini ti a tion in re sponse to ap plied auxin.

The max i mum length of sprout per cut ting(3.25 cm) was found un der C1L3 (50 cm longcut tings treated with 3000 ppm IBA). The pres entfind ings are sim i lar to the find ings of Rahman etal. (17) in ol ive var. Cortiana and Iqbal et al. (12)in ap ple cut tings with re spect to av er age length ofsprouts per cut ting. 50 cm length of cut ting had amax i mum di am e ter in lower por tion whichde ter mines the avail abil ity to re serve foodma te rial than 20 cm and 35 cm long cut tings andit gen er ate max i mum length of sprout incom bi na tion of 3000 ppm con cen tra tion of IBA.The max i mum av er age di am e ter of sprouts percut ting (0.74 cm) was re corded in 35 cm longcut tings treated with 5000 ppm IBA which is inline of find ings of Niaz and Mu ham mad (16)

with re spect to av er age di am e ter of sprout percut ting in Bou gain vil lea glabra var. Variegata. 35cm length of cut tings pro duced max i mum di am e terof sprouts in com bi na tion of 5000 ppmcon cen tra tion of IBA, which oc curred due tosprout ing be hav iour of stem cut ting which var ieswith the age, ge no type and phys i o log i cal sta tus ofmother plants which may also be one of the rea sonsfor good per for mance of the me dium sized cut tings. The max i mum num ber of sprouts per cut ting(30.22) was ob served with 35 cm long cut tingstreated with 3000 ppm IBA. The better num ber ofsprouts per cut ting with op ti mum time and IBAtreat ments might be as cribed due to better rootgrowth which aug mented ab sorp tion andtranslocation of nu tri ents from soil which takeac tive part in var i ous plant met a bolic pro cesses.The find ings of pres ent study are sim i lar to thefind ings of Iqbal et al. (12) in ap ple cut tings, Singh(21) in Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. Eckes and Deoand Pal (7) in re spect of av er age num ber of sproutsper cut ting in bou gain vil lea cv. Re ful gence.Me dium size cut tings pro duced more num ber ofsprouts which may be due to suf fi cient foodma te rial and hor mones for in duc tion of root andshoot.

The max i mum num ber of leaves on newgrowth (7.48) was found un der C3L3 (50 cm longcut tings treated with 5000 ppm IBA). It might bedue to wood ma tu rity of cut tings which prob a blyre serve high starch and sugar. The ap pro pri ateplant ing time, ap pli ca tion of IBA as well as ge neticmakeup of ge no type may have played some role inaug ment ing the num ber of leaves per cut ting (Singh and Singh, 22). Siddique and Hussain (19) re portedsim i lar re sults in re spect to av er age num ber ofleaves per cut ting in Ficus ha waii. 50 cm length ofcut tings pre-ex its more num ber of buds and re servefood stuff than the 35 cm and 20 cm long cut tings,which pro duce more num ber of leaves on newgrowth in com bi na tion of 5000 ppm con cen tra tionof IBA. The max i mum height (63.86 cm) of plantwas found un der C1L3 (50 cm long cut ting treatedwith 3000 ppm IBA) treat ment. As the max i mumshoot growth was as so ci ated with the same

treat ment in this ex per i ment which may be thepos si ble rea son for max i mum plant height. Themax i mum num ber of pri mary roots (33.00) wasfound in 50 cm long cut ting treated with 3000 ppmIBA, con firm ing to find ings of Bhattacharjee andBalakrishna (2) and Bose et al. (3) who re portedthat cut ting of bou gain vil lea and other or na men talshrub spe cies pro duced large num ber of roots,weight of fresh and dry root when treated with IBAat 3000-6000 ppm. The en hanced hydrolyticac tiv ity in pres ence of ap plied IBA cou pled withap pro pri ate plant ing time might be re spon si ble forthe in creased per cent age of rooted cut tings. Highcar bo hy drate and low ni tro gen have been re portedto fa vour root for ma tion (Carlson, 4). The abovefind ings also agree with the find ing of Mukharjee et al. (15) in 15 cm long tip cut tings of Bou gain vil leagar de nia, hi bis cus, nyctanthes and ixora. Themax i mum av er age length of lon gest root (9.90 cm)was found un der C2L3 (50 cm long cut ting treatedwith 4000 ppm IBA) treat ment. Which is sim i larwith the find ing of Chovatia et al. (5) in B.peruviana cv. Mary Pal mar cut ting, Gupta (8) inBuddlea asiatica cut ting and Niaz and Nabi (16)with re spect to av er age length of roots per cut tingin bou gain vil lea cv. Variegata. The max i mumav er age di am e ter of lon gest root (0.13 cm) wasfound in 20 cm long cut ting treated with 3000 ppmIBA. Di am e ter of lon gest root was foundsig nif i cant. The pres ent find ings are sim i lar tofind ing of Singh (21) with re spect to av er agedi am e ter of lon gest root per cut ting in Euphorbiapulcherrima cv. Eckes.

The max i mum num ber of cut tings pro duc ing

pro fuse cal lus for ma tion (77.77%) was found in

C1L1 (50 cm long cut ting treated with 3000 ppm)

treat ment (Ta ble 2). The per for mance of ter mi nal

cut ting with re spect to per cent age of root ing,

num ber of pri mary roots, per cent age of sec ond ary

root ing, and cal lus pro duc tion was sig nif i cantly

su pe rior over sub ter mi nal cut ting (Singh and

Singh, 22). The max i mum num ber of cut ting

(55.55%) showed good cal lus for ma tion which was

found un der C2L1 (20 cm long cut ting treated with

Multiplication of bougainvillea cv. Torch Glory through shoot tip cutting under mist chamber 141

142 Singh et al..

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4000 ppm IBA). The max i mum num ber of cut tings

ex hib ited poor cal lus for ma tion un der C3L1 (20 cm

long cut ting treated with 5000 ppm IBA).

Max i mum num ber of cut tings (22.22%), which

could not pro duce cal lus, was ob served un der both

C0L1 and C0L3 (20 cm and 50 cm long un treated

cut ting) while all the other treat ments could not

pro duce cal lus (nil) in any cut ting. Auxin

ap pli ca tion has been found to en hance the

histological fea tures like for ma tion of cal lus and

tis sue and dif fer en ti a tion of vas cu lar tis sue (Mitra

and Bose, 14). The above find ings are in

con so nance with Sharma et al. (18) with re spect to

av er age cal lus for ma tion per cut ting in kiwifruit.

The max i mum num ber of cut tings pro duc ing

pro fuse sec ond ary root ing (77.77%) was found

un der C1L2 and C1L3 (35 cm and 50 cm long

cut tings treated with 3000 ppm IBA). The

max i mum num ber of cut tings pro duc ing good

sec ond ary root ing (55.55%) was re corded un der

both C2L2 (35 cm long cut ting treated with 4000

ppm IBA) and C0L2 (35 cm long un treated cut ting).

The max i mum num ber of cut tings pro duc ing poor

sec ond ary root ing (66.66%) was found un der C2L1

(20 cm long cut ting treated with 4000 ppm IBA).

The max i mum num ber of cut tings pro duc ing nil

sec ond ary root ing (44.44%) was found un der C0L1

(20 cm long un treated cut tings). The en hanced

hydrolytic ac tiv ity in pres ence of ap plied IBA

cou pled with ap pro pri ate plant ing time might be

re spon si ble for the in crease in num ber of sec ond ary

roots per cut ting (Carlson, 4). The above find ings

also agreed with the find ing of Singh (21) in re spect

of sec ond ary roots per cut ting.

The max i mum fresh weight of roots percut ting (1.03 g) was re corded in 50 cm longcut tings treated with 3000 ppm IBA. Thesefind ings agreed with the re ports of Singh (21) inEuphorbia pulcherrima cv. Ecke. The max i mumdry weight of roots per cut ting (0.29 g) was noted in 50 cm long cut tings treated with 3000 ppm IBA.Dry weight of root per cut ting was found

sig nif i cant con firm ing to the find ings of Deo et al.(7) in bou gain vil lea cv. Re ful gence.

REF ER ENCES

1. Awad, A.E., Dawh, A.K. and Attya, M.A.

(1988). Cut ting thick ness and auxin af fect ing

the root ing and con se quently the growth and

flow er ing of Bouganvillea glabra L. Acta Hort.,

226(11): 445-454.

2. Bhattacharjee, S.K. and Balakrishna M.B.

(1983). Prop a ga tion of Bou gain vil lea from stem

cut tings. Haryana J. Hort.Sci., 12(1/2): 7-12.

3. Bose, T.K., Singh, P.K. and Bose, S. (1968).

Prop a ga tion of trop i cal or na men tal plants from

cut ting un der mist. In dian J. Hort, 27: 213-217.

4. Carlson, M.C. (1929). Mi cro-chem i cal stud ies

of root ing and cut tings. Bot. Gaz. 87: 64.

5. Chovatia, V.P., Poshiya, V.K. and Shukla, P.T.

(1995). Root ini ti a tion stud ies in Bou gain vil lea

(Bou gain vil lea peruviana L.) var. Mary Palmer.

Gujarat Agri. Uni. Res. J., 20(2): 167-169.

6. Cochran, W. G. and Cox, G. M. (1992).

Experimantal De signs. John Wiley and Sons,

Inc., New York.

7. Deo, A.K., Sarnaik, D.A., Kuruwanshi, V.B.

and Pal, D.P. (2008). Ef fect of treat ment of stem

cut ting with IBA and NAA on sprout ing, root ing

and root bio mass in Bou gain vil lea var.

Re ful gence. Adv. in Plant Sci., 21(2): 557-558.

8. Gupta, V.M., (1995). Ef fect of in ter mit tent mist

and auxins on root ing in semi hard wood

cut tings of Buddlea asiatica L. Prog. Hort., 27:

24-26.

9. Haissing. D. R. (1973). In flu ence of hor mones

and auxin syn er gists on ad ven ti tious root

ini ti a tion. Proc. I. U. F. R. O. Work ing Part on

Reprod. Pro cesses, Rotorua, New Zea land.

10. Heimerl, A. (1990). Denkschriften der

Kaiserlichen ac a demic der wissenschaften,

Manthematisch Naturwissenschaftliche.

Classe., 70: 97-124.

11. Holttum, R.E. (1970). Bou gain vil lea. In :

Edwin, A. (ed.) Manninger’s Flow er ing Vines of

the World: An En cy clo pe dia of climb ing plants

Multiplication of Bougainvillea cv. Torch Glory through shoot tip cutting under mist chamber 143

144 Singh et al.

Hearthside Press Inc. Publ. New York.

Pp.233-245.

12. Iqbal, M., Subhan, F., Ghafoor, A., Waseem, K.

and Jilani, M. S. (1999). Ef fect of dif fer ent

con cen tra tion of Indole bu tyric Acid (IBA) on

root initation and plant sur vival of ap ple

cut tings. J. Bio. Sci., 2(4): 1314-1316.

13. Mishra, H.P. and Singh K.P. (1984). Va ri etal

dif fer ence in root ing of Bou gain vil lea by stem

cut tings. South In dian Hort., 32: 113-114.

14. Mitra, G.C. and Bose, N. (1954). Root ing and

histological re sponses of de tached leaves to

Indolebutyric acid with spe cial ref er ence to

Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Phytomorpho, 7:370.

15. Mukherjee, TP., Roy, T. and Bose, T. K. (1976).

Stan dard iza tion of prop a ga tion from cut tings

un der mist. II. Ef fect of root ing me dia on root

for ma tion in cut ting of or na men tal plants. J. P.

Hort., 1693(40): 153-156.

16. Niaz, A. and Nabi, M. I. G. (2002). In flu ence of

var i ous con cen tra tions of indole bu tyric acid

(IBA) on dif fer ent type of Bou gain vil lea glabra

var. Variegata cut tings. Sarhad J. Agri., 18(3):

263-270.

17. Rahman, N., Awan, A. A., Nabi, G. and Ali, Z.

(2002). Root ini ti a tion in hard-wood cut ting of

ol ive cv. Coratina us ing dif fer ent con cen tra tion

of IBA. Asian J. Plant Sci., 1(5): 563-564.

18. Sharma, A. K., Ahmad, M. F., Khan, A. A., Das,

B. and Singh, S. R. (2004). Re sponse of

phys i o log i cal age and IBA con cen tra tions to

root ing in stem cut ting of kiwi fruit va ri et ies.

Envir. & Ecol, 22(4): 864-866.

19. Siddiqui, M.I., and Hussain S.A. (2007). Ef fect

of indol bu tyric acid and type of cut ting on root

ini ti a tion of Ficus ha waii. Sarhad J. Agric., 23

(4): 275-282.

20. Si mon, Eric. (2005). “Brightem Up with

Bou gain vil lea”. Ba sic Flori, 15:27-31.

21. Singh, A.K. (2001). Ef fect of auxins on root ing

and sur vival of jas mine (Jasminum sambac Ait.)

stem cut tings. Prog. Hort., 33(2):174-177.

22. Singh, A.K. and Singh V.S. (2002). In flu ence of

wood ma tu rity and auxins on the re gen er a tion of

Bou gain vil lea cut tings. Prog. Hort.,

34(2):196-199.

23. Stoltz, L.P. and Andersen, R.G. (1988). Rooting

of single node cutting of roses. Acta Hort.,

227:230-235.

DIS TRI BU TION PAT TERN OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH, Plutella xylostella

(L.) ON CAB BAGE UN DER GANGETIC AL LU VIAL CON DI TION OF

WEST BEN GAL

T.N. Goswami1* and A.K. Mukhopadhyay2

1Bihar Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar 2De part ment of Agril. En to mol ogy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur,Nadia West Ben gal


ABSTRACT: Distribution pattern of diamondback moth larvae Plutella xylostella (L.) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) was studied under Gangetic Alluvial condition of WestBengal in three consecutive cabbage seasons (early cabbage, on season cabbage and latecabbage) during 2009-10. Various indices like dispersion parameter ‘K’, index of dispersion (Id),reciprocal of the exponent K, Cole’s Index, Charlier Coefficient, Lloyd index of mean crowdingand Lloyd index of patchiness confirmed that the distribution pattern of the diamondback mothlarvae under the study in three crop seasons was aggregative in nature.

Keywords: Diamondback moth, dis tri bu tion pat tern, cab bage, Gangetic al lu vial con di tion.

The cab bage, Brassica oleracea var capitata

L. is a plant of the fam ily Brassicaceae (or

Cruciferae). It is a herbaceous and dicotyledonous

flowering plant with leaves form ing a char ac ter is tic

com pact clus ter. The cab bage is de rived from a leafy

wild mustard plant, na tive to the Mediterranean

re gion. It was known to the an cient Greeks and

Romans. Cato the Elder praised this veg e ta ble for its

me dic i nal prop er ties, de clar ing that "it is first of all

the veg e ta bles" (Anon ., 1). Cab bage, a leaf

vegetable, is an ex cel lent source of vi ta min C. It also

con tains sig nif i cant amounts of glutamine, an amino

acid, which has anti-in flam ma tory prop er ties. The

diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), has be come an im por tant

pest of cruciferous crops and has got world wide

dis tri bu tion (Zhang, 12). The pest is most de struc tive

in sect of cruciferous plants through out the world and

the an nual cost for man ag ing it is es ti mated to be US

$1 bil lion (Talekar, 10). Spa tial dis tri bu tion is one of

the im por tant eco log i cal prop er ties of a spe cies

(Tay lor, 11). This pro vides re li able es ti ma tion of field

pop u la tion den si ties, an es sen tial com po nent in pest

man age ment programme. A study on dis tri bu tion

pat tern of diamondback moth on cab bage is much

want ing in West Ben gal. Hence dis tri bu tion pat tern

of lar vae of the pest on cab bage was in ves ti gated

un der Gangetic Al lu vial con di tion, the veg e ta ble

belt of West Bengal.


Cabbage variety ‘Green Express’ was

transplanted in the field at Goyespur C.R. farm of

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,

Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal during three

consecutive cabbage seasons i.e. early cabbage,

on season cabbage and late cabbage in 2009-10.

Recommended package of practices were

followed throughout the crop seasons except any

pesticide application. Fourty plants were

randomly selected from the field for larval count

of diamondback moth at 5 days interval starting

from the 16th days after transplanting. The data on

the original counts were arranged in the frequency

distribution. Mean (X) and Variance (s2) were

worked out for the date wise observations

following usual statistical procedures. On the

basis of mean and variance, statistical tests were

then applied to confirm the distribution pattern of

diamondback moth. Different indices were

calculated as per the procedure suggested by

Elliott (3).



146 Goswami and Mukhopadhyay

(a) Dispersion parameter (K)

Kx

s x=

-

-2

2

The value of ‘K’ below eight indicatesnegative binomial aggregated distribution

(Southwood, 9).

(b) Index of dispersion (variance-mean ratio)

I S Xd = 2 /

This in dex of dis per sion of ten de parts fromunity. A value of zero for the in dex im pliesmax i mum reg u lar ity and a value greater than one

for the aggregative dis tri bu tion.

(c) Reciprocal of the exponent ‘K’

It was worked out to know the clumpingbahaviour of individuals in the population.Calculated value of exponent K < 8 and itsreciprocal 1/k > 0 with positive sign indicates

contagious nature of distribution.

(d) Cole’s index of dispersion

It was worked out by using the formula

Ix

xc =

S

S

2

2( )

If the value of Cole’s index I c is greater thanthe value of maximum regularity, 1/n, (n = no ofsamples) then it indicates the aggregative nature of

dispersion.

(e) Charlier Coefficient

= 100 ´ - ´( ) /S X X2 1

If the value of Charlier Coefficient issignificantly more than zero then it refers to the

contagious nature of population.

(f) Lloyd in dex (5) of mean crowd ing ( )x :

This in dex was de vel oped by Lloyd in the year 1967. The in dex is cal cu lated by the for mula :

x xs

x= +

æ

èçç

ö

ø÷÷ -

é

ëê

ù

ûú

2

1

(g) Lloyd in dex (5) of patch i ness:

It is the ra tio of mean crowd ing to meanden sity (mean pop u la tion). It is a suit able mea sureof patch i ness of a pop u la tion. If the ra tio (Lloydin dex of patch i ness) is greater than one then itin di cates the con ta gious na ture of dis tri bu tion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The values of mean larval population at 5 days interval and the various indices recorded duringstudy are illustrated in the Tables 1 to 3. The countof the diamondback moth larvae were taken fromthe 15th day after transplanting till it was found on

the crop.

The values of dispersion parameter (K) – anindex of aggregation were less than eight in all thedates of observations. Reciprocal of the exponent K values were more than zero with positive signs forall the dates of observations in all the threeexperiments. These indicated the clumpingbahaviour of individuals in a population. Thefindings are in accordance with the statement ofSouthwood (9) who reported that if K value is <8 it

indicates aggregative nature of dispersion.

In all the three crop sea sons vari ance to meanra tio or the in dex of dis per sion (Id) was more thanone which sug gested that the lar val pop u la tion ofdiamondback moth were aggregative na ture

dis tri bu tion.

In all the observations of the experiments, thevalues of the Cole’s Index (Ic) were more than thevalues of maximum regularity (1/n). This wasanother confirmation of the clumping nature ofdistribution of DBM. The observations alsoexposed that the Charlier coefficients weresignificantly more than zero which referred to the

contagious nature of DBM larvae.

Lloyd patch i ness in dex ranged be tween1.142-2.756, 1.211-3.937 and 1.174-1.686 in theearly cab bage, on sea son cab bage and late cab bagere spec tively (Ta ble 1, 2 and 3). The val ues weregreater than one which again es tab lished that thedis tri bu tion pat tern of the lar vae of diamondback

Distribution pattern of diamondback moth on cabbage under gangetic alluvial condition 147 ,

hto

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148 Goswami and Mukhopadhyay

moth was aggregative dis tri bu tion. The studyfurther in di cated that ag gre ga tion was spe cieschar ac ter is tic, as it did not al ter even in dif fer ent

cab bage sea sons.

Distribution pattern of diamondback moth oncabbage have been studied by various scientists indifferent parts of India but it is reported by the

present author for the first time from West Bengal.

Rai et al. (7) stud ied the spa tial dis tri bu tion ofdiamondback moth on cab bage and cau li flower atPanipat (Haryana), Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh) Ranchi(Jharkhand) and Delhi dur ing 1988-89 and theyfound the aggregative pat tern of dis tri bu tion of thepest on both the crops which cor rob o rates thefind ing by the pres ent au thor. Reddy et al. (8)re ported spa tial dis tri bu tion of DBM lar vae oncab bage at Hyderabad dur ing 1994-95. Theycal cu lated sev eral in di ces like vari ance-mean ra tio,Coles In dex, K of neg a tive bi no mial and LloydsIn dex of mean crowd ing which showed aggregative na ture of dis tri bu tion of diamondback moth. Thevalue of these in di ces in pres ent study alsosup ported the same dis tri bu tion pat tern as re portedby Reddy et al. (8) and Mishra et. al. (6). Thefind ings of the pres ent study also cor rob o rated thedis tri bu tion pat tern as re ported by Koteswara Raoand Lal (4) who also re ported spa tial dis tri bu tionpat tern of DBM lar vae on cab bage un der Delhi

con di tion.

REFERENCES

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Cab bage Facts & Rec i pes. USDA Nutrient

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2. Cole, L.C. (1946). A the ory for an a lyz ing

con ta giously dis trib uted pop u la tions. Ecol ogy,

27 : 329-341.

3. Elliott, J.M. (1977). Some meth ods for

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4. Koteswara Rao, S.R. and Lal, O.P. (1999).

Dis tri bu tion pat tern of diamondback moth

,ht

om

kca

bd

no

mai

d fo

nre tta

p n

oi tu

bir tsiD :

3 el b

aT

alletsoly

x.P

82

gn ir

ud e

ga

bb

ac etal

no ,

ht2

ot 0

10

2 ,yr

au r

beF

dn

01

02 ,lir

pA

fo et

aD

gni

kat

-a

vresb

on

oit

eg

a p

orC

)sy

aD(

fo

oN

selp

mas

naeM

`X

-ira

Vec

na

S2

-repsi

Dn

ois-

ara

Prete

m

KX

Sx

=-2

2

fo

xed

nI-re

psiD

nois

I

dS

=2/`

X

-or

piceR

lacf

o)

K/I(=

K

m

umi

xa

M-l

uge

R

ytira

)n/

1(

s’eloC

xed

nI I C=

Sx2

(/S

x)2

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Ct 0

01

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´

/1

X

dy

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])-

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01/

20/

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1

Plutella xylostella L. on cab bage un der Delhi

con di tion. J. Entomol. Res., 23 : (3), 261-265.

5. Lloyd, M. (1967). Mean crowd ing. J. Anim.

Ecol., 36: 1-30.

6. Mishra, J., Singh, S., Tripathi, A. and Chaube,

M.N. (2012). Pop u la tion dy nam ics of ori en tal

fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsolis (Hendel) in

re la tion to abiotic fac tors. HortFlora Res.

Spec trum, 1(2) : 187-189.

7. Rai, S., Srivastava, K.M., Saxena, J.D. and

Sinha, S.R. (1992). Dis tri bu tion pat tern of

diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) L. on

cab bage and cau li flower. In dian J. Ento., 54(3) :

262-265.

8. Reddy, C.N., Singh, T.V.K., Reddy, D.D.R. and

Goud, T.R. (1996). Dis tri bu tion pat tern of

diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) on

cab bage at Hyderabad. In dian J. Entom., 58 (4) :

306-309.

9. Southwood, T.R.E. (1978). The sam pling

programme and the mea sure ment and

de scrip tion of dis per sion. In: Eco log i cal

Meth ods. The Eng lish lan guage book so ci ety

and Chap man & Hall Uni ver sity Print ing

House, Cam bridge, Great Brit ain. pp.7-69.

10. Talekar, N.T. (1992). Man age ment of

diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: In:

Pro ceed ings of the Sec ond In ter na tional

Work shop. Shanhua, Tai wan: Asian Veg e ta ble

Re search and De vel op ment Cen ter. P. 603.

11. Tay lor, L.R. (1984). As sess ing and in ter pret ing

the spa tial dis tri bu tion of in sect pop u la tion.

An nual Rev. Entom., 29 : 321-327.

12. Zhang, B.C. (1994). Index of Economically

Important Lepidoptera. University Press,

Cambridge. P.404

Distribution pattern of diamondback moth on cabbage under gangetic alluvial condition 149

EF FECT OF SPAC ING AND PLANT AR CHI TEC TURE ON YIELD AND

ECO NOM ICS OF CAP SI CUM UN DER NET HOUSE CON DI TIONS

Pravina Satpute*, S.G.Bharad and Snehal Korde

De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Dr. PanjabraoDeshmukhKrishiVidyapeeth, Akola 444 104 In dia

*E-mail:- pravina_hort@ya hoo.co.in

ABSTRACT: The ex per i ment was con ducted at Main Gar den of De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Dr.PDKV, Akola to study the ef fect of spac ing and plant ar chi tec ture on yield and eco nom ics ofcap si cum un der nethouse con di tion.The ex per i ment was laid out in Split Plot De sign with fourrep li ca tions in aluminated net house. There were three lev els of plant spac ing and three lev els ofprun ing to gether mak ing nine treat ment com bi na tions.The treat ments in cluded three lev els ofplant spacing S1 =45 x 30 cm, S2 =45 x 45 cm and S3 = 45 x 60 cm, and three lev els of plantarchitecture P1 - pruned for four stem, P2 -pruned for two stem and P3 –un pruned. The re sults ofpres ent in ves ti ga tion in di cate that yield per hect are was high est at in closer spac ing (S1) and four stem prun ing (P1). While, the wider spac ing treat ment (S3) and un pruned (P3) re corded min i mum val ues in these re spect. The treat ment com bi na tion S1P1 (45 x 30 cm spac ing along with the fourstem prun ing) have re corded the max i mum val ues re gard ing yield per hect are. How ever, thecost; ben e fit ra tio was found to be high est in plant spaced at 45cm x 45cm with four stem prun ing (S2P1) and it was fol lowed by S1P1 and S2P2.

Keywords: Cap si cum, prun ing, spac ing, net house con di tion, yield.

Sweet pep per is one of the most pop u lar andhigh value veg e ta ble crops grown for its im ma turefruits through out the world. It oc cu pies a place ofpride among veg e ta bles in In dian cui sine be causeof its del i cacy and pleas ant fla vours cou pled withthe con tent of ascor bic acid and other vi ta mins andmin er als. Sweet pep per co mes in many dif fer entat trac tive colours in clud ing green, red and yel low.It may be eaten cooked or raw, sliced in sal ads. Itsfruits are im por tant con stit u ents of many rec i pes.Its con sump tion is in creas ing all over the world

with the in crease in the fast food in dus tries.

In In dia, with in crease in pop u la tion andim prove ment in di etary hab its peo ple re al ize theim por tance of veg e ta bles in their diet as veg e ta blehave high nu tri tive value, which are vi tal for body.Also in pres ent sce nario the area un der cul ti va bleland de creas ing day by day due to rapidur ban iza tion, in dus tri al iza tion and shrink ing landhold ings. Cul ti va tion of veg e ta bles un der net-house can play a ma jor role in im prov ing qual ity,ad vanc ing ma tu rity as well as in creas ing fruit ing

span and pro duc tiv ity.

Cul tural prac tices such as plant den sity andprun ing in cap si cum un der net house con di tions

may help to im prove its pro duc tion.One way ofdo ing this is only to in crease the yield but also toob tain higher re turn per hect are. At pres ent, notmuch in for ma tion on eco nomic fea si bil ity ofadopt ing dif fer ent spac ing and prun ing prac tices insweet pep per.Hence, the pres ent in ves ti ga tion wastaken up to study the ef fect of spac ing and plantar chi tec ture on yield and eco nom ics of cap si cum

un der net house con di tions.

MA TE RIALS AND METH ODS

The ex per i ment was con ducted at MainGar den of De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Dr. PDKV,Akola dur ing 2008-09 and 2009-10.Theex per i ment was laid out in Split Plot De sign withfour rep li ca tions in aluminated net house. Therewere three lev els of plant spac ing and three lev elsof prun ing to gether mak ing nine treat mentcom bi na tions.The treat ments in cluded three lev elsof plant spacing S1 - 45 x 30 cm, S2-45 x 45 cm andS3-45 x 60 cm and three lev els of plant architectureP1-pruned for four stem, P2-pruned for two stemand P3-un pruned.

The seeds of va ri ety ‘Indra’ were sown inplas tic cups and cov ered with fine soil. The cups



Effect of spacing and plant architecture on yield and economics of capsicum under net house conditions 151

were ir ri gated reg u larly with the help of wa ter ing-can till the seeds ger mi nated. Ir ri ga tion was given at anin ter val of 2-4 days dur ing first fort night andthere af ter at weekly in ter val. Af ter prep a ra tion ofraised beds of 3m x 1m size and ap pli ca tion of basaldose of fer til iz ers, five week old seed lings of uni form height from the nurs ery beds were trans planted at aspac ing men tioned in the treat ments in main plots.The seed lings were dipped in the so lu tion ofMonocrotophos 1 ml + 2 g Cop per Oxychloride + 2 g Redomil/ lit, just be fore trans plant ing. The seed lingswere ir ri gated im me di ately af ter trans plant ing.Prun ing was done by sharp knife to cut out un wantedaxillary buds and branches de pend ing on thetreat ment whether two stem and four stem. Be foreand af ter ev ery treat ment was pruned, the knife waswashed with Bavistin so lu tion. Prun ing was car riedat seven days in ter val from twenty days af ter

trans plant ing.

Observation on vegetative growth andflowering parameters were recorded at 30 days aftersowing.The parameters on yield and quality ofcapsicum were also studied. Information on costs ofseed, plastic cups for seed sowing,nylon wire forpruning and rate of capsicum fruits per tonne wererecorded for the purpose of working out economics.The cost of cultivation,gross income, net profit and

cost benefit ratio were calculated.


Yield of cap si cum per hect are was found to besig nif i cantly in flu enced by dif fer ent spac ingtreat ments dur ing both the years of ex per i men ta tion.The data of 2008-09 trial in di cate that the closerspac ing treat ment (S1) re corded sig nif i cantlymax i mum yield per hect are (72.18 t ha-1). How ever,sig nif i cantly least ef fec tive treat ment was (S3)re cord ing 56.10 t ha-1 yield of cap si cum.The data inTa ble 1 for the year 2009-10 re vealed that,sig nif i cantly su pe rior re sults in re spect of yield perhect are (76.64 t ha-1) were ex hib ited due to the closerspac ing (S1). How ever, the wider spac ing treat ment(S3) ex hib ited in fe rior re sults in re spect of yield perhect are re cord ing 57.93 t ha-1yield of cap si cum.Thepooled data ex hib ited sig nif i cantly max i mum yield

per hect are (74.41 t ha-1) in the closer spac ing(S1). How ever, sig nif i cantly min i mum yield perhect are (56.97 t ha-1) was noted in S3. Yield perhect are was max i mum at the clos est spac ing of 45 x 30 cm due to higher pop u la tion main tained perunit area. Sim i lar re sults were re ported by Sharma and Peshin (3), and Chaudhary et al. (2) in sweet

pep per.

The data per tain ing to yield per hect aredur ing the first year 2008-09 en vis aged that P1 tobe most ef fec tive treat ment re cord ing max i mumyield of 80.68 t ha-1 and was sig nif i cantly su pe rior over other treat ments, while, treat ment P3

re ceiv ing un pruned, re corded min i mum yield perhect are (48.08 t ha-1). Sim i lar trend was ob serveddur ing the sec ond year of ex per i men ta tion wheremax i mum yield (84.49 t ha-1) was re corded in four stem prun ing which was fol lowed by 73.97 t ha-1

yield in treat ment P2. Both the prun ing treat mentswere sig nif i cantly su pe rior over treat ment P3

re cord ing min i mum yield per hect are (50.81 tha-1).The yield of cap si cum per hect are wassig nif i cantly max i mum un der the treat ment P1

re cord ing 82.59 t ha-1 in pooled re sults. How ever,it was min i mum with un pruned treat ment, P3

(49.45 t ha-1).

Max i mum yield per hect are re corded inpruned plants might be due to the fact that thepruned plants pro duced more num ber of flow ersand fruits and thereby in creased to tal fruit yieldper plant and per me ter square. These re sults aresim i lar with the find ings of Shetty and Manohar,

(4) in cap si cum.

Interaction effect of spacing and plantarchitecture had shown significant influence onyield of capsicum per hectare during both theyears of experimentation.The treatmentcombination S1P1 recorded significantlymaximum yield per hectare (90.88, 96.78 and93.83 t ha-1) during 2008-09, 2009-10 and forpooled results, respectively. However,significantly minimum yield per hectare wasnoted in the treatment combination S3P3 during

152 Satpute et al.

the year 2008-09 (43.3 t ha-1), 2009-10 (43.59 t

ha-1) and in pooled results (43.44 t ha-1).

The re sults (Ta ble 2) show that with in creasedden sity of plant ing the cost of cul ti va tion alsoin creased mainly due to the in creased cost of

plant ing ma te rial and cost ben e fit ra tio de creased

The treat ment com bi na tion S2P1 pro duced87.19 t/ha yield and gave the Rs.16,97,200 netprofit with high est cost ben e fit ra tio (1:3.5)fol lowed by the treat ment com bi na tion of closerspac ing with four stem prun ing (S1P1) and me diumspaced plant with two stem prun ing (S2P2).How ever, the lower cost ben e fit ra tio was ob servedun der the treat ment hav ing wider spac ing andun pruned plant (S3P3). The above re sults are inagree ment with Dhillon et al. (1) and Zende (5) in

cap si cum.

REF ER ENCES

1. Dhillon T.S., Singh, Daljeet and Cheema, D.S.(2008). Grow veg e ta bles in net house, free frompes ti cide res i due. Prog. Farm ing. pp 7-8.

2. Chaudhary A.S., Sachan S.K.and Singh, R.L.(2007). Ef fect of spac ing, ni tro gen andphos pho rus on growth and yield of cap si cumhy brid. In ter n. J. Agric. Sci., 3 (1) p. 12-14

3. Sharma, S.K. and Peshin S.N. (1994). In flu enceof ni tro gen nu tri tion and spac ing on plantgrowth, fruit and seed yield of sweet pep per.In dian J. Hort. Sci., 51 (1) : 100-105.

4. Shetty, G.R. and Manohar, R.K. (2008).In flu ence of prun ing and growth reg u la tors onflow er ing, fruit set and yield of col ouredcap si cum cv. Orobelle un der nat u rally ven ti lateof green house. Crop Res., 35 (1 and 2) :61-64.

5. Zende, Mohan (2008). Investigation onproduction techniques in capsicum underprotected cultivation. M.Sc. Thesis submitted toCollege of Agri, Dharwad.

Ta ble 1. Ef fect of spac ing and plant ar chi tec ture on capsicum yield per hect are.

Treat.Yield per hectare (t)

First Year (2008-09) Second Year (2009-10) PooledP1 P2 P3 Mean P1 P2 P3 Mean P1 P2 P3 Mean

S1 90.88 72.15 53.50 72.18 96.78 77.28 55.86 76.64 93.83 74.71 54.68 74.41S2 85.17 74.29 47.44 68.97 89.21 81.87 53.0 74.69 87.19 78.08 50.22 71.83S3 66 58.73 43.3 56.10 67.48 62.71 43.59 57.93 66.74 60.72 43.44 56.97

Mean 80.68 68.39 48.08 84.49 73.97 50.81 82.59 71.18 49.45Interaction effect (S x P)

S P S ́ P S P S ́ P S P S ́ PC.D.

(P = 0.05)1.24 2.49 3.71 1.37 1.78 2.66 1.29 1.56 2.71

Table2: Yield, cost and re turns from cap si cum un der dif fer ent spac ing and plant ar chi tec ture.

Treatments Cost ofcultivation (Rs.)

Yield ha-1

(tonnes)Gross income

(Rs.)

Net profit

(Rs.)

C : B ratio

S1P1 5,53,850 93.83 23,45,750 17,91,900 1:3.2

S1P2 5,35,850 74.71 18,67,750 13,31,900 1:2.4

S1P3 5,17,850 54.68 13,67,000 8,49,150 1:1.6

S2P1 4,82,550 87.19 21,79,750 16,97,200 1:3.5

S2P2 4,69,950 78.08 19,52,000 14,82,000 1:3.1

S2P3 4,57,350 50.22 12,55,500 7,98,150 1:1.7

S3P1 4,43,550 66.74 16,68,500 12,24,950 1:2.7

S3P2 4,34,550 60.72 15,18,000 10,83,450 1:2.4

S3P3 4,25,550 43.44 10,86,000 6,60,450 1:1.5

Plastic cups for seed sowing @ 60 Rs. / 100 cups; Seed cost @ 550 Rs. for 10 g; Nylon wire for pruning 60 Rs./kg; Capsicumcosts @ 2500 Rs. / ton.

EF FECT OF LENGTH OF CUT TING AND CON CEN TRA TION OF IBA

ON ROOT ING IN SHOOT TIP CUT TING OF SAWANI (Lager stroe mia

in dica L.) UN DER MIST CON DI TION

K.K. Singh*, A. Kumar, Y.K. Tomar and Prabhat Kumar

De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Chauras Cam pus, HNB Garhwal Cen tral Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal)246 174, Uttarakhand, In dia

*E-mail : [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The ex per i ment was con ducted un der mist cham ber at Hor ti cul ture Re searchCen tre, HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity, Chauras Cam pus Srinagar (Garhwal). The dif fer ent lengthstem cut tings (20, 35 and 50 cm) of Lager stroe mia in dica L. were treated with IBA so lu tions at500, 1000 and 1500 ppm by quick dip method. Treated cut tings were planted care fully in the roottrain ers. Among all the treat ments, the max i mum num ber of sprouted cut tings (10.00) was foundun der 20 cm long cut ting treated with 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm IBA and 35 cm long cut tingtreated with 1500 ppm, re spec tively, max i mum height of plant (67.33 cm) was found in 50 cmlong cut ting treated with1500 ppm IBA, the high est num ber of sprouts per cut ting (14.00) wasfound un der 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBA. The max i mum length of sprout(28.33 cm) was found in 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBA, max i mum av er agedi am e ter of sprout (3.10 cm) was found in 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBA,max i mum num ber of leaves on new growth (106.00) and max i mum num ber of pri mary roots(36.66) was found in 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBA, max i mum av er age length oflon gest root (12.50 cm) was found un der 20 cm long cut ting treated with 500 ppm IBA andmax i mum av er age di am e ter of lon gest root (1.53 cm) was found in 35 cm long cut ting treatedwith 1500 ppm IBA.

Keywords: Stem cut ting, IBA, Lager stroe mia in dica L., root ing per cent age, mist cham ber.

In the world the Lager stroe mia in dica L. ismost of ten found as a multi-stemmed large shrub,but two hun dred years of cul ti va tion has re sulted ina huge num ber of cultivars of widely vary ingchar ac ter is tics. To day it is pos si ble to find crapemyr tles to fill ev ery land scape need, from tidystreet trees to dense bar rier hedges all the way down to fast-grow ing dwarf types of less than two feet

which can go from seed to bloom in a sea son.

Lager stroe mia in dica L. is a beau ti ful,eye-catch ing flow er ing shrub or tree that will bringstun ning late sum mer col our to a sunny shrubbor der. It can look won der ful as a large sol i taryshrub or tree sur rounded by lawn or groundcovers,which high lights not only the plant's brightlycol oured flow ers but also the pretty bark of its trunk and branches.

Flow ers born in sum mer and au tumn inpanicles of crin kled flow ers with a crepe-like

tex ture. Colours vary from deep pur ple to red towhite, with al most ev ery shade in be tween.Al though no blue-flow ered va ri et ies ex ist, it isto ward the blue end of the spec trum that the flow ers trend, with no sight of or ange or yel low ex cept insta mens and pis tils. Crape myr tles can beprop a gated from seeds as well as from soft woodcut tings taken in sum mer or hard wood cut tingstaken in late fall. For soft wood cut tings a root inghor mone might be used. By and large, how ever,rel a tively few home gar den ers prop a gateLager stroe mia in dica L. them selves since it can beeas ily and rel a tively cheaply brought in mostplaces. Crape myr tle can be prop a gated eas ilythrough sev eral meth ods. The most com monly used meth ods of prop a ga tion are hard wood andsoft wood cut tings.


The ex per i ment was con ducted un der mistcham ber at Hor ti cul ture Re search Cen tre, Chauras


Received : 30.12.2012 Revised : 9.4.2013 Accepted : 18.4.2013

154 Singh et al.

Cam pus, Srinagar The Srinagar val ley shows asemi-arid and sub-trop i cal cli mate. Ex cept dur ingrainy sea son rest of months are usu ally dry withex cep tion oc ca sional show ers dur ing win ter or earlyspring. The av er age min i mum and max i mumtem per a ture, rel a tive hu mid ity and rain fall vary from7.42°C to 35.3°C, 42.24% and 2.50 to 235.24 mm.re spec tively. Soft wood cut tings of Lager stroe miain dica L. were col lected from 4 to 6 year old plantsand 20 cm, 35 cm and 50 cm long stem cut tings withapi cal por tion were col lected. For pre par ing theroot ing me dia, sandy soil and farm yard ma nure(FYM) in ra tio of 1:1 by v/v were mixed thor oughly,cleaned for stones and grasses, then the mix ture wasfilled in root train ers. The basal ends of the cut tingswere dipped in di lute so lu tions, 500 ppm, 1000 ppmand 1500 ppm, of indole-3-bu tyric acid (IBA) byquick dip method for 10 sec onds be fore plant ingthem in the root ing me dium. The treated cut tingswere planted care fully in the root train ers. Af ter thetreat ment, the cut tings were im me di ately planted in10x5 cm size of root trainer and in serted 7.5 cm in the root ing me dia. Twenty root train ers were fit ted in one frame. The size of frame was 30x24 cm. Theex per i ment was rep li cated thrice with 10 cut tings ineach treat ment and a to tal of 360 cut tings were tested. Ex per i ment was con ducted in the mist house whichhad the ar range ment for in ter mit tent mist ing to 60sec onds at ev ery 30 min utes in ter val be tween 8 amand 8 pm. The data re corded were sub jected tosta tis ti cal anal y sis for least sig nif i cant dif fer ence(RBD) as de scribed by Cochran and Cox (3).


A pe rusal of Table1 shows that the ef fect ofdif fer ent con cen tra tions of IBA sig nif i cantly af fected the var i ous growth char ac ters of leafy cut tings inLager stroe mia in dica. The max i mum num ber ofsprouted cut tings (10.00) was found un der C2L1,C3L1 and C3L2 treat ments (20 cm long cut ting treatedwith 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm IBA and 35 cm longcut ting treated with 1500 ppm) fol lowed by C1L1 andC1L2 treat ment (20 cm and 35 cm long cut ting treated with 500 ppm IBA). These find ing also agree withthe find ings of Panwar et al. (8) in re spect to av er age

num ber of sprouted cut ting in bou gain vil lea. Themax i mum num ber of unsprouted cut tings (5.33)was found un der C0L3 treat ments (50 cm longcut ting treated with con trol) fol lowed by C0L2 (20 cm long cut ting treated with con trol). Themin i mum num ber of unsprouted cut ting (0.00)was found un der C2L1, C3L1 and C3L2 (20 cm long cut ting treated with 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm, and35 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBAtreat ments). Re sults are in con so nance withHaising (5) who pos tu lates that lack of sprout ingof cut ting was mainly due to lack of root ini ti a tion in re sponse to ap plied auxin. The max i mumheight of plant (67.33 cm) was found in 50 cmlong cut ting treated with1500 ppm IBA fol lowedby 50 cm long cut ting treated with 500 ppm IBA.These find ings are sim i lar to the find ings ofPanwar et al. (9) in bou gain vil lea cv. Alok. A 50cm length of cut ting pro duced max i mum length of lon gest roots and sec ond ary root was also foundmax i mum un der the 50 cm length of cut ting, sothose max i mum num ber of roots ob served higheramount of nu tri ents in com bi na tion of 1500 ppmcon cen tra tion of IBA, while 35 cm and 20 cmlong cut ting may not per form better incom bi na tion with 1500 ppm con cen tra tion ofIBA.

The high est num ber of sprouts per cut ting(14.00) was found un der C3L3 (50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBA) treat ment. Bettersprout ing in IBA treated cut ting may have beendue to the loss of api cal dom i nance re sult ing inlower auxin in api cal por tion then basal por tion of cut tings. Car bo hy drate re serves in the cut tings are also re spon si ble for the max i mum sprout ing.Hor mones have been shown to reg u late dif fer entas pects of plant growth and de vel op mentin clud ing cell di vi sion, cell elon ga tion anddif fer en ti a tion. The sim i lar re sult was alsore ported by Singh (12) in Jasminum sambac. The max i mum length of sprout (28.33 cm) was foundin 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBAfol lowed by 35 cm long cut ting treated with1500ppm. These find ings are sim i lar to the find ings ofPanwar et al. (10) in bou gain vil lea. A 50 cm

Effect of length of cutting and concentration of IBA on rooting in shoot tip cutting of sawani 155 f

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156 Singh et al.

length of cut ting pro duced max i mum length oflon gest roots and sec ond ary root was also foundmax i mum un der the 50 cm length of cut ting. Themax i mum av er age di am e ter of sprout (3.10 cm)was found in 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500ppm IBA. The max i mum num ber of leaves percut ting on new growth (106.00) was found un der 50 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppm IBAfol lowed by 35 cm long cut ting treated with 1500ppm IBA. Mahros (6) has re ported sim i lar find ingsin re spect to av er age num ber of leaves per cut tingin Bou gain vil lea glabra cv. Var ie gata. 50 cm longcut ting pro duced strong and more num bers ofsprouts per cut ting so this cut ting re ported inmax i mum num ber of leaves on new growth incom bi na tion of 1500 ppm con cen tra tion of IBA. Itmight be due to wood ma tu rity of cut ting whichprob a bly re serve high starch and sugar.

The max i mum num ber of pri mary roots(36.66) was found in 50 cm long cut ting treatedwith 1500 ppm IBA fol lowed by C1L3 (50 cm longcut ting treated with 500 ppm IBA). The en hancedhydrolytic ac tiv ity in pres ence of ap plied IBAcou pled with ap pro pri ate plant ing time might bere spon si ble for the in creased per cent age of rootedcut tings. High car bo hy drate and low ni tro gen havebeen re ported to fa vour root for ma tion (Carlson, 2). The pres ent find ings are sim i lar to the re ports ofBijalwan and Thakur (1) who re ported that high estnum ber of pri mary roots with 1500 ppmcon cen tra tion of IBA in Jatropha curcas L. Themax i mum av er age length of lon gest root (12.50cm) was found un der 20 cm long cut ting treatedwith 500 ppm IBA fol lowed by C0L3 treat ment (50cm long cut ting treated with con trol). Auxinap pli ca tion has been found to en hance thehistological fea tures like for ma tion of cal lus andtis sue and dif fer en ti a tion of vas cu lar tis sue (Mitraand Bose, 7).

The max i mum av er age di am e ter of lon gestroot (1.53 cm) was found in 35 cm long cut tingtreated with1500 ppm IBA fol lowed by 35 cm longcut ting treated with 1000 ppm IBA. The max i mumfresh weight of roots per cut ting (0.58 g) was found

un der 35 cm long cut ting treated with 1500 ppmIBA fol lowed by 35 cm long cut ting treated with500 ppm IBA. Ap pli ca tion of IBA at right timeproved ben e fi cial to the cut ting of Bou gain vil leaperuviana (Singh, 11). The max i mum dry weight of root per cut ting (0.16 g) was found in C3L2

treat ment (35 cm long cut ting treated with 1500ppm IBA) con firm ing to the find ings of Singh et al.(13) and Deo et al. (4) in re spect to av er age dryweight of root per cut ting in Bou gain vil lea.

CON CLU SION

Among var i ous treat ments, 1500 ppm IBA and 50 cm length of cut ting shows the best per for mance in num ber of sprouts, length of sprout, di am e ter ofsprouts, plant height, num ber of pri mary roots,di am e ter of lon gest root and dry weight of roots.Hence, it is sug gested that 50 cm long cut tingstreated with 1500 ppm IBA gives the over all bestper for mance un der mist to pro duce the healthyplant of Lager stroe mia in dica L. within a shortpe riod of time and is rec om mended for com mer cialveg e ta tive prop a ga tion.

REF ER ENCES

1. Bijalwan, A. and Thakur, T. (2010). Ef fect of

IBA and age of cut tings on root ing be hav iour of

Jatropha curcas L. in dif fer ent sea sons in

west ern Himalaya, In dia. Af ri can J. Plant Sci.

4(10):387–390.

2. Carlson, M.C., (1929). Mi cro-chem i cal stud ies

of root ing and cut tings. Bot. Gaz., 87: 64.

3. Cochran, W. G., and Cox, G. M. (1992).

Experimantal De signs. John Wiley and Sons,

Inc., New York.

4. Deo, A.K., Sarnaik, D.A., Kuruwanshi, V.B.

and Pal, D.P. (2008). Ef fect of treat ment of stem

cut ting with IBA and NAA on sprout ing, root ing

and root bio mass in Bou gain vil lea var.

Re ful gence. Adv. Plant Sci., 21(2): 557-558.

5. Hairsing. D. R. (1973). In flu ence of hor mones

and auxin syn er gists on ad ven ti tious root

ini ti a tion. Proc. I. U. F. R. O. Work ing Part on

Reprod. Pro cesses, Rotorua, New Zea land.

6. Mahros, O.M. (2002). Rootability and growth

of some types of Bou gain vil leas cut ting un der

IBA stim u la tion. Assiut J. Agri. Sci.,

31(1):19-37.

7. Mitra, G.C. and Bose, N. (1954). Root ing and

histological re sponses of de tached leaves to b-

Indolebutyric acid with spe cial ref er ence to

Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Phytomorphol., 7:370.

8. Panwar, R.D., Gupta, A.K., Saini, R.S. and

Sharma, J.R. (2001). Ef fect of auxin on the

root ing of cut ting in Bou gain vil lea var. Mary

Palmer. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci., 30(3-4):

215-216.

9. Panwar, R.D., Gupta, A.K., Sharma, J.R. and

Rakesh (1994). Ef fect of growth reg u la tors on

root ing in Bou gain vil lea var. Alok. Int. J.Trop.

Agri., 12:255-61.

10. Panwar, R.D., Gupta, A.K., Yamdagni, R., and

Saini, R.S. (1999). Ef fect of growth reg u la tors

on the root ing of cut ting of Bou gain vil lea cv.

Thimma, Haryana Agri. Uni. J. Res., 29 (1/2):

11-17.

11. Singh, A. K. (2001a). Ef fect of wood type and

root pro mot ing chem i cal on root ing of

Bou gain vil lea peruviana L. Adv. Hort. For estry,

8:179-184.

12. Singh, A.K. (2001b). Ef fect of auxins on

root ing and sur vival of jas mine (Jasminum

sambac Ait.) stem cut tings. Prog. Hort.,

33(2):174-177.

13. Singh, A.K., Singh. R., Millat, A.K. Singh, Y.P.

and Jauhari, S. (2003). Effect of plant growth

regulators in long survival, rooting and growth

characters in long pepper (Piper longum L.).

Prog. Hort., 35(2):208-211.

Effect of length of cutting and concentration of IBA on rooting in shoot tip cutting of sawani 157

SOME PHYS I CAL AND FRIC TIONAL PROP ER TIES OF PHULE

MOSAMBI AND KINNOW

F.G. Sayyad*, S.S. Chinchorkar, S.K. Patel1 and B.K. Yaduvanshi

Di vi sion of Ag ri cul tural Pro cess En gi neer ing, PAE, AAU, Gujarat1KVK (AAU), Dahod, Gujarat

*E–mail: faridsayyal786@ya hoo.co.in

ABSTRACT: Cit rus is of high im por tance in ag ri cul ture now days and a sub stan tial source ofin come for the pro duc ing coun tries. Phys i cal and fric tional prop er ties of fruits as well as orangesare im por tant for de sign of post har vest han dling and pro cess ing ma chin er ies. The pres ent workwas un der taken to de ter mine the spa tial di men sions, equiv a lent di am e ter, sphe ric ity, weight,vol ume, spe cific grav ity and co ef fi cient of fric tion of Phule Mosambi and Kinnow or Tan ger ine(Cit rus reticulata). The av er age equiv a lent di am e ter, sphe ric ity, weight, vol ume and spe cificgrav ity for Phule Mosambi was 65.68 mm, 0.96, 165.14 g, 170.31 cm3 and 1000.5 kg/m3 and that of Kinnow fruits was 66.44 mm, 0.95, 156.71 g, 146.97 cm3 and 1086 kg/m3. The av er ageco ef fi cient of fric tion over ply wood, alu minium and mild steel was 039, 0.43 and 0.45,re spec tively for Phule Mosambi and in case of Kinnow it was 0.36, 0.41 and 0.42, respectively.

Keywords: Phys i cal prop er ties, fric tional prop er ties, Kinnow, Phule Mosambi.

Phys i cal prop er ties of fruits are im por tant forde sign of var i ous post har vest han dling andpro cess ing ma chines. Gen er ally fruits are gradedon the ba sis of size, shape, col our, weight andme chan i cal dam age. The knowl edge about phys i cal prop er ties of fruits is very im por tant for pack ag ingand trans por ta tion of high value pro duce such asor ange. The most com monly used pack ag ing typein the trans por ta tion and ex port of fruits is thetele scopic, multi layer tray car ton. In this pack ag ing each layer of fruit has to sup port some of the weight of the car ton and the car tons above in a pal let. Anyover sized fruits in a tray will re ceive more pres sureand any un der sized fruit will not carry their share of the weight thereby caus ing bruis ing of fruit in thetray. The fric tional prop er ties of fruits are im por tant for spe cific de sign prob lems of fruit han dlingma chines where there is rel a tive move ment of fruits and ma chine. The co ef fi cient of fric tion of fruitswith re spect to ma te rial in con tact has sig nif i cantef fect on the skin injury caused to the fruits by

machine while handling and transportation.

The phys i cal prop er ties such as ma jor,in ter me di ate, and mi nor di men sions, unit mass,vol ume, sphe ric ity, and den sity of dif fer entva ri et ies of or ange were de ter mined and re ported

by Flood et al. (1) and Miller (3). There is verylim ited data avail able on phys i cal and fric tionalprop er ties of Kinnow and Phule Mosambis. Theob jec tive of this pa per is to de ter mine the spa tialdi men sions, equiv a lent di am e ter, sphe ric ity,weight, volume and specific gravity of Kinnow and

Phule Mosambi fruits.


Fresh 100 fruits each of Phule Mosambi andKinnow, se lected ran domly and phys i cal andfric tional prop er ties, were de ter mined. The fruitswere clas si fied as grade I (³ 200g), grade II(150-200 g), grade III (100-150 g) and grade IV (£100 g) and com par a tive anal y sis of phys i cal

prop er ties was car ried out for both the varieties.

Weight of the fruit

In di vid ual or ange and Kinnow fruits wereweighed on dig i tal elec tronic top pan bal ance of make Osaw In dus tries Ltd. (500 g ca pac ity) hav ing

least count of 0.01g.

Spa tial di men sions

The spa tial di men sions of the or ange fruitssuch as length of ma jor axis (X), length ofin ter me di ate axis (Y) and length of mi nor axis (Z)



Physical and frictional properties of Phule Mosambi and Kinnow 159

were de ter mined us ing dig i tal ver nier cal i per ofMititoyo Digimatic Cal i per and with least count of

0.01mm.

Equiv a lent di am e ter (De)

The equiv a lent di am e ter of or ange fruits wascal cu lated by the geo met ric mean of the threedi men sions viz. length of ma jor axis (X), length ofin ter me di ate axis (Y) and length of mi nor axis (Z).The equiv a lent di am e ter was cal cu lated us ing the

fol low ing ex pres sion.

De = (X×Y×Z)1/3

Sphe ric ity

The geometric foundation of the concept ofsphericity rests upon the isometric property of asphere. It is defined as the ratio of diameter of asphere having same volume as that of the particle and the diameter of the smallest circumscribing circle(Mohsenin, 4). It can also be defined as the ratio ofgeometric mean diameter to the major diameter offruits. The sphericity of Phule Mosambi and Kinnowwas determined considering the geometric meandiameter or equivalent diameter of fruit as perfollowing formula.

Sphericity =(Equivalent Diameter)

(Longest Intrercept)

SDe

X=

( )

( )

/1 3

Where, S is sphe ric ity, De is equiv a lent

di am e ter and X is lon gest in ter cept

Vol ume of the fruit

The vol ume of fruit was de ter mined by wa ter

dis place ment method by us ing plat form scale.

Spe cific grav ity

Specific gravity of the orange fruits was

determined by the following formula.

Specific gravity =

(Weight in air Specific gravity of water)

Weight of d

´

( isplaced water)

The weight of the fruit was de ter mined byweigh ing on the scale in air, there af ter, fruit isforced in to the wa ter with the help of a rod. Thelater read ing of the scale while ma te rial issub merged mi nus the weight of con tainer andwa ter is the ac tual weight of the dis placed wa ter.

Then vol ume was de ter mined by given formula.

Co-ef fi cient of fric tion

The co-ef fi cient of fric tion be tween fruits isequal to the tan gent of the an gle of in ter nalfric tion for that ma te rial. Co ef fi cient of fric tion isalso given by the tan gent of the an gle of thein clined sur face upon which the fric tion forcetan gen tial to the sur face and the com po nent of the

weight nor mal to the surface are acting.

The in clined plate ap pa ra tus hav ing var i oussur face types like ply wood, alu mi num and mildsteel was used for de ter min ing the co ef fi cient offric tion of or ange fruits. The an gle (q) made byin clined sur face plate was mea sured di rectly andthe av er age co ef fi cient of fric tion was de ter mined

as follows.

Co ef fi cient of fric tion (µ) = tan q


The av er age weight of Phule Mosambis andKinnow (Table 1) was 165.14g (± 52.18) and154.86 g (± 38.8), re spec tively. Weight of Phulemosambi ranged from 68.31 g to 267 g and that of kinnow ranged from 86.04 g to 267g. The av er age weight of fruits in dif fer ent weight grades is given in Table1. Or ange fruits have higher av er age

weight in all the weight grades than Kinnow.

The mean equiv a lent di am e ter of PhuleMosambi and Kinnow (Ta ble 1) was found to be65.68 mm (± 9.33) and 66.44 mm (± 5.20)re spec tively. The re sults of mean equiv a lentdi am e ter were found to be closer to val uesre ported by Miller (3) for dif fer ent va ri et ies ofor ange which were Dancy tan ger ine (59.76mm)

160 Sayyad et al.

and Hamlin or ange (62.71 mm). The meanequiv a lent di am e ter for Phule Mosambi was foundout to be greater than that of Kinnow fruits for theweight grade I, II and III. For weight grade IV mean equiv a lent di am e ter was greater for Kinnow fruitsthan Phule Mosambis. The results are in consoname

with Flood et al. (1) and Jha et al. (2).

The av er age sphe ric ity (Ta ble 2) of PhuleMosambis fruits was 0.96 (± 2.16) which rangedfrom 0.91to 0.99 and that for Kinnow was foundout to be 0.95 (± 1.15 %) which var ied from 0.93 to0.97. There was not much vari a tion of per centsphe ric ity among the Kinnow and or ange fruits fordif fer ent weight grades. Jha et al. (2) also reported

same trends in mango.

The av er age vol ume (Ta ble 2) of PhuleMosambi fruits was 170.31 cm3 (± 75.65) whichranged from 58.5 cm3 to 359 cm3 and that ofKinnow fruits was found to be 146.97 cm3 (±42.48) which ranged from 65 cm3 to 242 cm3. Theav er age vol ume of weight grade IV and III were

found to be closer for Kinnow and Phule Mosambis but for higher weight grades II and I av er age

vol ume val ues were greater for Phule mosambi.

The three classes of or anges were signifi-cantly dif fer ent from each other re gard ing theirphys i cal prop er ties. Or ange mass was de ter minedthrough a poly no mial func tion of third de greein volv ing the av er age di am e ter of the orange. Thefunction was evaluated with a determination

coefficient of 0.991 (Sharifi et al., 6).

The av er age spe cific grav ity (Ta ble 2) ofPhule Mosambi and Kinnow fruit was found to be1000.5 kg/m3 (± 139.68) and 1086 kg/m3 (±129.09), re spec tively. The spe cific grav ity rangedfrom 767kg/m3 to 1278 kg/m3 and 971 kg/m3 to1393 kg/m3 for Phule Mosambi and Kinnow,re spec tively. Ow ing to higher weight and lowervol ume spe cific grav ity of Kinnow fruits wasgreater than that of Phule Mosambis for all weight

grades.

The av er age co ef fi cient of fric tion (Ta ble 3)

Ta ble 1: Av er age weight (g) and equiv a lent di am e ter of dif fer ent grades of Phule mosambi and

Kinnow.

Grade Weight (g) Equivalent Dia. (mm) Equivalent Dia. (mm)

Phule Mosambi Kinnow Phule Mosambi Kinnow

Grade IV 79.84 92.21 52.2 56.89

Grade III 142.34 127.93 63.89 63.76

Grade II 195.71 171.96 69.45 68.87

Grade I 242.65 234.74 77.19 76.25

Mean 165.14

(68.31-267)

156.71

(86.04-267)

65.68

(49.47- 81.78)

66.44

(55.48 – 81.93)

Ta ble 2: Sphe ric ity, Vol ume and Spe cific grav ity of dif fer ent grades of Phule mosambi and Kinnow.

Grade Sphericity of Phule

Mosambi

Sphericity ofKinnow

Volume ofPhule

Mosambi(cm3)

Volume of Kinnow

(cm3)

Specific gravityof Phule Mosambi(kg/m3)

Specificgravity ofKinnow(kg/m3)

Grade IV 0.96 0.97 74.82 76.17 1067.094 1210.582

Grade III 0.98 0.95 129.65 121.47 1097.879 1053.182

Grade II 0.94 0.95 199.83 167.78 979.3825 1024.914

Grade I 0.94 0.94 276.94 222.50 876.1826 1055.011

Mean 0.96

(0.91-0.99)

0.95

(0.93-0.97)

170.31

(58.5-359)

146.97

(65-242)

1000.5

(767-1278)

1086.00(971 -1393)

for Phule Mosambi was 0.39 (± 0.04), 0.43 (± 0.05)and 0.45 (± 0.04) for ply wood, alu minium and mildsteel re spec tively with stan dard de vi a tion as shownin pa ren the sis. The av er age val ues of co ef fi cient offric tion for Kinnow fruits was 0.36 (± 0.04), 0.41 (± 0.05) and 0.42 (± 0.05) for ply wood, alu miniumand mild steel re spec tively with stan dard de vi a tionas shown in pa ren the sis. There was sig nif i cantdif fer ence in co ef fi cient of fric tion for dif fer entsur faces which was in agree ment with the find ings

of Schaper and Yaeger (5).

Table 3 : Average coefficient of friction for

Kinnow and Phule mosambis.

Coefficient offriction for

Phule Mosambi

Coefficient offriction for

Kinnow

Plywood 0.39 0.36

Aluminium 0.43 0.41

Mild Steel 0.45 0.42

CON CLU SIONS

· Av er age equiv a lent di am e ter, sphe ric ity,weight, vol ume and spe cific grav ity forPhule Mosambis were 65.68 mm, 0.96,

165.14 g, 170.31 cm3 and 1000.5 kg/m3.

· Av er age equiv a lent di am e ter, sphe ric ity,weight, vol ume and spe cific grav ity forkinnow fruits was 66.44 mm, 0.95, 156.71

g, 146.97 cm3 and 1086 kg/m3.

· In case of Phule Mosambi the av er age co -ef fi cient of fric tion over ply wood,

alu minium and mild steel was 039, 0.43and 0.45, re spec tively.

· In case of Kinnow fruits the av er age co ef -fi cient of fric tion over ply wood,alu minium and mild steel was 0.36, 0.41and 0.42, re spec tively.

REF ER ENCES

1. Flood, S.J., Burks, T.F. and Teixeira, A.A.

(2006). Phys i cal prop er ties of or anges in

re sponse to ap plied grip ping forces for ro botic

har vest ing. An ASABE An nual In ter na tional

Meet ing Pre sen ta tion Or e gon Con ven tion

Cen ter Port land, Or e gon. Paper No.061142.

9-12.

2. Jha, S.N., Kingsly, A.R.P. and Chopra, S.

(2006). Phys i cal and me chan i cal prop er ties of

mango dur ing growth and stor age for

de ter mi na tion of ma tu rity. J. Food Engg., 72(1):

73-76.

3. Miller, W.M. (1987). Phys i cal prop er ties data

for post har vest han dling of Florida cit rus. App.

Engg. Agri. 3(1):123-128.

4. Mohsenin, N.N. (1966). Physical Properties of

Animal and Plant Material, pp.891, Golden and

Breach Pub.

5. Schaper, L.A. and Yaeger E.C. (1992).

Coefficients of friction of Irish potatoes. Trans.

of ASAE, 35(5): 1647-1651.

6. Sharifi, M., Rafiee, S., Keyhani, A., Jafari, A.

and Akaram, A. (2007). Some physical

properties of orange (var. Tompson). Int.

Agrophysics, 21: 391-397.

Physical and frictional properties of Phule Mosambi and Kinnow 161

RE SPONSE OF BIO-REG U LA TORS ON HOR TI CUL TURAL TRAITS OF

BELL PEP PER UN DER PRO TECTED CON DI TION

R.N. Singh* and Sidharth Shankar1

De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Chauras Cam pus, HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttarakhand, In dia.1Deptt. of Hor ti cul ture, C.S. Azad Uni ver sity of Agri. & Tech., Kanpur-2

*E-mail:[email protected]

AB STRACT: The in ves ti ga tion on re sponses of bio-reg u la tors on hor ti cul tural traits of bellpep per cv. Cal i for nia Won der un der pro tected con di tion was un der taken at Hor ti cul turalRe search Cen tre of H.N.B. Garhwal Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal). The re sults re vealed thatthe bio-reg u la tors spray had sig nif i cant in flu ence on growth, yield and qual ity. Spray ing of NAAat 50 ppm sig nif i cantly in creased the plant height, num ber of sec ond ary branches, leaf area,days taken to first flower, days taken to 50 per cent flower, num ber of flowers/plant, num ber offruits/plant, fruit set per cent, days taken to fruit set, days taken to first pick ing, du ra tion ofmar ket able fruit, fruit breadth, fruit weight, yield/plant, yield/plot, yield/hect are, num ber ofseeds/fruit, 1000 seed weight, spe cific grav ity, TSS while fruit length in creased in IAA at 100ppm. This ex per i ment shows that bio-reg u la tor es pe cially NAA at 50 ppm is very help ful foren hanc ing the to tal pro duc tion of cap si cum un der pro tected con di tion.

Keywords: NAA, bioregulators, bell pep per, growth, yield, pro tected con di tions.

Bell pep per (Cap si cum annuum var. annuum

L.) also called as cap si cum, be long ing to the fam ily

Solanaceae, is one of the most pop u lar and highly

val ued veg e ta ble crop grown in trop i cal and

sub-trop i cal parts of the world. It is be lieved to be

the na tive of trop i cal South Amer ica (Sheomaker

and Tesky, 10). Grow ing of cap si cum un der

con trolled con di tion has been re ported to give high

pro duc tiv ity of good qual ity pro duce in de vel op ing

coun tries. Hence, there is a need for eval u at ing the

per for mance of cap si cum un der con trolled

con di tion for get ting higher pro duc tiv ity of

ex cel lent qual ity un der In dian con di tion. Bio-

reg u la tors play an im por tant role in growth and

de vel op ment of any crop in clud ing cap si cum. Since

not much in for ma tion of sweet pep per with re spect

to vary ing lev els of bio-reg u la tors, there is an

im mi nent need to as sess the op ti mum lev els of

bio-reg u la tors for its cul ti va tion in con trolled

con di tion. There fore, this ex per i ment was car ried

out to study the ef fect of bio-reg u la tors on growth,

yield and qual ity pa ram e ters of cap si cum cultivars

un der pro tected con di tion in Garhwal re gion.

MATERIALS AND METH ODS

The in ves ti ga tion was car ried out us ingcap si cum cultivar Cal i for nia Won der un derpro tected con di tion at HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity,(Garhwal), Uttarakhand dur ing 2011. Fieldex per i ments were con ducted dur ing Jan u ary 2011to June 2011 and a plot size of 3 x 2 m2 wasfol lowed. Layout was pre pared by us ingran dom ized block de sign with three rep li ca tionsand treat ment de tails were : IAA 100 ppm (T1),IAA 200 ppm (T2), NAA 50 ppm (T3), NAA 100ppm (T4), 2,4-D 5 ppm (T5), 2,4-D at 10 ppm (T6),GA3 25 ppm (T7), GA3 at 50 ppm (T8), GA3

25+NAA 50 ppm (T9), GA3 50+NAA 100 ppm(T10) and con trol (T11). 40 days old seed lings weretrans planted on March 2nd 2011 at the spac ing of 45x 45 cm and the rec om mended dose of N: P: K at100: 80: 80 kg was ap plied. The quantity offer til iz ers was cal cu lated to the area of plot and thehalf N, en tire P and K, was ap plied as basal doseand the re main ing N, was ap plied as top dressing.Freshly pre pared aque ous so lu tion of IAA, NAA, 2, 4-D and GA3 was sprayed two times on flowerclus ter of plant. First and sec ond spray ing were



Response of bio-regulators on horticultural traits of bell pepper under protected condition 163

done at flower ini ti a tion and 20 days later from thefirst spray, re spec tively. Ob ser va tions on growth,yield and qual ity were re corded and mean value wassub jected to sta tis ti cal anal y sis (Snedecor andCochran, 12).


The re sults of the growth char ac ters (Ta ble 1)in di cated that the dif fer ent treat ments havesig nif i cant in flu ence on growth char ac ters. Themax i mum plant height and was found in treat mentNAA at 50 ppm (T3) maximum number of secondarybranches per plant (13.33). These re sults are sim i larto the find ings of Thapa et al. (13) and Balraj et al.(1) in chilli. The max i mum leaf area (13.41 cm2 ) wasob served un der treat ment NAA @ 50 ppm (T3).While the num ber of pri mary branches per plantshowed non-sig nif i cant response and ob servedmax i mum un der treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3).These re sults are sim i lar to the find ings of Joshi andSingh (4) and Thapa et al. (13) in chilli.

In re spect to the yield and qual ity pa ram e ters in(Ta ble 2), the min i mum num ber of days taken to firstflower (41.10) and the max i mum num ber of flowersper plant (63.11) was found in treat ment NAA at 50ppm (T3). These re sults are sim i lar to the find ings ofJayananadam and Bavaji (3) and Laxman andMukharjee (6) in chilli. The max i mum num ber offruits per plant (35.44) and The min i mum num ber ofdays taken to 50 per cent flow er ing (51 days) wasfound in treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3). These re sults are sim i lar to the find ings of Shetty et al. (9) andGutam et al. (2). The max i mum fruit set per cent(57.69%) was found in treat ment NAA at 50 ppm(T3) and min i mum days taken to fruit ( 8.44 day) setwas found in treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3)con firm ing the find ings of Shetty and Manohar (8).The min i mum num ber of days taken to first pick ingwas ob served in NAA at 50 ppm (T3) 58.66 days.These re sults are con firmed the find ings of Singh(11).

The max i mum du ra tion of mar ket able fruits(28.99 days) was found in treat ment NAA at 50 ppm(T3). The max i mum weight of fruit (52.53 g) was also found in treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3). These re sults

are sim i lar to the find ings of Singh (11) in bellpepper and Trivedi (14) in chilli respectively. Themax i mum yield per plant (1.85 kg) was recordedin treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3) confirming tore sults to the find ings of Kannan et al. (5). Themax i mum yield per plot (33.06 kg) was found inNAA at 50 ppm (T3). The max i mum yield perhect are (132.44 t) was also found in treat mentNAA at 50 ppm (T3). The max i mum num ber ofseeds per fruit (223.33) was found in treat mentNAA at 50 ppm (T3). These re sults are sim i lar tothe find ings of Gutam et al. (2). The max i mumweight of 1000 seed (9.82 g) was found intreat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3). The max i mumfruit length 6.96 cm was found in treat ment NAAat 50 ppm (T3). The max i mum fruit breadth (6.30cm ) was found in treat ment IAA at 100 ppm (T1)in. The ex per i men tal re sults sup ported thefind ings of Trivedi (14) in chilli. The max i mumspe cific grav ity (1.44) was found in treat mentNAA at 50 ppm (T3). The max i mum ascor bic acid(115.33 mg/100 g) was found in treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3). These re sults are sim i lar to thefind ings of Gutam et al. (2) in bell pep per. Themax i mum to tal sol u ble sol ids (4.06%) was foundin treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3). These re sultsare sim i lar to the find ings of Nagdy et al. (7) inchilli. While the fruit vol ume showednon-sig nif i cant values but ob served max i mumun der treat ment NAA at 50 ppm (T3). Thesere sults are sim i lar to the find ings of Shetty et al.(9).

REF ER ENCES

1. Balraj, R., Kurdikeri, M. B. and Revanappa.

(2002). Ef fect of growth reg u la tors on growth

and yield of chilli (Cap si cum annuum) at

dif fer ent pick ings. In dian J. Hort., 59(1):

84-88.

2. Gutam, Sridhar, Koti, R.V., Chetti, M. B. and

Hiremath, S. M. (2009). Ef fect of naph tha lene

ace tic acid and mepiquat chlo ride on

phys i o log i cal com po nents of yield in bell

pep per (Cap si cum annuum L.). J. Agri. Res.

47(1): 53-62.

3. Jayananandam, V. D. S. and Bavaji, J.N.

164 Singh and Shankar.

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T1

33.8933.5

66.0156.21

66.1433.15

33.9477.42

84.9488.8

22.9501.72

60.806.4

18.74

T2

88.6907.4

33.0155.11

78.1400.25

77.1533.42

53.9433.9

66.0688.82

02.532.5

72.94

T3

83.41133.6

33.3118.31

01.1400.15

11.3644.53

96.7544.8

66.8599.82

69.603.6

35.25

T4

50.30100.6

33.2144.21

76.1466.15

99.6588.23

02.6555.8

01.9555.82

58.671.6

57.15

T5

50.8800.5

00.0132.6

66.2466.25

66.6477.22

87.8401.01

01.7633.81

44.462.4

07.82

T6

11.6733.4

00.906.7

55.2466.45

44.5401.22

77.8466.9

66.7677.41

53.441.4

21.72

T7

83.6866.3

66.605.01

44.3566.36

99.5488.22

77.9499.9

01.2788.81

57.516.4

76.33

T8

44.10133.4

66.828.01

66.3533.46

01.7455.32

59.9455.9

55.4711.02

34.512.5

02.33

T9

33.8900.5

66.775.8

11.6466.65

88.6444.32

00.0544.9

77.1755.71

09.528.4

05.33

T0

122.79

66.333.8

79.755.54

00.5522.64

33.4278.15

88.966.96

22.9189.5

12.503.54

T11

49.6865.3

00.607.5

66.3433.26

66.2455.02

99.7444.01

99.7622.91

60.630.5

54.83

.D.

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71.9108.1

73.229.3

97.248.7

97.210.2

61.336.0

50.338.2

21.164.81

20.8

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G.B.P. Univ. of Agri. and Tech., Pantnagar, p.

86.

Response of bio-regulators on horticultural traits of bell pepper under protected condition 165

Ta ble 2. Re sponse of bio reg u la tors on yield and qual ity traits of cap si cum un der con trolled con di tion.

Treatments

Yieldper

plant(kg)

Yieldper plot

(kg)

Yieldper

hectare(t)

Number of seeds

perfruit

Weight1000

seed (g)

Fruitvolume

(cc)

Specificgravity

Ascorbic acid

(mg/100gm)

Totalsolublesolid(%)

T1 1.12 20.22 80.88 212.1 9.56 35.99 1.32 109.00 3.96

T2 1.19 21.42 86.16 202.44 9.39 34.22 1.12 82.33 2.90

T3 1.85 33.06 132.24 223.33 9.82 50.68 1.44 115.33 4.06

T4 1.67 26.64 120.72 220.21 9.57 49.88 1.04 114.00 3.96

T5 0.71 12.71 53.04 177.99 9.33 23.70 1.01 60.66 3.03

T6 0.61 13.26 49.20 196.33 9.66 22.44 1.23 61.00 3.03

T7 0.68 12.54 52.32 67.99 8.77 27.11 1.12 46.66 3.90

T8 0.90 12.27 64.96 68.77 8.78 24.33 1.24 92.66 3.83

T9 0.92 15.90 65.52 201.00 9.56 27.88 1.38 41.33 3.86

T10 1.11 20.10 80.41 207.33 9.20 32.00 1.41 95.00 3.86

T11 0.57 11.10 44.40 116.44 9.10 26.66 1.36 96.66 3.90

C.D.(P=0.05)

0.22 4.46 13.16 56.32 0.74 4.43 0.20 7.24 0.12

EF FECT OF SOW ING DATES ON PHY TOPH THORA BLIGHT OF TARO

(Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum)

R.C. Shakywar*, S.P. Pathak 1, Krishna S. Tomar and M. Pathak

Col lege of Hor ti cul ture & For estry, Cen tral Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat–791 102 (A.P.)1Narendra Dev Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy, Kumarganj-224 229, Faizabad (U.P.)


AB STRACT: The pres ent in ves ti ga tion was car ried out to eval u ate the ef fect of date of sow ingon per cent plant in fec tion, per cent dis ease in ten sity, co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex and yield

at trib utes of taro (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum). The crop sown dur ing 15th Feb ru arygave high est cormel yield, de spite max i mum per cent plant in fec tion, per cent dis ease in ten sity

and co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex in com par i son to crop sown at 15th March, 15th April and 15th

May dur ing the Kharif 2006 and 2007 crop ping sea son, re spec tively.

Keywords: Taro, Phy toph thora colocasiae, sow ing dates, blight

Leaf blight of taro is caused by a de struc tivefun gus Phy toph thora colocasiae Racib which ishighly host-spe cific and widely dis trib uted dis easeon a large num ber of crops. Taro is also known ascolocasia (Colocasia esculenta L.), “Arvi”,“Ghuiya” in Hindi. The dis ease in fected all parts ofthe plants (stem, leaves, pet i oles etc.) and causedhigh cormel yield losses upto the tune of 70%(Jack son and Gollifer, 4; Shakywar et. al., 7).Man age ment of the dis ease with some fun gi cideshas been re ported from dif fer ent part of the coun try(Aggarwal, 1; Bergquist, 2; and Das, 3), but till date no in for ma tion is avail able on the man age ment ofthe dis ease through ag ro nomic prac tices. In northeast zone of Uttar Pradesh, taro crop is planted from

15 th March to 15 th April and some times upto the

end of May. There fore, the pres ent in ves ti ga tionwas un der taken to find out a suit able time ofsow ing along with its im pact on the per cent plantin fec tion, per cent dis ease in ten sity, co ef fi cient of

dis ease in dex and cormel yield.


The present investigations were carried out atMain Experiment Station, Vegetable Science,NDUA&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh,during Kharif season of 2006 and 2007 usinghighly susceptible variety Narendra Arvi-2 in plotsize of 3.6 x 3.0 m and spacing of 60 x 30 cm with

three replications. The sowing of crop was done atfour different dates starting from February 15th to

May 15 th at an interval of one month. The crop was

regularly observed for the first appearance of thedisease. The various parameters of disease viz. percent plant infection, per cent disease intensity,coefficient of disease index and cormel yield (q/ha)were also recorded after maximum expression ofthe disease symptoms. All the observations weretaken at weekly intervals and 10 plants wererandomly selected from each plot by using 0-5disease rating scale (Prasad, 6). The per cent plantinfection, per cent disease intensity, coefficient ofdisease index and cormel yield (g/plant) were also

calculated by following formulas.

Per cent plant in fec tion =

Infected plants

Total plants´100

PDI (Per cent dis ease in ten sity) =

Sum of numerical rating

Total no. of plants observed Maximum rating´´ 100

CODEX = PPI PDI´

100

CO DEX=Co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex

PPI = Per cent plant infection

PDI = Per cent dis ease in ten sity



Effect of sowing dates on Phytophthora blight of taro (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) 167

Cormel yield (g) per plant = Total yield (g)

No.of plants


Leaf blight in all the crops can be greatlyaf fected by ag ro nomic man age ment prac tices. Thedata pre sented in Ta ble 1 re vealed that dur ing Kharif2006, when the plant ing of crop was done on four

dif fer ent dates start ing from 15 th Feb ru ary and

con tin ued upto 15 th May at an in ter val of one month,

per cent plant in fec tion, per cent dis ease in ten sity and co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex were re cordedsig nif i cantly re duced to 69.21 and 65.47, 39.21 and30.57, 27.13 and 20.01 per cent, re spec tively, when

plant ing were done in 15 th April and 15 th May.

Whereas, 15 th Feb ru ary and 15 th March plant ing

showed sig nif i cant in crease of 91.10 and 78.21,58.21 and 49.14, , 53.02 and 38.43 per cent,re spec tively in per cent plant in fec tion, per centdis ease in ten sity and co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex,

re spec tively. How ever, 15 th Feb ru ary plant ing gave

high est cormel yield (138.14 q/ha) which was at par

with 15 th March (134.50 q/ha) which was

sig nif i cantly su pe rior over rest of plant ing date

de spite very high, per cent plant in fec tion, percent dis ease in ten sity and co ef fi cient of dis ease

in dex.

Sim i larly in Kharif 2007, per cent plantin fec tion, per cent dis ease in ten sity andco ef fi cient of dis ease in dex were sig nif i cantlyre duced to 72.16 and 67.12, 42.13 and 31.42,30.40 and 21.71 per cent when plant ing was done

at 15 th April and 15 th May re spec tively, whereas

15 th Feb ru ary and 15 th March plant ing showed

sig nif i cant in crease of 92.30 and 80.21, 62.13 and 51.42, 57.34 and 41.24 per cent plant in fec tion,per cent dis ease in ten sity and co ef fi cient ofdis ease in dex, re spec tively. How ever, 15thFeb ru ary plant ing gave high est yield 133.24 q/ha

be ing at par was at par with 15 th March 131.40

q/ha, On the ba sis of above find ing it was found

that 15 th Feb ru ary planted crop re corded

max i mum per cent plant in fec tion, per centdis ease in ten sity and co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex.De spite above the max i mum cormel yield wasalso re corded in same date and found su pe rior tooth ers date of sow ing. The re sults are incon for mity with work of Misra (5) who re portedhigher yield and max i mum per cent plantin fec tion and dis ease in ten sity when colocasia

Ta ble 1. Ef fect of sow ing dates on per cent plant in fec tion, per cent dis ease in ten sity, co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex andcormel yield of taro dur ing 2006 and 2007.

Sowing dates Kharif 2006 Kharif 2007

PPI PDI CODEX Cormelyield(q/ha)

PPI PDI CODEX Cormelyield(q/ha)

15 February 91.10

(72.61)

58.21

(49.71)

53.02 138.14 92.30

(73.86)

62.13

(52.00)

57.34 133.24

15 March 78.21

(62.15)

49.14

(44.49)

38.43 134.50 80.21

(63.62)

51.42

(45.80)

41.24 131.43

15 April 69.21

(56.27)

39.21

(38.75)

27.13 128.12 72.16

(58.13)

42.13

(40.46)

30.40 125.12

15 May 65.47

(53.99)

30.57

(33.55)

20.01 116.13 67.12

(55.22)

31.42

(34.08)

21.71 113.24

CD (P = 0.05) 2.58 2.80 7.58 2.64 2.91 7.21

(Fig ures in pa ren the ses are arcsine trans formed value) PPI = Per cent Plant In fec tion, PDI= Per cent Dis ease In ten sity, CO DEX= Co ef fi cient of dis ease in dex

168 Shakywar et al.

crop was sown on 1st May and 15 th May. Sim i larly,

Sharma (8) also re ported that early sow ing of peacrop in the month of Oc to ber es caped the dam ageof pow dery mil dew and max i mum yield was alsoob tained. Like wise, Sharma (9) also re ported thatearly sow ing of methi in the last quar ter of Oc to beres caped pow dery mil dew dis ease and re corded

max i mum yield.

REF ER ENCES

1. Aggarwal, A. (1986). Study on Phy toph thora

colocasiae with spe cial ref er ence to its

phys i ol ogy and con trol. Ph.D. The sis sub mit ted

to Kurukshetra Uni ver sity, Kurukshetra,

IN DIA.

2. Bergquist, R.R. (1972). Ef fi cacy of fun gi cides

for con trol of Phy toph thora leaf blight of taro.

Ann. Bot. 36: 281-287.

3. Das, S.R. (1997). Field ef fi cacy of fun gi cides

for the con trol of leaf blight dis ease of taro.

In dian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 27(3): 337-338.

4. Jack son, G.V.H. and Gollifer, D.E. (1975).

Dis eases and pests prob lem of taro Colocasia

esculenta (L.) Schott in the Brit ish Sol o mon

Is lands. PANS, 22:45-53.

5. Misra, R.S. (1996). A note on zoosporogenesis

in Phy toph thora colocasiae. In dian Phytopath.

49(1):80-82.

6. Prasad, S.M. (1982). Na tional sur vey for

dis eases of trop i cal tu ber crops. Re gional Cen tre

of Cen tral Tu ber Crop Re search In sti tute,

Bhubaneswar, IN DIA. pp 49.

7. Shakywar R.C., Pathak, S.P., Pathak, M. and

Singh, A.K. (2012). Eval u a tion of

Taro(Colocasia esculanta var. antiquorum)

ge no types against leat blight (Phy toph thora

colocasie) un der east ern Uttar Pradesh

con di tions. HortFlora Res. Spec trum, 1(2) :

184-186.

8. Sharma, AK (1992). Ef fect of sow ing dates on

pow dery mil dew of Pea. In dian J Mycol Pl

Pathol. 22:291-293.

9. Sharma, Sushil (2001). Effect of sowing dates

on powdery mildew of Fenugreek (Methi).

Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol., 29:144-14

BIO-PHYS I CAL PROP ER TIES OF THE PA PAYA RINGSPOT VI RUS

CAUS ING RINGSPOT DIS EASE IN PA PAYA (Carica papaya L.)

S.K. Singh* and Ramesh Singh

De part ment of Plant Pa thol ogy, T. D. Post Grad u ate Col lege, Jaunpur-222 002 (U.P.).


ABSTRACT: Pa paya ring spot vi rus (PRSV), a mem ber of Potyviridae, is one of the dev as tat ing vi rus of the pa paya and causes yield loss more than 90 per cent. It has proved as ma jorcon straint for suc cess ful cul ti va tion of this crop in the trop i cal and sub trop i cal coun tries. Thevi rus con tains ri bo nu cleic acid (RNA) with fil a men tous par ti cle. The di lu tion end point of pa payaringspot vi rus was re corded be tween 1 x 10-3 to 1 x 10-4 ther mal in ac ti va tion point be tween50–55°C and lon gev ity in vi tro be tween 8 to 10 hrs.

Keywords: Pa paya ringspot vi rus (PRSV), di lu tion end point (DIP); ther mal in ac ti va tion point

(TIP); lon gev ity in vi tro (LIV)

Pa paya (Carica pa paya L.) is one of the most

im por tant fruit crops grown, in In dia. Pa paya ring

spot vi rus (PRSV) is one of the dev as tat ing vi rus

and ma jor con straint in the suc cess ful cul ti va tion of

this crop in the trop i cal and sub trop i cal coun tries.

The vi rus was re ported to cause about 70% yield

loss in trop i cal and sub trop i cal re gions with over

90% dis ease in ci dence (Singh et al., 8; Singh, 6.

This dis ease was first de scribed by Lindner et al.

(3) and vi ral na ture was de scribed and named the

pa paya ringspot vi rus by Jensen (1). Pa paya ring

spot vi rus dis ease has been re ported by var i ous

work ers in dif fer ent names viz., pa paya dis tor tion

ringspot vi rus, pa paya mo saic vi rus, pa paya leaf

re duc tion vi rus and wa ter melon mo saic vi rus-1

(WMV-1). PRSV has two ma jor types (Type-P and

Type-W) which are se ro log i cally in dis tin guish able.

Type P iso late in fects pa paya and sev eral mem bers

of melon fam ily and oc curs in trop i cal and sub

trop i cal ar eas of the world, in clud ing In dia

(Purcifull et al., 4; Singh, 7). Whereas, type W

iso lates have been re ported in cu cur bits in many

ar eas of the world. In ci dence of PRSV in In dia is as

high as 99 per cent (Verma, 9). In Uttar Pradesh,

PRSV is one of the dev as tat ing vi rus of the pa paya

and causes sig nif i cant dam age. Ninety per cent

PRSV dis ease was re corded in East ern Uttar

Pradesh (Khurana, 2; Singh et al., 8). PRSV is

trans mit ted in a non per sis tent man ner by sev eral

spe cies of aphids. Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aphis

gossipii are the most ef fi cient vec tor of the vi rus

and is re spon si ble for the spread of the dis ease in

na ture. The vi rus is also trans mit ted by Cuscuta

reflexa Roxb. and me chan i cally. There fore, study

was un der taken to find out the bio phys i cal

prop er ties of the virus.


Bio-Phys i cal prop er ties i.e., ther malin ac ti va tion point (TIP), di lu tion end point (DEP)and lon gev ity in vi tro (LIV) of pa paya ringspotvi rus of pa paya were stud ied

Ther mal in ac ti va tion point (TIP)

Young in fected leaves of pa paya with typ i cal

symp toms were col lected and ground in a mor tar in

0.1M phos phate buffer (pH, 7.0) of 1:1 ra tio (w/v).

The slurry was squeezed through mus lin cloth. Sap

was cen tri fuged at 3000 rpm for five min utes and

supernatant was col lected. The supernatant was

dis trib uted in thin walled test tubes by pour ing 2 ml

of sap in each tube with the help of a pi pette,

with out touch ing the sides of the tubes. The

sam ples were heated at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60,

65, 70, 75 and 80°C tem per a tures in wa ter bath.

The wa ter bath was filled with wa ter un til the level

was at least 3 cm above the level of the sap in the

test tube. One test tube was placed in the rack of

wa ter bath when wa ter tem per a ture was reaches at



170 Singh and Singh

30°C (low est). A ther mom e ter was placed in wa ter

bath close to test tube at same level. The tem per a ture

in each case was main tained for 10 min utes. Test tube

was re moved from wa ter bath af ter 10 min utes and

cooled in run ning wa ter. Af ter heat ing the wa ter bath

to the next tem per a ture treated a sec ond tube in the

same man ner. When all test tubes were treated at

spec i fied tem per a tures, the leaves of Chenopodium

amaranticolor were in oc u lated with each sam ple

sep a rately, in clud ing one un treated con trol, kept at

am bi ent tem per a ture (20±°C). Reg u lar ob ser va tions

were re corded for the ap pear ance of symp toms in

dif fer ent treat ments.

Di lu tion End Point (DEP)

The inoculum (sap) was pre pared as ear lier and

two ml sap was pipetted to each test tube and the

tubes were closed with alu minium foil. Di lu tions

were made in a se ries like un di luted, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3,

10-4, 10-5, 10-6 and 10-7. Eight test tubes were placed

in a row in a test tube stand. Sec ond of these test

tubes were filled with 9 ml wa ter with help of a

pi pette. One ml sap was trans ferred in the sec ond test

tube to make di lu tion 10-1. Sap was mixed thor oughly

with wa ter in test tube and 1 ml of this di lu tion (10-1)

was trans ferred to the third test tube to be make the

di lu tion (10-2). This pro ce dure was re peated till 10-7.

The leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor were

in oc u lated with sap at dif fer ent di lu tions to test

infectivity. There were five rep li cates for each

di lu tion level. Symp toms were ob served af ter 10-15

days and data were re corded for each treat ment

sep a rately.

Lon gev ity in vi tro (LIV)

Lon gev ity in vi tro is a time ex pressed in days,

weeks, hours for which the vi rus in crude juice kept

at room tem per a ture re mains infective. It is usual to

store the crude juice in closed tubes and to lost a

sam ple on test plants at a se ries of in ter vals. The

inoculum was pre pared as ear lier and two ml sap was

pipetted to each test tube and the tubes were closed

with a stop per or alu minium foil. Tubes were stored

at room tem per a ture for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and

18 hrs. Af ter the spec i fied du ra tion of stor age the

sam ples were in oc u lated on the leaves of

Chenopodium amaranticolor. Reg u lar

ob ser va tions were made for the ap pear ance of

symp toms and data were re corded from each plant

sep a rately.


Ther mal in ac ti va tion point

It is clear from the ob ser va tions and data

pre sented in Ta ble 1 that the vi rus was found

ac tive at a tem per a ture up to 50°C but it was

in ac ti vated at 55°C which in di cated that the vi rus

was in ac ti vated be tween 50 and 55°C as the sap

treated at 55°C for ten min utes could not pro duce

any le sion on Chenopodium amaranticolor

plants. The loss of infectivity of vi rus is in creased

at above 40°C.

Ta ble 1: Ther mal in ac ti va tion point of pa paya

ringspot vi rus.

Temperature

(°C)

Average no. of local lesion on Chenopodium amaranticolor

leaves

30 30.65

35 26.50

40 23.45

45 15.45

50 6.40

55 No lesions

60 No lesions

65 No lesions

70 No lesions

75 No lesions

80 No lesions

Di lu tion end point

Data pre sented in Ta ble 2 in di cated that thevi rus re mained in fec tive in sap ex tracted fromdis eased leaves of pa paya at 1: 1000 di lu tion butnot at 1: 10000 di lu tion, which in di cated thedi lu tion end point be tween 1: 1000 and 1: 10000.

Ta ble 2: Di lu tion end point of pa paya ringspot

vi rus.

Dilution(Concentration)

Average no. of local lesion on Chenopodium

amaranticolor leaves

1:1 26.65

1:10 16.70

1:100 9.05

1:1000 3.10

1:10000 No lesions

1:100000 No lesions

1:1000000 No lesions

1:10000000 No lesions

Lon gev ity in vi tro

A pe rusal of the data pre sented in Ta ble 3re veals that vi rus was in fec tious up to 8 hrs ofstor age at room tem per a ture and it was in ac ti vatedaf ter 10 hrs of stor age. The lon gev ity of vi rus wasre corded be tween 8 and 10 hrs at room tem per a ture.

Ta ble 3: Lon gev ity in vi tro of pa paya ringspot

vi rus.

Duration (hrs.) Average no. of locallesion on Chenopodium

amaranticolor leaves

0 32.25

2 25.50

4 20.25

6 11.65

8 6.70

10 No lesions

12 No lesions

14 No lesions

16 No lesions

18 No lesions

Di lu tion end point of pa paya ringspot vi ruswas re corded be tween 1 x 10-3 to 1 x 10-4, ther malin ac ti va tion point be tween 50–55°C and lon gev ityin vi tro be tween 8 to 10 hrs. Sim i lar re sults werere ported by Singh (6); Sharma et al. (5) and Wu etal. (10).

REF ER ENCES

1. Jensen, D.D. (1947). A new vi rus dis ease of

pa paya. Univ. Ha waii Agric. Exp. Sta. Bi en nial

Re port, pp. 67.

2. Khurana, S.M.P. (1970). Ef fect of vi rus dis eases

on the la tex and sugar con tents of pa paya fruits.

Hortic. Sci., 45: 295- 297.

3. Lindner, R.C.; Jensen, D.D. and Ikeda, W.

(1945). Ringspot: new pa paya plun derer.

Ha waii Farm and Home, 8: 10-14.

4. Purcifull, D., Edwardson, J., Hiebert, E. and

Gonsalves, D. (1984). Pa paya ringspot vi rus,

CMI-AAB. Descr. Plant Vi ruses, 292: 8.

5. Sharma, N. K., Awasthi, L. P. and Singh, S. K.

(2010). Bio phys i cal prop er ties of the

wa ter melon mo saic vi rus-1 in wa ter melon. J.

Phytol., 2(9): 21-24.

6. Singh, S. (2007). Stud ies on sur vey and

di ag no sis of vi ral dis eases of pa paya (Carica

pa paya L.) and their man age ment through

an ti vi ral agents of plant or i gin. Ph. D. The sis, N.

D. Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture & Tech, Faizabad.

7. Singh, S.J. (2003). Vi rus and phytoplasma

dis ease of pa paya, pas sion fruit and pine ap ple.

Kalyani Pub lish ers Ludhiana, pp. 147.

8. Singh, Vimla; Rao, G.P. and Shukla, K.

(2005).Re sponse of com mer cially im por tant

pa paya cultivars to pa paya ringspot vi rus in

east ern U.P. con di tions. In dian Phytopath., 58

(2): 212-216.

9. Verma, A.K. (1996). Vi ral and Mycoplasmal

Dis eases of pa paya (Carica pa paya L.). Dis ease

sce nario in crop plants. Vol. 1-Fruits and

Veg e ta bles (eds.) Agnihotri, V.P.; Om Prakash,

Ram Kishun and A.K. Mishra. In ter na tional

Books and Pe ri od i cal Sup ply Ser vice, New

Delhi. pp 156- 175.

10. Wu, F.C.; Peng, X.X. and Xu, S.H. (1983).

Preliminary studies on identification,

purification and properties of Papaw ringspot

virus in South China. Acta Phytopathol. Sinica,

13 (3): 21-28.

Bio-physical properties of the papaya ringspot virus causing ringspot disease in papaya 171

EF FECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS AND PRESOAKING TREAT MENTS OF

NI TRATE SALTS ON YIELD AND CHAR AC TER AS SO CI A TION IN

CORN (Zea mays L.) YIELD

S.P. Tiwari*, Arti Guhey* and S.P. Mishra¹

De part ment of Crop Physiology, I.G.K.V.Raipur (C.G.) In dia

¹De part ment of Crop Sci ences, M.G.C.G.V.V, Chitrakoot (M.P.) In dia

*E mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Ex per i ment was con ducted at Pre ci sion Farm ing De vel op ment Cen tre IGKV,Raipur dur ing kharif 2008-09 and 2009-10 in split plot de sign com pris ing of three va ri et ies(Deshi, hy brid and com pos ite) of corn as a main plot while biofertilizers and ni trate saltscom bi na tion in sub plot treat ments. Ob ser va tions were taken at spe cific growth phases of thecrop which clearly in di cated su pe ri or ity of as so ci a tion of grain yield with dif fer ent yieldcon trib ut ing morpho-phys i o log i cal traits of corn.

Keywords: Azospirillum, biofertilizers, ni trate salts, cor re la tion co ef fi cient.

Maize or corn is the world’s most widelygrown ce real. It is cul ti vated at lat i tudes rang ingfrom the equa tor to ap prox i mately 50° North andSouth, at al ti tudes rang ing from sea level to morethan 3,000-metre el e va tion. Of the 140 mil lionhect ares of maize grown glob ally, ap prox i mately 96 mil lion hect ares are in the de vel op ing world.Al though, 68 per cent of global maize area is in thede vel op ing world, only 46 per cent of the world’smaize pro duc tion of 600 mil lion tons (Anon ., 1) isgrown there. Low av er age yields in the de vel op ingworld are re spon si ble for the wide gap be tween theglobal share of area and share of pro duc tion.

At pres ent, the area cov ered by maize crop inIn dia is about 8.0-8.2 m ha (Anon ., 1). Giv ingal low ance to dif fer ent grow ing sit u a tions in In dia,it could, how ever, be safe to ex pect na tionalav er age yields to reach around 3 t ha-1. Di ver si fieduses of maize for starch in dus try, corn oilpro duc tion, baby corns, popcorns etc., wouldfur ther pro vide the much-needed im pe tus to thegrowth of maize. Vir tu ally ev ery part of the maizeplant has eco nomic value, in clud ing the grain, theleaves, the stalks, the tas sels and in some cases,

even the roots.

Many the sev eral plant mi crobes as so ci a tion is na tures one. The high ef fi ciency of ni tro genfix a tion com bined with low en ergy re quire ments

easy es tab lish ment on plant roots and tol er ance ofhigh soil tem per a ture ex hib ited by Azotobactor andAzospirillum seem to make them ide ally suited asmi cro bial inoculants far ce real crops un der trop i calcon di tion re sults of the pre lim i nary field tri als oncrops like rice, wheat, bar ley, sor ghum, maize,millets are quite en cour ag ing (Saikia et al., 5). Thehigher yield po ten ti al ity of maize can not beman i fested up to the breme due to sev eral bi otic and abiotic fac tors among which poor nu tri tionalman age ment is the prime one. The soak ing of seedwith var i ous ni trate salts prior to sow ing of maize,mustards and okra has shown a pos i tive im pact ontheir ger mi na tion as well as on veg e ta tive growth(Bose et al. 2; Bose and Mishra, 3; Bose and

Pandey, 4).


The ex per i ment was con ducted in re searchfield of Pre ci sion Farm ing De vel op ment Cen tre,Indira Gan dhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur(C.G.) In dia dur ing kharif sea son of 2009-10.Ex per i ment was com prised of three lev els of cornva ri et ies viz. hy brid, Com pos ite and deshi. Thede sign adopted for ex per i ment was spilt-plot withthree rep li ca tions. Bold and healthy seeds of corn(Hy brid, Com pos ite and Deshi) were sur facester il ized with 0.1% of HgCl2 for five min utes.These were washed thor oughly and soaked ei ther in



Effect of biofertilizers and presoaking treatments of nitrate salts on yield and character association in corn 173

dis tilled wa ter or in so lu tion of dif fer ent ni trate saltscon tain ing 15 mM of ni trate salt i.e. Mg(NO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2, in petri dishes on fil ter pa per for 24h.Seeds were treated with N2 fix ing biofertilizer(Azospirillum) desolving the seed with 20 g ofbiofertilizer (Azospirillum) and 10 ml of wa ter andpow dered over one kg of seeds. The seeds weremixed with hand to get proper coat ing. There af terthe seeds were dried and treated seed were sownim me di ately in the field at spac ing 60x 25 cm us ing aseed rate of 25 kg ha. Ni tro gen, phos pho rus andpot ash were ap plied in the form of urea (46% N),sin gle super phos phate (16% P2O5) and muriate ofpot ash (60% K2O). Ni tro gen was ap plied in twosplits i.e. ½ at basal, ½ each at 30 DAS, whereas, fulldoses of P2O5 and K2O in each treat ment wereap plied as basal at the time of sow ing. Ob ser va tionswere re corded on as so ci a tion of grain yield withdif fer ent morpho-phys i o log i cal traits. Seed yieldwas also ana lysed at ma tu rity. Sta tis ti cal anal y sis was done as per the standard pro ce dure.


Cor re la tion co ef fi cient pre sented in Ta ble 1

revealed that grain yield ex hib ited sig nif i cantpos i tive as so ci a tion with test seed weight (0.97)seed per cob (0.93), cob length (0.87), num ber ofcob (0.88), seed pro tein con tent (0.97) and plantheight (0.86). Test seed weight ex hib itedsig nif i cant pos i tive cor re la tion with seeds per cob(0.89), cob length and seed pro tein con tent. Seedsper cob ex hib ited sig nif i cant pos i tive cor re la tionwith cob di am e ter (0.88), cob length (0.86), seedpro tein con tent (0.96), num ber of leaves per plant(0.87) and plant height (0.87). Cob di am e terex hib ited sig nif i cant pos i tive cor re la tion withnum ber of cob (0.91), seed pro tein con tent (0.87)and num ber of leaves per plant (0.91). Cob lengthex hib ited sig nif i cant pos i tive as so ci a tion withseed pro tein con tent (0.88), leaf weight ra tio(0.88), and plant height (0.87). Num ber of cobex hib ited sig nif i cant pos i tive as so ci a tion withseed pro tein con tent (0.92) and dry mat terac cu mu la tion (0.86). Seed pro tein con tentex hib ited sig nif i cant pos i tive as so ci a tion withleaf weight ra tio (0.90) and plant height (0.90).Leaf weight ra tio ex hib ited sig nif i cant pos i tiveas so ci a tion with plant height (0.88).

Ta ble 1: Cor re la tion co ef fi cient among yield and yield con trib ut ing traits of corn.

Traits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 1.00 0.35 0.79 0.73 0.77 0.88* 0.65 0.90* 0.80 0.87* 0.85* 0.87* 0.82 0.86*

2 1.00 0.64 0.51 0.47 0.16 0.44 0.29 0.51 0.16 0.63 0.30 0.18 0.16

3 1.00 0.66 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.81 0.85 0.80 0.91* 0.87* 0.72 0.72

4 1.00 0.71 0.72 0.49 0.64 0.73 0.70 0.64 0.50 0.56 0.53

5 1.00 0.83 0.66 0.85 0.86* 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.79 0.78

6 1.00 0.75 0.90* 0.76 0.88* 0.66 0.82 0.82 0.85

7 1.00 0.76 0.71 0.63 0.62 0.74 0.67 0.72

8 1.00 0.92* 0.88* 0.87* 0.96* 0.94* 0.97*

9 1.00 0.81 0.91* 0.85 0.91* 0.88*

10 1.00 0.75 0.86* 0.86* 0.87*

11 1.00 0.88* 0.78 0.81

12 1.00 0.89* 0.93*

13 1.00 0.97*

14 1.00

*, **Sig nif i cant at 5% and 1% prob a bil ity level, re spec tively.1-Plant height, 2-Leaf area index, 3-Number of leaves, 4-Dry biomass, 5-Dry matter accumulation, 6-Leaf weight ratio, 7-Specific leaf area,

8-Protein content, 9-Number of cob, 10-Cob length, 11-Cob diameter, 12-Seeds per cob, 13-Test seed weight, 14-Grain yield.

REF ER ENCES

1. Anon y mous (2009). Maize: Area and

Dis tri bu tion, Pro duc tion guide lines. FICCI

Ag ri busi ness In for ma tion Cen tre, New Delhi.

In dia.

2. Bose, B., Srivastava, H.S. and Mathur, S.N.

(1982). Ef fect of some ni trog e nous salts on

ni tro gen trans fer and pro te ase ac tiv ity in

ger mi nat ing Zeamays L. Seeds Biol. Plantarum,

24: 89-95.

3. Bose, Bandana and Mishra, T. (1992). Re sponse

of wheat seeds to presoaking seed treat ment

with Mg (NO3)2. Ann. Agric. Res., 13: 132-136.

4. Bose, Bandana and Pandey, P. (2003). Ef fect of

ni trate presoaking of okra (Abelmoschus

esculentus L.) seeds on growth and ni trate

as sim i la tion of seed ling. Physiol. Mol. Biol.

Plants, 9(2): 287-290.

5. Saikia, S.P., Jain, V. and Shrivastava, G.C.

(2003). Effect of Azospirillum and

Azorhizobium on maize yield. Indian J. Plant

Physiol., (Special issue) : 539-544.

174 Tiwari et al.

EF FECT OF DIF FER ENT ME DIA, pH AND TEM PER A TURE ON THE

RA DIAL GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF Alternaria alternata f sp. .

lycopersici

P.C. Singh, Ramesh Singh*, Dinesh Kumar and Vijay Kumar Maurya

De part ment of Plant Pa thol ogy, Tilak Dhari P.G. Col lege, Jaunpur–220 020 (U.P.)

*E-mail : [email protected]

AB STRACT: Alternaria alternata f.sp lycopersici was grown on nine dif fer ent solid me dia toob serve the ra dial growth of the test fun gus. P.D.A. me dium fa vored the max i mum growth andlow est growth was re corded on stan dard nu tri ent agar me dium. While poor sporulation wasre corded on the host ex tract agar me dium. The tem per a ture re quire ment of the patho gen wasin ves ti gated on P.D.A. me dium in the range of 10 to 35°C . The fun gus ex hib ited max i mumgrowth at a wide range of pH from 5.0 to 8.5 and the best fun gal growth was re corded at pH 7.0and poor growth was ob served at pH 5.0.

Keywords : Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici, pH, tem per a ture, growth me dium.

The to mato (Lycopersicon esulentum Mill.) is the very im por tant veg e ta ble crop in In dia. TheAlternaria leaf spot is the most im por tant to matodis ease in In dia caus ing se vere dam age to the crop.The dis ease ap pears in the month of Dec. to March.The symp toms like dark brown, sunken le sion of ten with ir reg u lar with yel low mar gin may oc curred on many germplasm. The pres ent study was un der -taken to ob serve the ef fect of dif fer ent me dia , pHand tem per a ture on the growth and sporulation ofthe test fun gus, Alternaria al ter nata f.sp.lycopersici.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For mea sur ing ra dial growth of the patho gen20ml of ster il ized agar me dium was poured in9.0cm di am e ter of ster il ized petridishes. Af ter theme dium so lid i fied a 5m m dish of the fun gal growth was cut with the help of ster il ized cork borer andplaced at the cen tre of each Petridish. Thesepetridishes were in cu bated at 25°C to 28°C up tore quired in cu ba tion pe riod. Each treat ment wasrep li cated three times. The fun gal growth wasob served daily and fi nal di am e ter of the fun galgrowth was mea sured man u ally at the 10 day .

The study was con ducted on the best suited-semi syn thetic me dium (PDA). The con i cal flask(150ml) con tain ing 50ml me dium were taken and

these flasks, were ster il ized at 1.1 kg pres sure 1/cm2

for 20 minutes in an au to clave. These ster il izedflasks with the me dium were in oc u lated with tendays old cul ture of the patho gen in equal quan ti ties(5 mm pieces) made with help of a ster il ized corkborer. These flask were then in cu bated at a dif fer ent tem per a ture viz.,10,20,25,30 and 35°C for 10 days.Each treat ment had three rep li ca tions. Af ter 10dayof in cu ba tion, the me dium con tain ing my ce liummats was fil tered through weighted What man’sfil ter pa per No. 42 and these fil ter pa pers with themycelia mat were dried in the hot air oven at 60°Cfor 24 hours. The weight was taken sep a rately atdif fer ent tem per a ture. The net dry weight of thefil ter pa per from the to tal weight of the each casewas de ducted.

Po tato dex trose agar me dium was also usedfor the study of ef fect of hy dro gen ioncon cen tra tions for the growth and sporulation of the fun gus. The pH of me dium was ad justed to de siredlevel with the help of Phillip’s pH me ter by us ingN/10 hy dro chlo ric acid and so dium hy drox ide forlower and higher pH value, re spec tively. The pH

value more ad justed on 5,5.5,6,6.5,7,7.5,8 and 8.5.50 ml of the pH ad justed me dium was poured in150 ml con i cal flask and ster il ized at 1.1 kgpres sure /cm2 for 20 min utes in an au to clave. Eachtreat ment was rep li cated for four times. The flaskcon tain ing the me dium of dif fer ent pH value



176 Singh et al.

in oc u lated with 10 day old cul ture of the patho gen inequal quan ti ties (5mm pieces) made with help ofster il ized cork borer and were then in cu bated for 5days at 25°C to 28°C for fur ther growth andsporulation of the fun gus. Af ter in cu ba tion, theme dium con tain ing the my ce lium mats of thepatho gen was fil tered and oven dried at 60°C for 48hours and weighted and av er age dry weight wasob tained in the usual man ner.


Ef fect of dif fer ent me dia on the growth of the

patho gen.

Data rep re sented in Ta ble 1 re vealed that thebest growth of the fun gus was ob tained on po tatodex trose agar me dium fol lowed by Malt ex tract agarme dium which were sta tis ti cally su pe rior to otherme dia tested and sig nif i cantly differed from eachother. The next best me dium was Kirchaff ‘s agarme dium fol lowed by corn meal agar me dium andthese were sta tis ti cally sim i lar to each other. The restof the me dia found in the or der of per for mance wereOat meal agar, Sabouraud’s me dium and Stan dard

nu tri ent me dium. These were sta tis ti cally at par to each other. The Rich ard’s agar me dium and Hostex tract agar me dium sup ported poor growth of the fun gus con firm ing to re sults of Adbel et al. (1)and Gopinath (3).

It is also ev i dent (Ta ble 1) that ex cel lentsporulation of the fun gus was re corded on po tatodex trose agar and Malt ex tract agar me dium.Sporulation was good on Kirchaff’s me dium,Corn meal agar, Oat meal agar, Sabouraud’sme dium and Stan dard nu tri ent me dium.Sporulation was fair on Rechard’s me dium, while poor spoulation was ob served on Host ex tractagar me dium, which is sim i lar to Sidlauskine et

al. (5)

Ta ble 2 : Fun gal dry weight and sporulation ofAlternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici at dif fer ent tem per a ture af ter 10 days of in cu ba tion.

Temperature(°C)

Average dryweight of

fungus (mg)

Sporulation

10 145.00 Poor

20 460.00 Good

25 670.00 Good

30 750.00 Excellent

35 430.00 Fair

C .D. (P=0.05) 8.67

Effect of different temperature on the growth

and sporulation of fungus

The re sults pre sented in Ta ble 2 in di cate

that the fun gus was able to grow at a wide

tem per a ture range of 10-35°C. The op ti mum

tem per a ture for the growth of the fun gus was

30°C fol lowed by 25°C. It is also clear that all the

tem per a ture dif fered sig nif i cantly from each other

in re spect to their ef fect on the mycelia weight of

fun gus. The ex cel lent sporulation was of ten at

30°C, good at 25°C and 20°C fair at 35°C while

the sporulation the was poor at 10 0C con firm ing

to the find ing of Singh (6), Sahi (4) and

Sidlaukine et al. (5)

Ta ble 1: Ra dial growth and sporulation of

Alternaria al ter nata f. sp. lycopersici on dif fer ent

solid me dia af ter 8 days of in cu ba tion at

25°C-28°C.

MediaAveragediameterof fungalcolonies

(mm)

Sporulation

Potato dextrose agar (PDA) 90.0 Excellent

Malt extract agar 73.0 Excellent

Kirchaff’s medium 65.0 Good

Corn meal agar 63.0 Good

Oat meal agar 60.0 Good

Sabouraud’s medium 60.0 Good

Standard nutrient Medium 59.0 Good

Richard’s medium 43.0 Fair

Host extract agar 26.0 Poor

C.D. (P=0.05) 3.73

Ef fect of dif fer ent hy dro gen ion con cen tra tion on

the growth and sporulation of the fun gus.

The data pre sented in the Ta ble 3 re vealed that the max i mum fun gal growth oc curred at pH 7.0 fol lowed by pH 7.5 and 8.0. The op ti mum pH range for fun gal growth was from 7.0 to 7.5 There wasalso sig nif i cant re duc tion in fun gal dry weight atpH lower than 7.0 and higher than 7.5Com par a tively higher fun gal growth was re cordedat pH level of 7.0 as com pared to other pH lev els.The low est fun gal growth was no ticed at pH 5.0 the There was sig nif i cant dif fer ence in the growth offun gus at dif fer ent Hy dro gen ion con cen tra tionex cept in pH 5.5 and 8.5. The best growth of fun gus was re corded at pH 7.0 fol lowed by 7.5 and 6.5which is sim i lar to re sults of Turhan (7) and Auba et al. (2) Ex cel lent sporulation oc curred at pH 7.0.There was good sporulation at pH 6.0 , 6.5 and 7.5and it was fair at pH 5.5 and 8.0 while poor at pH

5.0and 8.5.

Ta ble 3: Ef fect of pH lev els on the ra dial growthdry weight and sporulation of Alternariaal ter nata f.sp lycopersici on PDA me dium af ter 5days of in cu ba tion at 25-28°C.

pH level Radialgrowth of the colony

(mm)

Av. Fungal dry weight

Sporulation

5.0 16.30 420.00 Poor

5.5 19.6 504.00 Fair

6.0 21.8 576.00 Good

6.0 24.00 699.00 Good

7.0 28.0 732.00 Excellent

7.5 25.5 700.17 Good

8.0 24.8 545.58 Fair

8.5 24.3 491.0 Poor

C.D.(P=0.05)

4.15 14.26

RE FER ENCES

1. Abdel, Mallek, A. K., Hemida, S. K., and

Bagy, M. M. K. (1995). Stud ies on fungi

as so ci ated with to mato fruits and ef fec tive ness

of some com mer cial fun gi cides against three

patho gens. Mycopathologia, 130 (20) : 109 -

116.

2. Auba, M., Chiong and Perz, L. M. (1993).

Ef fect of fo liar nu tri ents, fun gi cides,

tem per a ture and metalions on pectat elyase and

endopolygalacturonase from Alternaria

al ter nata found in as so ci a tion with sooty mould

on cit rus trees. Fitopatolotia, 28 (1) : 38 – 44 .

3. Gopinath, Hait (2002). Phys i o log i cal stud ies on

Alternaria al ter nata patho genic to Solanum

hasianum. J. Mycopathol. Res., 40 (2):207-209.

4. Sahi H.P.S. (1990). Ep i de mi ol ogy and

man age ment of Alternaria leaf spot of to mato in

Himanchal Pradesh. Ph.D. The sis Dr. Y.S.

Parmar Uni. Horti. and For estry., So lan H.P.

5. Sidlauskine, A.; Rasinkiene, A. and Surviliene,

E. (2003). In flu ence of en vi ron men tal con di tion

upon the de vel op ment Alternaria ge nus fungi

In-Vi tro. Sodininkyste Darzininkyste, 22 (2) :

160-166.

6. Singh, R.S. (1987). Dis eases of Veg e ta ble crops.

Ox ford and I. B. H. Pub. Co., New Delhi.

7. Turhan, G. (1993). Mycoparasitism of

Alternaria alternata by an additional eight fungi

indicating the existence of further unknow

candidates for biological control. J.

Phytopathology., 138 (4) : 283-292

Effect of different media, pH and temperature on growth and sporulation of Alternaria alternata 177

EF FECT OF WEEDI CIDE IN MINIMIZATION OF WEED MENANCE IN

NAGPUR MANADARIN OR CHARD

J. Singh*, P. Bhatnagar and Bhim Singh

Col lege of Hor ti cul ture & For estry (MPUAT), Jhalrapatan, Jhalawar - 326023 (Raj.)

*Email: jsingh [email protected].

AB STRACT: Dur ing Kharif sea son weed poses se ri ous threats in mandarin orchards andsome times the in fes ta tion of weed flora is so high that it cre ates great chal lenge in main tain ingthe plant grow ing and sur viv ing prop erly. To coun ter weed prob lem, weedicides have proven itsworth. La bour avail abil ity get ting prob lem atic day by day, op tion of weed con trol rests with theview of weedi cide with such an idea an ex per i ment was con ducted with a view to as sess theef fi cacy of weedi cide in coun ter ing weed growth in newly grown man da rin or chard. The or chardwas hav ing heavy in fes ta tion of Echinocola cholena, Celosia sp, Cassia tora, Comelinacommunis, C. benghalensis, Abelmoschus muschatus, Euphorbia xeniculata, Par then iumhysterophorus, etc. From the ex per i ment it ap peared that Isoproturon 75% WP@ 2% was foundmost ef fi ca cious out of 2, 4-D , Oxyflourfen, Glyphosate and Imazethapyr used to con trol weedsin man da rin or chard.

Keywords: Man da rin or chard, weed flora, weedi cide.

Flora which grows on un de sir able place istermed as weed. It can also be de fined as un wantedplant in the field (Singh, 5). Weeds are ubiq ui tous andre duce the crop yields and in di rectly theyel e vate cost of farm pro duc tion through en ergyspent in con trol ling them (Prasad and Kumar, 4).Weed in ter feres with ag ri cul ture op er a tions. Itcom petes with main crop for space, light, nu tri ents,mois ture and more so har bours pests and dis eases(Singh, 5). It is truly said ag ri cul ture is acon tro versy with weeds. The man da rin or chards get in fested with monocot and dicot weeds es pe ciallydur ing Kharif sea son which com petes with themain crop for wa ter, nu tri ent and space. Theor chard was hav ing heavy in fes ta tion ofEchinocola cholena, Celosia sp, Cassia tora,Comelina communis, C. benghalensis, Euphorbiaxeniculata, Par then ium hysterophones etc. Inmon soon sea son in ces sant rain fall may makephys i cal weed ing in fea si ble. Weedicides can beused to en sure free dom to crops from weeds un dersuch a con di tion. Cul ti va tion has been the ma jormethod of weed con trol in man da rin or chard but ithas many draw backs as it dam ages feeder roots.Fre quent till age de stroys the struc ture of the sur face soil, thus low er ing the wa ter hold ing ca pac ity andper me abil ity of the soil too (Bal, 1). Due to these

lim i ta tions, use of chem i cal weedicides forcon trol ling weeds in cit rus or chard is geuningim por tance all over the world. Use of chem i calweedicides is not only ad van ta geous to the grow ersbut also eco nom i cal (Bose and Mitra, 2). Keep ingthese things in view, the pres ent in ves ti ga tion wascar ried out so as it find out ef fec tive weed con trol in

man da rin or chard.

The pres ent ex per i ment was con ducted dur ingrainy sea son of 20 10 at the Nagpur Man da rin(Citrus reticulata Blanco) or chard at the Col lege ofHor ti cul ture and For estry (MPUAT), Jhalarpatan.The treat ments (Table 1) com menced of 1% 2, 4-D,38 EC; 2% 2, 4-D 38 EC + 1 % Oxyflourfen 23.5EC + 1 % Glyphosate 71 % SG + 2% Glyphosate71 % SG + 1 % Isoproturon 75% WP + 2%Isoproturon 75% WP + 1 % Imazethapyr 10% SL +2% Imazethapyr 10% SL. The ob ser va tion onnumber of weeds per 10 cm2 area af ter spray ing/ef fi cacy ofweedicide in coun ter ing weed growth innewly grown Man da rin or chard were re corded

dur ing rainy sea son.

From the experiment it appeared thatIsoproturon 75% WP @ 2% was most effective outof 2, 4-D, oxyflourfen, Glyphosate and Imaze-thapyr (Concentration 1 %, 2%) used to controlweeds in mandarin orchard (Table 2). Under



Effect of weedicide in minimization of weed menance in Nagpur manadarin orchard 179

Isoproturon, no weed population was noted afterspray. Irrespective of kind of weed flora, the weedpopulation in the orchard varied from 45-50 /10 cm2

before spraying. It was noted to 0- 20 11/10 cm2 afterspraying over other weedicides might be due to itsbetter absorption and translocation and also due tosusceptibility of weed flora to it. The affectivity aherbicides accounted to absorption trans locates and

selectivity has been used (Panda, 3).

REF ER ENCES

1. Bal, J. S. (2006). Fruit Grow ing. Kalyani

Pub lishes, Rajinder Nagar, Ludhiana, p. 193.

2. Bose, T.K. and Mitra S. K. (1999). Trop i cal

Hor ti cul ture. Naya Prokash Cal cutta, p. 219.

3. Panda, S.C. (2005). Agron omy. Agrobios,

Jodh pur, pp. 688-691.

4. Prasad, S. and Kumar, U. (2005). Prin ci ple af

Hor ti cul ture. Agrobios (In dia) Jodh pur, pp.

412-419.

5. Singh, J. (2008). Basic Horticulture, Kalyani

Publishers, Rajinder Nagar, Ludhiana,

pp.I77-189.

Ta ble 1: De tail about con cen tra tion of weedi cide

used for spray.

ChemicalName

CommercialFormulation

Trade Name

2,4-D 38 % EC Kilharb Oxyflourfen 23.5 % EC Life Gold Glyphosate 71% SG Decar Excel Mera Isoproturon 75% WP Wonder

Imazethapyr 10%, SL Pursuit

Ta ble 2: Effect of weedicides on con trol of weed.

Treatments No. ofweeds /10

cm2

beforespraying

No. ofweeds/l0cm2 afterspraying

Marking

1% 2,4-D 48 20 2.0

2% 2, 4 -D 50 18 2.5

1 % Oxytlourfen 47 12 5.0

1% Glyphosate 46 1 8.0

2% Glyphosate 48 1 7.0

1 % Isoproturon 45 4 6.0

2% Isoproturon 48 0 9.0

1 % 1m azethapyr 50 18 4.0

2% Imazethapyr 47 4 3.0

CD 07.58 3.50 3.12

Plate 1 : Common Kharif weed flora in mandarin

Re search Note :

IM PACT OF DIF FER ENT FERTIGATION LEV ELS ON MORPHO-

PHYS I O LOG I CAL TRAITS AND YIELD OF CU CUM BER UN DER

GREEN HOUSE CON DI TION

S.P. Tiwari

Pre ci sion Farm ing De vel op ment Cen tre, Indira Gan dhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)


AB STRACT: The ex per i ment was car ried out at Pre ci sion Farm ing De vel op ment Cen tre(PFDC) Deptt. of Hor ti cul ture, Indira Gan dhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) dur ing Kharif2012. Ex per i ment was con ducted in RBD com pris ing of five treat ments viz. 60%,80%,100%,120% and con trol fertigation (wa ter sol u ble fer til iz ers) lev els un der the green housecon di tion. Ob ser va tions were taken on vine length, vine girth, chlo ro phyll con tent, days to firstflow er ing, days to first fruit ing, fruit length, fruit, di am e ter, fruit weight and fruit yield. Resultsrevealed that most of the parameters studied showed maximum values with fertilization with

100% RDF.

Keywords: Fertigation, green house, chlo ro phyll con tent,cu cum ber, yield.

Cu cum ber (Cucumi sativas) is most im por tanthor ti cul tural crop of our coun try being cul ti vated in all over In dia. It have more nu tri tive value socu cum ber is apart of hu man diet. Fertigation al lows nu tri ent place ment di rectly into root zone aroundthe plants through a dripper net work with the helpof emit ters near the con sump tive use of plantsdur ing crit i cal pe ri ods of nu tri ent re quire ment.Thereby, losses of wa ter and nu tri ent can bemin i mized sub stan tially as fertigation iseco nom i cally fea si ble, so cially and en vi ron -men tally ac cept able. Fertigation of NPK (wa tersol u ble) nu tri ent along with op ti mum quan tity of mi cro nu tri ents are re quired for im prov ingveg e ta tive and re pro duc tive char ac ter is ticslead ing to higher yield. The micro nut ri ents playkey role en hanc ing the growth and met a bolicac tiv i ties at spe cific growth stages. In view ofabove facts a study on the im pact of wa ter sol u blefer til iz ers on mor pho log i cal, phys i o log i cal andpa ram e ters and yield of cu cum ber was carried out.

The experiment was conducted under greenhouse at Precision Farming Development CentreIndira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur(C.G.) during Kharif season of 2012. Experimentwas comprised of five levels of fertigation (watersoluble fertilizers) viz. 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and

control. The design adopted for experiment wasrandomized block design with four replicationsusing the spacing between row to row and plant toplant 90 ´ 60 cm. Observations were recorded onfive randomly selected plants in each plot withdifferent characters i.e., vine length, vine girth,chlorophyll content, days to first flowering, days tofirst fruiting, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruitweight, and yield. Data were statistically analysed as per the standard procedure.

The re sults (Ta ble 1) revealed that thetreat ments were sig nif i cantly different in thegreen house con di tion. Treat ment T5 (120% RDF)ex hib ited max i mum vine length un der thegreen house con di tion whereas the min i mum vinelength was re corded in control. It might be due tothe op ti mum avail abil ity of mois ture whichfa cil i tated for pro duc tion of better root bio massre sult ing better nu tri ent up take from the soil. Vinegirth was no ticed max i mum in T4 (100% RDF)fol lowed by T5. This might be due to greater CO2

con cen tra tion and im proved soil tem per a tureen hanc ing the veg e ta tive growth of plants. Themax i mum chlo ro phyll con tent was recorded with100% RDF (T4) un der the green house con di tionwhereas the min i mum chlo ro phyll con tent wasno ticed in control (T1). The in crease in chlo ro phyll



of cu cum ber might be due to the pres ence of Mgwhich is an es sen tial el e ment and con stit u ent ofchlo ro phyll and plays a key role in chlo ro phyllfor ma tion un der the poly house (Singh et al., 4).

Treat ment T4 ex hib ited min i mum days to firstflow er ing and fist fruit ing un der the green housecon di tion. where as the max i mum days to firstflow er ing and first fruit ing were found in Treat ment T1. The tem per a ture plays a key role in flowergrowth, de vel op ment and fruit set in cu cum ber.Fertigation un der the green house af fect thetem per a ture of mi cro cli mate around the plants. Thegreater in flu ence of tem per a ture and in creasedpho to syn the sis might have in flu enced to theini ti a tion of first flow er ing, num ber of flow ers perplant due to dif fer ent lev els of fertigation. Re sults are cor rob o rated with the find ings of Locher et al. (2)and Hartz et al. (1) in sweet pep per. Treat ment T4

(100% RDF) ex hib ited max i mum fruit yield perhect are un der the green house con di tion whereas the min i mum fruit yield per hect are was re corded in T1

(control). The re sults are di rectly cor re lated with fruit

yield per plant or per plot. Re sults are in closecon for mity with the find ing of Ombodi et al. (3)

in sweet pep per.

REF ER ENCES1. Hartz, T. K., Lestrange, M. and May, D. M.

(1993). Ni tro gen re quire ments of drip-

ir ri gated pep pers. Hortic. Sci., 28(11):

1097-1099.

2. Locher, J., Ombodi, A., Kassai, T., Tornyai, T.

and Dimeny, J. (2003). Ef fects of black plas tic

mulch and raised bed on soil tem per a ture and

yield of sweet pep per. In tern. J. Hortic. Sci.,

9(3/4): 107-110.

3. Ombodi, A., Horel, J. and Kassai, T. (2008).

Eval u a tion of wa ter use ef fi ciency in in ten sive

sweet pep per field cul ti va tion. Ce real Res.

Communic., 36(5): 1455-1458.

4. Singh, R. V., Chauhan, H. S. and Tafera, A.

(2007). Wetting front advance for varying

rates of discharge from a trickle source. J. Irri.

Drain., Eng., 100:125-128.

Impact of fertigation levels on cucumber under green house conditions 181

Ta ble 1: Ef fect of dif fer ent fertigation lev els on morpho-phys i o log i cal traits and yield of cu cum ber

under greenhouse condition.

TreatmentsVine

length

(cm)

Vinethickness

(cm)

Chloro-phyll

content

Days tofirst

flowering

Days tofirst

fruiting

Fruitlength (cm)

Fruitweight

(g)

Yield

q/ha

T1-Control 153 1.15 35.65 48 54 13 120 2.34

T2-60% RDF 180 1.44 42.59 46 52 16 150 3.97

T3-80% RDF 192 2.49 54.19 41 47 18 180 4.48

T4-100% RDF 201 2.97 55.28 35 41 22 250 4.89

T5-120% RDF 256 2.85 53.65 39 46 20 235 4.72

C.D. (P=0.05) 3.79 2.99 3.58 6.41 6.75 6.48 4.53 6.57

STAN DARD IZA TION OF PACK AGE OF PRAC TICES FOR ZAMIKAND

(Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume.) CUL TI VA TION

Sanjive Kumar Singh1*, Naushad Khan2 and S.D. Dutta1

1De part ment of Veg e ta ble Sci ence; 1Department of Agron omy

Chandra Shekhar Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy, Kalyanpur, Kanpur (U.P.)-208024

*E-mail: [email protected].

AB STRACT: Field ex per i ment was con ducted at De part ment of Veg e ta ble Sci ence, ChandraShekhar Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy Kalyanpur, Kanpur on zamikand va ri etyAzad Suran-1 with the ob jec tive to work out the op ti mum spac ing be tween plant to plant and rowto row and suit able seed size for gen eral cul ti va tion. The ex per i ment with five dif fer ent seedsizes and four spac ings was con ducted. Re sults re vealed that 75 X 75 cm spac ing with 0.750 kgweight of corm was rel a tively eco nom i cal over 1.000 kg seed weight at the same spac ing.

Keywords : Amorphophallus, yam, corm size, spac ing.

Zamikand or el e phant foot yam is ba si cally an

un der ground mod i fied stem. Zamikand orig i nated

in In dia, grown for its corms, which can be stored

for long pe ri ods. Its cul ti va tion is how ever

re stricted to In dia, Phil ip pines, In do ne sia, Sri

Lanka and South East Asia. It has both nu tri tional

and me dic i nal value and usu ally con sumed as

cooked veg e ta ble (Kundu et al., 1). It is sto machic

and tonic, used in piles and given as a re stor ative in

dys pep sia and gen eral de bil ity etc. Its root is used

in boils and opthalmia. It has high dry mat ter

pro duc tion ca pa bil ity per unit area than most of the

other veg e ta bles.

A field trial was con ducted dur ing Kharif2003-04 on zamikand va ri ety Azad Suran-1, atDe part ment of Veg e ta ble Sci ence, ChandraShekhar Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture andTech nol ogy Kalyanpur, Kanpur with the ob jec tiveto de ter mine the op ti mum spac ing and seed size.Seed corms were planted in a ran dom ized blockde sign with three rep li ca tions. The plant ing wasdone with four level of spac ing i.e. 25 ´ 25 (S1), 50´ 50 cm (S2), 75 ´ 75 cm (S3), 100 ´ 100 cm (S4)apart and five seed weight viz; 0.125 (W1), 0.250(W2), 0.500 (W3), 0.750 (W4), 1.00 kg (W5). Farmyard ma nure @ 25 t ha-1, N @ 80 kg ha-1 in the form of urea, P2O5 @ 60 kg ha-1 in the form of sin glesuper phos phate and K2O @ 80 kg ha-1 in the form

of murate of pot ash were applied. Half of ni tro genand full phos phate and pot ash were ap plied as basal dose and the re main ing half of ni tro gen was givenin two split doses at 60 and 90 days af ter plant ing to the stand ing crop as top dress ing. The ob ser va tionson five ran domly se lected plants were re corded oncorm yield. The data were sub jected to sta tis ti calanal y sis.

The growth pat tern of yams may vary due tocultivars, cul tural prac tices, soil fer til ity and soilmois ture (rain fall). Njoku et al. (2), Onwueme (3)and Sobulo (4) con sid ered that the growth cy cle ofyam plant can be di vided into three dis tinct phases.The first phase in volves sprout ing, ex ten sive rootde vel op ment and vine elon ga tion. The corm yieldof zamikand was pro gres sively in flu enced with thein creas ing lev els of spac ing. Use of 0.750 kg seedcorm with 75 ´ 75 cm spac ing had given max i mumyield 347.10 q/h, while 1.00 kg seed corm with 100´ 100 cm spac ing resulted in 324.97 q/h yield andalso prof it able as com pared to other seed corm(Ta ble 1 and 2).

With the economic point of view use of 0.750kg seed corm with 75 ´ 75 cm spacing was foundoptimum for better return as compared to othertreatment combination in relation to seed size andspacing in zamikand. Thus, it is suggested that0.750 kg weight of corm with 75 ´ 75 cm spacingmay be recommended for general cultivation ofzamikand for better return with B:C ratio as 2.85.



Standardization of package of practices for zimikand cultivation 183

REF ER ENCES

1. Kundu, B.C., Ahmad, M.S., Hassan, M.K.,

Hossain, M.A. and Is lam, M.S.(1998). Ef fect

of NPK fer til iz ers on the per for mance of

Olkachu (Amorphophallus companulatus

Blume.). J. Root Crops, 24(1):31-36.

2. Njoku, E., Oyolu, C., Okonkwo, S.N.C. and

Nwoke, F.I.O. (1973). The pat tern of growth

and de vel op ment in Dioscorea rotundata Poir.

In: Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Trop. Root Crops,

Ibadan, Ni ge ria, pp.347-358.

3. Onwuene, I.C.(1978). The Tropical Tuber

Crops: Yams, Cas sava, Sweetpotato,

Cocoyams, Sci. Plant Nutr., 13:143-150.

4. Sobulo, R.A. (1972). Stud ies on white yam

(Dioscorea rotundata) 1. Growth anal y sis.

Exp. Agric., 8:99-106.

Ta ble 1: In ter ac tion effect of seed size and spac ing in Zamikand.

Treatment W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 Yield (q/ha)

S1 20.72 21.37 24.36 27.56 27.41 269.64

S2 21.19 22.17 25.13 28.18 27.99 276.97

S3 21.48 22.84 26.14 31.24 30.99 294.97

S4 20.89 21.30 25.89 30.76 29.25 284.64

233.98 243.64 281.97 326.30 321.97

Ta ble 2: Yield pa ram e ters of zimikand at a glance.

Parameters CD (P =0.05)

CV%

Yield (q/ha) S 20.00* 7.49

W 23.06**

S x W NS

Plant height(cm)

S 0.43** 1.97

W 0.38**

S x W 0.75**

Stemdiameter(cm)

S 0.08** 9.15

W 0.093**

S x W 0.16*

Leaf length(cm)

S 0.22** 2.97

W 0.25**

S x W NS

Leaf width(cm)

S 0.056** 0.70

W 0.063**

S x W 0.126**

LIST OF RE VIEW ERS

1. Dr. Dinesh Kumar

Sr. Sci en tist

Re search Extn. Cen tre

CTR&TI, Katghora, Korba, Chhattisgarh

2. Dr. Rajesh Kumar Shukla

Asstt. Pro fes sor

Deptt. of Hor ti cul ture, Col lege of Ag ri cul ture,

GBPUA&T, Pantnagar-263145

3. Dr. Sunil Kumar

Asstt. Prof.(Flori cul ture)

Col lege of Hort. & For estry

Cen tral Agric. Uni ver sity

Pasighat-791 102, Arunachal Pradesh,

4. Dr. Parm Pal Singh Gill

Hor ti cul tur ist

Deptt. of Fruit Sci ence,

Punjab Agric. Uni ver sity,

Ludhiana-141004 (Punjab)

5. Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh

Asstt. Pro fes sor

Deptt. of Ge net ics & Plant Breed ing,

T.D. (P.G.) Col lege, Jaunpur-222 002 (UP)

6. Dr. Rachna Arora

Asstt. Pro fes sor (Hort)

Deptt. of Hor ti cul ture, KVK, Langroya,

Distt.- SBS Nagar, Punjab

7. Dr. Gopal Singh

Asstt. Pro fes sor

Deptt. of Plant Pa thol ogy

S.V.P.U.A.&T., Modipuram, Meerut

8. Dr. Satya Prakash

PC/Assoc. Dir. (Hort)

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Baghra, M. Nagar

9. Dr. Vijay Ba ha dur Singh

Asstt. Pro fes sor

Deptt. of Hor ti cul ture

SHIATS (For merly-AAI), Naini

Allahabad-211007 (U.P.)

10. Dr. Manish Srivastava

Sr. Sci en tist

Div. of Fruits & Hortic. Tech.,

IARI, Pusa, New Delhi-110-012

11. Dr. Desh Pal Singh

Programme Co or di na tor

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)

Tandh Vijaisi, Neoria, Pilibhit (UP)

12. Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey SMS (Pl. Pro tec tion)

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (IIVR)Malhana

PO-Bankata Mishra (Majhauli Raj)

Deoria-274506

13. Dr. Sukhjit Kaur Jawandha

Asstt. Hor ti cul tur ist

Deptt. of Fruit Sci ence, Punjab Agric. Univ.,

Ludhiana-141004 (Punjab)

14. Dr. Jitendra Kr. Tiwari

Asstt. Di rec tor (Hort)

Na tional Hort. Res. Dev. Foun da tion (NHRDF),

132, UIT Scheme,

Near Sant Tukaram Com mu nity Hall,

Kunhadi, Kota (Raj.)

15. Dr. Virendra Pal SMS/Asstt. Pro fes sor

KVK, Hastinapur, Meerut

The sup port pro vided by above re view ers and all the mem bers of Ed i to rial Board (2012) by the way of peerre view of the pa pers pub lished in ‘HortFlora Re search Spec trum’ Vol. 1 (1-4), 2012 is duly ac knowl edgedand ap pre ci ated. We look for ward to their con tin ued as sis tance. (Dr. V.K.Umrao) Chief Ed i tor, HRS Sec re tary, BAAS

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