6. From Monarchy to Republic
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Transcript of 6. From Monarchy to Republic
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From Monarchy to RepublicBeginning of the XXth Century
Juan Antonio López LuqueCIEE Alicante
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Desde una perspectiva económica, no se puede hablar de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no perdió la escasa presencia que ya se tenía en los mercados latinoamericanos.
Teddy Roosevelt y los Rough Riders durante la Guerra de 1898
Spanish – American War
Was actually good for the economy of the country
For the first time in many years, Spain had a surplus in the beginnings of the XXth Century
The loss of the colonies meant a return of investments and resources for the Spanish economy
In fact Spain had a very limited pressence on the American countries economy
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Desde una perspectiva económica, no se puede hablar de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no perdió la escasa presencia que ya se tenía en los mercados latinoamericanos.
Spanish – American War
But the loss of aprox. 50,000 soldiers :
Propossals of political reformation and modernization : the Regeneracionismo (political and educational reformation)
Increase of the nationalisms (Catalonia and Basque Country)
Regeneracionismo Nationalism
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Alfonso XIII
1902
Semana Trágica
of Barcelona
1909
1917
1917 CrisisAnnual
Disaster
1921
Primo de Rivera
Dictatorship
1923
King’s abdication Republic
1931
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Desde una perspectiva económica, no se puede hablar de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no
Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII became king in1902
Continuous Political Crisis
Political interventionism of Alfonso XIII
Division of the “turning” political parties
Weakening of the caciquismo (due to the urban development of the country).
Rise of the political opposition to the regime (republicans, nacionalistas, socialists and anarchists).
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Desde una perspectiva de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no
Social problems:
Strikes
The “religious problem"
The “military problem"
nationalism
The “Morocco problem"
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Influence in Morocco
Mining works on the Rif
1909
After de disaster of 1898 Spain wants to recuperate the international prestige
the Rif
Attacks from the moroccan
tribes
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Influence in Morocco
Mining works on the Rif
1909
After de disaster of 1898 Spain wants to recuperate the international prestige
Attacks from the moroccan
tribes
Spain send the troops
Basically young men in the reserve
Problems in Madrid &
Barcelona
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Desde una perspectiva de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no
In Barcelona- General Strike- Demonstrations during 3 days- Churches being burnt- Confrontations with the Army...
1909MoroccoEl Barranco del Lobo:1200 dead Spanish soldiers
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Desde una perspectiva de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no
Is the “Tragic Week”
Several wounded, more than a hundred dead, destruction...
Repression
fake judgment and execution of Ferrer i Guardia
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Crisis of 1917
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Desde una perspectiva de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no
First World War 1914 - 1917
It’s a very good period for the Spanish industrial classes
But no for the workers
Spain was neutral
Spanish companies were selling to everybody
Social Crisis
Revolutionary General Strike
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Desde una perspectiva de desastre:El fin de la guerra permitió hacer algunas reformas necesarias en el sistema de impuestos y en la emisión de deuda, lo que supuso un saneamiento de la situación de la Hacienda. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo, el estado español tuvo superávit a principios del siglo XX.La pérdida de las colonias supuso una importante repatriación de capitales que fueron invertidos en la economía peninsular.España no
War in Morocco
Creation of the Juntas de Defensa
- Quick and not always well-deserved promotions among the “African” Army
- The impossibility of promotion because of the lack of destinations (no more colonies)
- Too many ranks for such a small army
Uneasiness among the peninsular Army
Military Crisis
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60 congressmen and senators: nationalists, socialists, republicans
and even some liberals
Asamblea Nacional de Parlamentarios
Demand a change in the government
Parlamentary Crisis
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Annual Disaster
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Precedent: beginnings of the Spanish ocupation
• Algeciras Conference (1906) and the distribution of Morocco
• First efective attempts Barranco del Lobo disaster
• Secondary colonization in comparition with France
1912: creation of the Moroccan Protectorate
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• Annual disaster• causes
• Political and economic interests
• Desire of colonization of Romanones and the king
• Mining
• Military incompetence: Silvestre
• The Spaniards treated the Moroccan with disdain: Abd-el-Krim
• July 1921: Moroccan attacks against Annual and the rest of Spanish
posts military defeat and retreat
• The retreating army is butchered at Monte Arruit
• The rebels gat near Melilla
• 15.000 dead (General Silvestre among them), all positions are lost, …
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Annual disaster
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La campaña y retirada de Annual
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Abd-el-Krim
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Soldados españoles defendiendo una posición
Cabileños frente a Melilla en 1921
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General SilvestreGeneral Berenguer
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After the battle: Monte Arruit full of corpses, most of them tortured, handless, footless, beheaded
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represalias
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The PRONUNCIAMIENTO• Miguel Primo de Rivera,
Captain General of Catalonia, rebels on Septembre 13 1923. Alfonso XIII supported the rebelion.
• The constitution is abolished and the parliament closed
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Military Directory (1923-1925)•
Under terms of martial law, peace and security were soon restored to the cities and industrial areas
• He had the support of the Catholic Church, the king and the industrial and noble classes
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Desembarco de Alhucemas
Military Directory (1923-1925)
Amphibious force landing in the Bay of Alhucemas
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A sort of technocratic regenerationism.
Civil Directory (1923-1925)
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Public works:•highway system •central state hydropower policy •increase in rural electrification•new irrigation projects •reequipping the railroads•urban development•state oil monopoly (CAMPSA)•reforestation campaign
Civil Directory (1923-1925)
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The opossition
1.Liberals y conservatives
2.Republicans, socialists, anarchists
3.Intelectuals
4.sectors of the army
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END OF THE DICTATORSHIP
• Primo was probably the most gentle and liberal "dictatorship" of twentieth-century Europe
• For six and a half years it brought peace, order, and prosperity to Spain.
• But destroyed the historic system of representative government
• With his fall, the Monarchy would collapse definetely
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The DICTABLANDA
• Alfonso XIII was aware of the Dictator weak possition (social problems, military discontent, economical problems after the Wall Street crash)
• So he tried to get rid of him hoping to save the Monarchy
• In 1930 an elderly general, Dámaso Berenguer was appointed; not a political leader, he lacked talent, experience, and goals, and his health was almost as poor as that of Primo
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1931 Elections• Strikes increased, and republican
conspirators moved freely.
• Finally, in January 1931, the government announced that it would hold regular parliamentary elections
• On April 12, 1931, a majority of voters supported monarchist candidates, but the more liberal cities voted overwhelmingly for republican municipal councilors.
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The Second Republic
• On April 14 D. Alfonso concluded that any attempt to retain power would either be futile and left the country
• On the same day April 14 1931, the Second Republic of Spain was proclaimed
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Consecuencias:• Se acaba con el intento de creación de un verdadero
parlamentarismo democrático
• Radicalización de los nacionalismos
• Se vuelve a legitimar el acceso al poder por las armas desde el ejército
• Daño definitivo a la Monarquía • se constata que dentro de ella no hay solución a los problemas• desprestigio de la Institución monárquica por el apoyo al golpe• deja abierta la puerta a la República (Pacto de San Sebastián,
agosto de 1930, una unión de partidos de izquierda, nacionalistas regionales, antimonárquicos, etc.)