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    Expansion Bus

    CHAPTER 6

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    Buses and Expansion Slots

    Buses evolved around data path and speedLocal bus (system) and expansion bus (ISA)

    Buses carry electrical power, control signals,

    memory addresses, and data

    On-board ports, connectors, and riser slots

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    Bus Connections

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    On-Board Ports, Connectors andRiser Slots

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    Expansion Slots

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    Types of Expansion Slots

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    Interface (Expansion) Cards

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    Interface (Expansion) Cards

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    PC Bus

    ISA Bus 16 bits wide

    7 MHz speed

    Manual configuration

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    Modern Expansion Buses

    IBMs Micro Channel Architecture MCA

    Open standard Extended ISA EISA

    Video Electronics Standards Associations VESALocal Bus VL-Bus

    Peripheral Component Interconnect

    PCI

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    Modern Expansion Buses

    PCI Bus 32 bits wide

    33 MHz speed

    Self-configuring

    TIP There was a 64-bit version of the original PCIstandard, but it was quite rare.

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    AGP

    A specialized, video only version of PCI Accelerated graphics port (AGP)

    An AGP slot is a PCI slot, but one with a direct

    connection

    AGP slots are only for video cards

    Dont try to snap a sound card or modem into one

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    PCI-X Available in systems such as the Macintosh G5

    Is a huge enhancement to current PCI that is also fully backward-compatible, in terms of both hardware and software

    PCI-X is a 64-bit-wide bus Its slots will accept regular PCI cards

    The real bonus of PCI-X is its much enhanced speed

    The PCI-X 2.0 standard features four speed grades (measured in MHz): PCI-X 66, PCI-X 133, PCI-X 266, and PCI-X 533

    Obvious candidates for PCI-X are businesses using workstations andservers

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    Mini-PCI

    Find Mini-PCI in just about every laptop Designed to use low power and to lie flat

    Both good features for a laptop expansion slot

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    PCI Express

    PCI Express (PCIe) is the latest, fastest Still PCI, but it uses a point-to-point serial

    connection instead of PCIs shared parallelcommunication

    A PCIe connection uses one wire for sending and One for receiving. Each of these pairs of wires

    between a PCIe controller and a device is called alane

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    PCI Express

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    System Resources Expansion cards, need to communicate with the CPU

    Divide communication into four aspects called system resources The system resources are

    I/O address How the CPU sends commands to devices

    IRQ How devices tell the CPU they need communication

    DMA How the CPU enables devices to talk directly to RAM

    Memory How the CPU talks to RAM on devices

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    System Resources

    Preset I/O address and IRQ combinationsfor the serial and parallel ports

    COM ports for serial connections

    LPT ports for parallel ports

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    Installing Expansion Cards

    Step 1: Knowledge

    Step 2: Physical Installation

    Step 3: Device Drivers Getting the Correct Drivers

    Removing the Old Drivers

    Installing the New Driver Step 4: Verify

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    Installing Expansion Cards

    Unsigned Drivers Bad - it simply means that they havent gone

    through Microsofts exhaustive quality assurancecertification procedure

    Driver Rollback Windows XP offers the nifty feature of rolling back

    to previous drivers after an installation or driver

    upgrade

    Troubleshooting Expansion

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    Troubleshooting ExpansionCards

    Properly installed expansion card rarelymakes trouble

    An improperly installed card usually shows up the

    moment you first try to get that card to do

    whatever its supposed to do and it doesnt do it

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    Device Manager First diagnostic and troubleshooting tool in Windows

    Device problems manifest themselves in the DeviceManager via error icons A black ! on a yellow circle indicates that a device is missing,

    that Windows does not recognize a device, or that theres adevice driver problem. A device may still work even whileproducing this error

    A red X indicates a disabled device (Figure 6-37). This usuallypoints to a device thats been manually turned off, or a damaged

    device. A device producing this error will not work

    A blue i on a white field indicates a device on which someonehas configured the system resources manually. This only occurson non-ACPI systems. This symbol merely provides informationand does not indicate an error with the device