6 EURAS 16-05-2007, G. Zacharopoulou

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Georgia Zacharopoulou Dr. civil & structural engineer of AUTh, GR.

Μ.Α . in Conservation Studies, Io Α AS, York, U.K.

ΕΝ 459:2001 ‟BUILDING LIME‟ Local distinctiveness and standardisation



CEN/TC 51 ’Cement and Building limes’

ENV 459-1: 1994 Building Lime-Part 1:Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria

ENV 459-2: 1994 Building Lime-Part 2:

Test methods ENV 459-3: 1997 Building Lime-Part 3:

Conformity evaluation

Greek ratification 2001/2:

ELOT EN 459.01: 2001 E2+ AC 13.12.2001

ELOT EN 459.02: 2001 E2 09.01.2002

ELOT EN 459.03: 2001 AC 11.12.2001



The Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC has been integrated in Greek legislation with the PD 334/94.

Towards the implementation of the Directive the following

common decisions of the Ministry of Development and theMinistry of Environment and Public Works has been published:

KYA 16462/29/11-07-2001 (FEK 917/B/17-07-2001) „Cements for concrete structures‟ and

KYA 6310/41/28-03-2006 (FEK 427/B/07-04-2006)

„Additions for concretes, mortars and grouts etc.‟

Greece has been considerably delayed in harmonizing …



Holistic research approach

Conservation approach authenticity

Sustainability approach small scale production

Locality is the key principle for both approaches



the representative ASVESTOCHORI AREA



Parts of the holistic research

PART A In situ research (1993-1996)

PART B Lab research (1997-2003) PART C Market research (1993-2003/7)



PART A

In situ research



INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF ASVESTOCHORIin situ research – survey recording



Methodological procedurefor identifying and recording the historic site

Research tools of the industrial Archaelogy

– Bibliographic research

– Research in maps archives – Historical archive of Macedonia

– Foto documentation (past-present)

– Oral interviews

– In situ field research and documentation

– Public and local authorities awareness



Pre-industrial lime kilns C18-C19

Group Α: kiln 6

Group Β: kiln 2/3 & 4/5



Pre-industrial lime kilns C19

Towards the quarry Argiro

Group Β: lime 14



Historical archive of MacedoniaTurkish „tapia‟ of lime production recording 1907



Early industrial „Hoffman‟ lime kiln

Group Β:Hoffman,

«Lime Union»

during construction

(foto 1924)



Industrial lime kilns ’50-’60



Methodological procedure for assessingthe cultural significance of the historic site

AMSTERDAM DECLARATION for the Integrated Conservation (1975)

BURRA CHARTER for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance(1979 & revisions 1981-88), 1999 version is the final updated document

THE TICCΙΗ CHARTER for The Industrial Heritage (2003)

In all documents, the need to involve people in the decision-making process, particularly those people that have strong associations with aplace (i.e. exploiting the dynamic of the socioeconomic forces), is highlyacknowledged and highlighted as an ongoing responsibility



Assessment of the „historic site‟

The area of Asvestochori constitutes an extremelyinteresting historical, natural and technological entity.In a relatively manageable space it features:

a representative assemblage of, pre-industrial, early-industrial and industrial examples of the world history of limeproduction

rare example of the world history of lime production (i.e.Hoffman lime kilns) and

fully vertically-integrated production, from quarrying the

limestone through to the final product from more than 300 years



Proposals of integrated conservation common industrial heritage conservation approach

Actions of PASSIVE PROTECTION Designation of the whole of the area as a “historical site” under

the protection of the Greek Ministry of Culture Ν. 3028/2000 Excavations in order to bring to light the buried lime kilns or any

auxiliary installations

Scientifically documented and discrete restoration of the natural and the built environment, and also of any mechanical equipment

of the industrial kilns Exploring the possibility of the experimental firing of the surviving

pre-industrial and early industrial lime kilns in order to revive the ancient know-how in lime technology



Proposals of integrated conservation strongly connected to sustainability approach

Actions of ACTIVE PROTECTION Preservation in situ of active today lime kilns, looking for their close

cooperation and seeking their dynamic incorporation into the

integrated conservation procedure Establishment of a public welfare cultural “ Park of Lime Technology ”,

which aims to create an “Open Museum” with the support of local

authorities and society together with the Ministry of Culture

Creation of a “ Center of Preservation and Dissemination of Traditional

Building Techniques and Arts” as a motive for an economical revival Development of cooperative relationships with relevant European

centers (“ Ecomuseum Network”) that will secure the transfer of

knowledge of traditional lime techniques, and encourage cooperation on joint European projects



PART B

Lab research



LIME, the diachronic building binderTheory and technology evolution

Theory (chemical equations) – Calcination : CaCO3 CaO + CO2

– Hydration : CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

– Maturation : …………………………. – Carbonation : Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3

Technology

– Calcination: evolution of limekilns and fuels

– Slaking methods: wet slaking, dry slaking

– Maturation process: gradually became redundant

– Mortar manufacture: from putties to dry mixtures



Morphological characterisation SEM

Β.7 x 5,000 (13,5 months)dm=2,5μm, dmax=5μm

Μ.2 x 5,000 (16 months)

dm=1μm, dmax=2μm



Representative Greek lab-prepared lime samples

Comparative classification of samples

ΕΛΟΤ ΕΝ 459-1 ΤGA-DTA Ka (limits according to BS)

CL90 >90 : samples 2, 8 Ka>85: none

CL80 >80 : samples 5, 7 Ka>75: samples 2, 8

CL70 >70 : none Ka>65: samples 5, 7



PART C

Market research



Methodology of market research of the lime branch

Questionnaire, designing criteria

The classification of the questions was derived by the comparative

assessment of the last decade’s research (1993-2003) of theauthor on lime production issues

Common and identical questions should be addressed to andcover all enterprises orientated not to create an advantage

The lime companies themselves should be aware and responsible for the answers

The effectiveness of the potential statistical data processing inthe future

The possibility of „safe‟ and „objective‟ interpretation of the results.



The Asvestochori area today



Active today lime industries of the representative research area

1. “H KYPSELI” SYN. PE.

2. HYDRATED LIME BRELLA A.E.

3. “DIAS” CHEMICAL PRODUCTS E.P.E

4. T. PASTROUMATZIS & SIA E.E

5. CaO Hellas MACEDONIAN LIME COMPANY



Active industrial lime kilns ‟70s - early ‟ 80s



Modern lime unit „90



Basic Questionnaire fields

A. General information on the enterprise

B. Production line (analytical recording)

C. Quality control and products’ disposal



„Key‟ problems

Minimising production cost:

– availability of fuels

– availability of raw materials

Quarrying license and its updating

Quarries suitable for lime production

Environmental protection cost



Current techno economic aspectsDecision making priorities

Greek SME’s are specialised in the production of air-hardening lime

Reduction of the production cost – Automatisations – Energy saving endeavors – use of alternative fuels

Long term economic viability – Improvement of the lime quality – Production of new or innovative products – Entrance in new markets

Availability of competitive products

– Holding position Lime standardisation

– Conformity evaluation (2 SME’s) or ignorance (3 SME’s)



Building Lime Chain

limestone – pure (calcium CaCO3 >94% or dolomitic CaCO3 >60% & MgCO3 5÷40%)

– impure (argillaceous or siliceous)

lime – quicklime CaO : air-hardening (calcium or dolomitic )

hydraulic

– hydrated lime Ca(OH)2: air-hardening (putty or dry)

hydraulic (only in dry form )

Mortar (lime binder+ inert/active aggregates+water+ additives/admixtures)

Limestone (man made)

from the raw material to construction



Perspectives of the Greek lime industry

Air-hardening (in the forms of putty or dry ) – calcium (types CL90, CL80, CL70) – dolomitic (types DL)

Hydraulic (only in dry form) – natural ( types NHL2, NHL3.5, NHL5 or

NHL-Z2, NHL-Z3.5, NHL-Z5)

– artificial (types HL2, HL3.5, HL5)

Industrial heritageMonuments & historical buildings

Sustainable modern construction

Building lime types according to EN 459



Discussion and conclusions

Greek SME‟s have developed and preserved up today a significantlocal know-how and experience in producing good air-hardeningbuilding lime in the form of slaked lime putties due to the abundant, hard and high calcium limestone deposits

The know-how of the production of dry powder limes has beenhistorically imported in Greece

It is likely that Greek companies will soon be absorbed by theEuropean or multinational companies of dry powder production

… an alternative strategy (management plan) is urgently

needed on the grounds of the active protection /

integrated conservation /sustainability



Future perspectives

Soil stabilization for roads construction

Production of lime-based bricks

Addition of lime putties in concretes

„Green‟ building products combined byenvironmentally friendly building technologies

– embodied energy

– Life-cycle analysis techniques (LCA)



Proposals

Scientific support

Development of local sustainable know-howCompletion of the EN with specific national

guidelines etc.

Designation of quarrying zones

Helpful taxes policy



Standards facilitate coordination and cooperation on aglobal scale in the modern world by „creating‟

similarities and homogeneity…

… The drive for standardisation is to reduce limes‟ heterogeneity and specifity…

…however, standards‟ regulatory requirements mustnot undermine the preservation of

local distinctiveness which is the key principle forboth authenticity and sustainability



Acknowledgements

ongoing research 1993-2007

Υ PΕR/GGΕΤ Ministry of Development 1997-2000

Scientific responsible: Prof . Ι. Papayianni A.U.Th.

Ephorate of Modern Monuments, Greek Ministry of Culture

Researcher: G. Zacharopoulou, Ph.D., Μ.Α.



Georgia Zacharopoulou civil & structural engineer PhD AUTh

Μ.Α . in Conservation Studies, Io Α AS, York, U.K.

ΕΝ 459:2001 ‟BUILDING LIME‟ Local distinctiveness and standardisation

6 EURAS 16-05-2007, G. Zacharopoulou

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