6 - Bales - Small and Larger Scale Solar Thermal for Norther Climtes1
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Transcript of 6 - Bales - Small and Larger Scale Solar Thermal for Norther Climtes1
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Small and larger scale
Solar Thermal
for northern climates
Chris Bales
Solar Energy Research Center SERC, Högskolan Dalarna
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Contents
• Background
• Fundamentals
• System types for northern climates
• Current research and the future
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
My background…
• Born in Kenya (50 km from equator)
• Married to someone born 50 km from Arctic Circle
• Educated in England
• Engineering degree in electrical sciences
• 5 years at British Antarctic Survey
• Weather observer and technician
• 2 years at New Zealand Meteorological Service
• Working with climate databases
• 20 years at Högskolan Dalarna
• Started as technician….now associate professor
• Specialist in solar thermal, heat storage, system
simulations
• Mostly international projects
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Campus Lugnet
Humanities and Media
Studies
Health and Social
Studies
2 600 students
Campus
Framtidsdalen
Technology and
Business Studies
1 900 students
Bergsskolan Filipstad
@ Web-Based
Distance Education
Falun
Borlänge
Högskolan Dalarna
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Student Numbers 2010
• 18 000 students
• 7 256 full-time students
• 11 800 distance students
• 1141 degrees conferred
Now over half the students
are distance students
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012 6
SERC – Solar Energy Research Center
• Founded 1984, grown steadily since
• 23 staff engaged in R&D and education:
4 Professors (part-time), 9 PhD, 8 PhD
students,
(in process recruiting 1 more professor)
technician, 1-3 trainees, guest researchers
• Multidisciplinary research: technology and social sciences
• Variety of educational programmes
• Research turnover >1,5 M€/year
www.serc.se
Energy and environmental technology
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012 7
SERC –Research Areas
Solar and biomass heating systems
Solar thermal systems and thermal storage
Solution vessel
Water vessel
Reactor
Condensor /
Evaporator
• Conversion of electrically heated
homes
• Development of solar and biomass
heating systems
• Lab and field measurements
• Modeling and simulation
• Minimising primary energy use and
harmful emissions
• Advanced thermal storage
• Chemical heat pumps
• Solar heating and cooling
• Seasonal storage of heat
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012 8
SERC –Research Areas
Energy use and societal processes
Small scale electricity generation
Social anthropology+Political
science+Technology
• Conversion of heating systems
• Installers and other market players
• Home owners choice of heating system
• Implementation of national energy policy
• PV grid connected systems
• PV/wind hybrid stand-alone systems
• Small scale cogeneration
Energy and buildings
• Passive houses of Massive wood
• Thermal storage in buildings
• Steel claddings for reduced heating and
cooling demand (Prelaq Energy)
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012 9
SERC –Education
• One year International Master program
in solar engineering – ESES (European
Solar Engineering School) www.eses.org
• Collaboration in 2 year solar and
biomass technician programme
• 2 year energy technician programme
(start 2008)
• Responsible for solar specialisation of
KTH’s 2 year master program
• Participation in development of ”nordic”
master in biomass and solar
(värmeekom)
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Källa: PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2006
Solar Radiation in Europe
kWh/m2/a %
Pori 1129 100
Hamburg 1104 98
Graz 1321 117
Sevilla 1947 172
Irradiation on an optimally tilted plane [kWh/m2/a]
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012 11
0
50
100
150
200
250
Jan
Feb Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep O
ctNov
Dec
Mo
nth
ly irr
ad
iati
on
[kW
h/m
2]
Pori
Hamburg
Graz
Sevilla
Irradiation Potential
The uneven yearly distribution of
irradiation presents a problem in the
Nordic Countries:
Data: European Comission PVGIS, http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/
Irradiation on an optimally tilted plane.
The energy demand is highest when
available irradiation is lowest.
For solar fractions > ~25% we
need seasonal storage of energy
from summer to winter (space heating+DHW systems)
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
The solar thermal ”pinch”
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 0 0 0
Ja n F e b M a r A p r M a y Ju n Ju l A u g S e p O c t N o v D e c
(kW h )
E xcess irrad ia tion E xcess consum p tion
Usab le so la r ene rgy Irrad ia tion
To ta l consum p tion
3 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
1 0 0 0
5 0 0
0
1
2
3
1
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Don’t forget – radiation varies from year to year!
Data for horisontal radiation – lower for higher latitudes
+/- 10% !!
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Temperature Important with Solar Thermal !
Figure: Lennart Molin
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Classification of systems
• Classification by use (load)
• DHW systems
• Combisystems
• Pool systems
• Process heat
• Solar cooling
• ….
• Domestic systems
• Multifamily houses
• District heating (large scale)
Traditional Scandinavian market:
domestic solar combisystems
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Pumped Solar Combisystem
Source: Solenetek AB
Auxiliar heat from:
Biomass boiler/stove
Electricity
Heat pump
Gas/oil boiler
….
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Small systems bought , larger systems custom built
• Small systems sized and installed by salesman/installer
• Buyer often gets quotes from several suppliers, but not
always
• Often ”standard” packages even though some
customisation is possible
• Larger systems designed by engineers
• Every system unique
• Engineers size system (simulation tools) and then do
detailed design
• Owner often not same as user
• Greater requirements on documentation and professionalism
• Often requirement for public call for tenders
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Trends: Full integration – or greater flexibility
More integration + System optimisation
+ Quicker installation
+ Smaller risk for faulty installation
+ Uses less space
- Less flexibility
- Everything must be bought at one time
Flexible systems + Can easily be changed
over time
+ Not everything has to be bought at same time
+ Not dependent on just one supplier
- More difficult to optimise (several different controllers)
- Greater risk for faulty installation
- Uses more space
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Integrated DHW systems
Standard size (60 x 60 cm) for tank unit
Figures: Vaillant GmBH
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Integrated boiler and tank
Oil or gas boiler in tank
(Germany – Solvis)
Source: Stocksbro energi(biosolpanna)
Pellet boiler in tank -
biosolpannan (Sweden –
Stocksbro energi).
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Solar and biomass logical for Scandinavia
• Most popular form of system
• Many advantages
• Much work been done with them
• Building regulations a hinder in Sweden
• Retrofit the biggest market
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Handbook with all latest research results
• In Swedish – suitable for both consultants and installers
Tomas Persson
Researcher at SERC
Lars Andrén
Author, chairman Swedish
solar energy association
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Are building regulations a barrier for solar + biomass?
Biomass
η=80%
Heat load
max
13 000 kWh
110 kWh/m2 55 kWh/m2 55 kWh/m2
District heat
η=100%
Heat load
max
16 500 kWh
110 kWh/m2
Exhaust air heat
pump
Heat load
max
20 000 kWh
Ground heat
pump
COP=3
Heat load
max
25 000 kWh
Bought energy limited by
building regulations !
Different for electricity
Electrically
heated houses Other heat source
90 kWh/m2
13 500 kWh 10 800 kWh
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Costs for different heating systems….
Kiruna, standardhus
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Passiv+Sol+FTX
Pellet
Pellet+FTX
Pellet+Sol+FTX
FVP
FVP kond.
FVP kond+Sol
FVP+JV
BV
BV+FTX
Fjärrvärme
Fjärrvärme+FTX
Kapitalkostnad Underhållskostnad Energikostnad
For houses being built now
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Small scale solar and pellet system
Figure: Lennart Molin
Pellet stove and solar hot
water system separately
– suitable for houses with
electrical panel heaters
Combined system for
houses with water
distribution system
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
24 134
19 669 19 768 19 263 18 822 17 990 17 62715 750
305
1 012 350 397 387376 440
383
0
2 481 4 0223 789 3 978
3 932 4 604
4 176
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
Referens
(63%)
73% 79% 80% 82% 86% 87% 97%
Systemeffektivitet, köpt energi
Årl
ig e
nerg
itill
förs
el (k
Wh)
Sol
El
Pellets
Last
16 200 kWh/år
A B C ED F G
Solar and pellet systems – much better than pellet only
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Turn boiler/stove off during the summer
Figure: Lennart Molin
Also best for oil and gas
boilers
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Solar and heat pump – many systems !!
• 70 commercial systems found in EU
• Many different designs
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Common Features for the two Technologies
• Both solar collectors and heat pumps
use electricity to make „free“ energy
available for hot water and space heat
• Both have decreasing efficiency with
increasing supply temperature
• Both have relatively high capital costs
and lower running costs compared to
conventional heating systems
• Both use thermal storage in systems
• The „free“ resource varies with the
seasons
HP
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Several Unanswered Questions !
• How can the systems be compared ?
• Which systems are good ?
• How can they be tested ?
• Can they be cost effective ?…….
IEA-SHC Task 44 will try to answer these !
EU project MacSheep is trying to develop better systems
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Quelle
: W
agner
& C
Oo
462 kWth; 660 m²
Multifamily houses – renovation key
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Solar and district heat
• Centralised large systems
• Decentralised that feed into network
• Decentralised that take out heat from network
• Not very common apart from Denmark boom
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Large Centralised systems
Källa: www.solar-district-heating.eu
• Often ground mounted collectors
• Sweden and Denmark leaders
• Germany and Austria also (new system in Lilleström)
• Normally relatively low solar fraction
• Scale effects reduce costs
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Large Systems 2009
Källa: J-O Dalenbäck
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Example Strandby (DK) - 2008
• 8.000 m2 Arcon collector (18% solar fraction)
• 2x1.500 m3 steel tanks
• Natural gas CHP (+ abs. Heat pump)
Källa: www.solar-district-heating.eu
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Strandby - costs
Källa: www.solar-district-heating.eu – success factors
• 2.900 kr/m2 incl. all costs
• 2.350 kr/m2 after subsidies
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Decentralise feeding grid – example (2009)
• Vislanda – Alvesta energi
• 350 m2 in large roof integrated modules (~10% solar fraction)
• Prefabricated connection unit
Källa: www.solar-district-heating.eu – success factors
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Vislanda (2)
• 4.600 kr/m2 incl. all costs
• 2.450 kr/m2 after subsidies and ”roof replacement” costs
• Same as Danish larger system
• Economy dependent on what utility pays!
Källa: www.solar-district-heating.eu – success factors
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Decentralised – replaces bought energy
• Simple to add to existing houses with district heating
• Utilities often not positive to it
• 7.000 kr/m2 incl. all costs
• But replaces bought energy
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Danish Large Scale Systems
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Demonstration System – multisource RE
Seasonal solar storage in combination with other heat sources – mostly heat pump
www.iea.shc.org/task45
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Current Research and the Future
Solar thermal;
278
Buildings and cities; 126
PV & PV
systems; 91
Solar Thermal Power; 56
Radiation &
resource forecasting; 64
Other; 148
ISES World Congress 2011 Papers
Collectors and PVT; 51
Storage; 41
Solar
cooling; 40
Testing and simulation; 40
Industrial
applications; 27
Domestic hot
water systems; 22
Solar + heat pump; 21
Other; 36
Solar Thermal Papers
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Solar Collectors
• ”High” temperature (100 – 200°C) collectors for solar cooling or process heat
• IEA-SHC task in preparation
• + old www.iea-shc.org/task33
• Polymer collectors for domestic applications
• www.iea-shc.org/task39
Source : Aventa, Norway
Source : PSE, Germany
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Midnight Sun Seminar 2012, 23rd Aug 2012
Storage
• The dream of seasonal storage on smaller scale
• Material and process development
• Closed and open systems
• Basic and applied research
www.iea-shc.org/task42
• Three new EU projects on seasonal storage
Source: J. van Berkel
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Thank you for your attention
www.serc.se