5.Wheat Production 8IWC SS Singh

8/8/2019 5.Wheat Production 8IWC SS Singh

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Present at ion T i t le Goes Here

presentation subtitle.

Wheat production in India andfuture prospects

8th International Wheat Conference, St. Petersburg, RussiaJune 1-4, 2010

SS Singh

Project Director

Directorate of Wheat Research

Karnal, Haryana, India


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:: color, composition, and layout


Wheat In India Wheat (Triticum spp.) is the

second most important wintercereal in India after rice.

Bread wheat contributesapproximately 95% to totalproduction while another 4%comes from durum wheat andDicoccum share in wheatproduction remains only 1%.

Wheat crop contributessubstantially to the national foodsecurity by providing more than

50% of the calories to the peoplewho mainly depend on it.


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Top 10 wheat producers (2009)

Exporting Quantity(tons)

China 114.5

India 80.6

USA 59.4

Russia 56.5

France 39.4

Pakistan 24.0

Germany 25.1

Australia 23.0

Canada 22.5

Ukraine 20.0

Turkey 17.8

Global wheat

scenario

2nd largest producerin the world next to

China


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India has witnessed a significant increase in total food grainproduction to the tune of 233.88 m tons with a major contribution of

wheat with 80.58 m tons (34.5%) during 2008-09 and is expected totouch 81 m tons in 2009-10.


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Wheat production statistics

From last eight years, India is maintaining its 2nd position in world

Area - more than two fold increase (from 13.4 m ha in 1965)Production - more than six times increase (from 12.3 mt in 1965)Productivity - over three times increase (from 0.9 t/ha in 1965)


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y = 5.8186x0.2421

R = 0.8325

y = 0.3741x + 6.3141R = 0.8164

456789

10111213

1950-51

1952-53

1954-55

1956-57

1958-59

1960-61

1962-63

1964-65

y = 9.0712x0.5015

R = 0.9425

y = 1.6969x + 10.288

R = 0.9543

51015

20253035404550

1965-66

1967-68

1969-70

1971-72

1973-74

1975-76

1977-78

1979-80

1981-82

1983-84

1985-86

The production growth

In 1947-48, total wheat production

was just 5.6 mt with an averageyield of 0.8 t/ha and despite allpossible efforts, India could notharvest beyond 12.3 mt of wheattill 1964-65 crop season. Thecompound growth rate was 4.26.

It was then in 1965 that theintroduction of dwarf wheats fromMexico ushered in the greenrevolution

During next twenty years, total

wheat production increased from12.3 mt to 47.5 mt with highestgrowth rate of 6.68. This periodreflected the fruits of greenrevolution in the country.


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:: color, composition, and layout Directorate of Wheat Research

y = 1.3881x + 47.994R = 0.8444

y = 0.0013x4 - 0.057x3 + 0.7382x2 - 1.0143x + 46.526R = 0.9291

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1986-87

1988-89

1990-91

1992-93

1994-95

1996-97

1998-99

2000-01

2002-03

2004-05

2006-07

2008-09

y = -0.0014x5 - 0.0002x4 + 0.3999x3 - 3.1795x2 +7.5468x + 65.308

R = 0.8161

60

65

70

75

80

85

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

The production growth

From 1986-87 to 2008-09 theproduction figures increase in linearfashion from 44.3 mt to 80.6 mtwith moderate growth rate of 2.27.

The ups and down of wheatproduction during 2000-01 to 2008-09 depicted growth rate of 1.77.There were significant dips due tounfavourable weather conditions.

However from 2006-07 there hasbeen a steady rise in wheatproduction.


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Wheat buffer stocks

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1981 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Buffer Stock (mt)


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Wheat growing zones of India

Zone Approximate Area(2007-08)

(mha) %

Northern Hills Zone

(NHZ)

0.8 2.9

North Western Plains

Zone (NWPZ)

11.1 40.1

North Eastern Plains

Zone (NEPZ)

9.2 33.2

Central Zone (CZ) 5.0 18.1

Peninsular Zone (PZ) 1.5 5.4Southern Hills Zone

(SHZ)

0.1 0.4

27.7


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State wise contributions to wheat areaand production

% share in production% share in area


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2.7

1.7

4.34

1.8

2.8

2.5

1.3

2.21.9

1.7

0.7

2.7

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Productivity (t/ha)

Productivity of wheat growing states in India


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Where are we getting our wheat from?

About 91.5% of the wheat produced in six states viz. UttarPradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan andBihar.

Uttar Pradesh with 24.3 million tons (mt) is the highest producerof wheat followed by Punjab (14.7 mt) and Haryana(9.1 mt).

Contribution from Haryana and Punjab is due to high productivity(4.0 to 4.3 tons/ha).

Contribution of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh is due torelatively large area (50% of the total area) sown to wheat.


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National Wheat ProgrammeDWR and AICW&BIP

DWR nodal centre of wheat & barleyresearchRegional Stations

Flowerdale, ShimlaDalang Maidan (>10,000)

49 Scientists (56 sanctioned strength)presently at DWR

Breeding - 12Biotechnology 5Crop Protection 11Quality 3Plant Physiology-1Resource Mgmt 7Social Sc. 4Statistics - 1

Barley - 5107 scientists from 31 funded centres115 non-funded cooperating centresNational coordination: rice-wheatcropping system


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372 wheat varieties released in the country since 1965 119 genetic stocks for various traits

Advanced production technologies with eco-sustainabilitythrough resource conservation

The crop protection strategies acted as barrier to diseasehavoc since last 4 decades

Germplasm enrichment and sharing across the country

Infrastructure created to produce more around 30,000q ofbreeder seed

Quality parameters standardized for specific products Strengthening the wheat research to partner countries for

global food security

Sound international linkages

Achievements of Indian wheat programme


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Wheat Targets - 2020 AD

2001-2

2005-6

2009-10

2013-14

2017-18

70

80

90

100

110

Production(mt)

Year

2.2 %

1.0 %

It is estimated that India will require 109 m tons of wheat to feed the population of

about 1.25 billion by the year 2020 A.D.

Indias per capita wheat production is 67kg against per-capita consumption of73kg, which is also on upswing


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Growing demands for wheat based product

9.411.8

14.9

26.6

0

10

20

30

Lakh

Tons

Bread

0.81.1

1.4

2.5

0

1

2

3

1991 1996 2001 2012

Year

Lakh

Tons

Pasta

1215.8

19.8

35.3

0

10

20

30

40

Lakh

Tons

Biscuit

22.228.7

36.1

64.4

0

2040

60

80

1991 1996 2001 2012

Year

Lakh

Tons

Total

Source: Future perspective for wheat and wheat based products, 1992:Figures in year 2012 are based on 5% growth rate assumptions


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Potential productivity of wheat zones in India(2008-09)

24.67

39.7

51.22

40.59

32.05

17.35

24.57

43.19

25.8627.56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NHZ NEPZ NWPZ CZ PZ

WFLD yield (q/ha) Regional yield (q/ha)


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Constraints in wheat production

Biotic stresseso Rusts

Stripe- More prevalent on north westernparts and hills.

Leaf All parts of the country Stem Central & Peninsular parts

however infestation not observed or under

controlo Leaf Blight - More prevalent in north eastern

plains followed by peninsular, central and lowin north western parts (15 mha)

o Karnal bunt More problem innorthwestern plains

o

Powdery mildew Emerging problem innorthwestern plainso Aphids and termites - observed in

pockets


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Abiotic stresseso Drought Central, peninsular and

northeastern parts - 3.5 to 4 mhao Heat Central, peninsular and

northeastern parts 3.5 mha northeastern plains 3-4 mha central and peninsular parts

o Suppressive soils/Soil health Salinity, alkalinity - 2.5 -3.0 mha in

Northwestern plains, northeasternplains and Central parts

Nutrient deficient soils - 46 % Zn,

17 % B, 12 % Mo, 11 % Fe and 5 %Cu. 38% S Waterlogging - 3.2 m ha in

northwestern and northeastern plains


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Weeds Broad and narrow leavedo Phalaris minorand wild oatso Chenopodium, Rumex sp., Medicago sp

o Malva parviflora more in zero tillage

Other issueso Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing

Improved seed (More problem in Eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chatisgarh roughly 60% wheat area) Fertilizer availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth stage, is

critical. Irrigation water (Timely availability is important) Farm machinery (Mechanization is on a lower scale in northeastern, central and

peninsular parts)

o Infrastructure

Roads Storage Market

o Extension facilities Farmers unaware of new improved varieties and production technologies Poor extension activities on part of State Department of Agriculture especially in eastern

UP, Bihar and MP.

Required essentially for marketing of produce


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Major issues in wheat improvementBreaking yield barriers

Exploitation of heterosis for developing hybridso Based on CMS system

Broadening of genetic base of varieties - pre-breedingo Through use of winter x spring hybridization

o Use of synthetics, buitre, Chinese germplasm

o New plant type

o Use of alien species for biotic and abioticstresses

Biotechnological interventionso Gene pyramiding

o Marker aided selection for biotic, abiotic andquality traits

o Structural and functional genomics Abiotic Stresses climate change

o Heat and drought

o Salt stress

o Waterlogging


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Major issues in crop protection

Survey and surveillance for monitoringdiseases and insect-pest

IPM in wheat specially to manage thediseases like KB, PM, LS and insects likefoliar & root aphids, termites, rootnematodes

Managing new emerging threatso stem rust (Ug99),

o leaf rust (77-5, 77-10, 104-2)

o stripe rust (78S84, 46S119)

o Foliar blight

o Fusarium head blight (FHB) Monitoring dynamics of diseases and insect

pest situation in new RCTs and in view ofchanging climate

contd


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Major issues in resourcemanagement

Resource Conservation Technologies

o Long term effects of new RCTs on sustaining wheatproduction & soil health

o Residue management

Diversification of R-W System

o Sustaining rice-wheat system throughdiversification/intensification

Integrated Nutrient Managemento Balanced use of fertilizers

o Conjunctive use of inorganic & organic fertilizers

o Correcting micro-nutrient deficiencies & improvingC/N ratio

Water Management for increasing WUE

Integrated Weed Management

o Herbicide resistance

o Weed dynamics

Farm Machineries fine tuning


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Major issues in qualityimprovement

Characterization of molecular/geneticcomponents associated with qualityparameters related to bread, biscuit,noodle and pasta products andnutritional quality.

Improvement of nutritional quality ofwheat by bio-fortification ofmicronutrients and beta carotenecontent and reducing anti-nutritionalfactors as phytic acid using molecular

approach. Development of micro-level tests for

use in breeding as tools to improvewheat quality.

Backcross lines

SF=10.85

A P P P A A A A P P P P P P

pinA

pinB

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Identification of germplasm lines with pinA; 30 lines

were identified with pina and soft grain texture

PinA

Identification of pinA and pinB using SDS-PAGE (A=pinA absent)
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=pasta+photographs/v=2/SID=w/TID=MUD_200/l=II/R=30/SS=i/OID=a566305635f8767c/;_ylt=A9G_Rq_1pkREaYQBEt.JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBxYzJ1cnE2BHBvcwMzMARzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANNVURfMjAw/SIG=1duqgkcvk/EXP=1145436277/*-http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=pasta+photographs&ei=UTF-8&qp_p=pasta&imgsz=all&fr=FP-tab-web-t&b=21&w=151&h=150&imgurl=www.globalgourmet.com/food/pasta/0998/pasta.jpg&rurl=http://www.globalgourmet.com/food/pasta/0998&size=19.5kB&name=pasta.jpg&p=pasta+photographs&type=jpeg&no=30&tt=339,604&ei=UTF-8http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=bread+photo/v=2/SID=w/TID=MUD_200/l=II/R=7/SS=i/OID=0d612b409ed8d9a2/;_ylt=A9G_RtrcpUREQAwBmoqJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBwMG50Y2xsBHBvcwM3BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkA01VRF8yMDA-/SIG=1gt9s25s1/EXP=1145435996/*-http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=images&imgsz=all&imgc=&vf=photo&va=bread+photo&fr=FP-tab-web-t&ei=UTF-8&w=600&h=441&imgurl=www.wowpicture.com/images_photo_blog/home%20made%20egg%20bread.jpg&rurl=http://www.wowpicture.com/blogs/index.php/2004/12/21/bread_machine_made_egg_bread_snack_mix&size=65.1kB&name=home%20made%20egg%20bread.jpg&p=bread+photo&type=jpeg&no=7&tt=11,830&ei=UTF-8


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Major issues transferof technology

Multidimensional impact assessment ofvarious improved technologies

Accelerate adoption of resourceconservation technologies

Creation and updating district level data

base on parameters related to area,production and input usage

Economic analysis of latest wheatproduction technologies

Analysis of returns to investment in wheat

research and development.


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CIMMYTo More than 1500 germplasm in form of nurseries and trials

received each year from CIMMYT and are being evaluated atseveral national centres.

o Many Indian wheat varieties contributed by Indian programmehave been used as donor by CIMMYT.

o Visit to CIMMYT has been initiated again in 2006 and severalIndian scientists have visited and wheat germplasm selectedand brought to India.

o Ug99 screening in Kenya facilitated by CIMMYT many Indian

materials evaluated and found to be resistant.o Zero-tillage and bed planting research conducted on

partnership basis.

International linkages


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ACIAR, Australiao Bioinformatics

o Abiotic stress (water logging)

o Biotic stress (rusts)

o Physiological: Water use efficiency (root traits)

o Wheat grain qualityo Enhancing farm profitability in North West India and by improving

grain quality of wheat

ICARDA

o Germplasm exchange

o Drought toleranceo Rusts

o Wheat grain quality

o Exchange of Scientists

International linkages


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Farmers of the country

Scientists of Directorate of Wheat Research

Cooperators of All India Coordinated Wheat andBarley Improvement Project

International Collaborators CIMMYT & others

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi

Acknowledgements


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5.Wheat Production 8IWC SS Singh

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