5h grammar stepping stones

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WHAT’S ON THE TEST? Vocabulary: 1. Stepping Stones Theme 1 & theme 2 Nederlands-Engels én Nederlands-Engels (katern 1 – blz: 38-40 en 95-97) 2. Examenidioom eerste 3 bladzijden: Alleen Engels-Nederlands) Grammar: 3. Tenses (Katern 1, theme 1): 1. past simple - past continuous 2. past simple - present perfect 3. past simple - past perfect 4. Indirect speech- direct speech (Katern 1, theme 1) 5. If & when/ conditional clauses (Katern 1, theme 2) 6. Pitfalls (spelling) (Katern 1, theme 2) 7. Relative clauses (Katern 2, theme 1) 8. Adjectives - adverbs (extra)

Transcript of 5h grammar stepping stones

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WHAT’S ON THE TEST?Vocabulary:1. Stepping Stones Theme 1 & theme 2 Nederlands-Engels én Nederlands-Engels

(katern 1 – blz: 38-40 en 95-97)

2. Examenidioom eerste 3 bladzijden: Alleen Engels-Nederlands)

Grammar:3. Tenses (Katern 1, theme 1):

1. past simple - past continuous2. past simple - present perfect3. past simple - past perfect

4. Indirect speech- direct speech (Katern 1, theme 1)

5. If & when/ conditional clauses (Katern 1, theme 2)

6. Pitfalls (spelling) (Katern 1, theme 2)

7. Relative clauses (Katern 2, theme 1)

8. Adjectives - adverbs (extra)

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TENSESPAST SIMPLE – PAST CONTINUOUSPAST SIMPLE – PRESENT PERFECTPAST SIMPLE – PAST PERFECT

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PAST SIMPLE Hoe?

1. Regelmatige werkwoorden: hele ww +(e)d2. Onregelmatige werkwoorden: 2e rij (lijst onr. ww.)

Wanneer? Iets is op een moment in het verleden gebeurd en is afgesloten. Er staat een tijdsaanduiding in de zin of de context laat zien dat iets voorbij is.Signaalwoorden: Yesterday, (some time) ago, in 2004, in World War 2, when, last month, earlier today, in the Christmas break etc.

moment in verleden nu

Voorbeeld:o When he was a child, he loved to play soccer.o He became a pilot in 1989.

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PAST CONTINUOUS Hoe?

was/were + hele werkwoord + ing • I, he, she en it = was• you, we, they = were

Wanneer? Iets was in het verleden langere tijd aan de gang/iemand was in het verleden een tijd lang ergens mee bezig. Als je deze vorm wilt gebruiken moet je het kunnen vertalen met iets als: … was aan het … / zat te … / lag te … / was bezig met

… Als in een zin 2 dingen gebeuren

Een gebeurtenis duurde langer (was al aan de gang) dan de andere gebeurtenis: de ‘lange’ past continuous, de ‘korte’ past simple. Beide dingen gebeuren tegelijkertijd en duren (ongeveer) even lang (waren ‘aan de gang’) beide past continuous. Beide gebeurtenissen waren kort, of het is niet belangrijk hoe lang iets duurde: beide past simple.

Voorbeelden: I was working upstairs when someone came in. (lang – kort) It was raining all day yesterday. (lang) My children were doing the dishes while I was making a phone call. (even lang)

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PRESENT PERFECT Hoe?

o have/has + voltooid deelwoord voltooid deelwoord: 1. Regelmatig: hele werkwoord + (e)d

2. Onregelmatig: 3e rijtje Wanneer?

o Als iets in het verleden is begonnen en nu nog verder gaat.o Als iets het resultaat is van een actie in het verleden en zichtbaar/belangrijk is.

Signaalwoorden: just, already, yet, always (altijd al), ever, never, since, for , how long, so far, etc.

Vanaf moment in verleden tot nu

Voorbeeld: I haven’t seen her for years. (jaren geleden voor het laatst en nog steeds niet) He has always wanted to be an astronaut. (vroeger wilde hij dat al en nu nog steeds)

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Signaalwoord?

Ja

rijtje‘yesterda

y’

past simple

hele ww + edòf 2e rijtje

rijtje ‘for/

since’

present perfect

have/has + volt.dw.

Nee

afgesloten?

Ja

past simple

hele ww + edòf 2e rijtje

Nee

present perfect

have/has + volt.dw.

CHECK AGAIN!

Stappenplan:past simple of present perfect

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PAST PERFECT

Hoe? had + voltooid deelwoord

voltooid dw = hele ww + ed of 3e rijtje Wanneer?

Als iets in het verleden gebeurde vóórdat iets anders gebeurde (in het verleden). Als meerdere dingen gebeurd zijn, zet je dat wat het kortst geleden is in de past simple (de ‘gewone’ verleden

tijd); alle eerdere gebeurtenissen moeten met had + volt. dw.

Voorbeelden: When I went out to do some shopping, I had finished all my chores. After they had had breakfast, they took the dog out for a walk.

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TIJDBALK

NUPAST SIMPLEhele ww + ed / 2e rij

PAST PERFECThad + volt. dw.

I ____________ (work) for hours when I _________ (come) home yesterday.

We ____________ (go out) after we ____________ (eat).

werken

thuis komenete

nweg gaan

had worked

came

went

had eaten

verleden heden

toekomst

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DUS: WAAR LET JE OP? Past simple of present perfect:

Signaalwoorden Rijtje ‘yesterday’ = hele ww +ed of 2e rij Rijtje ‘for/since’ = have/has + volt. dw.

Past simple of past continuous? Lang of kort

Lang = was/were + ww + ing (continuous) Kort = hele ww + ed / 2e rij (simple) 2x lang of 2x kort kan ook in een zin

Past simple of past perfect? Volgorde:

wat gebeurde het eerst en wat het laatst Kortst geleden (dus het laatst gebeurd) = hele ww + ed of 2e rij Alles dat eerder gebeurde: had + voltooid deelwoord

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INDIRECT SPEECH

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INDIRECT SPEECH Direct speech = directe rede: dat wat iemand letterlijk zegt; staat tussen

“aanhalingstekens”o He said: “I love playing games”

Indirect speech = indirecte rede: je vertelt (na) wat iemand gezegd/gedaan heeft He said that he loved playing games.

Omzetten van directe rede naar indirecte rede → een stapje terug gaan in de tijd → Het persoonlijk voornaamwoord aanpassen om de zin kloppend/logisch te maken.

(I/he/she/it/we/you/they) → Als aanwezig in de zin, ook het bezittelijk voornaamwoord aanpassen (my, your, his, her, our, your,

their / mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)

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VOORBEELDEN

John: “I see a bird in the sky.” Susan: “I watched a film.” Mark and Jake: “We will do our job.” Mum: “I’m leaving now.” Laura: “I have a great idea!” Teacher: “The pupils were working hard”

NB: was en were worden altijd

John said that he saw a bird in the sky. Susan said that she had watched a film. Mark and Jake said that they would do

their job. Mum said that she was leaving. Laura said that she had a great idea. The teacher said that they had been

working hard.

had been

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IF & WHEN & IF-ZINNEN

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IF & WHEN

• als, indien• iets is onzeker,

voorwaardeif

• als, wanneer• iets is zeker, tijdwhen

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IF-SENTENCES 2 delen: deel met if en deel zonder if

if-gedeelte geen will/would, shall/should: andere deel juist wel! 3 soorten: vaste structuur

Kijk naar het deel dat compleet gegeven is en pas het andere deel aan. Bij punt 2: In een if-zin wordt na ‘I’ en ‘he’ altijd ‘were’ gebruikt in plaats van ‘was’

1. If + present simple …(hele ww of ww + +(e)s)

, … will + hele werkwoord

2. If + past simple …(hele ww+ ed of 2e rij)

, … would + hele werkwoord

3. If + past perfect …(had + volt. dw)

, … would have + volt. dw

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EXAMPLES: IF-SENTENCES

1. If I work hard, I will get a promotion. ‘work’ is tegenwoordige tijd (hele ww), dus in het andere deel will + heel ww

2. If I worked hard, I would get a promotion.‘worked’ is verleden tijd (ww + ed), dus in het andere deel would + heel ww

3. If I had worked hard, I would have got a promotion. if-gedeelte heeft had + volt dw., dus andere deel krijgt would have + volt.dw.

Bij punt 2: als het in te vullen ww ‘be’ is, gebruik je na I en he were ipv wasIf I were you, I would do …. / If it were clearer, it would be …

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE CLAUSESBETREKKELIJKE VOORNAAMWOORDEN & BETREKKELIJKE BIJZINNEN

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RELATIVE PRONOUNSBetrekkelijke voornaamwoorden hebben betrekking op (wijzen naar) het onderwerp van de zin of een bijzin. Je kunt er zinnen mee aan elkaar koppelen.Je gebruikt: WHO / THAT bij personen

They are the visitors who/that I told you about. The man who/that lives there, is my uncle.

WHICH / THAT bij dingen en dieren Those are the cookies which/that I made. The dog which/that had attacked a child, was put down.

Aha! Dan kan ik dus altijd ‘that’ gebruiken?! Nou … nee. THAT mag niet gebruikt worden in een bijzin die tussen komma’s staat; THAT mag dus niet gebruikt worden na een

komma. The teacher, who has worked here for years, decided to quit his job. The horse, which she had trained so well, did not do well in the match.

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WHO, WHICH OF THAT WEGLATEN

Als een bijzin een ander (grammaticaal) onderwerp heeft, mag je het betrekkelijk vnw weglaten The boy (who/that) I spoke to yesterday is not in my class. The cat (which/that) my brother took home, was really cute.

vergelijk:

The man who/that told us about the accident, was really shaken up. We had dinner in a restaurant which/that was really well-known.

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WHOSE (bezit)

WHOSE = van wie/wiens The actor whose reputation was really bad, decided to change his lifestyle. The athlete whose performance has been bad lately, was dropped from the national selection. The student, whose health was poor, did well on the tests nonetheless.

Combinatie met een voorzetsel Wanneer je een voorzetsel gebruikt in combinatie met who/which/that, komt dat voorzetsel achteraan in de bijzin

She is the girl (who/that) I told you about. This is the house which we live in.

Je mag het voorzetsel ook vóór which of who zetten. Bij which verandert er niets, maar ‘who’ wordt dan ‘whom’ She is the girl about whom I told you The boy to whom you’re talking is 15 years old This is the house in which we live.

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SPELLINGSREGELS EN VALKUILEN

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VALKUILEN/TRAPS one / ones / one’s / once

one = men óf vervangt een eerder genoemd woord (enkelvoud) ones = vervangt een eerder genoemd woord als dat meervoud is one’s = van iemand / bezit once = een keer / eenmaal

too / to Gebruik alleen ‘too’

Voor een bijv.nw. (too big/too old) Als het ‘ook’ betekent (I think so too)

Verder altijd met één o

than / then Schrijf het altijd met een E, behalve in een vergelijking

He is taller than I am. The red one is more expensive than the black one.

Their / there / they’re Their = hun (bezit) There = daar/er They’re = they are (afgekort)

Your / you’re Your = jouw/uw (bezit) You are (afgekort)

Its / it’s Its = van het / ’zijn/haar’ (bezit) It’s = it is / it has (afgekort)

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SPELLINGSREGELS EN VALKUILENDIT IS GEEN VOLLEDIG OVERZICHT: KIJK IN JE REFERENCE BOOK VOOR DE REST

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VALKUILEN/TRAPS loose / lose

loose = los, niet vast (bijn.nw.) lose = verliezen (werkwoord)

who’s / whose who’s = who is / who has (afgekort) whose = wiens / van wie

where / were / we’re where = waar (vragend vnw) were = was/waren (werkwoord) we’re = we are (afgekort)

which / witch / with / wit / white which = die, welke (betrekkelijk

vnw/vragend vnw) witch = heks with = met wit = geestigheid, humor white = wit

want to / will want to = willen will = zal, zullen

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ADJECTIVES & ADVERBSBIJVOEGLIJKE NAAMWOORDEN EN BIJWOORDEN

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ADJECTIVES (BIJVOEGLIJKE NAAMWOORDEN)

Bijvoeglijk naamwoord zegt iets over:1 zelfstandig naamwoord

The beautiful house. (bnw)The bright student. (bnw)

2 onderwerp van de zin na koppelwerkwoorden

(be, become, get, go, grow, prove, remain, stay, appear, seem, turn) na werkwoorden van zintuiglijke waarneming

(taste, look, feel, smell en sound)My daughter is remarkable. (bnw)

He looks wonderful. (bnw)It sounds fantastic. (bnw)

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ADVERBS (BIJWOORDEN)Bijwoorden kunnen iets zeggen over:

1. werkwoorden (hoe wordt iets gedaan?) She sings beautifully. (bijw) – beautifully zegt iets over hoe ze zingt (= ww) The sun shines brightly. (bijw) – brightly zegt iets over hoe de zon schijnt (= ww)

2. bijvoeglijke naamwoorden She looks remarkably beautiful. – remarkably zegt iets over hoe mooi (= bnw) That song is absolutely wonderful. – absolutely zegt iets over hoe prachtig (= bnw)

3. ander bijwoord She sings extremely beautifully. – extremely zegt iets over hoe mooi (= bijw) He drives terribly slowly. – terribly zegt iets over slowly (= bijw)

4. hele zin Unfortunately, I didn’t know about the change. – unfortunately zegt is over dat jij het jammer vindt (=bijw) Luckily, I made it just in time. – luckily zet iets over dat je blij bent dat je op tijd bent (= bijw)

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De basis van een bijwoord is het bijvoeglijk naamwoord (in opdrachten is het bnw gegeven)

BIJWOORD = bijvoeglijk naamwoord + LY

In de volgende gevallen moet het anders:1. bijv. nw. eindigend op –le -ly (possible – possibly)

2. bijv.nw. eindigend op –ic -ally (magic – magically)

3. bijv.nw. eindigend op medeklinker + y -ily (easy – easily)

4. bijv.nw. eindigend op –ly blijft gelijk (daily – daily)‘in a … way’ (in a friendly way)

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PAS OP BIJ DEZE BIJWOORDEN

bijvoeglijk naamwoord bijwoorddaily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early blijven gelijklow lowfar farfast fastshort (kort)-

short (kort) shortly = binnenkort

hard (moeilijk)-

hard (moeilijk)hardly = bijna niet, amper

late (laat) late (laat)lately = de laatste tijd

fair (eerlijk) fair (eerlijk)fairly = redelijk, tamelijk

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EEN PAAR OEFENINGETJES

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS

1. I ………. (wait) for the bus, when my mother ………. (drive) by.2. When I ………. (get) up at 10 o’clock, it ………. (still, rain).3. She was ………. (sleep) on the couch when a noise ………. (suddenly, wake) her.4. They ………. (read) the newspaper while they ………. (have) breakfast.5. Do you still remember what you ………. (do) when you ………. (see) your boyfriend for the

first time?6. They ………. (talk) about Tom, but when he ………. (come) into the room, everyone ……….

(go) quiet.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST CONTINUOUS(ANSWERS)

1. I was waiting for the bus, when my mother drove by.2. When I got up at 10 o’clock, it was still raining.3. She was sleeping on the couch when a noise suddenly woke her.4. They were reading the newspaper while they were having breakfast.5. Do you still remember what you were doing when you saw your boyfriend for the first

time?6. They were talking about Tom, but when he came into the room, everyone went quiet.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT1. We ………. (spend) ten days in London during the Christmas holiday.2. In the last lesson, the teacher ………. (choose) to ignore the student’s remarks.3. So far, my brother ………. (buy) over 20 PlayStation games on eBay.4. This morning I ………. (fall) down the stairs because I ………. (not, see) the cat.5. My father ………. (sell) his old computer the other day, and he ………. (just, buy) a new

one. 6. When I was young, I ………. (not, think) I would become a teacher.7. ………. (you, already, write) the report I asked you to hand in?8. He ………. (feel) really bad for some time now, but he ………. (not, see) his doctor yet.9. My father …….. (work) for the same boss for 25 years.10. She ……… (not break) down when she ………. (hear) the bad news.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT(ANSWERS)

1. We spent ten days in London during the Christmas holiday.2. In the last lesson, the teacher chose to ignore the student’s remarks.3. So far, my brother has bought over 20 PlayStation games on eBay.4. This morning I fell down the stairs because I didn’t see the cat.5. My father sold his old computer the other day, and he has just bought a new one. 6. When I was young, I didn’t think I would become a teacher.7. Have you already written the report I asked you to hand in?8. He has felt really bad for some time now, but he hasn’t seen his doctor yet.9. My father has worked for the same boss for 25 years.10. She didn’t break down when she heard the bad news.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT?

1. When she ……… (wake) up, her husband ……… (leave). 2. After you ……… (leave), we ……… (stay) for about an hour. 3. When he ……… (return), he saw that the postman ……… (deliver) a parcel. 4. If only he ……… (know) before he ……… (go) on holiday. 5. She ……… (finish) the letter and then ……… (decide)to go for a walk. 6. You ……… (not tell) me that you ……... (decide) to travel abroad .

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT?(ANSWERS)

1. When she woke up, her husband had left. 2. After you had left, we stayed for about an hour. 3. When he returned, he saw that the postman had delivered a parcel. 4. If only he had known before he went on holiday. 5. She had finished the letter and then decided to go for a walk.6. You didn’t tell me that you had decided to travel abroad .

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INDIRECT SPEECHPUT THE SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

1. Bram: ”I am going to the cinema with my girlfriend.” 2. Mum: “You have bought yourself a lovely new dress!”3. Eric: “They are waiting outside.”4. Dad: “I have been smoking too much.”5. Susan: “I lost my temper last week.”6. Jane: ”I was as sick as a dog yesterday.”7. Teacher: “You play the piano very well.”8. Parents: “She has given me a birthday gift!”9. Jonah: “Mark is sitting right behind me.”10.Dan and Kate: “we will do that for ourselves.”

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INDIRECT SPEECH (ANSWERS)

1. Bram said he was going to the cinema with his girlfriend.2. Mum said I had bought had bought myself a lovely new dress!3. Eric said they were waiting outside.4. Dad said he had been smoking too much.5. Susan said she had lost her temper last week.6. Jane said she had been as sick as a dog yesterday/the day before.7. My teacher said I played the piano very well.8. Parents said she had given me a birthday gift!9. Jonah said Mark was sitting right behind him.10.Dan and Kate said they would do that for themselves

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IF or WHEN?

1. …… I get home, I’ll take care of it.2. We won’t go camping, …… the weather is bad.3. …… she is grown up, she wants to be a veterinarian. 4. …… he forgets his lines, he turns all red.5. …… I don’t practise my presentation, It’ll go wrong.6. What will you do …… your mother finds out?

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IF or WHEN? (ANSWERS)

1. When I get home, I’ll take care of it.2. We won’t go camping, if the weather is bad.3. When she is grown up, she wants to be a veterinarian. 4. If/When he forgets his lines, he turns all red.5. If I don’t practise my presentation, It’ll go wrong.6. What will you do if your mother finds out?

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IF-SENTENCESCOMPLETE THE SENTENCES

1. He …… (know) what to do, if he were here.2. She will ask for her teacher’s advice the minute she …… (see) her.3. If they had taken something to drink, they …… (not, be) thirsty now.4. If I get the job I applied for, I …… (throw) a big party!5. If she ….. (know) how to get here, she would be here by now.6. I would have gone to Scotland on holiday, if I …… (have) the money for it.7. If they had tried a little harder, they …… (win) the match.8. He would give her expensive presents, if he …… (have) the money for it.

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IF-SENTENCES(ANSWERS)

1. He would know what to do, if he were here.2. She will ask for her teacher’s advice the minute she sees her.3. If they had taken something to drink, they wouldn’t have been thirsty now.4. If I get the job I applied for, I will throw a big party!5. If she knew how to get here, she would be here by now.6. I would have gone to Scotland on holiday, if I had had the money for it.7. If they had tried a little harder, they would have won the match.8. He would give her expensive presents, if he had the money for it.

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TRAPS/SPELLING RULESCHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM

1. They’re / There / Their daughter is getting married next year. 2. I fell over and now my tooth is lose / loose.3. I am tieing / tying my shoelaces.4. I like all fruit except / accept bananas.5. Your / You’re going to Spain next week, aren’t you?6. The whether / weather on Saturday will be nice.7. I watched TV and than / then I went to bed.8. The dog is wagging it’s / its tail.9. This cake tastes quite / quiet / quit nice.10. Whose / Who’s turn is it to do the dishes?

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TRAPS/SPELLING RULES(ANSWERS: green is correct)

1. They’re / There / Their daughter is getting married next year. 2. I fell over and now my tooth is lose / loose.3. I am tieing / tying my shoelaces.4. I like all fruit except / accept bananas.5. Your / You’re going to Spain next week, aren’t you?6. The whether / weather on Saturday will be nice.7. I watched TV and than / then I went to bed.8. The dog is wagging it’s / its tail.9. This cake tastes quite / quiet / quit nice.10. Whose / Who’s turn is it to do the dishes?

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RELATIVE PRONOUNSKAN HET WEGGELATEN WORDEN?

1. This is the girl who cut my hair.2. Their house, which is two hundred years old, badly needs renovating. 3. The shoes that I bought last week are really uncomfortable.4. This is the woman whose car was damaged in the accident.5. She works for a company which makes handbags.6. She has three sons, who are all doctors.7. We stayed at the Hilton, which is on Park Lane.8. The boy who you danced with last night is my cousin.9. He sat on the bench that I had just painted.10. Joyriders are people who steal cars for fun.

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RELATIVE PRONOUNSKAN HET WEGGELATEN WORDEN?

1. This is the girl who cut my hair.2. Their house, which is two hundred years old, badly needs renovating. 3. The shoes (that) I bought last week are really uncomfortable.4. This is the woman whose car was damaged in the accident.5. She works for a company which makes handbags.6. She has three sons, who are all doctors.7. We stayed at the Hilton, which is on Park Lane.8. The boy (who) you danced with last night is my cousin.9. He sat on the bench (that) I had just painted.10. Joyriders are people who steal cars for fun.

1. nee2. nee3. ja4. nee5. nee6. nee7. nee8. ja9. ja10. nee

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RELATIVE PRONOUNSZINNEN AAN ELKAAR KOPPELEN

Voorbeeld: My laptop has broken down. It is five years old. My laptop, which is five years old, has broken down.

1. The buildings will be demolished next week. They were damaged in the earthquake.2. A ship has collided with an iceberg. It was carrying two hundred passengers.3. The cashier of the supermarket was fired. She had stolen money from the till.4. She wore a green silk dress. It was designed by Alexander McQueen.5. My grandmother died last week. She had been ill for a long time.

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS (KOPPELEN)(ANSWERS)De meest voor de handliggende antwoorden:

1. The buildings which/that were damaged in the earthquake will be demolished next week.2. A ship, which was carrying two hundred passengers, has collided with an iceberg.3. The cashier of the supermarket who/that had stolen money from the till was fired.4. She wore a green silk dress which/that was designed by Alexander McQueen.5. My grandmother who had been ill for a long time died last week.

NB: afhankelijk van of je de bijzin tussen komma’s zet, zijn er nog andere mogelijkheden. Let dus goed op waar je komma’s zet!

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ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?

1. (Traditional), a lot of people come to watch soccer matches. 2. The lead singer of this band looked (good) on stage, even though he sang (bad). 3. She is (fluent) in three foreign languages. She speaks them really (good).4. They thought the drive to Barcelona was (horrible) long.5. The police reached the crime scene (extreme) (quick).6. Even though they worked very (hard), they didn’t make the deadline.7. Three young girls were (tragic) killed in the car crash.8. That job can (easy) be done by one person.9. I think this dinner tasted (perfect).10. They were (unbelievable) (happy) when they heard they had won.

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ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB? (ANSWERS)

1. Traditionally, a lot of people come to watch soccer matches. 2. The lead singer of this band looked good on stage, even though he sang badly. 3. She is fluent in three foreign languages. She speaks them really well.4. They thought the drive to Barcelona was horribly long.5. The police reached the crime scene extremely quickly.6. Even though they worked very hard, they didn’t make the deadline.7. Three young girls were tragically killed in the car crash.8. That job can easily be done by one person.9. I think this dinner tasted perfect.10. They were unbelievably happy when they heard they had won.