59-320 Analytical Chemistry: Equation Sheet #1 Chapter...
Transcript of 59-320 Analytical Chemistry: Equation Sheet #1 Chapter...
Chapter 1
weight% =msolute
msolvent
×100% volume% =VsoluteVsolvent
×100%
ppm =msubstance
Vsample×106 ppb = msubstance
Vsample×109
M conc ×Vconc = M dil ×Vdil
Chapter 3
relative uncertainty =absolute uncertainty
magnitude of measurement
per cent relative uncertainty = relative unceratinty × 100%
Chapter 4
x =xi
i∑n
s =(xi − x )2
i∑
n −1
sx×100%
mean standarddeviation
relative standarddeviation
y = 1σ 2π
e−(x−µ )2 /2σ 2 z = x − µ
σ≈x − xs
Gaussiancurve
Deviationsfrom the
mean
Confidence interval = x ± tsn
tcalc =| x1 − x2 |spooled
n1n2n1 + n2
spooled =s12 (n1 −1) + s2
2 (n2 −1)n1 + n2 − 2
t-test:replicate
measurements
tcalc =| d |sd
nPairedt-test
tcalc =| x − x |
snt-test
Fcalc =s12
s22F-test Grubbs
testGcalculated =
| questionable value − x |s
Chapter 5
Spikes
% recovery =Cspiked sample − Cunspiked sample
Cadded
×100%
Detection Limits
signal detection limit: ydl = yblank + 3s
calibration line: ysample − yblank = m × conc.
detection limit = 3sm
Standard Additions
[X]i[S] f + [X] f
=IXIS+X
[X] f = [X]iV0
V⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
; [S] f = [S]iVSV
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
IS+XVV0
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟= IX +
IXXi[ ][Si ]
VSV0
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
AX[X]
= F AS[S]
⎛⎝⎜
⎞⎠⎟
59-320 Analytical Chemistry: Equation Sheet #1
59-320 Analytical Chemistry: Equation Sheet #2Chapter 6
aA + bB cC + dD K =[C]c[D]d
[A]a[B]b
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS K = e−ΔG0 /RT
Equilibria
Thermodynamics
Ka iKb = Kw
Ka1iKb2 = Kw and Ka2 iKb1 = Kw
Chapter 7
µ =
12(c1z1
2 + c2z22 +) = 1
2cizi
2
i∑
Acids and bases
Ionic strength
K =
ACcAD
d
AAaAB
b =[C]cγ C
c [D]dγ Dd
[A]aγ Aa [B]bγ B
b
Activities
logγ =−0.51z2 µ
1+ (α µ / 305)
extended Debye-Hückel equation
pH = − logAH+ = − log[H+]γ H+pH and activities
Chapter 8
α =xF
Fraction of Dissociation
pH = pKa + log[A− ][HA]
pH = pKa + log[B][BH+ ]
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Chapter 9
[H+ ] = K1K2F + K1Kw
K1 + F≈
K1K2FK1 + F
≈K1K2FF
= K1K2 pH ≈12(pK1 + pK2 )
Polyprotic acids
Fractional compositions
αHA =[HA]F
=[H+]
[H+]+ Ka
αA− =[A− ]F
=Ka
[H+]+ Ka
Chapter 11
αY4- =[Y4- ]
[H6Y2+ ]+ [H5Y
+ ]+ [H4Y]+ [H3Y− ]+ [H2Y
2− ]+ [HY3− ]+ [Y4- ]=
[Y4- ][EDTA]
Fraction of EDTA
Formation constant
Kf =[MYn−4 ][Mn+ ][Y4- ]
Kf′ = KfαY4- =
[MYn−4 ][Mn+ ][EDTA]
Conditional formation constant
αM =[M]Mtot
=[M]
[M]{1+ β1[L]+ β2[L]2 + ...}
=1
{1+ β1[L]+ β2[L]2 + ...}
Fraction of uncomplexed metal
In presence of complexing agent
Kf′′ = αZn2+αY4-Kf
59-320 Analytical Chemistry: Equation Sheet #3Chapter 13
Basic Concepts in Electricity
Nernst equation
q = niF w = Eiq ΔG = −w = −Eiq = −nFE
I = q / t = E / R P = EiI
E = Eo −
RTnF
ln ABb
AAa = Eo −
0.05916 Vn
log ABb
AAa
E = E+ + E−
Half
Full
Eo and K
Eo =0.05916 V
nlogK
Chapter 14
E = constant + 0.05916
nlogAo (volts at 25oC)
E potential difference for I.S.E.