(551551431) Sonochemical Leaching

8/16/2019 (551551431) Sonochemical Leaching

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Available online at ww w .sciencedirect.com

Chemical Engineering and Processing 47 (2008) 2107–2113

Sono-chemical leaching of uranium

alasu!rahman"am #$$aru a% S&& 'o" !% ogesh adola !% Su*i+ Cho,dhur" !% &.& /areendran !% #niruddha & Pandi+ a ,∗a Chemical Engineering Division, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India

! Uranium Extraction Division, Bhabha Atomic esearch Center !BAC", Mumbai, India

'ecei$ed 22 arch 2007 recei$ed in re$ised form 12 Se+em!er 2007 acce+ed 28 c+o!er 2007

#$aila!le online 4 .o$em!er 2007

Abstract

# fundamen+al s+ud" on +he mechanism of uranium leaching in ni+ric acid and sulhuric acid media has !een carried ou+ +o unders+and +he

effec+ of +he ul+rasound on leaching& he use of ul+rasound clearl" imro$es +he leaching ra+e ,i+hin +he s+udied leach acid media& heenhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+e in +he resence of ul+rasound is higher ,i+h lo, leach acid concen+ra+ion of ni+ric acid (/.3 )% and i+ is high

a+ high leach acid concen+ra+ion in +he case of sulhuric acid (/2 S4 ) !eing used as a leachan+% ,hen comared +o con$en+ional mechanical

agi+a+ion& he !asic reason !ehind +his o!ser$ed $aria+ion is e5lained on +he !asis of +he reac+ion mechanism in$ol$ing +he o5ida+i$e

con$ersion of acid insolu!le +e+ra$alen+ uranium form +o +he solu!le he5a$alen+ form of uranium in +he resence of ul+rasound a+ a fas+er ra+e&

6 2007 Else$ier && #ll righ+s reser$ed&

#ey$ords% l+rasound ranium eaching ra+e / radicals

1. Introduction

ranium ore leaching rocess e5emlifies +he successful

alica+ion of h"drome+allurgical rocess for +he uranium

reco$- er"% eseciall" ,hen +rea+ing ,i+h high grade ores& 9nlean grade uranium leaching rocess% con$en+ional ore

dressing +ech- ni:ue ha$e no+ !een successful in achie$ing

reconcen+ra+ion of +he uranium minerals ;1


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B' Avvaru et al' ( Chemical Engineering and )rocessing *+ !--." /-+0//1 210210 B' Avvaru et al' ( Chemical Engineering and )rocessing *+ !--." /-+0//1

mos+ imor+an+ uranium deosi+s in 9ndia& he economic

reco$- er" of uranium is a challenge for de$eloing highl"

efficien+ chemical rocesses for +he leaching% urifica+ion andconcen+ra- +ion of uranium from such ores& 9n +he resen+

,or>% leaching of uranium from +his lo, grade uranium ore

ma+erial has !een carried ou+ in +he resence of ul+rasound%,i+h differen+ concen- +ra+ions of ni+ric acid (/.3 ) and

sulhuric acid (/2 S4 ) as leachan+s& Irea+er in+ensifica+ion in

+he leaching ra+e in +he resence of ul+rasound has !eeno!ser$ed ,i+h high concen+ra+ion of sulhuric acid (/2 S4 )%

,here as +he grea+er enhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+e has !een

o!ser$ed ,i+h lo, ni+ric acid concen+ra- +ion leach solu+ion,hen comared +o con$en+ional mechanical agi+a+ion

(s+irring)& his !asic difference in +he o!ser$ed $aria- +ion

(higher ul+rasound effec+ a+ high /2 S4 concen+ra+ion and lo,

ul+rasound effec+ a+ higher /.3 concen+ra+ion) has !een

e5lained in +erms of +he differen+ reac+ion a+h,a"s of +he

con- $ersion of acid insolu!le +e+ra$alen+ uranium form

;(9)< +o solu!le he5a$alen+ uranium ;(9)< form ,i+h +he+,o leach acids s+udied&

2. Materials and methods

'/' 2re

characteristics

he ore ma+erial ,as o!+ained from +he .ar,aahar

uranium deosi+ (Jhar>hand% 9ndia)& he ma+erial ,as selec+ed

from a reresen+a+i$e elemen+al and modal comosi+ion as

,ell as of +he uranium con+en+& he a$erage uranium con+en+

resen+ in +he ore ,as a!ou+ 0&03BF and uranium ,as resen+in +he ar+l" o5idi=ed form ,i+h con$ersion of ;(9)< +o

;(9)

c"lindrical shaed round !o++om glass reac+or (10 cm heigh+

and B cmin+ernal diame+er)& 20 ± 1 >/= fre:uenc" of ul+rasound irradia-+ions (,i+h deli$ered o,er of 3 K) ,ere used in +heul+rasonic

cleaning !a+h +"e s"s+em ha$ing dimensions of heigh+% ,id+hand !read+h as 1B cm × 1B cm × 1B cm% resec+i$el"(Suerson-ics% l+rasonic s"s+em% um!ai)& he dis+ance !e+,een +he

c"lindrical reac+or !o++om and +he ul+rasonic !a+h ,as main-

+ained a+ 2 cm and +he li:uid ool ,as main+ained u +o a le$el

of 11 cm in +he ul+rasonic !a+h% co$ering +he en+ire acid slurr"

solu+ion in +he reac+or as i+ ,as e5osed +o ul+rasonic irradi-

a+ion& Solid loading of B0F (B0 g of ore ma+erial in 100 mof leach acid solu+ion of differen+ concen+ra+ions) ,eigh+ !"

$olume has !een used in all +he reor+ed e5erimen+s& 9n +he

con$en+ional s+irring !ased leaching rocess% +he agi+a+or used,as 4 cm diame+er% 4B◦ do,n uming i+ch !laded +ur!ine

imeller% ,hich has good solid susension charac+eris+ics for

+he solid ar+icles& 9meller seed ,as main+ained a+ 1000 rm

using

ig& 1& Schema+ic diagram of e5erimen+al se+u&

a $aria!le seed dri$e mo+or ,i+h a disla" indica+ing imeller

ro+a+ional seed (rm)& Schema+ic diagram of +he e5erimen+al

se+u is sho,n in ig& 1& he +emera+ure ,as main+ained a+room +emera+ure (30–32 ◦C)% and +he reac+ion mass ,as su!-

*ec+ed +o +he ul+rasound irradia+ion in+ermi++en+l" (ga of 10

min for e$er" 30 min of con+inuous oera+ion)& Cooling ,a+er

,as used as a medium in +he ul+rasonic !a+h ,i+h a

+emera+ure con+rolled s"s+em& #ll +he e5erimen+s ,ere

carried ou+ in duli- ca+e% and some+imes reea+ed again and

+he mean $alues ha$e !een reor+ed& he ma5imum de$ia+ion

o!ser$ed !e+,een +he reor+ed e5erimen+s ne$er e5ceeded

BF&

'1' Analysis of leach li5uor sam4les

he slurr" samles ,ere ,i+hdra,n a+ e:ual in+er$als of

+ime& he fine solid ar+icles are decan+ed !" using high seed

cen- +rifuge and +he suerna+an+ li:uid samles con+aining

dissol$ed uranium (ni+ra+e or sulfa+e) ,as anal"sed for +he

uranium con- +en+ in +he comle5 using –is sec+ro

ho+ome+er (Chemi+o model-2B00)& .i+ric acid leached

samles (uranium ni+ra+e% 2 (.3 )4 ) ,ere anal"sed a+ an

a!sor!ance ,a$eleng+h of 37B nm% ,hich is +he charac+eris+ic ,a$eleng+h of +he uranium

comle5 formed ,i+h +he mi5+ure of e+hanolic ammonium+hio- c"ana+e and s+annous chloride (A?1 ra+io) ,i+h aluminum

ni+ra+e solu+ion as a sal+ing agen+ ;10


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B' Avvaru et al' ( Chemical Engineering and )rocessing *+ !--." /-+0//1 210210 B' Avvaru et al' ( Chemical Engineering and )rocessing *+ !--." /-+0//1

1'/' Ex4eriments $ith nitric acid !6721 " as a leach

acid

E5erimen+s ha$e !een conduc+ed using +hree differen+ni+ric acid (/.3 ) concen+ra+ions of 7&B% 10 and 1B $olume

ercen+- age% e:ui$alen+ +o 0&88% 1&1A and 1&7 .%resec+i$el"& 'esul+s ha$e sho,n imro$emen+ in +he ini+ialleaching ra+e ,i+h an


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ig& 2& Effec+ of ul+rasound on uranium reco$er" ,i+h /.3 leach acid&

increase in +he ni+ric acid concen+ra+ion& 9+ is o!ser$ed from

ig& 2% +ha+ +he ini+ial leaching ra+e (u +o firs+ A0 min) has !een increased !" 1&4 +imes as ,e increase +he ni+ric acid

concen+ra- +ion from 0&88 +o 1&7 .% +he ini+ial leaching ra+es

(es+ima+ed !" me+hod sho,n in #endi5 9) are sho,n in

a!le 1& /o,e$er%

+he o$erall e5+en+ of reco$er" ,as no+ much affec+ed% remain-ing a+ ∼80F for all +he +hree leach acid concen+ra+ions s+udiedo$er h of leaching oera+ion& eaching ra+es of uranium ,ere

enhanced under ul+rasound irradia+ion for all +hree acid con-

cen+ra+ions (ig& 2)& #s i+ can !e o!ser$ed from a!le 1% under

ul+rasound +he e5+en+ of enhancemen+ ,as reduced from 42F

+o

8&7F ,i+h an increase in +he leach acid concen+ra+ion from

0&88 +o 1&7 . of ni+ric acid& he rocess of +ransfer of

leaching sol- $en+ +o +he inner ar+icle ore is slo,er under

mechanical s+irring ,hen carried ou+ using lo, leach acid

concen+ra+ion ossi!l" due +o +he slo,er dissolu+ion of +he

gangue ma+erial e5osing uranium +o +he leach acid& he

h"sical effec+s of +he ca$i+a+ion such as +he shoc> ,a$es and

+he enhanced in+ra ar+icle diffu- sion ,ere found +o increase

+he mass +ransfer ra+e% as a resul+ of +he as"mme+ric collase

of +he ca$i+" in +he $icini+" of solid ar+icle ;10


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s+irring (×10 gGs) ul+rasound (×10 gGs) ini+ial leaching ra+e

1 0&88 1&1A 1&A 42&02 1&1A 1&34 1&81 3B&0

3 1&7 1&72 1&87 8&7


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concen+ra+ion o$er h leaching oera+ion& hus% +he ad$an+age

of lo, acid consum+ion +o achie$e +he high leaching ra+es of

uranium is ossi!le ,i+h +he use of ul+rasonic irradia+ion& #s

discussed a!o$e ig& 2(!) and (c) sho, a reducing influence of

ul+rasound ,i+h an increasing ni+ric acid concen+ra+ion in +he

leach solu+ion&

1'' Ex4eriments $ith sul4huric acid !6 82* " as leach

acid

1''/' eaction mechanism of uranium leaching $ith

6 82* leach

acid os+ of +he uranium mills use sulhuric acid +o e5+rac+ +he

uranium from i+s ore% as +he use of /.3 is more e5ensi$e&

Simle he5a$alen+ uranium o5ides and i+s comounds arereadil" solu!le% !u+ +e+ra$alen+ uranium is insolu!le in sulhuricacid and hence mus+ !e o5idi=ed for i+s dissolu+ion +o occur&ranium ,hich e5is+s in +e+ra$alen+ form in na+ural uranium

ore% re:uire o5idi=ing condi+ions +o con$er+ uranium(uranini++e ;(9)


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s+irring (×10 gGs) ul+rasound (×10 gGs) ini+ial leaching ra+e

1 1&87 0&8B 0&A0 B&A2 2&82 0&A0 1&0B 1&7

3 3&7B 0&AA 1&1A 20&2

ig& 3& Effec+ of ul+rasound on uranium reco$er" ,i+h /2 S4 leach

acid&

of enhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+e ,as increased from B&AF+o

20&2F ,i+h an increase in +he leach acid concen+ra+ion from

1&87 +o 3&7B . of sulhuric acid& hus% +he resence of

ul+rasound ,as found +o !e more effec+i$e a+ higher leach acidconcen- +ra+ion +han a+ lo, leach acid concen+ra+ion& his

o!ser$ed effec+ due +o ul+rasound on +he leaching ra+e

enhancemen+ ,as e5ac+l" oosi+e +o +ha+ o!ser$ed ,i+h ni+ric

acid leaching rocess& 9+ seems +ha+ mechanism of leaching

under ul+rasound irradia+ion ,i+h +,o s+udied leach acid media

aears +o !e differen+&


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he o!ser$ed $aria+ion in +he leaching ra+es ,i+h sulhuricacid and +he ossi!le reason for +he enhancemen+ in leachingra+es under ul+rasound irradia+ion is e5lained on +he !asis of o5ida+i$e con$ersion of (9) +o (9)& he e5+remecondi+ions (such as high +emera+ure in +he range of B000 and ressure of 1000 a+m) genera+ed during +he ca+as+rohiccollase of +he ca$i+ies >no,n +o roduce / radicals (s+rongo5idi=ing agen+s) under ul+rasound irradia+ion& nder acid

medium +hese in +urn facili+a+es +he o5ida+i$e con$ersion of

e2@ +o e3@ & his o5i- da+ion% is ho,e$er no+ onl" due +o/ radicals !u+ also% /2 radicals% /2 2 and / a+oms

formed during +he ul+rasound irradia+ion ini+ia+ed ca$i+a+ingcondi+ions (sho,n in E:s& (4)–()) ;17%18<

e2++ / → e3+ + /− (4)

e2++ /2→ e3++ /2

− (B)

e2++ /2 2→ e3++ / + /− ()

o confirm +his mechanism of o5ida+i$e con$ersion of e2@

+o e

3@

e5erimen+s ,ere conduc+ed ,i+h and ,i+hou+ul+rasound irradia+ion using 3&7B . sulhuric acid leachsolu+ion ,i+hou+ +he (e5+ernall" added) o5idi=ing agen+ (n2) and +hese leaching cur$es are sho,n in ig& 4 o$er a 10 heriod& #s i+ can !e o!ser$ed from ig& 4% 41F and 31&8Fleaching reco$eries ha$e !een o!+ained ,i+h and ,i+hou+ul+rasound irradia+ion resec- +i$el" ,i+hou+ +he e5+ernall"added o5idi=ing agen+s& /ence%

2AF imro$emen+ in +he leaching reco$er" $alue o!+ained(o$er

10 h of oera+ion) indica+e a clear influence of +he in si+uformed / radicals under ul+rasound irradia+ion% facili+a+ing

+he con- $ersion of e2@ +o e3@ & he $aria+ion in +he measuredo5idi=ing o+en+ial ('P reading) of +he slurr" i&e&% ra+io of

(e3@ Ge2@ ) during +he leaching oera+ion ,i+h resec+ +o +he

+ime is sho,n in ig& B& he higher $alues of +he ra+io e3@

Ge2@ during +he ini+ial eriod (210 min) of +he ul+rasound

irradia+ion assis+ed oera+ion% resonsi!le for +he o!ser$ed highini+ial leaching ra+es of +he uranium (o$er agi+a+ion) leaching%is readil" e$iden+ from ig& 4& /o,e$er% +his ra+io ,as found +o

!e decrease as +he +ime of leaching oera+ion rogressindica+ing ossi!l" +he consum+ion of

ig& 4& ranium reco$er" ,i+h and ,i+hou+ ul+rasound irradia+ion ,i+h ou+ an"

addi+ion of e5+ernal o5idi=ing agen+ (n2 )&


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ig& B& aria+ion of e3@ Ge2@ ra+io during leaching oera+ion ,i+h and

,i+hou+ ul+rasound irradia+ion&

+he e3@ ions in +he con$ersion of +e+ra$alen+ form of uranium

+o he5a$alen+ form&he o5idi=ing condi+ions are readil" resen+ under

ul+rasound ,i+hou+ n2 !u+ are no+ efficien+ enough for

achie$ing +hehigher leaching ra+es as ,ell as +he reco$eries (∼7B–80F)% aso!ser$ed !" +he e5+ernall" added n2 as sho,n in ig& 3&

he com!ina+ion of +he ul+rasound ,i+h e5+ernal addi+ion of

+he n2 seems +o !e more effec+i$e for +he con$ersion of

e2@ +o e3@ & his o5ida+i$e con$ersion ra+e under ul+rasound

is e5ec+ed +o !e more under high (3&7B .) sulhuric acid con-

cen+ra+ion ;1A ;10<

,i+h higher s+ar+ing ar-+icle si=e (≈230 m) sho,ed a clear reduc+ion in +he ar+iclesi=e in +he resence of ul+rasound and +he o!ser$ed enhance-men+ in +he leaching ra+e ,as much more +han o!ser$ed in +his

,or>& #s e5lained earlier ;10& he lo,er s+ar+ing ar+icle si=e (≈B0 m) in +his,or> does no+ resul+ in+o significan+ ar+icle si=e disin+egra+ionand hence ossi!l" is no+ +he ra+e con+rolling henomena for

+he o!ser$ed enhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+es ,i+h differen+

leach acid concen+ra+ions under ul+rasound&

#s i+ can !e o!ser$ed from ig& 3(c)% 78F uranium

reco$er" has !een achie$ed using 3&7B . leach acid

concen+ra+ion in 10 h of agi+a+ion leaching& Khere as 8BF

uranium reco$er" has !een achie$ed using +he same leach acid

concen+ra+ion% sulemen+ed ,i+h ul+rasound irradia+ion ,i+hin

3&B h of leaching oera+ion&he o$erall reco$er" has !een increased !" onl" ∼AF !u+ a

su!s+an+ial reduc+ion in +he leaching eriod (3&B h ,i+h ul+ra-

sound agains+ 10 h ,i+h onl" s+irring) has !een achie$ed& his

clearl" sho,s a significan+ enhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+e&

ur+her con+inua+ion of leaching% uranium con+en+ in +he leach


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li:uor has !een found +o decrease +o 78F (&B h of fur+her

ul+rasound irradia+ion)% indica+ing +he loss of solu!le

uranium& 9+ has !een reor+ed in +he li+era+ure ;20el and co!al+ from lean grade

o5ides and silica+es ores ;21%22 is re:uired +o

ascer+ain +hese secula+ions&

4. Conclusion

Enhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+e of uranium ,i+h ni+ric

acid under ul+rasound irradia+ion seems +o !e onl" due +o

h"sical effec+s of ca$i+a+ion henomena& .i+ric acid is as+rong o5idi=- ing agen+% i+ o5idi=es +he (9) +o (9) a+ a

much fas+er ra+e% and hence +he leaching ra+e is con+rolled !"

con$ec+i$e diffusi$- i+" of +he leach acid in+o +he micro-oresof ore ar+icle ,hich is facili+a+ed !" ca$i+a+ing condi+ions&

Khere as in +he case of sulhuric acid leaching% n2

("rolusi+e) is used as an o5idan+% since +he sulhuric acid is

no+ a s+rong o5idi=ing agen+& he o5ida+i$e forma+ion of e3@

;e2 (S4 )3 < aears +o !e +he ra+e con+rolling henomena%

and +his s+e is seeded !" +he o5idi=ing condi+ions (/

radicals) roduced during ul+rasound ca$i+a+ion under high

acid medium condi+ions% i&e&% chemical effec+s of ul+rasoundca$i+a+ion causing +he enhancemen+ in +he leaching ra+e of

uranium&

Acknowledgement

he au+hors ,ish +o ac>no,ledge +he funding of +he

Lear+- men+ of #+omic Energ"% Io$+& of 9ndia% under +he

ro*ec+ name L#E-E (Lear+men+ of #+omic Energ"-

Cen+re for no,ledge ased Engineering% Pro*ec+ .o&

47&01&12) for +his colla!ora+i$e research ,or> !e+,een L#E-

9C&

Appendix I

he leaching ra+es sho,n in +he +a!les ha$e !een calcula+ed !ased on +he ini+ial leaching ra+es& 9n +he case of ni+ric acid

leaching% e5erimen+s ha$e !een conduc+ed for h of

oera+ion% so +he ini+ial leaching ra+e has !een considered u +o

firs+ A0 min of oera+ion% since +he leaching is occurring ,i+h

cons+an+ ra+e u +o firs+ A0 min of oera+ion&

or +"ical samle calcula+ion% +he leaching reco$er" of

uranium u +o firs+ A0 min of oera+ion under ul+rasonic

irradia+ion and onl" mechanical agi+a+ion ,i+h 0&88 . leach

acid sho,n in


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ig& 2(a) is o!ser$ed +o !e B2&2 and 37&0F% resec+i$el"% and

+he corresonding uranium leached ou+ (reco$ered) is A&1 and

&B mg% resec+i$el" (uranium ercen+age in +he ore is 0&03BF

!" ,+& and B0 g of samle used in each e5erimen+al run)&

9ni+ial leaching ra+e under ul+rasonic irradia+ion

;7< & e>in% L& e>in% & a"ramoglu% he effec+ of ul+rasound on +he dis-

solu+ion >ine+ics of Phosha+e roc> in /.3 % l+rason& Sonochem& 8 (4)

(2001) 373–377&

;8< &/& homson% && Lorais,am"% Sonochemis+r"? science and

engineering% 9nd& Eng& Chem& 'es& 38 (1AAA) 121B&

;A< & #sho>>umar% && Irieser% l+rasound assis+ed chemical rocesses%

'e$& Chem& Eng& 1B (1AAA) 44&

uranium rec o$ ered= +ime of leaching

=1'A

×10

−

g (

s

;10< #& alasu!rahman"am% S&& 'o"% Su*i+ Cho,dhur"% &.& /areendran% #&&

Pandi+% Enhancemen+ of leaching ra+e of uranium in resence oful+rasound% 9nd& Eng& Chem& 'es& 4B (22) (200) 73A–748&

;11< P&'& Ioga+e% 9&M& Shirgoan>ar% & Si$a>umar% P& Sen+hil>umar% .&P&ichare%

Similarl"% ini+ial leaching ra+e under mechanical agi+a-+ion N 1&1A × 10− gGs

FEnhancemen+ in +he ini+ial leaching ra+e ,i+h ul+rasonic

increase in +he leaching reco$er"

#&& Pandi+% Ca$i+a+ion reac+ors? efficienc" assessmen+ using a model

reac- +ion% #9ChE 47 (11) (2001) 2B2–2B38&

;12< &J& .icol% C&'&S& .eedes% .&P& in>els+ein% Elec+rochemical model for

+he leaching of uranium dio5ide% acid media% in? #&'& ur>in (Ed&)%

eaching and 'educ+ion in /"drome+allurg"% 9% ondon% 1A7B% &

1–11&

;13< I& Sommer% I&&K& mrod% '&P& Chai5% 'ecen+ de$elomen+s in +heins+ru-irradia+ion = reco$er" due +o onl"agi+a+ion

= 42'0F men+a+ion and au+oma+ion of uranium rocessing lan+s% J& S& #fr& 9ns+&in& e+all& 74 (1A73) 413–420&

Similarl" for o+her leach acid concen+ra+ions +he ini+ial

leaching ra+es and +he enhancemen+ due +o ul+rasonicirradia+ion are sho,n in a!le 1&

Ki+h sulhuric acid leaching% +he e5erimen+s ha$e !een

conduc+ed for 10 h of oera+ion% +he ini+ial cons+an+

leaching ra+e has !een considered +o !e u +o firs+ 210 min of

oera+ion& he ini+ial leaching ra+es and +he F enhancemen+

due +o ul+rasonic irradia+ion ha$e !een calcula+ed and sho,n

in a!le 2&

Reerences

;1< ranium and uranium comounds% Enc"cloedia of Chemicalechnolog"%

3rd ed&% $ol& 23% & B14&;2< J& rierle"% C&& rierle"% Presen+ and fu+ure commercial alica+ions

of !io-h"drome+allurg"% /"drome+allurg" BA (2001) 233–23A&

;3< '&I& cCread"% K&L& Iould% ioleaching of uranium% in? /&& Ehrlich%

C&& rierle" (Eds&)% icro!ial ineral 'eco$er"% cIra,-/ill% .e,

or>% 1AA0% & 107&

;4< /&& i=ama% &J& air,ea+her% M& Lai% &L& #llegre++o% /o, does

!ioleaching s+ar+O /"drome+allurg" A (2003) 10A–11&

;B< && S,am"% &S& 'ao% && .ara"ana% J&S& ur+h"% /&S& 'a"% #li-

ca+ion of ul+rasound in leaching% in& Pro& E5+& e+al& 'e$& 14 (1AAB)

17A&

;< && S,am"% && Su>la% && .ara"ana% '&.& ar% &&

Panchanadi>ar% se of ul+rasound in micro!ial leaching of nic>el from

la+eri+es% l+rason& Sonochem& 2 (1AAB) SB–SA&

;14< J&E& Lu+ri=ac% '&J&C& ac Lonald% erric ion as a leaching medium% iner&

Sci& Eng& (2) (1A74) A–100&;1B< #&& a+hur% & is,amohan% && ohan+"% && ur+h"% S&&

Seshadri- na+h% ranium e5+rac+ion using !iogenic ferric sulha+e& # case

s+ud" on :uar+= chlori+e ore from Jaduguda% Singh!hum +hrus+ !el+

(S)% ihar% 9ndia% iner& Eng& 13 (B) (2000) B7B–B7A&

;1< Le$asia Pres+on% & .a+ara*an% ac+erial leaching? !io+echnolog" in +he

mining indus+r"% 'esonance (#ugus+) (2004) 27–34&

;17< J& #mi+ >umar% S&.& Cha++er*ee% Es+ima+ion of h"dro5"le free radicals

roduced !" ul+rasound in ric>e solu+ion used as a chemical dosime+er%

l+rason& Sonochem& 2 (2) (1AAB) S87–SA1&

;18< & Ier+raud% & #rmin% & 'udigger% S& /ein=-Pe+er% S& Loro+hea% &

#ndreas% S& Clemens% / radical forma+ion !" ul+rasound in a:ueous

solu- +ion& Par+ 99& ereh+hala+e and ric>e dosime+r" and +he influence of

$arious condi+ions on +he sonol"+ic "ield% l+rason& Sonochem& B (2)

(1AA8) 41–B2&

;1A< '&& hau% P&/& Johnson% J& rierle"% L&/& 'e"nolds% heore+icaland rac+ical s+udies on dum leaching% rans& Soc& in& Eng&% #9E

244 (1AA) 307–320&

;20< /& ric>e% E&J& /ar+% he o5ida+ion of e@2 +o e@3 !" +he irradia+ion ,i+h

-ra"s of solu+ions ferrous sulfa+e in sulhuric acid% J& Chem& Ph"s& 3 (1)

(1A3B) 0–1&

;21< '&& ran++=% &P& c.ull"% in? L&J&9& E$ans% '&S& Shoema>er (Eds&)%

9n+er- na+ional S"mosium on /"drome+allurg"% #9E% .e,or>% 1A73%

& 27&

;22< L&K& uers+enau% & sseo-#sare% #dsor+ion of Cu% .i and Co !" o5ide

adsor!en+s from a:ueous ammonical solu+ion% J& Colloid& 9n+er& Sci& 118

(2) (1A87) B24–B42&

;23< && S,am"% && .ara"ana% 9n+ensifica+ion of leaching rocess !" dual-

fre:uenc" ul+rasound% l+rason& Sonochem& 8 (2001) 341–34&

(551551431) Sonochemical Leaching

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