55= Albania; Greec ALBANIC 6 phylozone - … 1999-2000... · Albanian is probably related to the...

The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

55= ALBANIC phylozone

covers the "Albanian" or Shqip set, part of the "Indo-

European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1 outer-language spoken by communities in the western Balkans, with an extension across the Adriatic to the Italian

peninsula:

55-A SHQIP

Albanian is probably related to the ancient Illyrian (Messapic) language, formerly spoken on both sides of the Adriatic

Albania; Greece; Macedonia; Yugoslavia; with an extension to Italy; and migration to Croatia;

Turkey; Ukraine…

6

55-A SHQIP set ALBANIAN

55-AA SHQIP chain

55-AAA SHQIP net shqipe, shkip, škip; shkipetar, škipetar people

55-AAA-a Shqip Albanian, gjuha shqipe, shqipni, shqip, skchip, shqiperi, ship, shkip, škip; shkipetar, škipetar people

A Albania; Yugoslavia; Croatia; Macedonia; Italy; Greece…

6

55-AAA-aa gheg albanian-N., geg, guegue, shqip-N., škip-N., including malësia, malissore… mirditë, dukagjin peoples ¶disrupted in late 1990's by (temporary) ethnic clearance of Kosovar community from Yugoslavia

into Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro Shkumbi river northwards from 16

th cent.: Turko-Arabic script; Latin script

Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo; Serbia; Montenegro); Croatia; migration> USA

6

55-AAA-aaa gheg-F. "literary"gheg, "formal" gheg continued literary development of Gheg

standard in Yugoslavia (Kosovo) after adoption of Tosk standard in Albania in 1952

Albania; Yugoslavia (Kosovo; also

Montenegro); also Macedonia

55-AAA-aab gheg-NW. Komovi+ Prokletije highlands Albania (Shkodër-N.); Yugoslavia (Montenegro)

55-AAA-aac kosova kosovar community Dhrin middle & upper basin… surrounding

Mokra… Sar highlands… geographic and social (clan) dialects to be distinguished

Albania (Kukës); Yugoslavia (Kosovo; also Montenegro); also Macedonia

5

55-AAA-aad shkodër shkod'r Shkodër, Scutari Albania (Shkodër-S.)

55-AAA-aae gheg-C. Lezhë… Burrel Albania

55-AAA-aaf tiranë+ elbasan gheg-S.tirana-elbasan, elbasan-tirana Elbasan Tiranë, Tirana Albania (Tiranë)

55-AAA-aag mandrica Albania

55-AAA-ab arbanasi-N. "croatian" arbanasi, zadar Zadar: Arbanasi, Borgo Erizzo village

¶migrated in 18th cent. as refugees from Bar (Montenegro)

Croatia (Dalmatia) 3

55-AAA-ac tosk albanian-S., arber, arbresh, arnaut, zhgabe, shqip-S., škip-S., including myzeque… camövia… labëria peoples Shkumbi river northwards Hellenic script; Turko-Arabic script; Latin script

Albania; Italy; Greece; migration> USA

6

55-AAA-aca tosk-F. "literary albanian", "formal albanian" adopted as standard Albanian literary language in 1952

A Albania

55-AAA-acb tosk-W. Albania

55-AAA-acc tosk-S. çamëria, chamuria, camarija Albania

55-AAA-acd tosk-E. korca Korçë Albania (Korçë)

55-AAA-ace srem syrmia Albania

55-AAA-ad arbanasi-E. "bulgarian" arbanasi bilingual < [53=] Bulgarski and/or [56=] Helleniki

(Bulgaria) Mandritsa; (Greece) Kilkís: Mandrés village ¶Mandritsa founded by refugees in Middle Ages from Albania; Mandrés by 19

th

cent. refugees from Mandritsa

Bulgaria (Khaskovo); Greece (Kilkís)

55-AAA-ae arbanasi-S. arvanitika bilingual < [56=] Helleniki Greece 5

55-AAA-aea viotia Greece (Boeotia)

55-AAA-aeb attiki Elevsís Greece (Attica)

55-AAA-aec salamina Salamis Greece (Attica)

55-AAA-aed evia Evvoia-S., Euboea-S. island Greece (Central)

55-AAA-af tosk-'ukraine' Melitopol bilingual < [53=] Ukrainska Ukraine

55-AAA-ag tosk-'anatolia' bilingual < [44=] Türkçe migration> Turkey (Anatolia)

55-AAA-ah arbresh arbëreshë, "italo-albanian" bilingual < [51=] Napoletano+Siciliano &/or Italiano ¶spoken in almost 50 scattered villages, founded by refugees

from Albania in 13th-15

th centuries; classified provisionally by province

migration> Italy-S. 5*

55-AAA-aha molise (Molise)

55-AAA-ahb apulia (Puglia)

55-AAA-ahc basilicata (Basilicata)

55-AAA-ahd calabria (Calabria)

55-AAA-ahe sicilia (Sicilia)

5= INDO-EUROPEAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 449

56= HELLENIC phylozone

covers the "Greek", "Hellenic" or Helleniki+ Tsakonia set of

languages, part of the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 2 outer languages) spoken by communities in southeastern Europe and around

the eastern Mediterranean, with international migration:

56-A HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA

Greece; Cyprus; Albania; Bulgaria; formerly Turkey; with diaspora to USA; Germany; United Kingdom; France; Canada; Poland; Ukraine; Russia; Kazakhstan; Italy…

7

56-A HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA set

GREEK

56-AA HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA chain

56-AAA HELLENIKI+ TSAKONIA net

56-AAA-a Helleniki Greek, "hellenic" (Linear-B script); Hellenic script Greece; Cyprus; Albania; migration> Egypt; Italy; France (Corsica); Ukraine; USA; Canada; Australia

7

56-AAA-aa helleniki-L. "historical greek", including "ancient literary greek", "classical greek" (with dialectal variation)… koiné, koiné "greek", "ancient greek vehicular"… "hellenistic greek", "new testament greek"… "byzantine greek"…

Greece… {Eastern Mediterranean}

56-AAA-ab katharévousa katharevusa, "puristic modern literary greek" official language in 19th-

20th cent. ; including a variety of styles drawn in the competing

directions of Classical Greek and Modern Demotic Greek

(A ) Greece

56-AAA-ac dhimotiki demotikós, romaiki, "modern demotic greek", "generalised modern greek" ; compromise standard, influence < Katharevousa, emerging from late 1980's

A Greece, A Cyprus 7

56-AAA-aca dhimotiki-'hellas' "greece colloquial standard" (Greece)

56-AAA-acb dhimotiki-'kypros' "cyprus colloquial standard" (Cyprus)

56-AAA-acc athiniki "athenian popular urban" Athínai, Athens Greece (Attica)

56-AAA-acd helleniki-'istanbul' Istanbul ¶spoken by Greek-speaking community remaining in

Istanbul

Turkey (Istanbul)

56-AAA-ace helleniki-'rossiya' migration> Russia; Ukraine

56-AAA-acf helleniki-'amerika' migration> USA

56-AAA-acg helleniki-'australia' migration> Australia

56-AAA-ad helleniki-N. "northern-greece traditional" Greece

56-AAA-ada ipiros Ipiros country Greece (Ipiros); Albania adjacent; also Turkey

56-AAA-adb makedhonia-W. Macedonia highlands Greece (Makedhonia)

56-AAA-adc makedhonia-E. Thessaloniki, Salonica Greece (Makedhonia)

56-AAA-add thraki Thrace country Greece (Thraki)

56-AAA-ade samothraki Samothraki island Greece (Samothraki)

56-AAA-adf limnos Lemnos island Greece (Lemnos)

56-AAA-adg voriai-spoadhes Sporades-N. islands Greece (Sporades)

56-AAA-adh thessalia Trikkala… Larisa Greece (Thessalia)

56-AAA-adi evvoia-N. Evvoia-N., Euboea-N. island Greece (Evvoia)

56-AAA-adj sterea Sterea Greece (Sterea)

56-AAA-ae attica+ euboea part of "athenian old rural traditional" ¶vestigial idiom Greece

56-AAA-aea megara part of "athenian old rural traditional" ¶vestigial idiom Mégara Greece (Attica)

56-AAA-aeb euboea-C. kími, part of "athenian old rural traditional" Euboea-C. island: Kími ¶vestigial idiom

Greece (Evvoia)

56-AAA-af helleniki-SW. "peleponnese+ ionian insular traditional" Greece

56-AAA-afa iónioi-nisoi Iónioi, Ionian islands (Iónioi)

56-AAA-afb peloponnisos Pelopónnisos, Peleponnese peninsula (Pelopónnisos)

56-AAA-ag kritiki "cretan insular traditional" Kríti, Crete island (Kríti)

56-AAA-ah helleniki-SE. "dodecanese+ cypriot insular traditional" Dodecanese Cyprus Greece; Cyprus

56-AAA-aha kikládhes Kikládhes, Cyclades islands (Kikládhes)

56-AAA-ahb khíos Khíos, Chios island (Khíos)

56-AAA-ahc ikaría Ikaría, Nikaria island (Ikaría)

56-AAA-ahd sporádhes-C. Sporádhes, Lesser Dodecanese islands (Sporádhes)

56-AAA-ahe rhodos Rhodos, Rhodes island (Rhodos)

56-AAA-ahf carpathos Kárpathos, Scarpanto island (Kárpathos)

56-AAA-ahg cyprus "cypriot greek" Cyprus island Cyprus

56-AAA-ai italiot "italo-greek traditional" Italy; France

56-AAA-aia salentina Salentina… Calimera (Apulia)

56-AAA-aib calabria-S. Italy (Calabria)

56-AAA-aic cargèse "corsican greek" Cargèse France (Corsica)


56-AAA-aj pontiki "pontic traditional", "black-sea greek" 5

56-AAA-aja pontus ¶exodus from Turkey (Anatolia) to Greece and N.America in 1920's-

1930's

Turkey (Anatolia)

56-AAA-ajb piraiévs-katerini Piraeus-Katerini Athens suburbs migration> Greece

56-AAA-ajc america-pontiki Boston Philadelphia Toronto migration> USA; Canada

56-AAA-ak urum* "russian+ ukrainian greek" Russia; Ukraine 5

56-AAA-al saracatsi "saracatsan" ¶nomadic shepherd community #form of own name to be confirmed

Greece-N.

56-AAA-am yevaniki "judeo-greek", "hebraicised greek", "yevanic" ¶exodus to USA & Israel, where now almost extinct Hebrew script

USA; Israel 1*

56-AAA-b Tsakonia "peleponnese-E. traditional hellenic" Greece 2

56-AAA-ba tsakonia Greece

56-AAA-baa kastanitas+ sitena Kastanitas Sitena (Pelopónnisos)

56-AAA-bab leonidhion+ prastos Leonidhion Prastos (Pelopónnisos)


57= ARMENIC phylozone

covers the "Armenian" or Hayeren set, part of the "Indo-

European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of 1 outer-language spoken by communities in eastern Europe, in the valleys around Lake Sevan and in a former extension from

the Mediterranean coast of Cilicia to the Caspian Sea, with worldwide migration:

57-A HAYEREN

Armenia; Azerbaijan; with diaspora in Egypt; France; Georgia; Iran; Iraq; Lebanon; Russia; Syria; Turkey; Ukraine; USA…

6

57-A HAYEREN set ARMENIAN

57-AA HAYEREN chain

57-AAA HAYEREN net

57-AAA-a Hayeren Armenian, hay, ermeni, armiane, somekhi from 5th cent.: Armenian

script influence < [59=] Farsi A Armenia; Azerbaijan (Nagorny-Karabakh); migration> Georgia; Iran; Syria; Lebanon; Iraq; Turkey; Russia; Ukraine; Egypt; France; USA

6

57-AAA-aa grabar "ancient armenian", "historical literary armenian", "ancient+ middle literary armenian" from 5

th cent., continuing in use until 19

th and still

studied in 20th.

Armenia…

57-AAA-ab ashkharik-hayeren "armenian"-E., ararat "armenian" Armenia; Georgia; Azerbaijan;

Russia; Iran …

6

57-AAA-aba ashkharik-F. "formal armenian"-E., "modern literary armenian"-E. Yerevan model Armenia…

57-AAA-abb ararat yerevan Ararat valley… Yerevan Armenia

57-AAA-abc tbilisi tiflis Tibilisi, Tiflis… Georgia

57-AAA-abd karabakh Karabakh region Azerbaijan (Nagorny-Karabakh)

57-AAA-abe astrakhan Astrakhan… Russia (Astrakhan)

57-AAA-abf shamakli Shamakli… Iran

57-AAA-abg dzhulfa*

57-AAA-abh agulis*

57-AAA-abi khvoy+ salmas Salmas. Khvoy Iran

57-AAA-abj urmia+ maragheh Urmia lake: Urmia… Maragheh Iran

57-AAA-abk artvin Artvin… Turkey (Artvin)

57-AAA-ac arewmta-hayeren "armenian"-W., "diaspora armenian" with exodus from Turkey after the massacre and ethnic clearance of the Armenian community from

1915.

Turkey; Syria; Lebanon; Russia; Ukraine; Greece; France; United States…

4

57-AAA-aca arewmta-hayeren-F. "formal armenian"-W., "modern literary armenian"-W. Istanbul,

Constatinople model

Turkey…

57-AAA-acb erzurum karin Karinkos* Turkey (Erzurum)

57-AAA-acc muş Muş… Turkey (Muş)

57-AAA-acd van Van… Turkey (Van)

57-AAA-ace diyarbakir tigranakert Diyarbakir… Turkey (Diyarbakir)

57-AAA-acf erzinkan kharberd, erzenka Erzincan province Turkey (Erzinkan)

57-AAA-acg karahisar shabin-karahissar Şebinkarahisar… Turkey (Giresun)

57-AAA-ach trabzon trapezunt Trabzon… Turkey (Trabzon)

57-AAA-aci hemşin hamshen Hemşin… Turkey (Rize)

57-AAA-acj malatya Malatya… Turkey (Malatya)

57-AAA-ack arapkir arabkir Arapkir… Turkey (Malatya)

57-AAA-acl akcn akn Akcn… Turkey (Afsaray)

57-AAA-acm sivas Sivas… Turkey (Sivas)

57-AAA-acn hayeren-istanbul "constantinople armenian" Istanbul… Turkey (Istanbul)

57-AAA-aco tokat ewdokia Tokat Turkey (Tokat)

57-AAA-acp hayeren-smyrna izmir Izmir… Turkey (Izmir)

57-AAA-acq hayeren-dimashq Dimashq, Damascus… Syria

57-AAA-acr hayeren-beirut Beirut Lebanon

57-AAA-acs hayeren-sevastopol Sevastopol, Sebastopol… Ukraine (Crimea)

57-AAA-act hayeren-don Don valley Russia


58= IRANIC phylozone

covers the "Iranian" or Farsi+ Pashto set, part of the "Indo-

Iranian" grouping within the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 26 outer languages) spoken by communities in southwestern and central Asia:

58-A FARSI+ PASHTO

A continuum of relationships among languages covered by 58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitional languages of the [58=] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.

Afghanistan; Armenia; Azerbaijan; China; India; Iran; Iraq; Kirghizstan; Lebanon; Oman; Pakistan; Russia; Syria; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Turkey; Uzbekistan

7

58-A FARSI+ PASHTO set "WIDER"-IRANIAN

58-AA FARSI+ KURDI chain IRANIAN-WEST

58-AAA KURDI+ KURMANJI net

¶a major linguistic division between communities speaking Kurdish-N.

& Kurdish-S. (not readily inter-intelligible) is further complicated by the overlapping division of the Kurdish-speaking area (Kurdistan) among 5

nation-states, by an ancient sociological divide between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic/semi-nomadic pastoralists, and by internal differences of religious tradition Perso-Arabic script; Armenian

script; Latin script; Cyrillic script

58-AAA-a Kurmanji+ Kurmanjiki

Kurdish-N. Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Iran; also

Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkmenistan; Russia; Lebanon; Pakistan (Baluchistan); Germany

6

58-AAA-aa kurmanji kurmandji dialects and dialect-names to be reviewed Turkey; Iran; Iraq; Syria; Russia; Lebanon; migration> Germany

6

58-AAA-aaa kurmanji-F. "literary kurmanji" Perso-Arabic; Armenian; Cyrillic scripts Turkey…

58-AAA-aab guwii Turkey…

58-AAA-aac hakkari Turkey (Hakkâri)

58-AAA-aad jezir botan Turkey and/or Iraq

58-AAA-aae herki Turkey and/or Iraq

58-AAA-aaf shikaki Turkey and/or Iraq

58-AAA-aag 'aqrah akre Iraq

58-AAA-aah 'amadiyah Iraq

58-AAA-aai dahuk Iraq

58-AAA-aaj shaykhan Iraq

58-AAA-aak zakhu Iraq

58-AAA-aal surchi kurmanji+ kurdi "transitional" Iraq

58-AAA-ab kurmanjiki alevica Turkey (Tunceli; Erzincan; Mush…)

58-AAA-aba tunceli

58-AAA-abb varto Varto subprovince

58-AAA-b Dimli+ Gurani Kurdish-C., dimli+ gurani Zagros-N. mountains… Turkey; Iraq. 6

58-AAA-ba dimli 'zaza', dimli-kurd, dumbeli Turkey-C.&-E. 6

58-AAA-baa elazig Turkey (Elaziğ)

58-AAA-bab bingöl Turkey (Bingöl)

58-AAA-bac diyarbakir Turkey (Diyarbakir)

58-AAA-bb bajalani part of gurani, gorani, guran Iraq

58-AAA-bba shabak Iraq

58-AAA-bbb chichamachu Iraq

58-AAA-bc hawrami hawramani, part of gurani, gorani, guran Iraq; Iran

58-AAA-c Kurdi+ Jafi Kurdish-S. Iraq; Iran 6

58-AAA-ca kurdi kurdy Iraq; Iran (Kordestan; Kermanshahan; West Azerbaijan; Khorasan-N.)

6

58-AAA-caa kurdi-F. "literary kurdi", "sorani kurdish" modified Arabic script: Mukri,

Kermanshahi & Sorani models

Iraq; Iran

58-AAA-cab irbil arbil Iraq

58-AAA-cac bingird Iraq

58-AAA-cad pishdar pizhdar Iraq

58-AAA-cae sorani suleimaniye, sulaymaniyah Sulaimaniya Iraq

58-AAA-caf warmawah Iraq

58-AAA-cag mukri kurmanji-E. Urmia lake southwards Iran

58-AAA-cah kermanshahi kermanshah

58-AAA-cb jafi Iran

58-AAA-cc 'judeo-kurdish' "hebraicised kurdish" #distinct from [12=] Judeo-Aramaic, which is also

sometimes referred to improperly as 'judeo-kurdish' in [52=] English, or as 'kurdit' in [12=] Ivrit

Azerbaijan 3


58-AAB BALOCHI net

58-AAB-a Balochi baluchi, baluci, baloci Perso-Arabic script Pakistan; migration> Iran; United Arab Emirates; Oman…

6

58-AAB-aa balochi-E. "eastern hills" balochi Pakistan (Baluchistan; India (Punjab)

6

58-AAB-aaa baluchistan-NE. (Baluchistan)

58-AAB-aab sindh-NW. (Sindh)

58-AAB-aac punjab-SW. (Punjab)

58-AAB-ab balochi-W. yarahmadza Pakistan (Baluchistan-W.); Iran-S.; Afghanistan; Turkmenistan

6

58-AAB-aba rakhshani Pakistan…

58-AAB-abb sarawani

58-AAB-abc balochi -turkmenistan merv Turkmenistan

58-AAB-ac balochi-S. makrani Pakistan (Baluchistan-S.; Sindh-S.); Iran

6

58-AAB-aca balochi-coastal Pakistan

58-AAB-acb kechi Pakistan

58-AAB-acc makrani-E. lotuni Pakistan

58-AAB-acd makrani-W. "persianised balochi" Iran

58-AAB-ace balochi-'émigré' migration> Oman; United Arab Emirates

58-AAB-ad bashkardi Iran

58-AAB-ada bashkardi-N. Iran

58-AAB-adb bashkardi-S. Iran

58-AAC FARSI+ LURI net "iranian"-C., "wider persian"

58-AAC-a Luri+ Kumzari Iran; Oman; migration> USA. 6

58-AAC-aa luri+ bakhtiari luri+ bahtiari Iran-SW. 6

58-AAC-aaa luri Iran

58-AAC-aab feyli Iran

58-AAC-aac leki alaki Iran

58-AAC-aad haft-lang "nomadic" bakhtiari Iran

58-AAC-aae cahr-lang "farming" bakhtiari Iran

58-AAC-aaf kelhuri Iran

58-AAC-ab kumzari kumzai Musandam peninsula Oman, Iran

58-AAC-b Lari+ Fars Iran 4

58-AAC-ba lari larestani Iran 4

58-AAC-bb fars Iran

58-AAC-c Farsi+ Tajiki farsi "proper", parsi-C., "persian"-C. from c.–500: Cuneiform script; Pahlavi script; Perso-Arabic script

Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan; Iraq; Pakistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan; migration> United Arab Emirates, Oman, Barein; Qatar

7

58-AAC-ca parsi-L. "middle persian", pahlavi, pehlevi, pahlavik, including "middle parthian", "middle persian"-NW.… "middle" parsik, "middle persian"-SW.

Iran

58-AAC-cb farsi-F. faarsii, parsi, "modern literary" persian, "formal" persian Iran; Afghanistan… 7

58-AAC-cba farsi-W. iran "model" Iran

58-AAC-cbb farsi-E. afghanistan "model" Afghanistan

58-AAC-cc farsi-G. "generalised" farsi Iran; Afghanistan…

58-AAC-cca iran-G. "generalised" farsi-W. Iran

58-AAC-ccb afghanistan-G. "generalised" farsi-E. Afghanistan

58-AAC-cd qazvini+ isfahani "traditional spoken" farsi-W. Iran

58-AAC-cda qazvini Qasvin Iran

58-AAC-cdb mahallati Marhallat Iran

58-AAC-cdc hamadani Hamadan Iran

58-AAC-cdd kashani Kashan Iran

58-AAC-cde isfahani Isfahan Iran

58-AAC-cdf sedehi Sedeh Iran

58-AAC-cdg kermani Kerman Iran

58-AAC-cdh araki Arak Iran

58-AAC-cdi shirazi Shiraz Iran

58-AAC-cdj jahromi Jahrom Iran

58-AAC-cdk shahrudi Shahrud Iran

58-AAC-cdl kazeruni Kazerun Iran

58-AAC-cdm mashhad mashadi, meshedi Mashhad Iran

58-AAC-cdn lowerri* Iran

58-AAC-cdo hazaragi-C. hazara-C., hezareh-C., hezare'i-C. Iran

58-AAC-cdp hazaragi-S. hazara-S., hezareh-S., hezare'i-S. Iran


58-AAC-ce dari "traditional spoken" farsi-E., "afghan persian" Afghanistan

58-AAC-cea kabuli Kabul Afghanistan

58-AAC-ceb herati Herat Afghanistan

58-AAC-cec tajiki-afghanistan transition < [58=] Tajiki Afghanistan

58-AAC-ced khorasani Khorasan Afghanistan

58-AAC-cee parsiwan Parsibanan Afghanistan

58-AAC-cf pahlavani Afghanistan (Chakhansoor) 2

58-AAC-cg darwazi darwaz, badakhshani transition < [58=] Tajiki Amu Darya valley Afghanistan-N. frontier 5

58-AAC-ch tangshewi tangshuri transition < [58=] Tajiki Afghanistan (Badakhshan-NE.)

58-AAC-ci tajiki tadzhiki, tadjiki, tajik, tadzhik, tadjik,"tajiki persian", galcha Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; Kirghizstan 6

58-AAC-cia tajiki-F. "literary tajiki" Perso-Arabic script: Tajiki-N. model Tajikistan; Kirghizstan

58-AAC-cib tajiki-N. Tajikistan

58-AAC-cic tajiki-W. Tajikistan; Uzbekistan

58-AAC-cid tajiki-S. Tajikistan

58-AAC-cie tajiki-E. Tajikistan

58-AAC-cj 'judeo'-farsi "hebraicised" persian, dzhidi+ bukharik influence < [12=] Ivrit Iran; Afghanistan; Tajikistan

58-AAC-cja dzhidi "hebraicised" farsi Iran; Afghanistan

58-AAC-cjb bukharik bukharic, bokharic, bokharan, bukharan, bukharian, judeo-tajik, "hebraicised" tajik

Tajikistan

58-AAC-ck aimaq barbari, chahar-aimaq Afghanistan; Iran 5

58-AAC-cka taimuri teimuri, timuri, taimouri Teymur Iran

58-AAC-ckb taimani

58-AAC-ckc zohri zuri

58-AAC-ckd jamshidi jamshedi, djamchidi, yemchidi Afghanistan

58-AAC-cke firozhohi Afghanistan

58-AAC-ckf maliki

58-AAC-ckg mizmast

58-AAC-ckh chinghizi

58-AAC-cki qedai-nao-hazara aimaq "proper" Afghanistan

58-AAC-ckj zainal Zaynal Afghanistan

58-AAC-cl warduji "pamir persian" Wendoge valley Afghanistan-NE.

58-AAC-cm dehwari deghwari; "baluchistan persian" Pakistan (Baluchistan) 4

58-AAC-d Gabri+ Ashtiani farsi-CN,. "persian"-CN. Iran-CN. 5

58-AAC-da ashtiani ashtiyani, astiani Tafres district: Ashtian Iran

58-AAC-db vafsi Tafres district: Vafs Iran

58-AAC-dc nayini Iran

58-AAC-dd natanzi Iran

58-AAC-de soi Iran

58-AAC-df khunsari Iran

58-AAC-dg gazi Gazi Iran

58-AAC-dh sivandi Sivand Iran

58-AAC-di gabri "zoroastrian confessional" ¶spoken by Zoroastrian community alongside liturgical use of [58=] Avesta

Iran 3

58-AAC-dia yazdi yazidi Yazd Iran

58-AAC-dib gabri-kermani Kerman distinction from [58=] Farsi (Kermani) to be confirmed Iran

58-AAC-e Manzandarani+ Talishi

'caspian'-farsi Iran. 6

58-AAC-ea mazandarani mazanderani, mazandaran, tabri Perso-Arabic script Caspian-S. coast

Iran (Mazandaran) 6

58-AAC-eaa mazandarani-L. "old literary" mazandarani (Mazandaran)

58-AAC-eab mazandarani-F. "modern literary" mazandarani, "formal" mazandarani (Mazandaran)

58-AAC-eac mazandarani-G. "generalised" mazandarani (Mazandaran)

58-AAC-ead qadikolahi ghadikolahi (Mazandaran)

58-AAC-eae palani (Mazandaran)

58-AAC-eb ghilaki gilaki Gilan coastal plain, Caspian-SW. coast Iran (Gilan) 6

58-AAC-eba ghilaki-ghilaki (Gilan)

58-AAC-ebb galeshi (Gilan)

58-AAC-ec takestani takistani Iran 5

58-AAC-eca takestan Takestan Iran

58-AAC-ecb kharakan kharaqan Kharakan Iran

58-AAC-ecc zanjan Zanjan Iran

58-AAC-ecd tarom Tarom Iran

58-AAC-ece khalkhal Khal-Khal Iran

58-AAC-ecf ramandi* Iran


58-AAC-ed talishi Caucasus foothills… Caspian-SW. coast Azerbaijan; Iran 5

58-AAC-eda talysh Talysh Azerbaijan

58-AAC-edb astarin

58-AAC-edc länkäran lenkoran Länkäran Azerbaijan

58-AAC-edd lerik Lerik Azerbaijan

58-AAC-ede massalin

58-AAC-edf agajani

58-AAC-edg sasani

58-AAC-ee karingani Tabriz>NE. Iran

58-AAC-ef harzani Tabriz>NW. Iran

58-AAC-f Semnani+ Sangisari farsi-NW. Iran 4

58-AAC-fa semnani Iran

58-AAC-fb sangisari Iran

58-AAC-g Tat farsi-tat, tat "persian", tati Iran; Azerbaijan; Russia (Dagestan)

5

58-AAC-ga 'muslim'-tat mussulman tat Iran (Takestan); Azerbaijan 4*

58-AAC-gb 'judeo'-tat dzhuhuric, bik, judeo-tati, "hebrew" tat, "jewish" tat, "hebraicised" tat Iran (Takestan); Russia (Dagestan); Azerbaijan

4*

58-AAC-gba "judeo"-tat-F. "literary" tat Cyrillic script

58-AAC-gbb "judeo"-tat-N. Russia (Dagestan)

58-AAC-gbc "judeo"-tat-C. Azerbaijan

58-AAC-gbd "judeo"-tat-S. Iran (Takestan)

58-AAC-gc 'christian'-tat* ¶survival and status to be confirmed Iran (Takestan) 4*

58-AAD TEBER+ HEYNU* notional net

ABDAL

58-AAD-a Teber+ Heynu abdal, abtal ¶Alevi Muslim nomadic community; associated with but distinct from [59=] Domari speech community ; mixed language; [59=] Iranian vocabulary (related to or derived from Farsi & Kurdi+ Kurmanji) with [44=] Turkic grammar bilingual < [44=] Türkçe and/or [58=] Farsi or Kurmanji, and/or other Turkic or Iranian languages, reserving own

"secret" language for use within the community #'abdal' is an exonym (in [44=] Uyghur= «beggar»)

Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; China

4

58-AAD-aa teber abdal-W., teberci, carcar, tencili, fakcilar, begdili, in [58=] Kurmanji:

gevende, gäwändä; including gurbet, kara duman Bolu… Eskisehir… Denizli (Turkey) eastwards

Syria; Turkey; Azerbaijan; Iran…

58-AAD-ab heynu abdal-E., aini, ainu, aynu Hetian… Luopu… Moyu… Shache… Yingjisha… Shule-kuche counties (Xinjiang) westwards

China (Xinjiang); Kirghizstan; Kazakhstan…

58-AB PASHTO+ DIGOR chain

IRANIAN-EAST

58-ABA AVESTA net "avestan"

58-ABA-a Avesta-L. "old" parsik, "ancient iranian", "old iranian"-E., 'zend', 'old bactrian', in

[51=] French: avestique from –7th cent: Avestan script; preserved as

a liturgical language by Zoroastrian (Parsee) communities used by [58=] Gabri-speaking Zoroastrian community (Iran) at Yazd… Kerman

and by [52=] English- and [59=] Gujarati-speaking Parsees at Mumbai (Bombay) and elsewhere in India, East Africa, UK, etc

originally Afghanistan-NW., Turkmenistan; now in liturgical use in Iran; India; Kenya; UK, etc.

58-ABA-aa 'zoroastrian' preserved in Zarathushtra's chants

58-ABA-ab avesta-A. avestan "proper", khurda avesta preserved in Khurda Avesta texts

#khurda avesta= «little Avesta»

58-ABB DIGOR+ IRON net OSSETIC

58-ABB-a Digor+ Iron Osseti, ossetin, ossete, os, osetin, oseti, "ossetic", "scythian"-W., #osseti < [42=] Georgian ous-et-i = «country of the os (people)»

Cyrillic script

{Russian Fed.} North Ossetia; Georgia (South Ossetia)

5

58-ABB-aa digor osseti-NW. North Ossetia 5

58-ABB-aaa urux Urux valley-basin North Ossetia

58-ABB-aab mozdok Terek valley: Mozdok North Ossetia

58-ABB-ab iron osseti-SE. (South Ossetia); North Ossetia 5

58-ABB-aba osseti-F. "literary" osseti Tagaur model

58-ABB-abb tagaur

58-ABB-abc kurtat Liakhvi valley: Kurta Georgia (South Ossetia)

58-ABB-abd allaghir Ardon upper valley: Alagir North Ossetia

58-ABB-abe tual

58-ABC YAGHNOBI net "post"-sogdian

58-ABC-a Yaghnobi related to the extinct Sogdian (Sogdian, Sughdik) language, used as a central Asian vehicular from Turkestan to China and Tibet circa 4

th to

10th centuries, in varieties including Great-Wall Sogdian, Buddhist

Sogdian, Christian Sogdian and Manichean Sogdian

Tajikistan 3

58-ABC-aa yaghnobi yagnobi, yagnob, Yaghnob valley Tajikistan 3

58-ABC-aaa yaghnobi-W. Tajikistan

58-ABC-aab yaghnobi-E. Tajikistan


58-ABD PASHTO+ PAMIR net "scythian"-E.

58-ABD-a Pashto+ Pakhto pushto, pushtu; pathan people Perso-Arabic script Afghanistan; Pakistan; migration> Iran, United Arab Emirates…

7

58-ABD-aa pashto pahto-W., pushtu-W., afghan "pushtu", pahtoon+ pashtoon people Afghanistan-E. 6

58-ABD-aaa durrani durani Durrani Afghanistan

58-ABD-aab ghilzai Ghilzai Afghanistan

58-ABD-aac mohmandi Mohmand Afghanistan

58-ABD-aad shinwari chinwari Shinwar Afghanistan

58-ABD-aae mangal Mangal Afghanistan

58-ABD-ab paktyan-pashto pashto-S., pushtu-S. Pakistan; Afghanistan 6

58-ABD-aba pashto-F. "literary pashto" Kandahari model Afghanistan; Pakistan

58-ABD-abb kandahari qandahari, pashto-SW., Kandahar Afghanistan

58-ABD-abc quetta pashtu-SE., baluchistan-pashto Quetta Pakistan (Baluchistan)

58-ABD-ac pakhto pashto-E., pushtu-E. Pakistan (NWF; Baluchistan) 6

58-ABD-aca pakhto-F. "literary pakhto" Yusufsai model Pakistan

58-ABD-acb yusufsai yusufzai, peshawar Peshawar… Khyber pass Pakistan

58-ABD-acc afridi Pakistan

58-ABD-acd kohat khatak Kohat Pakistan

58-ABD-ace bannu bannochi Bannu Pakistan

58-ABD-acf waziri Waziristan highlands Pakistan

58-ABD-acg dera-ismail-khan Dera Ismail Khan Pakistan

58-ABD-ach hazra Pakistan

58-ABD-aci mahsudi Pakistan

58-ABD-acj marwat Pakistan

58-ABD-ad wanechi waneci, wanetsi, vanechi Pakistan (Baluchistan-NE.) 3

58-ABD-b Munji+ Yidgha part of pamir Afghanistan; Pakistan 4

58-ABD-ba munji munjani, including anjaman… koron Munjan… Mamalgha valleys Afghanistan; Pakistan 4

58-ABD-baa munji-N. Afghanistan

58-ABD-bab munji-C. Afghanistan

58-ABD-bac munji-S. Afghanistan

58-ABD-bad mamalgha mamalgha-munji Mamalgha valley Afghanistan

58-ABD-bae munji-chitral migration> Chitral district Pakistan

58-ABD-bb yidgha yidga, yudga Lutkuh upper valley Pakistan 3

58-ABD-c Wakhi part of pamir, wakhani, wakhigi, guhjali Afghanistan; Pakistan. 4

58-ABD-ca wakhi-N. tajikistan wakhi, part of gorno-badakhshan Tajikistan 4

58-ABD-cb wakhi-C. afghanistan wakhi Vakhan corridor Afghanistan

58-ABD-cc wakhi-S. Pakistan Wakhi Afghanistan

58-ABD-cca hunza Hunza upper valley Afghanistan

58-ABD-ccb yarkhun Yarkhun upper valley Afghanistan

58-ABD-ccc ishkoman Ishkoman upper valley Afghanistan

58-ABD-cd wakhi-E. xinjiang wakhi, part of tajik "china" China (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-d Sanglechi+

Ishkashmi

part of pamir Afghanistan; Tajikistan 3

58-ABD-da sanglechi sanglichi Sanglich, Sanglech valley Afghanistan

58-ABD-db ishkashmi eshkashmi, ishkashim, ishkashimi, zebaki, part of gorno-badakhshan Ishkashim… transfrontier

Tajikistan; Afghanistan 3

58-ABD-dba ishkashmi-NE. ishkashmi "tajikistan" Ishkashim Tajikistan

58-ABD-dbb ishkashmi-SW. ishkashmi "afghanistan" Ashkasham Afghanistan

58-ABD-dc zebaki zebak, zibaki Hindu Kush mountains: Zibak Afghanistan

58-ABD-e Shugni+ Roshani part of pamir, shugnan+ rushan Tajikistan; Afghanistan; China 4

58-ABD-ea shughni+ rushan ghorani, part of gorno-badakhshan Pamir mountains: Ishkashim>N. Afghanistan 4

58-ABD-eaa shugni shigni, shugnani, shugan Afghanistan

58-ABD-eab bajuvi Afghanistan; Tajikistan

58-ABD-eac bartangi bartang people Afghanistan; Tajikistan

58-ABD-ead rushan roshani, oroshori; oroshor people Afghanistan 4

58-ABD-eae khufi Khuf Tajikistan

58-ABD-eb sarikoli part of tajik "china" Taxkorgan, Tashkurghan… Sarikol valley China (Xinjiang) 4

58-ABD-eba varside (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebb tiznef (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebc baldir (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebd vaca (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebe marjong (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebf tyng (Xinjiang)


58-ABD-ebg kicikting (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebh byryngsol (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-ebi kugusluk (Xinjiang)

58-ABD-f Yazghulami part of pamir Tajikistan 3

58-ABD-fa yazghulami yazgulami, iazgulem, yazgulyam, part of gorno-badakhshan Tajikistan 3

58-ABE PARACHI+ ORMURI net

58-ABE-a Parachi+ Ormuri Pakistan; Afghanistan 3

58-ABE-aa parachi Kabul Afghanistan 2

58-ABE-aaa shutul Afghanistan

58-ABE-aab ghujulan Afghanistan

58-ABE-aac nijrau Afghanistan

58-ABE-ab ormuri urmuri, ormui Pakistan (Dera-Ismail-Khan-NW.; Wazirstan)

3

58-ABE-aba kanigurami Sulaiman range: Kaniguram Pakistan

58-ABE-abb baraks bargista, logar Pakistan

58-ABE-abc malakhel Pakistan

58-AC BASHGALI+ WAIGELI chain

NURISTANI, "transitional iranic+ indic" transition < [59=] Hindi+

Domari (Indic)

58-ACA ASHKUND net

58-ACA-a Ashkund Afghanistan 3

58-ACA-aa ashkuni ashkund, ashkun, Pech valley Afghanistan 3

58-ACA-aaa gramsukra-viri Afghanistan

58-ACA-aab suru-viri wamai, wamayi, wamais, wama Suru Afghanistan

58-ACA-aac ashuru-viri kolata+ titin-bajaygul Afghanistan

58-ACB BASHGALI + PRASUNI net

58-ACB-a Bashgali+ Prasuni bash-gari, bash-gal, bash-gul, kataviri+ kamviri Afghanistan (Nuristan) 4

58-ACB-aa kata-viri-W. Alingar upper valley (Nuristan)

58-ACB-aaa ktivi kantivo, kantiwa (Nuristan)

58-ACB-aab kulam (Nuristan)

58-ACB-aac peruk papruk (Nuristan)

58-ACB-aad ramgul (Nuristan)

58-ACB-ab lamert-viri Kunar valley (Nuristan)

58-ACB-aba lamerot (Nuristan)

58-ACB-abb badragel (Nuristan)

58-ACB-ac mum-viri Mum valley (Nuristan)

58-ACB-aca mumom (Nuristan)

58-ACB-acb mangul (Nuristan)

58-ACB-acc sasku (Nuristan)

58-ACB-ad kam-viri kam, kom, kom-brom, kam-des, kam-toz, kam-deshi, bash-gul, Kati-gal+ Bash-gal valleys: Kamdish… Baz-gal

(Nuristan)

58-ACB-ae kata-viri-E. katir, kata, shekhani Pakistan (NWF: Chitral…)

58-ACB-aea landay-sin bragamatol Landay-Sin upper basin (NWF)

58-ACB-aeb lotkuh Lotkuh upper valley (NWF)

58-ACB-aec bumburet Chitral basin: Bumburet upper valley (NWF: Chitral)

58-ACB-aed rumbur Chitral basin: Rumbur upper valley (NWF: Chitral)

58-ACB-b Prasuni Afghanistan (Nuristan) 3

58-ACB-ba prasuni parun, veruni, veron, verou Pech upper river (Nuristan) 3

58-ACB-baa wasi-weri Prasun upper valley (Nuristan)

58-ACB-bab prasuni-M. Prasun middle valley (Nuristan)

58-ACB-bac ushut "lower" prasuni Prasun lower valley (Nuristan)

58-ACC WAIGELI net

58-ACC-a Waigeli wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal Waigal valley: north of Pech Afghanistan (Nuristan: Kunar) 4

58-ACC-aa wai-geli wai-gala, way-gal, wai-gal, veli-gal (Nuristan: Kunar) 4

58-ACC-aaa wai-ala wai-geli "proper", zhonji-gali, suki Waigal (Nuristan: Kunar)

58-ACC-aab kalasha-ala (Nuristan: Kunar)

58-ACC-aac varjan-ala (Nuristan: Kunar)

58-ACC-aad chima-nishey-ala Waigal lower valley: chima-nishey (Nuristan: Kunar)


59= INDIC phylozone

covers the "Indic", "Indo-Aryan" or Hindi+ Domari set of

languages, part of the "Indo-Iranian" grouping within the "Indo-European" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 49 outer languages) spoken by communities in

South Asia, from the Himalayas to the island of Ceylon, with extensions throughout the world:

59=A HINDI+ DOMARI

including 5 arterial languages: Hindi with Urdu; Bhojpuri with

Maithili; Panjabi; Marathi; Bangla (Bengali) with Sylhetti

A continuum of relationships among languages covered by

58=Iranic and by 59=Indic passes through the transitional languages of the [58=] Bashgali+ Waigeli (Nuristani) chain.

For the reference-names of [59=-AAF] Central Indic languages, diacritics have been used as follows: subscript dot / , , É, Ñ / for retroflex consonants; overlining e.g. / ā / for a long vowel; underlining / r / for vocalic r.

Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; plus migration

to: Afghanistan; Albania; Armenia; Australia; Bosnia; Brazil; Bulgaria; China; Colombia; Czech Rep.; Denmark; Egypt; Estonia; Fiji; France; French Guiana; Germany; Greece; Guyana; Hungary; Iran; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Latvia; Lebanon; Mauritius; Moldova; Norway; Palestine; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Africa; Spain; Surinam; Sweden; Syria; Trinidad & Tobago; Turkey; Uganda; UK; Ukraine; USA; Uzbekistan; Yugoslavia; etc.

9

59-A HINDI+ DOMARI set INDIC, "indo-aryan", part of "indo-iranian" grouping

59-AA HINDI+ PASHAYI chain

INDIC-NORTH

59-AAA PASHAYI+ DAMELI net

part of "dardic"

59-AAA-a Pashayi Kabul northern tributaries: Panjshir… Alingar… Kunar… Pech valleys ¶small mountain-dwelling communities, disrupted by recent civil-war,

speaking related but often mutually unintelligible idioms for which locations and autonyms are to be confirmed #the cover-name pahari is retained only until detailed internal classification can be established

Afghanistan (Parwan; Kapisa; Laghman)

4

59-AAA-aa gulbahar Gulbahar (Parwan)

59-AAA-ab sanjan Sanjan (Parwan)

59-AAA-ac bolaghain bowlaghain Bowlaghain (Parwan)

59-AAA-ad nangarach nengarach Nengarach (Laghman)

59-AAA-ae laghman (Laghman)

59-AAA-af alingar Alingar lower valley (Laghman)

59-AAA-ag laurowan Afghanistan

59-AAA-ah shutul Afghanistan

59-AAA-ai alasai Afghanistan

59-AAA-aj shamakot Afghanistan

59-AAA-ak uzbin Afghanistan

59-AAA-al pandau Afghanistan

59-AAA-am najil Afghanistan

59-AAA-an parazhghan pachagan Afghanistan

59-AAA-ao kohnadeh Kunar lower valley: Kohneh-deh (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-ap darrai-nur Darrai-Nur, Darreh-ye-Nur upper valley (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-apa bamba-kot (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-apb lamatek (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-apc sutan (Nangarhar)

59-AAA-aq pashagar pasangar Pashangar (Konar)

59-AAA-ar kurangal grangal, gogol Karangal (Konar)

59-AAA-as nangalami ningalami Nangalem (Konar)

59-AAA-at wegal Waygal (Konar)

59-AAA-au gawar-bati gowar-bati, gowari Kunar left-bank (Konar) 3

59-AAA-aua narsati narisati (Konar)

59-AAA-aub arandui (Konar)

59-AAA-av shumasti shumasht, shamusht, shumusti Kunar valley: Shumasht village (Konar); Pakistan frontier 3

59-AAA-aw wadau Afghanistan

59-AAA-ax chugari Afghanistan 4

59-AAA-axa aret Afghanistan

59-AAA-axb kurdar kordar Afghanistan

59-AAA-axc kandak Afghanistan

59-AAA-axd shemul Afghanistan

59-AAA-ay chalas chilas Afghanistan

59-AAA-az tagau Tagau valley Afghanistan

59-AAA-aza tagau-A. tagab Afghanistan

59-AAA-azb ishpi Afghanistan

59-AAA-azc isken Afghanistan


59-AAA-b Dameli Pakistan (NWF) 3

59-AAA-ba dameli damal, damali, damia Damel valley ¶transhumant community 3

59-AAA-baa shintari Pakistan (NWF)

59-AAA-bab swati Pakistan (NWF)

59-AAB KHOWAR+ KALASHA net

"WIDER" CHITRAL, part of "dardic"

59-AAB-a Khowar+ Kalasha Pakistan (NWF: Chitral) 5

59-AAB-aa kho-war khowari, chitrali #kho-war=«people('s)-language» Chitral valley (NWF: Chitral) 5

59-AAB-aaa kho-war-N. (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aab kho-war-S. (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aac arniya (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aad patu (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-aae qashqari kashkari (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-ab kalasha kalashamon, kalash (NWF: Chitral) 3

59-AAB-aba kalasha-N. Rumbur-valley Bumboret-valley Birir-valley (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAB-abb kalasha-S. urtsun (NWF: Chitral)

59-AAC KALAMI+ KHILI net DARDIC-CENTRAL, part of "dardic"

59-AAC-a Wotapuri+ Katarqalai

Waigali district Afghanistan (Nuristan) 3

59-AAC-aa wotapuri (Nuristan) 3

59-AAC-ab katarqalai (Nuristan) 3

59-AAC-b Tirahi Afghanistan 2

59-AAC-ba tirahi nangarhar Khyber pass westwards 2

59-AAC-c Kalami Pakistan (NWT: Kohistan) 4

59-AAC-ca kalami garwi, gowri, gawri, gawro, bashkarik, bashgharik, diri, dirwali, kalami-kohistani

(Kohistan: Dir, Swat-N.) 4

59-AAC-caa kalami-A. kalam (Kohistan)

59-AAC-cab ushu (Kohistan)

59-AAC-cac thal (Kohistan)

59-AAC-cad lamuti lamti, kinolam (Kohistan)

59-AAC-d Kalkoti Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 3

59-AAC-da kalkoti kalkot Kalkot village (Kohistan: Dir) 3

59-AAC-e Khili khili-kohistani Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 4

59-AAC-ea maiya maiyon, mair (Kohistan)

59-AAC-eb mani indus (Kohistan)

59-AAC-eba mani-A. (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ebb patan pattan Patan valley (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ebc seo sio Sio valley (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ebd jijal (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ec manzeri manzari (Kohistan)

59-AAC-eca duberi (Kohistan)

59-AAC-ecb kandia (Kohistan)

59-AAC-f Torwali turvali Pakistan (NWF: Kohistan) 4

59-AAC-fa behrain bahrein Swat valley (Kohistan: Swat)

59-AAC-fb chail Chail valley (Kohistan: Swat)

59-AAD SHINA+ DANGARIK net

part of "dardic"

59-AAD-a Dangarik Pakistan; Afghanistan 3

59-AAD-aa sau sawi, dangarik-W. Kunar valley Afghanistan (Konar) 3

59-AAD-ab phalura dangarik-E.Chitral lower left-bank Pakistan (NWF: Chitral) 3

59-AAD-aba phalura-A. palula, palola (Chitral)

59-AAD-abb ashreti ashret (Chitral)

59-AAD-abc biyori (Chitral)

59-AAD-b Shina+ Gilgiti shina+ palasi Gilgit… Diamer… Baltistan districts Pakistan (Azad Kashmir); India (Jammu & Kashmir)

5

59-AAD-ba gilgiti (Kashmir)

59-AAD-baa gilgit Gilgit lower valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bab shina-NW. Gilgit upper valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bb chilasi+ darel chilas-kohistani, part of kohistani (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bba chilasi chilas, chiless, chiles, galo Indus upper valley above Nanga Parbat: Chilas

(Kashmir)

59-AAD-bbb darel (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bc shinaki* shina, shin, sina, part of kohistani (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bd dras part of kohistani Dras valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-be dah* part of kohistani (Kashmir)


59-AAD-bf hanu* part of kohistani (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bfa kyango (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bfb anderkaro (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bg palasi palasi-kohistani, part of kohistani Indus-Kohistan country (Kashmir) 5

59-AAD-bga palasi-A. palesi, palas Palas valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bgb kolai Kolai valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bgc jalkoti Jalkoti valley (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bh astori+ gurezi (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bha astori astor Nanga Parbat mountains>NE.: Astori (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bhb gurezi gurais, part of kohistani Kishanganga upper valley: Gurais (Kashmir)

59-AAD-bi brokskat 'brokpa', minaro, kyango Indus upper valley: Garkhon environs (Jammu & Kashmir) 3

59-AAD-c Ushojo traditionally of Kohistani origin; perhaps better treated as a separate

net

Pakistan (NWF) 3

59-AAD-ca ushojo ushuji, part of kohistani Bishigram, Chail valley Pakistan (NWF) 3

59-AAE RAI+ DARAI net "nepal dardic", part of "dardic"

59-AAE-a Rai+ Done dhanuwar-N,. danuwar-N., dhanwar-N., dhanvar-N. distinct from [59=] Hindi-E. (Dhanuwar-S.)

Nepal; India 4

59-AAE-aa rai danuwar-rai Terai plains Nepal 4

59-AAE-ab done danuwar-done Nepal

59-AAE-aba done-N. Makwanpur Garhi Nepal

59-AAE-abb done-S. ¶enclave India (Uttar Pradesh-N.)

59-AAE-ac kachariya danuwar-kachariya Rautahat district

59-AAE-b Darai Chitawan district: Inner Terai Nepal 3

59-AAE-ba darai Nepal 3

59-AAF HINDI+ BNGL net INDIC-CENTRAL outer-languages within this net are equated where

relevant with "scheduled languages" included in the 8th schedule to the

Constitution of India (as amended in 1992), 13 out of 18 of which

(comprising 75 out of 85 "mother-tongues" of more than 10,000 speakers each) are included within this net.

59-AAF-a Keshur "sanskritised" dardic, kasmiri, kaschemiri, kacmiri, cashmiri, cashmeeree, including maraz, kasmiri-SW.… kamraz, kasmiri-NW.… yamraz, srinagar-kashmiri Sarada, Sharda script; Perso-Arabic script translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu transition < [59=] Panjabi comprises Kasmiri "scheduled language" in India Vale of Kashmir country

India (Jammu & Kashmir…); Pakistan (Azad Kashmir)

6

59-AAF-aa keshur-F. "literary" keshur; preceded by "old kashmiri" (from c.+1300) and "middle kashmiri" (from c.+1500) Kashtawari model

(Kashmir)

59-AAF-ab kashtawari kishtwari Kishtwar town & valley (Kashmir)

59-AAF-aba muslim-kashmiri (Kashmir)

59-AAF-abb hindu-kashmiri (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ac riāsi (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ad rambāni ramban (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ae sirāji-oā Doda (Kashmir)

59-AAF-af sirāji-kashmiri Kashmir valley (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ag bakawāli (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ah bunjwāli (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ai miraski (Kashmir)

59-AAF-aj poguli Doda district: Kishtwar>W. mountain valleys (Kashmir)

59-AAF-ak shāh-mansūri (Kashmir)

59-AAF-al zāyōli (Kashmir)

59-AAF-am zirāk-boli (Kashmir)

59-AAF-b Maneāli+ Bharawāhi

Pahari-W. #pahari=«hill-language» transition < [59=] Panjabi Himalaya foothills: Bhadarwahi… Jaunsari comprises part of Hindi

"scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India; (Jammu & Kashmir); Pakistan (Azad Kashmir; Punjab border); Nepal

6

59-AAF-ba potwāri pothwari (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bb dhuni dhundi-kairali (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bc chibhāli (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bd murī muree Muree Hills Pakistan (Punjab border)

59-AAF-be punchhi punch, poonch, poonchhi Punch (Kashmir border)

59-AAF-bf bharawāhi bhadrawahi, baderwali, badrohi, bhaderbhai-jamu, bhaderwali-pahari, bhadrava, bhadri, bahi Bhadarwah

(Kashmir) 4

59-AAF-bfa paāri (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bfb bhālesi (Kashmir)

59-AAF-bfc pangwāli* (Kashmir) 4

59-AAF-bg maneāli mandi, maniyali-pahari, pahari mandiyali, himachali used in local

administration, and as basis of proposed Himachali standard language Mandi district

Pakistan (Himachal Pradesh) 5


59-AAF-bh kului kulu, kauli, kullui, kullu, kulvi, kulu-boli, kul-wali, kulu-pahari, phari-kullu Kulu valley

India (Himachal Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-bha kului-A. kukui (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bhb sirāji-C. "inner" siraji, part of siraji (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bhc sainji (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bi satlaji satlaji pahari Sutlej middle valley India (Punjab)

59-AAF-bia satlaji-A. (Punjab)

59-AAF-bib sirāji-'outer' "peripheral" siraji (Punjab)

59-AAF-bic sodochi sodoci (Punjab)

59-AAF-bj baghāti bhagati, baghati pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari Chandigarh>N.: Baghat country

India (Punjab)

59-AAF-bk kiunthāli kiunthali, kiunthali pahari, kutiyali pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari Simla hills

India (Punjab) 5

59-AAF-bka kiunthāli-A. kiunthali "proper", kiuthali, kuthari, kutiyali Keonthal (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkb kochi including rampuri… rohruri… kuari… bagi, baghi (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkc sorācholi sarachali, surkhuli (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkd kirni (Punjab)

59-AAF-bke barāri (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkf simlā-sirāji simla siraji (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkg baghliāni (Punjab)

59-AAF-bkh handuri (Punjab)

59-AAF-bl sirmauri sirmauri pahari, part of mahasui, mahasu pahari India (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bla sirmauri-A. Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-blb bissau bishau (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-blc giripāri Giri valley (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bld dhārthi (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-bm chameali chamaya, chambiali, chambiyali, chamya, chamiyali, chamiyali pahari India (Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-bma chameali-N. (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-bmb chameali-S. (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-c Gahwāli+ Kumāuni pahari-C. #pahari =«hill-language» Himalaya foothills comprises

part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh); Nepal

6

59-AAF-ca jaunsāri jaunsar, jaunsari-pahari India (Uttar Pradesh; Himachal Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-cb gahwāli garhwali, gadhavali, gadhawala, gadwahi, gashwali, godauli, gorwali, gurvali, girwali, garhwali pahari

India (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cba salāni (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbb nāgpuriyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbc majh-kumaiyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbd badhāni (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbe dasaulyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbf lobhyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbg rathi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbh srinagariyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cbi bhattiāni (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cc tehri gangapariya India (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cd kumāuni kumaoni, kumau, kumawani, kumgoni, kumman, kunayaoni India (Uttar Pradesh) 6

59-AAF-cda johari (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdb sirāli (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdc askoti (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdd soriyāli (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cde dānpuriyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdf gangolā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdg chaugarkhiyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdh kumaiyā-pachhāi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdi rāmpur-bhabari Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdj rau-chaubhaisi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdk pashchimi (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdl phaldakoiyā (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-cdm khasparjiyā (Uttar Pradesh)


59-AAF-d Nepāli+ Palpā pahari-E., "wider" nepali #pahari=«hill-language» Himalaya foothills

comprises Nepali "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

Nepal; India; Bhutan 7

59-AAF-da palpā palpa pahari transition < Pahari-C. Nepal-W. 3

59-AAF-db nepāli parbatiya, gorkhali, gurkhali, khas-kura, khas-bhasa, "nepalese", "gurkhalese" transition < Hindi-E.Nagari script

A Nepal… 7

59-AAF-dba nepāli-F. "literary" nepali; preceded by "old" nepali (from c.+1300) and "middle" nepali

Nepal

59-AAF-dbb nepāli-G. "generalised" nepali Nepal; India (Darjiling); Bhutan; Sikkim

59-AAF-dbc baitādi Nepal

59-AAF-dbd bajhangi Nepal

59-AAF-dbe bajurāli bajura Nepal

59-AAF-dbf doteli Nepal

59-AAF-dbg sorādi Nepal

59-AAF-dbh acchami Nepal

59-AAF-dbi jumleli+ sinjāli including jumleli, jumla sinjali, sijali, sinja Nepal

59-AAF-dbj darjulā Nepal

59-AAF-e Panjābi punjabi, penjabi, in [51=] French: pendjabi, including lahnda, panjabi-W. "peripheral" panjabi from c.1550: Gurmukhi script; Lahnda

script; Perso-Arabic script comprises Punjabi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

Pakistan (Punjab…); India (Punjab; also Haryana; Himachal Pradesh); migration> United Arab Emirates; Fiji; Canada; England…

7

59-AAF-ea panjābi-F. "standard" panjabi, "formal" panjabi Pakistan (A Punjab…); India (A Punjab…)

59-AAF-eaa muslim-panjābi panjābi-musalmani Muslim model Pakistan (Punjab…); also India (Punjab…)

59-AAF-eab sikh-panjābi including sikh "scriptural" panjabi Sikh model Pakistan (Punjab…); India (Punjab…)

59-AAF-eac hindu-panjābi Hindu model India (Punjab…); also Pakistan (Punjab…)

59-AAF-eb panjābi-G. "current generalised" panjabi, "general colloquial" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab…), India (Punjab…), migration> Fiji, England

59-AAF-eba panjābi-pakistan Pakistan (Punjab…)

59-AAF-ebb panjābi-india India (Punjab; Haryana; Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-ebc panjābi-fiji Fiji

59-AAF-ebd panjābi-england UK: England

59-AAF-ec majhi "traditional" panjabi-C., panjabi-E. Pakistan (Punjab), India (Punjab) 7

59-AAF-eca lāhore Lahore… Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ecb amritsar Amritsar India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ecc gurdāspur Gurdaspur India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ed lahndā lahanda, lahndi, west "traditional" panjabi, west panjabi Pakistan (Punjab) 7

59-AAF-eda potohāri rawalpindi, potohri, potwar Rawalpindi Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edb bālmiki valmiki, attock sweepers' community Attock Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edc jhelum Jhelum river Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edd sargodhā Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ede gujrāt* ¶migrants from Gujarat state (to be confirmed) Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edf gujrānwālā Gujranwala Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edg siālkot Sialkot Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edh shekhupurā Shekhupura Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edi lāyalpuri faisalabad, lyalpur Faisalabad…Layalpur Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edj chinawari Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edk niswāni Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edl bardi-boli Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-edm jatatardi-boli Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ee doābi doab between Beas… Sutlej rivers India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eea hoshiārpur Hoshiarpur India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eeb jullundur Jullundur, Jullundhar India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ef malwāi malwa, jangali Ludhiana India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eg patiālwi India (Punjab)

59-AAF-ega patiālā Patiala India (Punjab)

59-AAF-egb sangrur Sangrur>N. India (Punjab)

59-AAF-eh awankāri-ghebi part of "peripheral" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-eha salt-range Salt-Range-Hills-W. Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ehb awankāri Pakistan (Punjab)

59-AAF-ehc ghebi Pindi Gheb Pakistan (Punjab)


59-AAF-ei gaddi gaddi-chamba, gadi, gadyali, part of "peripheral" panjabi transition <

[58=] Pahari India (Himachal Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-eia churāhi curahi, churahi gadi Chamba-NW. district (Himachal Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-eib bharmauri bharmaudi bhadi, bharmauri pahari, panchi brahmauri rajput Chamba-SE. district

(Himachal Pradesh) 3

59-AAF-ej bhateāli bhateali gadi, bhattiani, bhatyiana, part of "peripheral" panjabi Chamba-W. district

India (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-ek dogri dhogaryali, dogari, dogri jammu, dongari, tokkaru, hindi-dogri, part of

dogri+ kangri, dogri-pahari, part of "peripheral" panjabi transition < [58=] Pahari between Ravi Chenab valleys

India (Jammu & Kashmir) 6

59-AAF-eka bhatbali (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-ekb dogri-N. (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-ekc dogri-E. (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-ekd kandiāli (Jammu & Kashmir)

59-AAF-el kāngri Jammu & Kashmir

59-AAF-em mirpuri mirpur panjabi, part of "peripheral" panjabi astride Kashmir cease-fire

line: Mirpur (Kashmir-W. ); migration> England

59-AAF-en hindki hindki-N., hindko-N., part of panjabi-NW., part of "peripheral" panjabi Indus upper basin

Pakistan-N. (NWF; also Punjab) 6

59-AAF-ena hazārā-hindko Kohistan country: Hazara division (NWF…)

59-AAF-enb kohāti Kohat valley (NWF)

59-AAF-enc tinauli (NWF…)

59-AAF-eo hindko hindko-S., peshawari hindko, peshawar, part of panjabi-NW., part of "peripheral" panjabi

Pakistan (NWF) 6

59-AAF-ep kahlūri kehloori, bilaspuri, bilaspuri pahari, pacchmi, kehloori paheri, part of

"peripheral" panjabi India (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-eq sirāiki panjabi-SW., multani, part of "peripheral" panjabi Pakistan (Punjab; Sindh-N.) 7

59-AAF-eqa derāwāli hindki-S. Indus middle valley: Dera-Ismail-Khan Dera-Ghazi-Khan (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqb multāni multan Multan (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqc bahawalpuri riasiti, reasiti Bahawalpur (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqd khetrāni (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqe jangli (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqf jafiri (Punjab)

59-AAF-eqg thāli-N. sindh-sagar-doab, jatki-W. Thar-N. desert (Sindh)

59-AAF-eqh sirāiki-sindhi sindh-hindki, "transitional" panjabi+ sindhi transition < [59=] Sindhi (Sindh)

59-AAF-f Sindhi sindi ¶large-scale migration from Pakistan to India in and after 1947 Banya (Lahnda) script; Perso-Arabic script; also Gurmukhi script;

Nagari script comprises Sindhi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat) 7

59-AAF-fa sindhi-F. "standard" sindhi, "formal" sindhi Lari model Pakistan India (Gujarat) 7

59-AAF-faa muslim-sindhi Muslim model (Sindh)

59-AAF-fab hindu-sindhi Hindu model (Gujarat; Rajasthan)

59-AAF-fb sindhi-G. "current generalised" sindhi, "general colloquial" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-fba sindhi-pākistān (Sindh)

59-AAF-fbb sindhi-bhārat "indian" sindhi; dukslinu Vicholi model (Gujarat; Rajasthan)

59-AAF-fc vicholi part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fca vicholi-A. visholi "proper" (Sindh)

59-AAF-fcb siro (Sindh)

59-AAF-fd thāreli thari, part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fe lasi part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-ff lari part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fg machariā part of "traditional" sindhi Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fh bhil-sindhi Pakistan (Sindh; Rajasthan)

59-AAF-fi ja-gali jadeji, jats, jat-gali, jat Pakistan (Baluchistan; Sindh) 3

59-AAF-fia ja-gali-W. (Baluchistan)

59-AAF-fib ja-gali-E. (Sindh)

59-AAF-fj kachchi kachhi, kachchhi, katchi, kachi, katch, kautchy, cuchi, cutch, kachi-koli, kuchi-koli transition < [59=] Gujarati Rann of Kutch plain… Indus

lower left-bank

India (Gujarat); also Pakistan (Sindh)

5

59-AAF-fja mānvi kachchi "proper" (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjb kāyasthi-N. (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjc b'āni (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjd bhāi bhatia (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fje vāgdi vaghri, vagari, wagaria (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjf niardiay (Gujarat)


59-AAF-fjg bajāÉiā ¶wandering circus community (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjh kavah (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fji ravāriā (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjj kāriā karia-lohari, lohar (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjk rahābāri rabari (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fjl kachchi-'émigré' migration> Kenya; Tanzania

59-AAF-fk waiyārā-koli Pakistan (Sindh) 4

59-AAF-fka waiyārā wadaria (Sindh)

59-AAF-fkb mewāsi mayvasi (Sindh)

59-AAF-fl thāradāri-koli tharadari Thar desert Rann of Kutch plain Pakistan (Sindh); India (Gujarat) 4

59-AAF-fla thāradāri-koli-N. Mirpur Khas>SE. (Sindh)

59-AAF-flb thāradāri-koli-S. Tharad>W. (Gujarat)

59-AAF-fm parkāri-koli parkari, parkari-kachi, parkari-kachchhi transition < [59=] Rajasthani Pakistan (Sindh)

59-AAF-fma nāgā-parkār (Sindh)

59-AAF-fmb thāi Thar-S. desert (Sindh)

59-AAF-fmc badin Badin>S. & W. (Sindh)

59-AAF-g Rājasthāni Nagari script; Perso-Arabic script #rajasthani is a 20th cent. cover-

name, applied to the convergence of the following idioms around a new literary language (see Rajasthani-F.) comprises part of Hindi

"scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (Rajasthan); Pakistan (Sindh) 7

59-AAF-ga sindhi-mārwāÑi marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W., marvari-W. transition < [59=] Sindhi

Pakistan-S. (Sindh-N; also Punjab-SW.).

5

59-AAF-gaa sindhi-mārwāÑi-NW. Dadu>N. (Sindh…)

59-AAF-gab sindhi-mārwāÑi-NE. Nawabshah>N. (Sindh…)

59-AAF-gac dādu Dadu (Sindh)

59-AAF-gad nawābshāh Nawabshah (Sindh)

59-AAF-gae tando-muhammad-khān Tando Muhammad Khan (Sindh)

59-AAF-gaf tando-ghulām-ali Tando Ghulam Ali (Sindh)

59-AAF-gag dhātki Sindhi-Marwari>W. (Sindh)

59-AAF-gah thār dhatki-bhil, thali-S. Thar-S. desert (Sindh)

59-AAF-gb rājasthāni-mārwāÑi marwari-C., merwari-C., meghwar-C., marawar-C., marvari-C. transition

< [59=] Sindhi (Rajasthan) 6

59-AAF-gc rājasthāni-F. "standard" rajasthani, "formal" marwari-C. Rajasthani-Marwari model India (Rajasthan), also Pakistan

59-AAF-gd rājasthāni-C. "transitional" marwari-C. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gda jaisalmer jaiselmer, jesalmer Jaisalmer (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gdb godwari (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gdc sirohi marwari-S. Sirohi district (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gdd deorāwati (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gde saeth-ki-boli "transitional" marwari+ gujerati . Sirohi-SW. district transition < [59=] Gujarati

(Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ge bhil-mārwāÑi marwari-bhil, marwari-W., merwari-W., meghwar-W., marawar-W., marvari-W. transition < [59=] Sindhi

India (Rajasthan; Sindh) 5

59-AAF-gea jodhpuri-mārwāÑi Jodhpur (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-geb sindh-mārwāÑi (Sindh); (Rajasthan) transfrontier

59-AAF-gf bikāneri rajasthani-N., marwari-N., merwari-N., meghwar-N., marawar-N., marvari-N.

India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gfa bikāneri-A. "proper" bikaner (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gfb shekhāwāti (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gg mewāti rajasthani-NE. India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gga mewāti-A. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ggb hirwāti hirwati (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gh jaipuri rajasthani-CE. India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gha jaipuri-A. Jaipur (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghb torāwati (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghc kathairā (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghd chaurāsi (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghe rājāwati (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-ghf kishangaÑhi kishangahiKishangarh>E. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gi ajmeri rajasthani-C. Ajmer India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gj harauti rajasthani-E. transition < [59=] Hindi-W. India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gja harauti-A. harauti "proper", hadauti, hadoti (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gjb sipāri (Rajasthan)


59-AAF-gk mewāÑi rajasthani-S. transition < [59=] Gujarati India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gka mewāÑi-A. (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gkb gorāwati (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gkc sarwāri (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gkd khairāri (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gke gāmetiā-mewāÑi gametia people (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gl mālvi rajasthani-SE. transition < [59=] Hindi-W. India (Madhya-Pradesh) 5

59-AAF-gla mālvi-A. ahiri, malvi "proper", malwa, malwada, mallow, malavi, "standard" rajasthani-SE.

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glb bachādi (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glc dholewāri (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gld hoshangābād Hoshangabad (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gle jamral (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glf katiyāi (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glg pātvi (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glh rāngri rajwari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gli ujjaini Ujjain (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-glj bhoyāri bhuria, bhomiyari, bhuiyar, bohoyeri, bhoyaroo (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gm sondwāri soudhwari India (Madhya-Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-gn nimādi India (Madhya-Pradesh) 5

59-AAF-gna nimādi-A. nemadi, nimari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gnb bhuāni (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-go gujuri gujari, gujer, gujar, gujjari, gurjar, gojri, gogri, gojari, rajasthani "northward nomadic"

India northwards 5

59-AAF-goa rājasthāni-gujuri (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gob plains-gujuri (Himachal Pradesh)

59-AAF-goc mountain-gujuri kashmir gujuri (Jammu & Kasmir); Pakistan (Azad Kasmir)

59-AAF-god ajiri hazara-ajiri

59-AAF-gp bāgri bagari, bagri-rajasthani, bagria, bagris, baorias, bahgri, rajasthani "westward nomadic"

India (Rajasthan westwards); Pakistan

6*

59-AAF-gq lambādi gormati, gurmati, lamani, lambhani-muka, lavani, lumadale, lemadi, lambara, rajasthani "southward nomadic", including banjari, banjori, banjuri; banjara

India (Rajasthan southwards) 6

59-AAF-gqa lambādi-mahārāshtra (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-gqb lambādi-āndhra-pradesh (Andhra-Pradesh)

59-AAF-gqc lambādi-maisur karnataka lambadi Mysore (Karnataka)

59-AAF-gr lohāri lohar community ¶blacksmiths' community India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gra lohāri-gade gaduliya lohari ¶wheelwrights' community (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-grb lohāri-lohpittā-rājput ¶swordsmiths' community (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-grc lohāri-bāgri ¶perhaps spoken by itinerant blacksmiths (cf. bagri above) (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-grd bhubaliyā-lohāri (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gs mīnā meena distinct from [59=] Bhil-mina (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-gt sānsi* sansiya dispersed community (Punjab; Rajasthan; Haryana; Himachal Pradesh; Chandigarh;

Delhi; Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-gu bhāntu* chhara dispersed urban community (Rajasthan; Gujarat; Uttar Pradesh; deportation in colonial times> Andaman & Nicobar)

59-AAF-h Gujarāti gujrathi, gujerati ¶with component languages based on class,

community ("caste") and/or region from c.1300: Nagari script; Gujarati script comprises Gujarati "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (Gujarat; Rajasthan; Maharashtra); migration> {East Africa}; Zambia, England; USA.

7

59-AAF-ha gujarāti-F. "literary" gujarati, "formal" gujarati; preceded by "old" gujarati (from c.+1300) and "middle" gujarati (from c.+1450) Central Gujarati

(Vadodari) model, from 19th cent.

India (A Gujarat; Maharashtra; Rajasthan-S.…)

59-AAF-haa hindu-gujarāti "hindu literary" gujarati (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-hab musalmāni-gujarāti "muslim literary" gujarati (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-hac pārsi-gujarāti "persianised" gujarati, "zoroastrian colloquial" gujarati ¶Parsi religious

community bilingual < [52=] English

(Gujarat…) 4

59-AAF-hb paani patani, gujarati-N. Patan (pre-Muslim capital of Gujarat) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hc kāthiāwāi kathiawadi, kathyawadi, kathiyawadi, kathiyawadai-W., saraushtri-W., saurashtra-W., gujarati-W. Kathiawar peninsula

India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hd jhālāwāi Jhalawad country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-he sorahi Sorath country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hf hālāri haalaadi, holadi Halar country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hg gohilwāi Gohilwad country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hh bhāvnagari bhawnagari Bhavnagar country (former princely state) India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hi khārwā kharawa Kathiawar peninsula ¶Muslim seafarers & fishmongers India (Gujarat)


59-AAF-hj gujarāti-C. "central" gujarati, 'standard' gujarati Ahmadabad, Amdavad Baroda, Vadodara

India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hja grāmya "urbanised" gamadia Ahmadabad (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjb gāmaiā "rural" gamadia Amdavad environs #from gam-u «small village» (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjc charotari carotari Kaira district: Charotar farmlands (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjd pāidāri Kaira district (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hje vaodari vadodara, "popular" baroda Baroda, Vadodara (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hjf dalit #dalit=«oppressed» ¶Christian & 'out-caste' communities (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hk bharuchi "eastern-broach" gujarati Bharuch district India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hl surti surati, hurati, gujarati-S. Surat district India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hm anāwlā anavla, anaola, bhathela Surat-S.… Valsad districts ¶brahmin

farmers' community

India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-hn mumbai-U. mumbai "urban" gujarati Mumbai, Bombay India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ho vhorāsāi vhora people India (Maharashtra; Gujarat)

59-AAF-hp kakāri kakari India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-hq ghisāi tarimuki ¶wandering blackmiths' community India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-i Saurāshtri-E. ¶spoken by communities of silk-weavers migrated 1000 years ago

from Gujarat-speaking Kathiawar peninsula India (Tamil Nadu) 3*

59-AAF-ia saurāshtri-E. kathiyawadai-E., saurashtra-E., sourashtra, sawrashtra, sorathi, patnuli, khatri

India (Tamil Nadu)

59-AAF-j Bāori+ Wāgadi* Bhili-N., "transitional" gujarati+ rajasthani, part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-name ; transitional between [59=] Gujarati & Rajasthani; separation from [59=] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.) & Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (Punjab; Rajasthan; Gujarat); also Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh)

6*

59-AAF-ja bāori baoria ¶nomadic community India (Punjab; Rajasthan) 3

59-AAF-jb magra-ki-boli magari* Merwara India (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-jc girāsiā-bhili garasia, nyar Sirohi district India (Rajasthan; Gujarat)

59-AAF-jd wāgadi-bhili wagadi, wagdi, vagadi, vagdi, vagari, vageri, vaged, vagi, waghari, wagholi, mina-bhil nomadic

India (Rajasthan; Gujarat) 5

59-AAF-je dungari-bhili dungri-grasia, dhungri-girasia, dungari-girasia, dhungri-bhili #dungar=«hill» Khed Brahma…

India (Gujarat-N.; Rajasthan-S.)

59-AAF-jf mīnā-bhili bhil-mina, bhil-meena distinct from [59=] Mina India (Rajasthan-E.)

59-AAF-jg panchmahāli-bhili Panchmahal district India (Gujarat-NE.)

59-AAF-k Rāhavi+ KonkaÉi* Bhili-C., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-

name transition < [59=] Khandesi; separation from [59=] Baori+ Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Pawari+ Paradhi (Bhili-E.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained

translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhra Pradesh; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli)

6

59-AAF-ka rāhavi rathvi Chhota Udaipur district India (Gujarat-E.)

59-AAF-kb pahāi anarya #pahadi=«of the hills» India (Gujarat-E.)

59-AAF-kc chodhari-bhili chodhari, chodri India (Gujarat-S.) 5

59-AAF-kd gāmati-bhili gamati, gamit, gamti, gamta, gavit, gamith Bharuch… Surat… Valsad India (Gujarat-S.) 5

59-AAF-ke nāikai naikadi, naikdi, naiki, naikda, naikada, nayaka, cholivale, kapadia, mota-nayaka, nana-nayaka

India (Gujarat-S.) 3

59-AAF-kf charaÉi carani; charan wandering minstrel community Panchmahals district eastwards

India (Gujarat; Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-kg vasāvi "transitional" gujarati+ bhili, vasave; vasava people Tapti valley India (Maharashtra; Gujarat-E.) 5

59-AAF-kga adiwāsi-girasia 'adiwasi-bhili' India

59-AAF-kgb dhogri-bhili India

59-AAF-kgc kaski-bhili India

59-AAF-kgd bhiloi-bhili bhilodi-bhili India (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-kge padwi-bhilori India

59-AAF-kgf ambodia-bhili India

59-AAF-kgg vasāva-bhili vasavi "proper" India (Gujarat)

59-AAF-kh māwchi-bhili mawchi, mavchi, mawachi India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-ki dhānkā-bhili India (Rajasthan; Gujarat; Maharashtra)

4

59-AAF-kia dhānkā (Rajasthan…)

59-AAF-kib tadavi tadvi-bhili, tadvi (Gujarat)

59-AAF-kic valvi tetaria-valvi (Rajasthan…)

59-AAF-kj pateliā-bhili patelia, pateliya India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-kk bhilālā bhilala-bhili India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-kl dubli-bhili dubli, dubla, rathod, talavia Thana district northwards India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-km dhoiā-bhili India (Dadra & Nagar-Haveli) 5


59-AAF-kn konkaÉi-bhili konkani, konkna, kokni, kukna, kokna, kanara* Surat Konkan-N. districts transition < [59=] Marathi

India (Gujarat; Dadra & Nagar-Haveli; Maharashtra)

5

59-AAF-ko dehwāli Dhulia Jalgaon districts India (Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-kp nāhari-baglāni nahari-W., baglani Nasik-N. district India (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-kq ahiri ahiriani India (Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-kr rājput-girāsia ¶community of scattered cultivators India (Maharashtra…) 4

59-AAF-ks koāli kotvali Khandesh India (Maharashtra) 2

59-AAF-kt bhimchaura* India

59-AAF-ku haburi* habura India

59-AAF-kv rānā-bhili* (Gujarat)

59-AAF-l Pāwari+ Pāradhi* Bhili-E., part of bhili, bhil-bari, bhil-bori, bhil, bhilla, vil traditional cover-

name separation from [59=] Baori+ Wagadi (Bhili-N.) & Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.) is notional #linguistic validity of Bhili as a traditional cover-name remains to be ascertained translingual < [59=] Hindi+ Urdu

India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh)

5

59-AAF-la pāwari-bhili pawari, pauri, pawri, paura India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-lb bareli-bhili bareli India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra)

5

59-AAF-lc pāradhi-bhili pardhi, paidia, paradi, paria, bahelia India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-lca chita-pārdhi India

59-AAF-lcb lango-pārdhi India

59-AAF-lcc phanse-pārdhi India

59-AAF-lcd taran-kari takari, takankar, takia India

59-AAF-lce nēlishi-kari neelinsh-kari India

59-AAF-lcf pittala-bhasha India

59-AAF-m Khāndesi transition < [59=] Rathavi+ Konkani (Bhili-C.), Gujarati & Marathi


India (Gujarat; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-ma khāndesi khandeshi, khandish, dhed-gujari India (Maharashtra; Gujarat) 5

59-AAF-maa ahirāni ahrani, khandesi "proper" Khandesh country: Dhulia Jalgaon

districts

(Maharashtra)

59-AAF-mab kunabi kunbau, kunbi (Gujarat)

59-AAF-mac āngri dangri, dangi-S., rangari, ka-kachhu-ki boli, dangs bhili Tapti valley: Dangs country:

(Gujarat)

59-AAF-n Nāhal* possible relationship of name with neighbouring [46=] Nihali to be

investigated

India (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh)

3*

59-AAF-na nāhal-A. Satpura highlands: Toranmal environs (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh border)

59-AAF-nb nāhale Jalgaon district: Amalwadi>N. (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-o Marāthi marathe, maharashtra, muruthi, maharathi, malhatee, marthi Modi script; Balbodh (Nagari-type) script comprises the original Marathi

"scheduled language" in India, divided since 1992 into Marathi and Konkani "scheduled languages" translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (A Maharashtra; also Gujarat…); migration> United Arab Emirates; Kenya…

7

59-AAF-oa nāgpuri-hindi transition < [59=] Bundeli Nagpur district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ob varhādi varhadi-nagpuri, marathi-NE. India (Maharashtra; Madhya-Pradesh; Andhra-Praesh)

59-AAF-oba varhādi-A. varhadi "proper", berari, berar-marathi Vidarbha, Berar (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-obb dhangari dhanagari India

59-AAF-obc varhādi-brāhmani (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-obd jarpi India

59-AAF-obe govari ¶cow-herding community Chanda Bhandara districts (Maharashtra) 3

59-AAF-obf jhadbi India

59-AAF-obg katia katiyai India

59-AAF-obh rangari rangara ¶dyers' community (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-obi kumbhāri ¶potters' community India

59-AAF-obj kunabau kunban, kohli India

59-AAF-obk mahāri dhedi ¶sweepers' community (Gujarat…)

59-AAF-obl mārheti (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-obm natakani (Andhra-Pradesh) 3

59-AAF-obn rāipur India

59-AAF-obo kunbi India

59-AAF-oc gowlan gowli ¶pastoralist community (Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka-N.)

59-AAF-oca nand nand gowli Amravati district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ocb ranya India


59-AAF-occ lingāyat India

59-AAF-ocd khāmlā India

59-AAF-od ikrāni Dhule district: Akrani (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oe kāthoi katkari, katari, katakari, katvadi, kathodia, dhar-kathodi, son-kathodi, dhar-katkari, son-katkari transition < [59=] Khandeshi Konkan+ Sahyadris mountains: Kolaba Thana districts Dadra & Nagar-Haveli territory

(Maharashtra; Dadra & Nagar- Haveli; Diu & Daman; Gujarat; Rajasthan)

3

59-AAF-of vārli warli transition < [59=] Gujarati Thana district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-og sāmvedi transition < [59=] Gujarati (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oh mangelas maharashtra transition < [59=] Gujarati (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oi vadval+ phudagi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oia vadval (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oib phudagi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oj āre ade, aray, arrey, arya, kalika-arya-bhasha (Andhra-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Karnataka)

3

59-AAF-ok bhalay Amravati district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ol thākuri thakri, thakari, thakua, thakura (Maharashtra…) 5

59-AAF-om deshi-marāthi desi, deccan marathi, dekini Modi script; Balbodh (Nagari-type)

script; Deshi, Poona model

(Maharashtra) 7

59-AAF-oma marāthi-L. "early literary" marathi. including "old marathi"… "middle marathi" from 13

th century; inscriptions from 11

th ("Middle Marathi" from 14

th

century)

(Maharashtra)

59-AAF-omb marāthi-F. "literary marathi", "standard marathi" (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-omc deshi Pune, Poona (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-omd kalvadi dharwar Dhanwar district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ome bijāpuri Bijapur (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-on konkan-marāthi 'standard' konkan, konkan, bankoti, kunabi, cugani, concorinu, north konkani-N., "konkanese" ¶many community ('caste') dialects not to be confused with Konkani-Gomantaki to south Konkan coast: Thana Kolaba Janjira Ratnagiri-N. districts

(Maharashtra coastal) 6

59-AAF-ona kāyasthi-S. part of parabhi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onb damani part of parabhi Daman territory (Diu & Daman; Gujarat)

59-AAF-onc koli-E. koli people (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ond kiristav (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-one kungabi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onf agāri #agar='salt-pan" ¶spoken by salt-makers' community (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ong dhanagāri dhangar people (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onh bhandāri (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oni thakāri (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onj karhādi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onk sangamesvari bankoti, bakoti (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onl ghāti maoli (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onm dhed part of mahari (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-onn holia part of mahari (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ono parvāri part of mahari (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oo konkani-gomantaki "goanese" konkani, "goanese", gomantaki, konkani-S. not to be confused with Konkan-Marathi (so-called 'Standard' Konkan) to north

Savantvadi Goa North Kanara Shimoga South Kanara Nagari script; Kannada script; Latin script; also Malayalam script

(Maharashtra-S. coastal; Goa; Karnataka; migration> Mumbai,

Bombay; Kerala-N.)

6

59-AAF-ooa konkani-F. "literary goanese" in a variety of Christian and Hindu dialects (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-oob daldi-nawaits transition < [59=] Konkan-Marathi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ooc chiatpavani transition < [59=] Konkan-Marathi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ood bardeshi barhdexi, bardeskari, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Christian

community Goa-N.: Mapusa (Goa)

59-AAF-ooe antruzi hindu "goanese", part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Hindu dialect

Goa (Goa)

59-AAF-oof sashi saxti, part of gomantaki, "goanese proper" ¶Christian community

Goa-S.: Salcete (Goa)

59-AAF-oog karwāri ¶Hindu dialect North Kanara district (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ooh sārasvat-brahmin ¶Hindu dialect (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-ooi kudali India

59-AAF-ooj malvani malwani India 4

59-AAF-ook manglluri mangaluri ¶Christian community South Kanara district Mangalore; Mumbai, Bombay

(Karnataka; Maharashtra)


59-AAF-p Samskrta+ Pāli "historical indo-aryan" of continuing cultural and linguistic importance;

including the Sanskrit "scheduled language" in India {Asia-S.; Asia-SE.} 3*

59-AAF-pa samskrta sanskrit, sanskrut #samskrta=«prepared, cultivated, refined, purified" Brahmi script; Kharoshthi, Kharosthi script; Nagari script; also Bengali; Oriya; Malayalam; Tamil; Kannada scripts studied and read (and sometimes spoken) within Hindu communities, especially

among speakers of [59=] Indic and [49=] Dravidian languages

India…

59-AAF-paa samskrta-L. "liturgical and ancient literary" sanskrit, including samskrta-vaidik, "vedic sanskrit" or "pre-classical sanskrit" (texts from c. –1500), and "classical sanskrit" (texts from c. –500)

India; South Africa; {East Africa}; Mauritius; United Kingdom; Bangladesh…

59-AAF-pab samskrt-F. "modern literary sanskrit", "brahmin scholarly vehicular", "modern pandit sanskrit"; preceded by "middle sanskrit" (from c.+1100)

influence < medieval Prakrit vernaculars (see prakrta below ) Indian "scheduled language & mother-tongue"

India… 5*

59-AAF-pb pāli-bhasha ; hybrid literary language from midland India, with possible eastern influence < Bihar (Magadha) Sinhalese script (first transcribed in Sri

Lanka); Burmese script; Latin script; studied and read within Buddhist communities #pali(-bhasha)=«canonical (language)»

Sri Lanka; Burma; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia

59-AAF-pba pāli-gāthā "ancient literary pali" from c.–100

59-AAF-pbb pāli-tipiākā tiptaka, tipiaka, in [59=] Sanskrit: tripitaka, "ancient buddhist pali"

59-AAF-pbc pāli-S. "ceylon buddhist pali"

59-AAF-pbd pāli-SE. "southeast-asian buddhist pali"

59-AAF-pc prākrta prakrit, "middle indic literary prakrits" (from c. –250), including "early middle indic" aśokan prakrit (including aśokan-prakrit-E. aśokan-

prakrit-CE. aśokan-prakrit-NW. aśokan-prakrit-SW.)… prakrit-NW. (including gandhari "literary" niya "administrative")… "jain literary prakrit" (including ardhamagadhi, "semi"-magadhi)… prakrit-E., including śauraseni (especially in popular dramatic speech; precursor of [59=] Bangla, Oriya & Axamiya)… mahārāshtri-prākrit… sinhālā-prākrit (precursor of [59=] Elu)… apabhramsha, "late midland prakrit" #[59=] Sanskrit: prākrta =«natural, usual, unadorned > vulgar, vernacular» Nagari script, etc.; studied and read within Hindu and Jain communities

India; Sri Lanka; formerly China

59-AAF-q Hindi+ Urdu urdu+ hindi-W., hindustani, part of "wider" hindi+urdu influence < [12=]

'Arabiyya+ [58=] Parsi and/or by [59=] Sanskrit Nagari script (Hindi); Perso-Arabic script (Urdu); also Kaithi script; Gujarati script increasing separation since 1947 between Hindi (official language in

India) and Urdu (official language in Pakistan), since when the common term 'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse; the Hindi+ Urdu outer-language is officially divided in India between the Hindi

"scheduled language" (including also the Adheli+ Bagheli outer-language) and the Urdu "scheduled language" #hindustani in [58=]Persian =«Hindu-country language»

A India; A Pakistan; Afghanistan;

Nepal; Fiji; Mauritius; Yemen; United Arab Emirates; South Africa; {East Africa}; Surinam; England

8

59-AAF-qa urdu-L. "early muslim literary" hindi-W., zaban-e-urduu, "persianised" khaÑi-

boli #urdu derived from [44=]Türkçe (former Osmanli): ordu, urdu =«military camp»; zaban-e-urduu ="language of the camp" evolved from Khari-Boli vehicular centered on Delhi area from 16

th cent., which

became contact language between local population and Muslim invaders

Pakistan; India

59-AAF-qaa rekhtā rexta, "transitional literary" urdu, "persianised literary" urdu #rehta=«mixed (language)» developed as literary language from 16

th

to 18th cent.

Pakistan; India…

59-AAF-qab dakhini-L. dakani, dakhani, musalmani, "early" southern urdu, "early" deccan urdu Deccan plateau: Hyderabad… Bijajpur… Gulbarga…

India (Andhra-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qac gujari-L. "early" gujari India…

59-AAF-qad hindawi-L. "early" hindawi, hindavi India…

59-AAF-qb urdu-F. "modern literary urdu", "formalised muslim-hindi", "muslim literary" khari-boli influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya and [58=] Parsi

India; Pakistan…

59-AAF-qc urdu-G. urudu, "colloquial" urdu, "generalised" urdu, part of 'hindustani' influence < translingualism in other [59=] Indic languages or bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages. increasing separation from [59=] Hindi-G. after 1947, since when the common term

'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse.

Pakistan; India; Nepal 7

59-AAF-qd khaÑi-boli hindi+urdu "core traditional" ¶exodus of many Muslim speakers from

India to Pakistan in 1947

India (Uttar-Pradesh-NW.); Pakistan; Nepal

59-AAF-qda delhi-U. delhi "popular urban" Delhi (Haryana)

59-AAF-qdb meerut meerut "rural" Meerut, Merath environs (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qdc terai-urdu ¶spoken by weaver (Ansari) and other Muslim craftsmen communities

Terai plains

(Nepal) 5

59-AAF-qdd dakhini dakani, dakhani, musalmani, dakhini urdu, hyderabad urdu, "traditional" deccan urdu

(Andhra-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qe hindi-F. "modern literary" hindi, "formalised" hindu hindi; preceded by "early hindu literary" hindi, "early non-muslim" hindustani (from 18

th cent)

from end 18th cent., including input and influence < Hindi-E. ; in

continuum with literary use of [59=] Braj and [59=] Awadhi; influence < [59=] Sanskrit

India

59-AAF-qea dehlavi "standard" hindi, "formal" delhi hindi, "standard" khari-boli West Uttar

Pradesh model India

59-AAF-qeb samskrta-hindi "sanskritised literary" hindi East Uttar Pradesh scholarly model India


59-AAF-qf hindi-G. "popular colloquial" hindi, "generalised" hindi, part of 'hindustani', including "popular literary" hindi, 'gandhian' hindi, "written" hindustani ; dialects, listed geographically by Indian state, or by other nation-state, are influence < translingualism in other [59=] Indic languages or by

bilingualism in relevant non-Indic languages increasing separation from [59=] Urdu after 1947, since when the common term 'Hindustani' has fallen progressively into disuse

India; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; South Africa; {East Africa}, Fiji, United Kingdom

8

59-AAF-qfa hindi-uttar-pradesh-W. (Uttar-Pradesh-W.)

59-AAF-qfb hindi-haryānā (Haryana, also Punjab-E.)

59-AAF-qfc hindi-uttar-pradesh-E. (Uttar-Pradesh-E.)

59-AAF-qfd hindi-panjāb including milijhuli, "panjabised" hindi of Delhi translingual < [59=] Panjābi

India (Delhi environs; Punjab…)

59-AAF-qfe hindi-bihār translingual < [59=] Bihari (Bihar)

59-AAF-qff hindi-bengāl translingual < [59=] Bangla (Bengal)

59-AAF-qfg hindi-orissā translingual < [59=] Oriya (Orissa)

59-AAF-qfh hindi-madhya-pradesh (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfi hindi-mahārāshtra translingual < [59=] Marathi (Maharashtra)

59-AAF-qfj hindi-gujarāt translingual < [59=] Gujarati (Gujarat)

59-AAF-qfk hindi-rajasthān translingual < [59=] Rajasthani (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qfl hindi-himāchal-pradesh (Himachal-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfm hindi-āsām translingual < [59=] Axamiya (Assam)

59-AAF-qfn hindi-arunāchal-pradesh (Arunachal-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfo hindi-āndhra-pradesh bilingual < [49=] Telugu (Andhra Pradesh)

59-AAF-qfp hindi-tamil-nādu bilingual < [49=] Tamil (Tamil Nadu)

59-AAF-qfq hindi-kerālā bilingual < [49=] Malayalam (Kerala)

59-AAF-qfr hindi-karnātaka bilingual < [49=] Kannada (Karnataka)

59-AAF-qfs hindi-himālaya translingual < [59=] Nepali… (Sikkim); Nepal; Bhutan

59-AAF-qft hindi-nātāl "south-african" hindi bilingual < [52=] English migration> South Africa (Natal)

59-AAF-qfu hindi-purva-āfrikā "east-african" hindi, including hindi-uganda bilingual < [52=] English migration> {East Africa}; subsequently> United Kingdom

59-AAF-qg haryānvi haryana hindi, hariani, bangaru, banger, bangri, bangru, chamarwa,

delhi "rural", including jatu… deswali, desari ; currently merging with [59=] Hindi

(Delhi, Haryana, Punjab-E.) 6

59-AAF-qh braj+ kannauji antarbedi, antarvedi, braj+ kanauji, including braj, braj-bhakha, braj-bhasha, brij-bhasha, brij, briju, bruj kannauji, kanauji, khanauji includes traditional language of the sacrificial holy ground between Ganges and Jumna rivers ; currently merging with [59=] Hindi Braj… Kannauj former states

(Uttar-Pradesh-CW.; Madhya Pradesh-N., Rajasthan; Haryana)

7

59-AAF-qha braj-bhākhā-F. "literary" braj poetic medium, 16th to early 20

th cent. India

59-AAF-qhb jadobāi part of braj Gwalior Karauli Shivpuri plains ¶used by Yadava, Jado community

(Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhc sikarwāÑi part of braj Chambal river Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhd bhuksa part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" (Uttar Pradesh…)

59-AAF-qhe āngi-N. part of braj-S.+ kannauji "transitional" ¶spoken by Gujar people Sawai Madhopur district: Dang hills

(Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhf ugar-wāÑa dungar-wara, part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" southwest of Dang hills

(Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhg kālimāl part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhh dāngbhāng part of braj+ kannauji "transitional" Sawai Madhopur district (Rajasthan)

59-AAF-qhi kannauji-A. kannauji "proper", kanauji "proper", khanauji "proper" transition < [59=] Awadhi Doab-CE. country

(Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhj hardoi-E. part of kannauji Hardoi-E. district (Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhk kānpur-kannauji part of kanpur, cawnpore, part of kannauji Kanpur-N. district: Ganges right-bank (Kanpur, Cawnpore)

(Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qhl tirhāri-N. kanpur-tirhar, part of kannauji Kanpur-S. district: Jamuna left-bank (opposite Hamirpur)

(Uttar Pradesh)

59-AAF-qi bundeli bundeli-khandi, bundel-khandi transition < [59=] Awadhi+ Bagheli; currently merging with [59=] Hindi

(Madhya-Pradesh-CW.; also Uttar-Pradesh; Maharashtra)

6

59-AAF-qia bhadauri towargarhi transition < [59=] Braj+ Kannauji Gwalior district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qib bundeli-A. bundeli "proper", including chhindwara-bundeli Gwalior+ Jhansi Chhindwara+ Seoni+ Hoshangabad

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qic powāri pawari, bhoyari, including kumbhari* Chhindwara Nagpur (Madhya- Pradesh; Maharashtra) 5

59-AAF-qid gaoli Chhindwara district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qie kirāri kirari ¶used by Kirar community Chhindwara district (Madhya-Pradesh) 2

59-AAF-qif koshti ¶silk-weavers' community transition < [59=] Marathi Chhindwara

district

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qig khaola Pana Chhatarpur Damoh districts (Madhya Pradesh)

59-AAF-qih lodhānti rathora Hamirpur Jalaun districts (Uttar-Pradesh)


59-AAF-qii banāphari transition < [59=] Bagheli Hamirpur district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qij kunri transition < [59=] Bagheli Hamirpur-E. Banda-NW. districts (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-qik nibhatta*

59-AAF-qil lodhi* lodha, lodi, lohi, lozi ¶used by migrant peasants transition < [59=] Bagheli & [59=] Marathi

(Maharashtra; Madhya Pradesh; Orissa; Bihar; Bengal-W.)

59-AAF-r Awadhi+ Bagheli Hindi-E., part of "wider" hindi+ urdu comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India; Nepal; migration> Trinidad & Tobago; Guiana; Surinam; French Guiana; Fiji

7

59-AAF-ra awadhi abadi, avadhi, abohi, ambodhi, baiswara, baiswari, kosali, kojali, khosul, uttari* Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi scheduled language"); currently merging with [59=] Hindi west of Benares west of Lucknow (former kingdom of Awadh, Oudh)

India-NE. (Uttar-Pradesh-CE.; also

Nepal; migration> Maharashtra); migration> Fiji

5

59-AAF-raa awadhi-L. "early literary" awadhi written in 17th-18

th centuries India

59-AAF-rab mirzapuri Mirzapur district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rac awadhi-tharu Nepal

59-AAF-rad gangapari*

59-AAF-rae pardesi migration> (Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-raf 'fijian'-hindi ¶spoken by at least half the population of Fiji; speech community

created by transportation to Fiji of indentured workers from from India-NE., from 19

th century

migration> Fiji 5

59-AAF-rb dang-tharu part of nepal-tharu transition < [59=] Nepali Nepal (Lumbini); India (Uttar Pradesh)

4

59-AAF-rba dangali dangura, dangha

59-AAF-rbb kaţhariyā

59-AAF-rc bagheli baghel-khandi, bhugel-khud, riwai, ganggai, kewot, kewat, kawathi, kevati, kenat, kevat-boli, kewani, kewati, mannadi Indian "scheduled

mother-tongue" (as part of "Hindi")Baghelkhand country: Rewa Satna Shahdo Sidhi Jabalpur Mandla districts

India-N.(Madhya-Pradesh; Uttar-Pradesh); Nepal (Koshi)

6

59-AAF-rca bagheli-F. "literary" bagheli India

59-AAF-rcb tirhari-S. Jamuna right bank: Hamirpur Banda districts (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcc juÑar* Banda district: between Ken Bagain rivers (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcd gahora gahore Banda-E. district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rce bagheli-A. bagheli "proper" 'Baghelkhand' country: Rewa Satna Shahdo Sidhi Jabalpur Mandla districts

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcf gonwāni mandlaha, mandal ¶used by Gond people and others (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcg marāri part of bagheli bhoyari; marar community of gardeners Balaghat district

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rch ojhi part of bagheli bhoyari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rci sonpari (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rcj nagpuri-marathi transition < [59=] Marathi Nagpur district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-rd dhanuwar-S. dhanuwar-S., dhanwar-S., dhanvar-S. distinct from [59=] Rai+Done

(Dhanuwar-N.)

(Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra) 4

59-AAF-s Bhojpuri+ Maithili Bihari, part of magadhan comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India; Nepal; Bangladesh 7

59-AAF-sa bhojpuri bhojapuri, bhozpuri, bajpuri, purbi #purbi =«eastern» (as viewed from further west): the term is also applied more widely to Bhojpuri and

Awadhi-speaking settlers in the Hindi-W. area, and more narrowly to Bhojpuri-W. Nagari script; Kaithi script

India (Uttar-Pradesh-E.; Bihar-W.); Nepal

7

59-AAF-saa bhojpuri-F. "literary" bhojpuri India

59-AAF-sab banārasi benarsi, part of bhojpuri-W. Banaras (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sac azamgarhi part of bhojpuri-W. Azamgarh (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sad kharwari bhojpuri-S. Ballia Shahabad (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sae sarawaria basti, part of bhojpuri-N. Basti district (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-saf gorakhpuri part of bhojpuri-N. Gorakhpur>E. (Uttar-Pradesh)

59-AAF-sag saran part of bhojpuri-N. Saran district (Bihar)

59-AAF-sah madhesi part of bhojpuri-N. Champaran district: Gandak valley>E. (Bihar)

59-AAF-sai bhojpuri-tharu part of nepal-tharu Nepal

59-AAF-saj domra

59-AAF-sak musahari

59-AAF-sb 'mauritian'-bhojpuri "mauritian" hindi ¶speech community created by transportation to Mauritius of indentured workers from Bihar & adjacent areas from

1830's (after end of African-based slavery) ; intertwining of features from the above dialects of Bhojpuri, with large-scale lexical influence < [51=] Mauricien (Mauritian Gallo-Creole) bilingual < [51=] Mauricien

migration> Mauritius 5


59-AAF-sc 'caribbean'-bhojpuri "caribbean" hindi, aili-gaili ¶speech community created by

transportation to Caribbean of indentured workers from Bihar & adjacent areas from 1830's (after end of African-based slavery)

migration> Trinidad; Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana

5

59-AAF-sca 'trinidad'-hindi Port-of-Spain… Trinidad & Tobago

59-AAF-scb 'guyana'-hindi Georgetown… Guyana

59-AAF-scc sarnami-hindi Paramaribo… Surinam

59-AAF-scd 'cayenne'-hindi Cayenne… French Guiana

59-AAF-sc maithili tirahutia, maitli, maitili, methli, mithil Tirhut country Maithili script;

Nagari script India (Bihar-N.); Nepal 7

59-AAF-sca maithili-L. "early literary" maithili from 15th century India; Nepal

59-AAF-scb maithili-F. "modern literary" maithili, maithili "standard" India; Nepal

59-AAF-scc sotipura maithili-C., maithili "vehicular", surajpuri* (Bihar)

59-AAF-scd maithili-W.

59-AAF-sce khotta maithili-E.

59-AAF-scf maithili-S. (Bihar)

59-AAF-scg johahi jolaha-boli

59-AAF-sd bote-majhi kushar Chitawan district Nepal 3

59-AAF-se manjhi majhi-E. Nepal-N.&-E.; India 3

59-AAF-sf musasa musahar Sindhuli-garhi Morang Dolakha districts Nepal-SE.

59-AAF-sg dehati dehati-maithili, dahati, deshiya India (Bihar); Nepal-SE.

59-AAF-sh magahi magadhi, magaya, maghaya, maghori, magi, magodhi Son river Monghyr Hazaribagh #distinct from wider use of "Magadhan"

(Bihar; West Bengal) 7

59-AAF-sha magahi-F. "jain liturgical" magahi, "literary" magahi Nagari script; Kaithi script (Bihar; West Bengal)

59-AAF-shb magahi-N. (Bihar)

59-AAF-shc magahi-C. (Bihar; West Bengal)

59-AAF-shd panchpargania magahi-E., tamaria, tair, tamara, temoral, tumariya influence < [46=] Mundari & [59=] Bengali East Ranchi district

(Bihar) 5

59-AAF-si kortha magahi-S. (Bihar; West-Bengal border)

59-AAF-sj angikā angikar, anga, bhagalpuri, chhika-chhiki, chhika-chhiki-boli, chikachiki Monghyr-SE. Bhagalpur Santal Parganas-N.districts

(Bihar) 5

59-AAF-sk gawari* gamari, ganauri, gauuari, goari ¶scattered communities India (Andhra-Pradesh; Bihar; Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra)

4

59-AAF-sl sadani sadani "proper", sadana, sadati, sadari, sadhan, sadna, chota-nagpuri, nagpuria, shadri, sradri, sadrik, santri, siddri, sadri, including dikku-kaji Palamau Ranchi districts: Chota Nagpur plateau Nagari script

India (Bihar) 5

59-AAF-sm oraon-sadri "post-dravidian" sadani Rajshahi division Bangladesh 4

59-AAF-t ChhattisgaÑhi+ Halbi

part of magadhan transition < Magadhan to [59=] Hindi-E. and to [59=] Marathi; comprises part of Hindi "scheduled language" in India


India 6

59-AAF-ta chhattisgaÑhi laria, lariaor, khatahi #chhattisgarhi =«country of the thirty-six forts» (Madhya-Pradesh-SE.; Bihar;; Orissa; Maharashtra); India-NE.

6

59-AAF-taa chhattisgaÑhi-A. chhattisgarhi "proper" Raipur Durg Bilaspur Raigarh Balaghat-E. Bastar-N. districts

(Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tab surgujia Surguja Raigarh districts (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tac sadri-korwa korwa people Jashpur district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tad baigani baiga people Balaghat Raipur Bilaspur Sambalpur districts (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)

59-AAF-tae binjhwari binjhwar* people Raipur Raigarh Patna districts (Madhya-Pradesh; Bihar)

59-AAF-taf kalanga Patna district (Bihar)

59-AAF-tag bhuliā Bolangir Sambalpur Raipur districts; also Patna district (Orissa; Madhya-Pradesh; also Bihar)

59-AAF-tb halbi halvi, halba, halabi, halvas India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)

5

59-AAF-tba halbi-A. halbi "proper" Bastar district (Madhya-Pradesh)

59-AAF-tbb adkuri India

59-AAF-tbc bastari Bastar India

59-AAF-tbd chandari India

59-AAF-tbe gachikolo India

59-AAF-tbf mehari mahari India

59-AAF-tbg muria muri India

59-AAF-tbh sundi India

59-AAF-tc bhunjia bunjia, bhumjiya, bhunjiya ; transition between [59=] Varhadi and Oriya India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)

3

59-AAF-td nāhari-E. ; transition between [59=] Varhadi and Oriya India. (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa)

59-AAF-te kawari kamari, kavar, kawar ; transition between [59=] Varhadi and Magadhan India (Madhya-Pradesh; Maharashtra; Orissa)

4


59-AAF-u Bānglā+ Sylhetti "Wider" Bengali, bangla-bhasa, bangala, bangoli, bangali, bongo-bhasha, part of magadhi, magahi, magadhan (Devanagari script); Bengali script comprises Bengali "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

A Bangladesh; India (A West Bengal; Bihar; also Orissa, Assam, Tripura; Meghalaya)

8

59-AAF-ua bānglā-L. "traditional literary bengali", including "old bengali"… "middle bengali" developed from Magadhi (Prakrit) in 12

th cent. or earlier (Middle

Bengali" from 14th cent.)

59-AAF-ub bānglā-F. "modern literary bengali", "standardised bengali" Bangladesh; India

59-AAF-uba sadhu-bhasha "sanskritised literary bengali", "former calcutta standard bengali" hybrid model ; based on Middle Literary Bengali and influence < [59=] Sanskrit; now largely replaced by Colit-bhasha Kalikata, Calcutta…

India…

59-AAF-ubb bānglā-musulmani bangali-musulmani, "persianised literary bengali", "dacca standard bengali" influence < [12=] 'Arabiyya and [58=] Persian Dhaka, Dacca…

Bangladesh…

59-AAF-ubc colit-bhasha "current calcutta standard bengali", "popular literary bengali", chalti-bhasa Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model Kalikata, Calcutta…

India…

59-AAF-ubd colit-bhasha-E. "current dacca standard bengali", "popular literary bengali-E." Dacca-based development of Kalikata, Calcutta colloquial model

Dhaka, Dacca …

India…

59-AAF-uc bānglā-C. kalikata bengali, "traditional bengali"-C,, "calcutta colloquial bengali", perhaps including varendra* Hooghly valley: Kalikata, Calcutta Nadia Murshidabad Burdwan-E. Midnapore-N. districts

(West Bengal)

59-AAF-ud bānglā-W. "traditional bengali"-W. (Bihar, West Bengal)

59-AAF-uda bānglā-burdwan "bengali proper"-W. Manbhum Singhbum Burdwan-W. Birbhum-W. districts

(Bihar, West Bengal)

59-AAF-udb sarāki ¶used by Jain community Ranchi district (Bihar)

59-AAF-udc kharia-thar (Bihar)

59-AAF-udd pahāÑia-thar (Bihar)

59-AAF-ude mālpahāÑia marpaharia Santal-Parganas district (Bihar)

59-AAF-udf lohari-mālpahāÑia (Bihar)

59-AAF-ue bānglā-SW. "traditional bengali"-N., midnapore, including radha* Midnapore-SW. district

(West Bengal)

59-AAF-uf bānglā-N. "traditional bengali"-N., including "north-central bengali" (West Bengal; Bihar); also

Bangladesh

59-AAF-ufa bānglā-dinajpur "bengali proper"-N. Malda-E. Dinajpur-W. Dinajpur-E. districts (West Bengal); Bangladesh

transfrontier

59-AAF-ufb kōch-SW.* Malda district (West Bengal)

59-AAF-ufc kōch-NE.* cooch-behar Cooch-Behar district (West Bengal)

59-AAF-ufd kishanganjia kishanganj, kishanganja (Bihar) 4

59-AAF-ufe siripuria Purnea district (Bihar)

59-AAF-uff bogra (Bihar)

59-AAF-ug kamarupa-W.

59-AAF-uga rajbangshi rajbangsi Rangpur Goalpara Cooch Behar Jalpaiguri districts

Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"

Bangladesh; India (Assam; Tripura; West Bengal)

4

59-AAF-ugb bahe Darjeeling district (West Bengal: Terai)

59-AAF-uh bānglā-E. Bangladesh; India (Tripura)

59-AAF-uha rajshahi Rajshahi Bangladesh (Rajshahi)

59-AAF-uhb dhaka-U. "dacca urban bengali" Dhaka, Dacca Bangladesh (Dacca)

59-AAF-uhc bānglā-"delta" Ganges delta Bangladesh (Barisal; Patuakhali)

59-AAF-uhd bānglā-chittagong Bangladesh (Chittagong); also India; Burma

59-AAF-uhe chakma chakma-bangla, takam, vanga-E. Indian "scheduled mother-tongue" India (Assam: Cachar; Tripura; West Bengal); Bangladesh

5

59-AAF-ui sylhetti sylhetti-bangla, sylhetta, sylhettia Bangladesh (Sylhetti) 6

59-AAF-uia sylhetti-A. (Sylhetti)

59-AAF-uib sylhetti-'émigré' bilingual < [52=] English migration> England 5

59-AAF-uj haijong hajong, haijong-bangla, kachari-bangla Cachar Sylhet districts ; Bengali 'creole' spoken by formerly [72=] Kachari speaking people Indian "scheduled mother-tongue"

India (Assam); Bangladesh-NE. 4

59-AAF-uk tangchangya tangchangya-bangla Bangladesh 4

59-AAF-v Saptari+ Deokri* Nepal-Tharu translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu Nepal; India 5

59-AAF-va mahottari* mahottari tharu, mahotari Mahottari district Nepal (Janakpur)

59-AAF-vb saptari saptari tharu Nepal (Sagarmatha) 5

59-AAF-vba saptari-A. Saptari district (Sagarmatha)

59-AAF-vbb morangia (Sagarmatha)

59-AAF-vc rana-thakur rana-thakur tharu Nepal (Eastern) 2

59-AAF-vd deokri deokri-tharu Nepal-E.; India-NE.

59-AAF-vda deokri-A. deokhari Nepal-E.

59-AAF-vdb don don-tharu India (Uttar Pradesh frontier)

59-AAF-ve chitwan chitwan-tharu, chituan-tharu Chitwan district: Rapti valley Nepal 4


59-AAF-w Axamiyā+ Jiharwa Assamese, part of magadhan (modified) Bengali script comprises

Assamese "scheduled language" in India translingual < [59=] Hindi+Urdu

India (A Assam); Bangladesh 7

59-AAF-wa axamiyā ahomiya, asami, asambe, "assamese proper" (modified) Bengali script

India (Assam); Bangladesh 7

59-AAF-waa axamiyā-L. "traditional literary assamese", including "early literary assamese" (from 14

th cent) and "middle literary assamese" (17

th-18

th cent.)

India…

59-AAF-wab axamiyā-F. "modern literary assamese", "standard assamese" Sibsagar standard

59-AAF-wac axamiyā-G. "current generalised assamese" Brahmaputra valley India; Bangladesh

59-AAF-wad sibsagar "assamese"-E. Brahmaputra valley: Sibsagar influence < [70=] Bodo India (Assam)

59-AAF-wae kamarupa "assamese"-W. India (Assam)

59-AAF-wb jiharwa "mountain assamese", "assamese" creole vehicular regional

language

India (Assam)

59-AAF-x Oriya odia, part of magadhan Oriya script; from 15th century; with

inscriptions from 10th comprises Oriya "scheduled language" in India


India; Bangladesh 8

59-AAF-xa oia oriya "proper", orissa "proper", oliya, uriya, utkali, odri, odrum, vadiya, yudhia including further fragmentation of idioms, to be established

India (A Orissa) 7

59-AAF-xaa oia-L. "early literary" oriya (Orissa)

59-AAF-xab oia -F. "modern literary" oriya, "literary" mughalbandi (Orissa)

59-AAF-xac mughalbandi oriya "proper" (Orissa)

59-AAF-xad oia -NW. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xae sambalpuri oriya-W., including sundargh Sambalpur Sundargh (Orissa)

59-AAF-xaf oia -E. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xag balasore-N. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xah napore-C. 'mid'-napore (Orissa)

59-AAF-xai oia -S. (Orissa)

59-AAF-xb bhuiya-oia bhuiya, bhuinhar, bhuinya, bhuiyali, bhumia, bhungiyas, bhuyan-oriya India (Orissa) 3

59-AAF-xc jharia-oia jharia, jhaliya Koraput district India (Orissa) 3

59-AAF-xd jagannathi-oia jagannathi, jaganathi, jaganatha-bhasha, surya-jagannathi, jaga-ad

59-AAF-xe bhatri-oia bhatri, bhattri, bhattra, bhatra, part of oriya-SW. Jagdalpur Kotapad India (Madhya-Pradesh; Orissa) 5

59-AAF-xf desia-oia desia, koraput oriya, part of oriya-SW. Koraput district India (Orissa-S.)

59-AAF-xg adiwasi-oia adivasi oriya, kotia, kotiya, kotia-oriya, 'tribal' oriya, Ghats-NE. highlands

India (Orissa; Andhra-Pradesh) 5

59-AAF-xh valmiki-oia valmiki, valmiki adiwasi India (Andhra-Pradesh-N.) 3

59-AAF-xi kupia-oia kupia India (North Andhra-Pradesh-N.) 3

59-AAF-xj bagata-oia bagata, bagat, bakta, bhukta, bagbot India (Andhra-Pradesh) 4

59-AAF-xk mali-oia mali India (Andhra-Pradesh) 2

59-AAF-xl degaru dhekaru India (Bihar-W.; West Bengal)

59-AB SINHALA+ DHIVEHI chain

"insular indic", "sinhalese+ maldivian"

59-ABA DHIVEHI net MALDIVIAN

59-ABA-a Dhivehi Maldives; India (Laccadives) 5

59-ABA-aa dhivehi malikh, mahl, malki, divehi, divehli, "maldivian" Dhivehi-Tana script A Maldives; India (Laccadives) 5

59-ABA-aaa maldive Maldive islands Maldives

59-ABA-aab minicoy Minicoy island India (Laccadives)

59-ABB SINHALA net SINHALESE

59-ABB-a Sinhala sumangala, singhala, "sinhalese", "singalese", "ceylonese" influence < [59=] Pali and by [49=] Dravidic languages from 10

th/11

th cent.:

Sinhalese script

A Sri Lanka; migration> United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Maldives, Canada…

7

59-ABB-aa elu "classical sinhalese", including "archaic literary sinhalese" "modern classical literary sinhalese" evolved by 13th century; with inscriptions from –3

rd or –2

nd century: see [59=] Prakrit

Sri Lanka 7

59-ABB-ab sinhala-F. "modern literary sinhalese", "formal sinhalese", "high sinhalese", "national standard sinhalese" influence < [59=] Sanskrit & Pali

Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ac sinhala-G. "generalised colloquial sinhalese", "low sinhalese", "popular sinhalese", including "semi-formal sinhalese" the semi-formal variety of colloquial

Sinhalese has been proposed as a substitute for 'High' Sinhalese in its role as official national language

Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ad colombo-U. colombo "popular urban" Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ae sinhala-SW. "traditional sinhalese"-SW. Sri Lanka

59-ABB-af sinhala-NW. "traditional sinhalese"-NW. Puttalam coastal plain Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ag sinhala-E. "sinhalese"-NE.; batticaloa Batticaloa-S. Sri Lanka

59-ABB-ah kandyan "traditional" upland sinhala, kandy Kandy… central highlands Sri Lanka

59-ABC RODIYA net

59-ABC-a Rodiya ; much non-Sinhalese vocabulary within Sinhalese structures, often used as 'secret' language

Sri Lanka 4*

59-ABC-aa rodiya gadi, rodi, rodiya community Sri Lanka


59-ABD VEDDAH net

59-ABD-a Veddah ; Sinhalese creole with strong substratum from earlier non-Indic

language; now submerged < [59=] Sinhala Sri Lanka 2

59-ABD-aa veddah vädi-basa, vädda, veddha, veda, vedda, weda, weddo, beda, bedda, vaedda, "sinhalese creole" Dambulla Polonnaruwa Maha Oya Mahiyangana

Sri Lanka

59-AC DOMARI+ VLACH notional chain

ROMANI, "romindic", rom+ dom, part of "wider" 'gypsy' ; influenced to varying degrees by the languages of countries of residence and/or

former residence

59-ACA DOMARI net ROMANI-EAST, "romindic"-E., dom, "west-asian " romani, 'gypsy' "proper"

59-ACA-a Domari in [44=] Türkçe: çingene India; Afghanistan; Uzbekistan; Iran; Iraq; Turkey; Syria; Israel; Egypt; Libya.

5

59-ACA-aa domari dom ¶nomadic community {West Asia; North Africa} 5

59-ACA-aaa domaki dumaki, domaaki, doma, bericho, part of 'india' domari ¶community of blacksmiths and musicians Gilgit district: Hunza valley (Mominabad)

India+ Pakistan (Kashmir)

59-ACA-aab wogri-boli part of 'india' domari India

59-ACA-aac churi-wali 'afghanistan' domari Afghanistan

59-ACA-aad luli part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan

59-ACA-aae jugi part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan

59-ACA-aaf maznoug mazang, part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan

59-ACA-aag multoni part of 'uzbekistan' domari Uzbekistan

59-ACA-aah qinati Iran

59-ACA-aai koli-W. Kolli Iran

59-ACA-aaj barake Syria

59-ACA-aak kurbati kurbat Syria; Iran-W.

59-ACA-aal karachi Karachi Turkey; Iran; {Caucasus}

59-ACA-aam beludj Turkey

59-ACA-aan marashi Turkey

59-ACA-aao yürük Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece

59-ACA-aap beirut Beirut Lebanon

59-ACA-aaq nablos nabulus Palestine

59-ACA-aar nawar Syria; Israel; Egypt

59-ACA-aas helebi Egypt; Libya

59-ACB VLACH+ SINTI net ROMANI-CENTRAL, "romindic"-C. roma, romany-C., romanés, 'tsingani', 'tsigane', "european" 'gypsy' ¶many communities destroyed or dispersed as a result of the European Holocaust up to 1945

59-ACB-a Vlach+ Ursari romani-SE. Romania; Moldova; Ukraine; Poland; Belarus; Russia Europe; Hungary; Slovakia; ex-Yugoslavia; Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; France; Germany; USA; Colombia.

6

59-ACB-aa vlach-romani vlax-romani, wallach-romani, vlach+ kaldarári+ lovari, "wallachian" romani, "danubian" romani #distinct from vlach, vlachi- as alternative

name for [51=] Limba-armâneasca

{Europe-E.&-W.; Europe-N.; America-N.&-S.}

6

59-ACB-aaa vlach-F. "modern standard" romani Romania

59-ACB-aab churari Romania

59-ACB-aac lovari Romania

59-ACB-aad zagundzi Romania

59-ACB-aae ghagar Romania

59-ACB-aaf vlach-NW. Hungary; Slovakia

59-ACB-aag vlach-N. Poland; Belarus

59-ACB-aah kalderashicqo rusurya-kaldarári, "russian" kalderash Russia

59-ACB-aai rusicqo Russia

59-ACB-aaj vlach-SE. Ukraine; Moldova

59-ACB-aak kalderash-machvanicqo machvano, machwayo Bosnia+ Serbia

59-ACB-aal kalderash-S. "bulgarian sedentary" romani Bulgaria

59-ACB-aam vlach-'albania'-N. Albania-N.

59-ACB-aan vlach-'albania'-S. Albania-S.

59-ACB-aao vlach-'sieve' ¶sieve-makers' community

59-ACB-aap vlach-'deutschland' migration> Germany

59-ACB-aaq vlach-'france' migration> France

59-ACB-aar vlach-'españa' migration> Spain

59-ACB-aas vlach-'portugal' migration> Portugal

59-ACB-aat vlach-'brasil' migration> Brazil

59-ACB-aau vlach-'colombia' migration> Colombia

59-ACB-aav vlach-'america' migration> USA


59-ACB-ab ursari balkan-romani, ursari+ arlija ¶nomadic community {Europe-E.} 6

59-ACB-aba ursari-A. usári Moldova; Romania; former Yugoslavia

59-ACB-abb karam'tika Ukraine; {Balkans}

59-ACB-abc arlija erli Turkey; Bulgaria; Greece; former Yugoslavia; Italy; Germany; France

59-ACB-abd romani-'tinsmiths' ¶tinners' community Bulgaria-NW.

59-ACB-abe khorakhane xoraxane Greece; {Balkans}

59-ACB-abf dzambazi former Yugoslavia; Germany; France

59-ACB-abg jer'des Bulgaria-W.

59-ACB-abh drindári Bulgaria-C.

59-ACB-abi romani-'bulgaria'-E. Bulgaria-E.

59-ACB-abj paspatian Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia

59-ACB-abk romani-'ironsmiths' ¶blacksmiths' community Bulgaria; former Yugoslavia

59-ACB-abl shiptari

59-ACB-abm zargari Iran

59-ACB-b Sinti+ Fintika romani-N.&-W., roma-NW. Romania; Hungary; Ukraine; Slovakia; Moravia; Bohemia; Poland; Belarus; {Baltic States}; Russia Europe; Kazakhstan; {ex-Yugoslavia}; Italy; Austria; Germany; Switzerland; France; Netherlands; Finland; Wales.

5

59-ACB-ba 'carpathian'-romani bashalde, "musicians" romani ¶nomadic community {East Europe} 5

59-ACB-baa romani-transylvania Romania (Transylvania; Galicia)

59-ACB-bab romungre ungrike-romani Ukraine; Hungary; Slovakia-SW.

59-ACB-bac sarvika sarvika-romani Slovakia-NE.; Poland-S.

59-ACB-bad romani-moravia Czech Rep. (Moravia)

59-ACB-bae romani-bohemia Czech Rep. (Bohemia)

59-ACB-bb sinti sinte, sasitka, manuche, manush, manus ¶nomadic community {East Europe}; {West Europe}; {Central Asia}

5

59-ACB-bba sinti-volga ex-volga sinti formerly in Volga basin displaced to Kazakhstan

59-ACB-bbb sinti-N. Poland; Germany-N.; Netherlands

59-ACB-bbc sinti-C. Germany-S.; Austria; Switzerland

59-ACB-bbd sinti-SE. Slovenia; Croatia; Serbia

59-ACB-bbe sinti-piemonte Italy (Piemonte)

59-ACB-bbf sinti-abruzzo Italy (Abruzzo)

59-ACB-bbg sinti-france France

59-ACB-bc folditka-romá "baltic" romani ¶nomadic community {Europe-NE.}

59-ACB-bca lotfitka-romá Riga gulf Latvia; Estonia

59-ACB-bcb lajenge-romá Estonia-E.

59-ACB-bcc rúska-romá Russia-NW.

59-ACB-bcd romá-S. Poland; Belarus

59-ACB-bd fintika-romani fintika-romma, "finland romani", kalo-romani-N. ¶nomadic community {Europe-NE.}; 3

59-ACB-be romnimos "wales romany", kolo, kole, kalo-romani-NW. ¶nomadic community Wales-N.

59-ACC LOMAVREN net ARMENIANISED-ROMANI, lom

59-ACC-a Lomavren influence < [57=] Armenian Armenia; Syria; also Russia 4

59-ACC-aa lomavren bosa, bosha, posha, "armenian" romani ¶nomadic community Armenia; Azerbaijan; Turkey; Syria; also Russia

4

59-ACD CALÓ net ROMANICISED-ROMANI

59-ACD-a Caló ibero-romani influence < [51=] Ibero-Romance Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil. 5

59-ACD-aa caló ibero-romani, gitano, kalo-romani-S. ¶nomadic community Spain; Portugal; France; Brazil 5

59-ACD-aaa caló-C. ; influenced also by [40=] Euskera (Basque) Spain; Portugal; France

59-ACD-aab caló-N. Spain (Catalunya)

59-ACD-aac caló-S. Spain (Pais Vasco)

59-ACD-aad caló-'brasil' Brazil

59-ACE RODI net NORDICISED-ROMANI

59-ACE-a Rodi Rotwelsch influence < [52=] Nordic Sweden; Norway; Denmark 4

59-ACE-aa rodi ¶nomadic community Denmark; Norway; Sweden 4

59-ACE-aaa dansk-rodi "travellers' danish" Denmark

59-ACE-aab skånsk-rodi part of "travellers' swedish" Sweden

59-ACE-aac svenska-rodi tattare, part of "travellers' swedish" Sweden

59-ACE-aad norsk-rodi "travellers' norwegian" Norway


59-ACF POGADI-CHIB net ANGLICISED-ROMANI

59-ACF-a Pogadi-Chib Anglo-Romani, "anglicised" romani influence < [52=] English {British Isles}; {North America}; South Africa; Australia

6

59-ACF-aa pogadi-chib 'broken language'+ posh-ta-posh, 'half & half''+ romanichal, "anglo-romani"

UK; USA; South Africa; Australia 6

59-ACF-aaa pogadi-chib-A. "british anglo-romani" UK

59-ACF-aab 'anglo-romani-america' USA

59-ACF-aac 'anglo-romani-africa' South Africa

59-ACF-aad 'anglo-romani-australia' Australia

55= Albania; Greec ALBANIC 6 phylozone - … 1999-2000... · Albanian is probably related to the...

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