5.3 Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families....
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![Page 1: 5.3 Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d995503460f94a836d9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.
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Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population
Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.
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Language Family Trees
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Sino-Tibetan Language Family (20%)Branches:
• Sinitic - Mandarin (1075), - Cantonese (71),
• Austro-Thai (77) - Thai, Hmong
• Tibeto-Burman - Burmese (32)
Chinese languages based on 420 one syllable words with meaning infered from context and tone.
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5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.
![Page 6: 5.3 Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d995503460f94a836d9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sino-Tibetan Language Family
Sinitic BranchChinese Ideograms
Fig. 5-13: Chinese languageideograms mostlyrepresent conceptsrather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built intomore complex words.
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Language Branch
Languages
Sino-TibetanLanguage Family
China, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos2nd largest (26% of world)
SiniticAustro-ThaiTibetan-BurmanMandarinBurmeseThai
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Language Branch
Languages
Sinitic Mandarin
Austro-Thai Thai
Tibetan-Burman
Burmese
Sino-TibetanLanguage Family
SiniticAustro-ThaiTibetan-BurmanMandarinBurmeseThai
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Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyMain Branch:
Semitic
•Arabic (256)
Language of the Koran; spread by Islamic Faith and Islamic (Ottoman) Empires
•Hebrew (5)
Language of the old Testament (with Aramaic) completely revived from extinction in Israel, 1948.
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Islamic World circa A.D. 1500
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Language Branch
Languages
Afro-AsiaticLanguage Family
Middle East & North Africanext largest (6%)
SemiticArabicHebrew
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Language Branch
Languages
Semitic Arabic & Hebrew
Afro-AsiaticLanguage Familynext largest (6%)
SemiticArabicHebrew
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Languages
AltaicLanguage Family
Turkey to Mongolia (Central Asia)(3%)
TurkishUzbekKazakh
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5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.
![Page 15: 5.3 Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d995503460f94a836d9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
UralicLanguage Family
Finland, Estonia, Hungary2nd largest language family in Europe
(NO Indo-European language is spoken in these countries)
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5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.
![Page 17: 5.3 Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d995503460f94a836d9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Language Families of AfricaFig. 5-14:
The 1,000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families:
Niger-Congo (95%)
Nilo-SaharanKhoisanAustronesian
& Afro-Asiatic (Arabic)
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Niger-Congo Diffusion: The Great Bantu Migration
• proto-Bantu peoples originated in Cameroon-Nigeria
• They spread throughout southern Africa AD 1 - 1000
• Bantu peoples were agriculturalists who used metal tools
• Khoisan peoples were hunter-gatherers and were no match for the Bantu.
• Pygmies adopted Bantu tongue and retreated to forest
• Hottentots and Bushmen retained the clicks of Khoisan languages
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5.3 Language Families of the World
Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.
![Page 20: 5.3 Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d995503460f94a836d9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Distribution of Language Families
1. Niger-Congo (95% of Africans speak: there are MANY languages in Africa due to the minimal interaction over the past 5000 years)
NIGERIA – lots of conflict due
to language diversity
2. Austronesia (SE Asia-Indonesia, also Madagascar. There is strong evidence of migration from SE Asia to Madagascar)
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Language Families
Area spoken
African Language Families
Niger-CongoAustronesianKhoisanNilo-Saharan
Namibia & BotswanaSub-Saharan AfricaMadagascarChad & S. Sudan
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Languages of Nigeria
Fig. 5-15: More than 400 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.
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Ch 5.3 Review Questions