5.2 What are the factors affecting agricultural production? · Means Benefits Irrigation and...
Transcript of 5.2 What are the factors affecting agricultural production? · Means Benefits Irrigation and...
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5.2 What are the
factors affecting
agricultural
production?
Part B
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What are the factors affecting agriculture? A B
C
Which of the
places is/are
suitable for
farming? Why?
Flat lowland
River (irrigation
water supply)
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What are the factors affecting agriculture? The location of different farming system is determined by the interaction of physical and cultural factors.
Physical factors
1 Climate 2 Land
A Temperature
B Rainfall
C Wind
A Soil
B Relief
C River
Physical factors strongly affect where a particular crop or type of livestock will be found.
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What are the factors affecting agriculture? The location of different farming system is determined by the interaction of physical and cultural factors.
Cultural factors
1 Labour
2 Capital
3 Technologies
4 Market
5 Transport
6 Institutional factors
Cultural factors refer to variables from the socio-economic environment.
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Let’s look at the example
of vegetable farming in
Lam Tsuen Valley.
How do these factors shape the
characteristics of farming in an area? Physical and cultural factors interact and produce the distinctive characteristics of farming.
Physical factors
Sunshine
Around 1,948 hours a year
Temperature
High monthly mean
temperatures
Water supply
Total annual rainfall: 2,214 mm
River: Lam Tsuen River
Land
Lowland or gentle relief
Alluvial soils
Cultural factors
Captial
Labour
Farmer and his/her family
Technology
Carrying out research and
applying new technologies
Transport
By lorry
Market
Tai Po Market or Cheung Sha
Wan Wholesale Food Market
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How do these factors shape the
characteristics of farming in an area?
How do these factors
contribute to the
characteristics of
vegetable farming in
Lam Tsuen Valley?
Interplay of physical and cultural factors
Farming characteristics in Lam Tsuen Valley
Type of farming
( Intensive / Extensive )
commercial farming
Farming skill
( Primitive / Semi-modern /
Modern )
Farm size
( Small / Large )
Level of mechanization
( Low / Medium / High )
Farming method
( Labour-intensive /
Capital-intensive )
Outputs
• 6-8 crops of vegetables
• Waste materials
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© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
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© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 5 Combating famine―Is technology a panacea for food shortages?
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1 Climate A Temperature
________________ refers to the period of a year when farming is possible.
Crops can only grow at ____°C or above.
Under favourable temperatures, plant growth is active.
At the freezing point, frost may appear and destroy crops.
The longer the frost-free period, the ( shorter / longer ) the growing season.
Growing season
6
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1 Climate A Temperature
Frost-free periods of the world
What is the
relationship between
the length of the frost-
free period and
latitudes?
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1 Climate A Temperature Temperature affects world patterns of agriculture.
Wheat is grown in areas
with a ( low / moderate /
high ) mean temperature
Wet rice is grown in areas
with a ( low / high )
mean temperature
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1 Climate B Rainfall
Annual rainfall determines the types of crops grown and the size of the production.
In areas with abundant rainfall, the number of crops grown in a year can be ( less / greater ).
Wheat is grown in
( drier / more
humid ) areas
Wet rice is grown
in areas with
abundant rainfall
In South China, double
cropping or triple
cropping of rice is
practised each year
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1 Climate B Rainfall Seasonal variations in rainfall, the intensity and duration of rainfall can have a great influence on crops.
Prolonged drought could be disastrous to
agriculture
Unusual precipitation
patterns may damage
crops and cause huge
economic losses to
farmers:
• Rainstorms
• Hailstorms
• Frost
• Drought
Frost can kill crops
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1 Climate C Wind
Wind may bring positive and
adverse effects on crops.
Positive effect
Crops
Sea
Onshore wind brings
moisture to coastal areas,
lengthening the growing
season.
Onshore wind
Adverse effect
Strong winds may
increase ___________ rates and cause soil erosion;
evaporation
damage crops.
Tropical cyclones damage crops
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2 Land A Soil
Soil quality depends on the following soil properties:
Characteristics Favourable soil
quality for crops
Unfavourable soil
quality for crops
Acidity Slightly acidic Strongly acidic or
alkaline
Soil thickness Thick soil Thin soil
Nutrient content/
Soil fertility High (Fertile soil) Low (Poor soil)
Moisture content Sufficient, stable
and well-drained
Insufficient, unstable,
wet and poorly-drained
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A
B
C
2 Land B Relief
Place ( A / B / C ) is suitable for farming.
Why?
Altitude: It is located on ( lowland / highland ), where temperatures are usually ( lower / higher ).
27°C
6°C
Aspect: It ( is / is not ) facing the sun and have more sunshine.
It is on the windward slope which can receive _____ rain. relief
30°C
Gradient of the field: ( Gentle / Steep ) slope and thick soil
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A
B
C
2 Land B Relief
30°C
6°C
Place B
Why Place B is not
suitable for farming?
Altitude: It is located on ( lowland / highland ), where temperatures are usually ( lower / higher ).
Aspect and gradient: Although it is facing the sun and receives ______ rain, its gradient is ( gentle / steep ) and the soil is too ( thin / thick ) for crops.
relief
27°C
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A
B
C
2 Land B Relief
30°C
6°C
Place C
Why Place C is not
suitable for farming?
Altitude: It is located on ( lowland / highland ), where temperatures are usually ( lower / higher ).
Aspect:
It ( is / is not ) facing the sun.
It ( receives / does not receive ) relief rain. It is in the ____________, which is ( dry / wet ).
rain shadow
Gradient: It is too ( gentle / steep ) for growing crops.
27°C
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2 Land B Relief
Soil
Bedrock
Surface run-off is fast on steep
slope. Soil erosion is active
Little
infiltration
and soil
moisture
content
Can we still
grow crops on
highland? How?
Original
slope
Surface run-off is
slow on flat slope
More infiltration
and soil moisture
content
Stone wall helps to
stabilize the slope
Yes, we can grow crops on
highland by terracing.
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2 Land C River
Alluvial soil
Crops
The fertile ________ soil on flood plains is favourable for growing crops.
alluvial
The river provides water for _________ and transporting agricultural produce.
irrigation
River valleys and deltas are favourable locations for cultivation.
e.g. the deltas of River Nile and Ganga River
Cultivation along the Zhu Jiang in Kaiping,
Guangdong (Credit: Tsui Chung Pong David)
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1 Labour
Is there any
difference in the
demand for
labour in
different regions?
Less developed
regions
Asian farmers harvesting rice
The farming systems usually require ( less / more ) labour as they employ traditional and labour-intensive farming methods.
Their yield per unit of land is ( low / high ) but yield per worker is generally ( low / high ).
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2 Capital
More developed
regions
Crop harvesting in a more developed region
The farming systems usually require ( less / more ) labour because __________ are widely used.
machines
Capital is more available. Farming rely more on _______-intensive methods. Production per farmer is ( low / high ).
capital
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3 Technology The use of various technologies can help to overcome physical constraints and improve farm production. Means Benefits
Irrigation and
drainage
Improve the physical conditions for
crop and livestock production
Mechanization Improve farm production, farm
efficiency and quality of farm work
Applying chemicals • Fertilizers to improve quality of
farmland
• Pesticides to protect the crops from
pests
• Herbicides to prevent weeds from
competing for nutrients with crops
Biotechnology, better
seeds and breeds
Improve the quality of crops and
increase the yield of crops or livestock
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4 Market
A vegetable market in Thailand
There are two types of markets for farm produce, local and overseas markets.
Market forces affect farmers’ decisions on the types of crops grown or animals reared.
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Farmers need transport systems to bring inputs to the farm and send the produce to markets for sale.
Farms with good transport can have more choices for crops.
5 Transport Inputs
Produce
With good transport,
__________ produce can
be delivered to local and
international markets
within a short time.
perishable
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6 Institutional factors Institutional factors include land ownership and government policies on farming.
I own my farmland. I
am willing to invest
on a long-term basis.
We receive subsidies
from the government.
We can rear more herds
at a lower cost.