* GB785563 (A)

Description: GB785563 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Refractometer

Description of GB785563 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Refractometer We, CARL ZEISS-STIFTUNG, a Foundation established under the laws of Germany, of Reidenheim a.d. Brenz, Wuritemberg, Germany, trading as Carl Zeiss, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement : - The invention concerns an arrangement for the objective measurement of the refractive index of liquids by determination of the critical angle of total reflection. The arrangement is based upon the known principle of a refractometer, in which the light reflected at the bordering surface between the measuring prism and the optical thinner liquid to be examined. is measured dependent on the angle of light incidence. By measuring the reflected light. the effect of the absorption of light bv the sample to be examined is largely eliminated. The intensity of the light reflected at the border of two media of different refraction rises, weakly at first, with increasing departure of the direction of light incidence from perpendicular light incidence. On approaching the critical angle of total reflection the intensity of the reflected light rises more strongly, and reaches a maximum value at the critical angle. This critical angle-counted from the perpendicular incidence of light onwards-is the rigger, the smaller the difference of the refractive indices of the media borders on each other. Introducing into the raypath of the reflected light a telescope focussed on infinity, as in the usual refractometers, it is well known that two fields of different luminahce will appear in the field of view of the telescope, separated by a more or less e learlv defined line. The bright field corresponds to that angular range of the incident cone of

light in which the light is principally reflected at the border of the two media of different refraction, while the dark field corresponds to that angular range in which the incident light is principally refracted and only reflected to a minor degree. On comparihg the intensity of light rays reflected at the surface where the measuring prism borders on various samples put on in succession it is found that beyond the critical angles corresponding to the individual samples, i.e. in the maximum, all possess the same absolute value with good approximation. Characteristic differences are shown only in the vicinty of the critical angles of total reflection. These conditions are qualitatively represented in Fig. 1 of the acompanying drawings. The figure shows the change of the intensity, in percents of its masimum value, of the light from a light source reflected at the bordering surfaces, dependent on the angle of incidence #, with the angle of perpendicular light incidence taken to be zero degress. The knows relations of the angles are schematically represented in Fig. 2 of the accompanying drawings. The perpendicular incident light ray 1 enters the glass body a and leaves the sample b without being reflected at the bordering surface between a and b. Light ray 21 whose angle of incidence lies between 0 and 90 is partially reflected in the direction 21 and partially leaves sample b in the direction 2. Light ray 3' incidences beyond the critical angle of total reflection and therefore is only reflected (3). Fig. 3 of the accompanying drawings shows a schematic arrangement of the construction of the measuring instrument according to the invention. In Fig. 1 the curve I shows the change of the intensity of light at the bordering surface of a combination of two media with refractive indices very greatly different from each other, in its dependence on the angle of incidence. In the present example the combination is assumed to be of glass and distilled water. The intensity of the light reflected rises somewhat with the increase of the angle of incidence #- corresponding to the branch A of the curve-until the critical angle of total reflection is almost reached. Here the intensity of the reflected light rises more strongly. The curve shows a point of inflection P which corresponds approximately to the critical angle #1@ and then tends towards its masimum value in branch B. The curves II-IV represent the change of intensity of the light reflected at the bordering surface with samples to be examined which show higher refractive indices than in the case of curve I. The difference of the refractive Indices against glass is therefore lower than in the case of curve I. The protracted brandies B of all curves

coincide with sufficient agreement. By joining the inflection points P of all curves by a curved trace C. one finds tl. t this runs below branch R of surve I br a constant percentage of its ordinate values. In the inflection points-and only in these-there is therefore equality of the ordinates of the auxiliary curve C and of any arbitrary measured curve (II-IV). This property of the auxiliary curve @ containing the inflection points is exploited in the invention. It is based on the idea to compare the reflected light, dependent on the angle of incidence, from the bordering surface between a measuring prism and a sample to be examined, with a comparison light whose intensity and dependence on an angle follows the auxiliary curve C. A coincidence of the two compared values in a differential measuring instrument mnst therefore result, for each critical angle #2 . . . . of total reflection required. at the inter- section point of the measured curve and of the comparison curve, in a sensitive zero indication and consequently in an unambiguous criterion for tlie critical angle. The position of said line which appears in the field of view of the telescope of a refractometer and which divides the two fields of different luminance is not easily determined by measuring techniques, because of the flatness of the light intensity curve in the vicinity of the critical angle. This determination is, however, achieved according to the invention in that a light source is divided in a manner intrinsicallv known. into two light paths one of which passes through a prism directly bordering upon the sample to be examined with one surface, while the other light path passes through an optical element variable in its light transmission factor with tulle same dependence on an angle as the measuring prism. As may serve e.g. a rotary wedge or @imil@@ device working together with an e@@entri@ cam whose governing curve has been empirically shaped to follow the function of the light intensity from the measur- ing prism in its dependence on the angle of emergence of the light, and which is rotated synchronously with the measuring prism or in the case of a fixed measuring prism with a mirror arranged behind the prism. With the described arrange ment there are obtained so far perfectly equal conditions in both light paths-with the sole exception of the effect produced by the sample itself. In further perfection of the invention the intensity values of the comparison light. which in the arrangement described so far coincide with curve T of Fig. 1. are lowered. hr addi tional reduction of the intensity along its path, e.g. by a grey filter or a diaphragm to such an extent that in the branch B they coincide with the curve C drawn through the inflection points. For the determination of the correct aniount of this reduction in the path of

the comparison light, a single calibration point suffices within a wide range. The corre@t amount lies, according to experience. ai approximately 20% of the full comparison light. In this way an arrangement is obtained in which equality of intensity between the measuring and the coni- parison light occurs at the critical angle of total reflection at the surface bordering the measuring prism and the sample to be examined, and only at this angle. Thi equality of intensity forms a very obvious rriterion for the corre@t setting of the required angle. and therefore of the required refractive index of the sample tn be examined. A particularly accurate working and simple arrangement is obtained according to a feature of the invention by providing as the optical element whose light trans- mission factor has the same dependence on the angle of light incidence as the measuring plism, in the comparison light path a prism similar to the measuring prism which borders upon a medium of refractive index smaller than those nf aJl media within the measuring range In the comparison light path is further arranged a gret filter or a diaphragm for lowering the light intensity as described above. A specially governing mechanism for obtaining equal angle dependences of the comparison and the measuring light is then not required. The comparison by measurement of the two intensity values, in the measuring branch and in the comparison branch in dependence on the angle of light incidence is carried out by an arrangement according to the invention which is represented in Fig. 3 of the accompanying drawings. Two prisms 2 and 21 with equal optical constants are arranged in two light paths from the light source 1. The measuring prism 2 borders with its hypotenuse surface upon a constant flow cell 3 for the liquid to be examined, while the comparison prism 21 borders on air. The light emanatitz from the light source 1 is divided into two equal light fluxes by the 45 mirrors 4 and 41. The light in the measuring light path is concentrated upon the measuring prism 2 by the collective lens 5 in such a wav that the top of the cone which is built up by the light rays lies at the hypotenuse surface of the measuring prism, while the light in the com- paison light path is concentrated by the collective lens 51 in the same manner upon the hypotenuse surface of the comparison prism 21. The reflected light emerging from the prisms passes respectively to the mirrors 6 and 6l, capable of synchronous swivelling, and thence through telescopes focussed for infinity, symbolized by collective lenses 7 and 71, and reach slit diaphragms 8 ana 81 respect tively, as images of the field of view of the telescopes. The slit diaphragms are represented in Fig. 3 as rotated through 901".

The hatching symbolizes that the line characterizing the critical angle of total reflection in the field of view of the telscope 7 imaged on the plane of the slit diaphragm 8 just coincides with the centre line of the slit, while a bright part of the field of view of the telescope 71 lies within the slit 81. The intensity of the light illuminating slit 8l is however lowered to such an extent that it corresponds to curve C of Fig. 1. The two light paths are alternatingly opened by means of the flicker diaphragm 10 rotated by the motor 9. Thereby the two exit pupils of the telescopes (7, 71) are alteruatingly and periodically imaged on the same part of the cathode of the photo-electric cell 11 by means of further collective lenses 12 or 121. The light impulses (50 per second) are transformed into current impulses in the photo-electric cell. The alternating component of the voltage obtained is amplified by an A. C. amplifier 1.3 and applied to the measuring coil of an indue- tion motor 14, whose auxiliary coil is connected to the ,50 cycle mains. According to the phase conditions of the measuring voltage the motor will start in the one or the other direction. It drives the point wheels 15,151 which swivel the mirrors (; and 61 synchronously. Furthermore the pen of a recording device is guided by means of a worm-wheel 16, and the recording drum 17 is rotated at constant speed, e.g. by a clockwork. In the comparison light path a grey wedge 18 is provided, by which the intensity values of the comparison light are lowered to such an extent that in branch B they coincide with curve C of F'ig. 1. With this setting of the grey wedge 18 the auxiliary curve C is determined for the inflection points of all measuring curves. The function of the arrangement is as follows:- After pouring in the liquid to be measured in the constant flow cell 3. a part of the cone of light impinging upon the hypotenuse surface of the measurin prism 2 is reflected by this surface and then impinges upon mirror 6. The light ray which impinges under the critical angle of total reflection upon the reflecting surface of the prism 2 borders that reflected part of the cone of light. On account of the angular position of the coupled mirrors 6 and 61 the bordering line between the field of different luminance corresponding to the critical angle of total reflection appears in the plane of the slit diaphragm 8 below or above the centre line of the slit. If the voltage supplied by the photo-electrie cell 11 and amplified by the amplifier 13 is now applied to the motor 14, it will begin to run, and as a consequence of suitable choice of the phase difference between the main and the auxiliary field, always in that sense of rotation in which the swivell- ing of the mirrors 6 and 61 produces a reduction of the difference between the light flux energies projected alternatingly on

the photo-electric cell 11. By choosing the intensity of the light in the comparison light path according to the above mentoned conditions, that means, shape of the light intensity curve corresponding to curve C in Fig. 1, the position of equilibrium is attained when the charac@ teristic line of the field of view-as shown-coincides with the centre line of the slit. If this position is obtained tbe alternating current will disappear and the motor stops. The pen of the recording device has also come to a standstill and marts a value, which corresponds to the refractive index measured at the time. In Fig. 3 an eccentric cam 19 is represented driving the grey wedge 18. This may replace the components 21 and 61 in another form of construction of the measuring arrangement. The compensation of the angular dependence of the light intensity reflected by the measuring pris@ 2 and the reduction of the intensit of th comparison light to an extent given b curve C of Fig. 1 is there effected solely by the wedge 18 governed synchronously with the mirror G. A governing element for driving the grey wedge 18 can. however. also be employed in conjunction with the comparison prism arrangement 21, 61, if the sensibility of the refractometer is so high that any irregularities in the light distribution caused e.g. by the manufacture of the light source gain influence on the measurement. These irregularities in the light distribution which must be determined empirically, and are dependent on the direction can be entirely eliminated by a light governor of the kind described. What we claim is: 1. An arrangement for measuring the refractive indes of a light transniitting medium by determining the critical angle of total reflection of the light reflected by that medium comprising optical elements for splitting the light used for measurement into two component beams, arranged in the measuring light said prism bordering with its hypotenuse surface on the medium to be measured, an optical element serving for compensation of the angular dependence of the light intensity reflected by the measuring prism, a further optical element for the reduction of the intensity of the comparison light. both said elements arranged in the comparison li,,xlat path, a lens for concentrating the measuring light upon the measuring prism in such a way that the top of the cone of light which consists of the measuring light rays lies at the hypotenuse surface of said measuring prism, a swivelling mirror arranged in the measuring light path behind the measuring prism a scale being coupled to said mirror, and calibrated in refractive index values, two slit diaphragms arranged in the measuring and the comparison light Path respeetively after said prism and elements two telescopes focussed for infinity and arranged so that they receive. light from the prism and elements respectively

and produce images of their field of view in the plane of said slit diaphragms respectively, a photoelectric cell, a measuring instrument for indicating the voltage produced by said photoelectric cell, optical elements for imaging the exit pupils of said telescopes on the cathode of said photoelectric cell and a flicker diaphragm for interrupting alternately the measuring and the comparison light. 2. An arrangement as in Claim 1 in which said photoelectric cell is coupled to an A.C. amplifier, the output voltage of which is applied to the measuring coil at an induction motor whose auxiliary coil is connected to the mains, said motor serving for swivelling said mirror arranged in the measuring light path. :3. An arrangement as in Claims 1 and 2 in which said optical elements serving for compensation of the angular dependence of the light intensity reflected by the measuring prism and reduction of the intensity of the comparison light consist of a grey wedge which is driven by an eccentric cam synchonously with the swivelling of said mirror arranged in the measuring light path. 4. An arrangement as in Claims 1 and 2 in which said optical element serving for compensation of the angular dependence of the light intensity reflected by the measuring prism consists of a prism having the same optical constants as the measuring prism and a swivelling mir@@@ arranged in the comparison light path behind said prism, said mirror being coupled with the mirror arranged in the measuring lioht paths, in which further the optical element serving tar reduction of the mtensity of the comparison light consists of a diaphragm which is so adjusted that the alternating light intensities acting on said photoelectric cell are equal when the line which borders two fields of different luminance in the plane of said slit diaphragm arranged in the measuring light path coincides with the centre line of this slit. 5. An arrangement as in Claim 2 further comprising a recording device, the movement of its recording stylus being effected by said induction motor.

* GB785564 (A)

Description: GB785564 (A)

No title available

Description of GB785564 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,564 Date of filing Complete Specification: July 30, 1956. Application Date: July 29, 1955 No 22042/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 68 ( 1), F 10. International Classification:-E 2 lc. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Machines for Digging Ditches and the like. I, GEORGE WASHINGTON MOSLEY, a British Subject, of 29 Wantage Road, Wallingford, in the County of Berkshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to machines for digging ditches or trenches, and has for its object to provide a machine for that purpose in which the bucket is able to move in a straight line in a vertical plane during each digging stroke so as to provide a plane bottom to the ditch or trench. According to the invention, in a machine for digging ditches or trenches comprising a digging bucket carried by a beam which is pivotally mounted to enable the bucket to be lowered from an inoperative position to an operative position, a parallel linkage suspending the bucket from the beam, and means for swinging the parallel linkage relatively to the beam to effect a digging stroke, the beam is moved about its pivot by a liquid pressure ram extending between the said beam and a fixed point and means are provided to permit the said beam and a fixed point and means are provided to permit the beam to swing through a small angle in a vertical plane during the digging stroke without operation by the ram to enable the bucket to follow a straight path. The means for permitting the beam to swing during the digging stroke may consist of a lost motion connection between the beam and the ram. The angle of the bucket may be varied by means acting on one of the suspending links, and a plate may be provided in the bucket for ejecting soil therefrom The digging stroke of the bucket, and the varialPrice 3 s 6 d l tion of the bucket angle, as well as the lifting and lowering of the beam are conveniently effected by liquid-pressure rams. An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1

shows a view of the machine in side elevation with the beam in the operative position and the bucket at the beginning of a working stroke; Fig 2 shows a similar view with the bucket in an intermediate position of its stroke; Fig 3 shows a similar view with the bucket raised to an inoperative position. Referring to the drawings, the main elements of the machine comprise a beam A pivotally carried at one end by a support B, a digging bucket C suspended from the other end of the beam by a parallel linkage D, a liquid-pressure ram E adapted to raise and lower the beam, a liquid-pressure ram F adapted to reciprocate the bucket by swinging the linkage relatively to the beam. and a liquid-pressure ram G adapted to effect angular adjustment of the bucket. The support B comprises a hollow column rotatably mounted by thrust bearings on a bearing post fixed on a tractor or on a separate carriage adapted to be drawn by a tractor These are provided on the tractor or carriage, but not illustrated in the drawings, a pump for supplying liquid under pressure, preferably oil, to the rams, an oil reservoir, valves for controlling the supply of oil to the rams, and means for driving the pump and the rotary support Each ram comprises a double-acting liquidpressure motor and suitable flexible pipes (not shown) are provided for supplying oil to, and exhausting oil from each end of the ram cylinder. 50) 5.5 6; 5 711 840 785,564 The beam comprises boxed channel members 1 pivotally mounted on a pair of lugs 2 on the rotary column 3 by trunnions 4 A bracket 5 is disposed in an intermediate position on the beam, nearer to the free end than to the pivoted end thereof The bracket 5 comprises a pair of vertically disposed plates secured to opposite sides of the beam Each plate is provided with a slot 6, substantially parallel to the beam, and adapted to receive a pivot pin 7 carried by the end of a telescopic member comprising the ram E, i e by the piston-rod 8 of the ram The ram cylinder 9 is pivotally mounted by trunnions 10 on a pair of lugs 11 on the rotary column 3. A bracket 12, disposed on the free end of the beam, comprises a pair of vertically disposed plates secured to opposite sides of the beam The bracket 12 is of substantially triangular shape, and extends outwardly and downwardly from the beam Secured to a spindle 13, rotatably mounted in the bracket 12, is a pair of channel-section bars or links 14, which are secured at their other ends to a spindle 15, and which together form one of the elements of the parallel linkage C. An arm 16, disposed between the plates of the bracket 12 and hinged on the spindle 13, extends outwardly of the beam, and carries on opposite sides a pair of plates forming a substantially triangular bracket 17, having an upwardly extending arm 18 and an outwardly extending arm 19.

3,5 Secured to a spindle 20, rotatably mounted in the arm 19 of the bracket 17, is a pair of tubular links 21, which are secured at their other ends to a spindle 22, and which together form a second element of the parallel linkage C. The bucket D, which is described in relation to its digging position illustrated in Fig 1, comprises a pair of substantially horizontal frame members 23, a pair of forwardly inclined frame members 24, a transverse frame member 25, and a strong steel plate wall consisting of a flat horizontal portion 26 and an upwardly curved back portion 27 The base extends slightly beyond 3 o the frame members 24 and terminates in a bevelled cutting edge 28 The upper end of the back portion has integral side flanges 29 to which the frame members 23 are secured and which terminate in ears 30 by 5,5 which the bucket is pivotally secured to the links 21 A pair of ears 31 serve to secure the bucket pivotally to the links 14 The bucket is completed by sheet steel side walls 32. 60) A soil ejector hingedly mounted in the bucket comprises a rectangular plate 33 which is secured to a pair of arms 34 The arms 34 are hinged about the spindle 15, and have a pair of upstanding ears 35 A link wi; 36 extends between the ears 35 and tnc downwardly extending corner 37 of the bracket 12, and is pivotally connected to the ears and to the bracket. The cylinder 38 of the ram F is mounted by trunnions 39 on a downward extension 70 of the bracket 5 The piston rod 40 of the ram F is pivotally connected at 41 to an intermediate point of a lever 42 comprising a pair of arms which extend on opposite sides of the beam 1, and are pivoted on a 75 lug 43 projecting upwardly from the beam. The free end of the lever is connected by a link 44 to a pair of lugs 45 on the links 14. The cylinder 46 of the ram G is mounted on the pivot pin 7 carried by the ram E, the 80 piston-rod 48 being pivotally connected to the arm 18 of the bracket 17. The machine is adapted to be operated in the following manner Assuming that it is desired to make a fresh cut in a trench which 85 has been excavated to its full depth for a certain distance, and in which a step has been formed by one or more previous cuts in the working face of the trench, the ram E is operated to lower the beam, and con 90 sequently to lower the bucket into the trench, until the cutting edge of the bucket is disposed a suitable distance below the edge of the step and adjacent thereto The piston of the ram F is retracted into the 95 cylinder 38 to its fullest extent so that the bucket is in its rearmost position The ram G is then operated to rock the hinged arm 16 upwards or downwards, thereby actuating the links 21 to pivot the bucket about 100 the spindle 15 until the base 26 has been adjusted to

a horizontal position The ejector plate 33 lies in a mid-position in the bucket, substantially in line with the links 14 The piston of the ram E is in equili 10,5 brium, so that the length of the telescopic member 8, 9 is fixed The pivot pin 7 is disposed in the forward end of the slot 6, as shown in Figure 1, due to the weight of the beam and of the parts attached thereto 110 The ram F is now operated to swing the lever 42 in a clockwise direction as viewed in Figure 1, thus effecting a working stroke of the bucket If the pivot points 13, 20 of the parallel linkage C were fixed the 115 bucket would be constrained to move in an arcuate path According to the invention. however, the beam is permitted by the lost motion connection comprising the slot 6 and pivot pin 7, to swing upwardly to a 120 limited extent Such a movement will b 2 effected because the resistance to downward movement of the horizontally disposed base of the bucket is greater than the weight of the parts to be lifted The position 125 assumed by the parts at an intermediate stage of the working stroke is illustrated in Figure 2 which shows the links 14, 21 in a vertical position The beam is then at its maximum height the initial position of the 130 effect of allowing the beam to swing to a limited extent during the working stroke may also be obtained by releasing the pressure on the forward side of the piston of the ram E, i e on the side of the piston remote 70 from the piston-rod 8 and bracket 5 The rams F and G may each be arranged on the opposite side of the beam to that occupied in the illustrated embodiment.

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* GB785565 (A)

Description: GB785565 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to ultra-high frequency switches

Description of GB785565 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 78. Date of Application and filing Complete Specifi ' V '4 > 2 \ No 22224 /55. j, XApplication made in France on July 30, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957. cation Aug 2, 1955. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 39 ( 1), D( 1 OD:1 OF: 15 A: 15 B: 17 A 2 B: 17 B: 18 A: 404: A>; and 40 ( 5), L 23. International Classification:-Holj Ho 4 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION " Improvements in or relating to ultra-high frequency switches We, COMPAGNIE GENERALE DE TELEGRAPHIE SA Ns FIL, a French body corporate, of 79, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, France, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- In pulse duplex radars, i e those having a common antenna for both receiver and transmitter, it is current practice to use electronic switches called Transmitter-Receiver Switches (T R) Anti-Transmitter-Receiver Switches (A T R) designed, respectively, to block the antenna-receiver channel, while the transmitter is emitting, so that the energy radiated by the latter is directed to the antenna only and is prevented from reaching the receiver, and to block the transmitterantenna channel when said transmitter is inoperative, so that the energy collected by the aerial is entirely fed to the receiver. In known systems, the TR switch is usually disposed at the end of a stub of predetermined length, connecting the receiver to the transmitter-antenna line; the ATR switch is connected to the same line by a second stub arranged between the transmitter and the first stub and spaced from the latter by a quarter wavelength. It is known to design TR and ATR switches in the following manner: The switch comprises a gas filled cavity resonator having two reentrant electrodes bounding a gap On the one hand, the application between the electrodes of a voltage higher than the ionisation potential derived from the transmitter causes an arcing discharge to occur and the resistance of the gap approaches a short-circuit On the other hand, the energy derived from the aerial delivers an ultra-high frequency potential difference lower than the ionisation potential of the gas and is not sufficient to cause the arcing to occur. lPrice 3 s 6 d l Experience shows that such gas-filled tubes are short-lived and do not adequately protect the receiver when operating

at high powers. The present invention relates to a new switch for pulse duplex radars avoiding the 50 above mentioned disadvantages The switch according to the invention comprises: a vacuum electron tube having an anode; a pair of aligned electrodes, separated by a gap, coaxial with said anode and having surfaces 55 facing the surface of the anode, the aligned electrodes being hollow and the anode being a rod inside said electrodes, or said anode being a hollow cylinder and said aligned electrodes extending at least partly inside said 60 cylinder; at least one emissive cathode carried by the surface of at least one of said aligned electrodes facing said anode; terminal connections for raising said aligned electrodes to a positive potential with respect to said 65 anode; means for applying positive pulses to said anode for causing said cathode to emit during the duration of said pulses; means for establishing in the space between said anode and said electrodes a uniform, axially 70 directed, magnetic field for preventing the electrons emitted by said cathode from reaching said anode and means for feeding to said gap the ultra-high frequency energy to be switched 75 The invention will be better understood from the following description given by way of example considered in conjunction with the appended drawings in which: Fig 1 is a longitudinal section of a first 80 embodiment of a TR switch according to the invention, and very diagrammatically shows the corresponding circuitry of a pulse radar system; Fig 2 is a cross-section of the switch on 85 line 2-2 of fig 1; Figs: 3 to 9 are longitudinal sections of modifications of the switch according to the invention; According to the embodiment shown in 90 Us era X<-D>,-G, )3565 figs 1 and 2, the switch according to the invention comprises a vacuum tight-envelope having a rotational symmetry The electrode system of the switch comprises an anode 11, shaped as a smooth rod, and coaxial with the envelope 10 Two identical hollow electrodes 12 and 121 surround the anode 11 These electrodes 12 and 121 are cylindrical and coaxial The anode 11 is supported inside these cylindrical electrodes 12 and 12 ' by insulating cross-bars 33 and 331 The respective walls of the electrodes 12 and 12 ' are symmetrically cut away at the free ends of the latter over the half of their respective periphery and remaining portions 13 and 131 overhang each other The inner surface of at least one of the segments 13 and 131 is completely, or partly, covered with an emissive coating 14 or 14 ', heated by filaments 15 or 151 Insulating rings 19 and 191 limit the space where the electrons emitted by the cathode circulate Heating connections 23 and 23 ' to the filaments 15 and 151 respectively pass through pole pieces 18 and 18 ', walls 16 and hollow electrodes 12 and 121 respectively.

The walls 16 and 16 ' of a cavity resonator 6, surrounding the envelope 10, are sealed to the frontal edges of the latter and support the electrodes 12 and 121 The cavity is coupled, for instance by means of a loop 35 and a stub 5, to a transmission line 3, connecting a transmitter 1 to the antenna 4 of the latter and, through a loop 35 ', to the radar receiver 7 Pole pieces 18 and 181 provide an axially directed magnetic field within the envelope 10. Anode 11 is negatively biassed, by a direct current supply source 20 and through a lead 24, with respect to cavity resonator 6 and cathodes 14 and 141 which are grounded. The pulse generating device of the radar, for instance a modulator 2, is connected by means of a transmission line and a transformer 22 to bias positively the anode 11 during each radar pulse A capacity 21 shunts the supply source 20 to ground. The switch according to the invention operates as follows: Modulator 2 generates direct current pulses which simultaneously modulate transmitter 1 and are fed through transformer 22 to anode 11 The latter is thus raised to a positive potential, during the duration of each pulse, causing the cathodes 14 and 141 to emit The magnetic field is chosen higher than the critical magnetic field i e such that the electrons emitted by the cathodes 14 and 14 o never reach the anode 11 and fall back on segments 13 and 13 ' Advantageously, in addition to the thermionically emissive cathode surfaces, segments 13 and 131 are provided with' a surface having a high secondary emission factor If the amplitude of the direct current control pulse is sufficiently high, the surfaces thus bombarded may emit secondary electrons, which increases the number of electrons circulating in the space bounded by anode 11, segments 13 and 13 ' and rings 19 and 191 Simultane 70 ously, the signal incoming from transmitter 1 creates a high frequency field within the cavity of the resonator 6 The electrons emitted by sources 14 and 141 are alternately attracted by electrode 12 and electrode 12 k 75 A strong ultra-high frequency current shortcircuiting the cavity is thus created in the gap 28 separating these two electrodes. Under these conditions, as viewed from the input loop 35, the switch presents a zero 80 impedance during the time intervals when the transmitter is emitting and the receiver is thus short-circuited During the time intervals in which the transmitter is not emitting, the short-circuit vanishes, the cavity is viewed 85 under an infinite impedance from loop 35 and, as the cavity is in series with the receiver, the latter receives energy from the aerial. In the embodiment shown in fig 3, the 90 inner wall of the portions 12 and 12 ' of the hollow electrodes is flared, at 26 and 26 ' respectively, toward the free end of the latter, and the cathodes 14

and 141 are supported on these flared portions The electric fields 95 and 251 thus established have an axial component directed towards the plane of symmetry AA' of the system The electrons emitted by cathodes 14 and 14 ' are therefore concentrated in the vicinity of this plane of 100 symmetry i e in the space between the electrodes, thus increasing the efficiency of the device Instead of being flared over a portion only of its inner wall, the hollow electrode may have its inner wall flared over the entire 105 length comprised between the wall 16 or 16 ' and the portion 13 or 13 ', as shown in fig 4. Figs 5 and 6 show variations which are identical to figs 3 and 4 respectively, except 110 that the hollow electrodes have no cut-away portions and accordingly segments 13 and 131 are eliminated. Fig 7 is similar to fig 6 with the difference that the inner surface of electrodes 12 is 115 cylindrical and the outer surface is tapered. Anode 11 has the shape of two symmetrical frusto-cones the common base of which lies in the plane of symmetry A-A'. The above-described switches may be used 120 as T R or A T R switches In this latter case the switch is connected as shown in fig 1. The tube of fig 8 is more particularly adapted to be used as an A T R switch and 125 to be matched to a co-axial line, for instance a co-axial line 8. In this embodiment cathode 14 is carried by electrode 12 only Electrode 12 ' is directly connected to the inner conductor 29 of the 130 co-axial line 8, the envelope of which is sealed at the end by plate 36 thus forming a resonant stub The magnetic field will, in this case, be produced by an electromagnet 785,565 a uniform, axially directed, magnetic field for preventing the electrons emitted by said cathode from reaching said anode and means 55 for feeding to said gap the ultra-high frequency energy to be switched. 2 A switch as claimed in claim 1 wherein said hollow electrodes each have at their free end a cut away portion, the respective cut 60 away portions of the two electrodes being symmetrical and overhanging each other. 3 A switch as claimed in claim 1 wherein the interior surface of said hollow electrodes comprises a portion flared toward said gap 65 4 A switch as claimed in claim 3 wherein said emissive cathode is carried by at least one of said flared portions. A switch as claimed in claim 1 wherein the surface of said anode is in the shape of 70 two similar frusto cones connected by their respective bases. 6 A pulse modulated radar circuit comprising: an ultra-high frequency switch as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, 75 a transmitter for radiating ultra-high frequency energy, means for generating direct current pulses for pulsing said energy.

7 A pulse modulated radar circuit as claimed in claim 6, further comprising an 80 aerial and a transmission line for connecting said transmitter to said aerial; a coaxial stub having an inner and an outer conductor having respective ends and respectively con-' nected to said transmission line by one of 85 said ends; a plate short-circuiting the outer conductor at its other end, said aligned electrodes being respectively secured to said plate and to said inner conductor. 8 An ultra-high frequency switch sub 90 stantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 1 and 2, or any one of Figures 3 to 9 of the accompanying drawings. 9 A pulse modulated radar circuit, substantially as hereinbefore described with 95 reference to Figures 1 and 2, or Figures, 1 and 2 with the modifications of any one of Figures 3 to 9, of the accompanying drawings. HASELTINE, LAKE & CO, 28, Southampton Buildings, London, W C 2, Agents for the Applicants. 30, which provides yet one axially directed magnetic field within envelope 10. As in the case of the previous figures and in the same manner, the resonant stub associated to the tube is short-circuited during the duration of the transmitter pulses. The electrons emitted by cathode 14 impinge on surface 27 ' of electrode 121 and cause a secondary emission The secondary electrons fall back on surface 27 of electrode 12, so that the phenomenon is repeated again and again. The cavity resonator is bounded by the wall 36 and the length of the line 8 is selected in such a manner as to restore to line 3 an infinite impedance. Conversely, between the pulses, the cavity presents an infinite impedance and the impedance viewed from the point where lines 8 and 3 are connected is nil The transmitter 1 is then short-circuited. Fig 9 shows another embodiment of the invention wherein the anode is formed by a cylinder 31, secured to a disc 32 sealed to the wall 10 of the tube. Disc 32 might, of course, be substituted by a plurality of radial rods fitted in the wall of the tube. The above described tube according to the invention has no inertia due to ionisation in contradistinction to what occurs in conventional tubes and has no longer life.

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* GB785566 (A)

Description: GB785566 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to apparatus for use in conveying and elevatinggoods

Description of GB785566 (A)

'COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements, in or relating to Apparatus for use in Conveying and Elevating Goods I, KENNETH MILLER, of 150 Glenpark Avenue, sDunedin, Otago in the Dominion of New Zealand, a British Subject and New Zealand citizen, do hereby declare the invention for which I pray that a patent may be granted to. me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularlv described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to apparatus for use in conveying and elevating goods, and is particularly, though not solely, lapplicable to the conveying and elevating of goods to a store or stack. The goods in quesnon may be any goods such as sacks or packages of various commodities. One typical use d the invention is in the carrying of bagged goods from a roadway or truck and their conveying land elevating to. a discharge point on a landing or platform on the first floor of a store building. ;The principal objet of the present invent tion is to provide a convenient and effective conveying and elevating apparatus, by the use of which, in its

preferred form, a steep angle of lift can be obtained and the base of support can accordingly ibe kept within reasonable limits. Accordingly, the invention consists in apparatus for conveying and elevating goods, comprising a framework, an associated trough along and up which the goods can be conveyed and elevated, a continuously drivable endless primary elevating conveyor carried from the framework and associated with the tough, the said primary elevating conveyor comprising endless conveyor chains connected by cross-bars which are adapted in use to engage beneath the goods at distance out from the trough bottom, so as to support the goods and advance them up the trough, and a continuously drivable secondary conveyor to convey the goods from the primary elevating conveyor to the required point of ultimate dis charge or unloading, the secondary conveyor being adjustable as to angular elevation in restation to the primary conveyor and securable and operable lat desired adjustments of angle lar elevation. The adjustable secondary conveyor may be of substantially conventional design or it may embody !a trough as in the primary elevating conveyor. When being transported from place to place for use, or in storage, it is la:a advantage of the preferred fonn of the invention that the secondary conveyor can ibe folded downwards so as to enable the apparatus to occupy less space. A suitable power drive is preferably provided to actuate the conveyort. In one preferred arrangement, an electric motor is the power unit, with a chaindrive arrangement to. drive both the primary elevating conveyor and the adjustable secondary conveyor. Preferably the travel rate of the secondary conveyor is appreciably faster than the travel rate of the primary elevating conveyor, as thereby goods delivered from the top of the primary elevating conveyor onto the adjustable secondary conveyor will be moved away on the latter at a rate of movement sufficiently fast to avoid interference therewith by the rearward movement of the lifting bars on the primary elevating conveyor. One preferred form of the invention will now be described with reference to the accom- paning partly diagrammatic drawings, in which: 'Figure 1 is a side elevation thereof, with the secondary conveyor shown in full lines in its lowest position and in two other positions in broken lines, Figure 2 is a longitudinal section through the adjacent ends of the primary and secondary conveyors, on the line 2-2 Figure 3,. Figure 3 is a cross-sectien through the primary conveyor, on the plane 3-3 in

Figure 2, Figure 4 is la cross section through the secondary conveyor on the plane 4-4 in Figure 2, Figure 5 is a section on the line '5-5 Figure 1, showing the adjusting winch, and Figure 6 is a cross-section on the line 6-6 Figure 1, showing the top of the primary elevating conveyor and the adjacent lower end of the secondary conveyor. In the construction shown in the drawings, a primary elevating conveyor is indicated by the numeral 1 and the secondary conveyor part by the numeral 4. The primary elevating conveyor is shown as mounted on a frame work having a base 5, and stayed by a stay 6 and not adjustable as to angular elevation in relation b the said framework. Wheels, casters or the like 7 on the base 5 facilitate mobility of the apparatus and are preferably mounted for steering, the wheels at opposite sides being connected bp traclcrods and having manually controllable steering shafts .7a associated therewith Referring particularly to Figures 2, 3 and 6 the primary elevating conveyor 1 comprises a lengthy trough 8 having longitudinal bottom boards or members 8lob, and the longitudinal side boards or members 8a of which are spaced from outer side members 10 and secured thereto by packing or distance pieces 9. The side members 10 may be wooden beams or light stringers. At the upper and lower ends of the side members 10 and 8a bearings 1 Ia and lob are provided for short upper rotatable shafts 11 and a corresponding long lower shaft, on both of which chain wheels 12 and 12a are fixed, inside the side members 10. Suitable endless elevator ,chains 13 are carried around the upper and lower chain wheels 12 and 12a, and pusher or lifting crossbars 14 are attached to the chains transversely, and are adapted in use to engage beneath the goods so as to support the same and advance them up the trough. In Figures 2, 3 and 6 the bars 14 are shown as passing upwards in front of the trough 8 and downwards under the said trough. On the underside of the trough sagging of the chain ss suitably minimised or prevented. The rollers of the upper or outer lays 13b of the chains travel on runW ners 15 carried on rails t5Ta fixed to the blocks 9. The bottom boards or slides 8b and sides 3a are connected by straps 8c to which they are fixed, and behind which the bottom lay

13a is located. The side members 10 are connected by straps 10a welded to frame members 10b. The upper rotatable shafts 11 are located between the trough sides ,8s and side members JIOJ and mount driven chain wheels 16 which are driven' by chains 17 from driving chain wheels 18 fixed on opposite ends of a shaft 26 associated with the secondary conveyor, the shaft 26 also having fixed to it a driven pulley or chain wheel 19 driven' by a belt, chain or the like 22 from a smaller wheel 23 on the shaft of a reversible electric motor 24. By this means the speed of rotation is reduced so that the chain wheels 12 will revolve at a suitably slow speed. The effect of the above arrangement is that the upper chain wheels are carried on short shafts located clear of the troughs and at the sides thereof, thus permitting upward discharge of the goods from the elevating conveyor past the upper chain wheels 12. As the short shafts are geared together by chain gearing the chains 13 move together. Plate brackets 25 project out yards from the frame under or behind the top end of the primary elevating conveyor, or from the stays 6. A hole is made in each bracket 25 to pivotally receive an axial extension 27a of a;bear- ing housing 21a for a bearing 2.7 carrying the rotatable shaft 26, so ;that the bearing housing acts as a pivot for the secondary conveyor 4, whereby the secondary conveyor is pivotally mounted on the frame, and the said shaft acts as the driving shaft of the said secondary conveyor. The construction is such that the endless conveyor chains 29 of the secondary conveyor travel at a speed appreciably faster than the speed of travel of the chains 13 of the primary elevating conveyor 1, thus effectively removing the goods from the primary elevating conveyor without jamming. Referring more particularly to Figures 2, 4 and 6 of the drawings, the secondary conveyor frame comprises side boards or members 30 joined by spacing bars 31, and carrying shafts for the secondary conveyor chain wheels. iCarrier or pusher bars 32 are attached to the conveyor chains 29, and There is a flat floor or board 33 on which the goods slide. Strips 34 un the under edges of the side boards or members support the ends of the carrier or pusher bars 32 on the bottom lay to prevent or limit sagging of the chains. Ar the outer terminal end of the secondary conveyor 4 a freely rotatable shaft 315 is carried in suitable bearings, not shoxvn, .associa- ted with the side boards or members 30 and mounts chain wheels 36 around which the conveyor chains 29 pass. The arrangement of the pivotal mounting of the secondary conveyor 4 on

the axis of the shaft 26 is such that goods pass off the primary elevating conveyor 1 onto the secondary conveyor 4 as the elevator lifting bars turn rearwards around the top chain wheels 12 of the primary elevating conveyor. In Figure 2, a bag 317 is indicated as resting on the lifting Ibar 14 and sliding in the trough 8. In one successful adaptation of the invention, the primary elevating conveyor chains travel at a rate of about 70 feet per minute, and the secondary conveyor chains travel iat a rate of about 93 feet per minute. Mechanical means 38 are provided to raise and lower the terminal end of the adjustable secondary conveyor, the said mechanical means comprising a pair d winch drums 39 fixed on a shaft 40 running in bearings 41 fixed to the framework, with an irreversibie worm drive 42 to the shaft 40 from a handle 43. Wires, light cables or the like 49 from the drums pass over pulleys 44 rotatably carried by the framework, and extend downwards from said pulleys 44 to a suitable point or points of .attachment at the lower end of a prop 45 which has at its lower end slides or rollers 46 running in guide tracks 47 in the frame, the upper end of the prop 45 being pivotted to the secondary conveyor 4 at 48, at a distance from the pivot of the said secondary conveyor. As the slides or rollers are moved along the track, the angle of elevation of the secondary conveyor is varied. The irreversibility of the worm secures the secondary conveyor at the desired angular eleovations. The depth of the trough in the primary elevating conveyor extends from the outer lay of the chains inwards past the axes of the conveyor chain driving wheels and idler wheels towards the return lays of .the said chains. In operation, assuming that ,the apparatus has been set up in an appropriate position and that the secondary conveyor has been ad- justed to the desired angle and elevation Iby use of the winch mechanism hereinbefore described so as to enable discharge or unloading at the desired elevation above the Iground, the electric motor is switched on and the two conveyors lare thus continuously driven through their respective chain drives. Goods, such as bags of produce, can now be placed successively on the cross ,bars 14 after the said cross bars commence to move upwards at the front of the apparatus. The cross blares 14 engage the goods sufficiently far out from the trough to enable the conveyor to operate in a steep position, and slide the goods upwards along the bottom 'boards or members 8b. The goods from the primary elevating conveyor are picked up on the faster moving 'secondary conveyor cross bars and either discharged

over the end of the secondary con- veyor or removed from The latter, as desired. When not in use, the secondary conveyor can be folded downwards so as to enable the apparatus to occupy less space. What I claim is: - 1. Apparatus for conveying and elevating goods, comprising a framework, an associated tough along and up which the goods can be conveyed and elevated, a continuously drivable endless primary elevating conveyor carried from the framework and associated with the trough, the said primary elevating conveyor comprising endless conveyor chains connetted by crossbars which are adapted in use to engage beneath the goods at a distance out from the trough bottom, so as to support the goods and advance them up the ,troughs iand a continuously drivable secondary conveyor to convey the goods from the primary elevating conveyor to the required point of ultimate discharge or unloading, the secondary conveyor being adjus.tafble as to angular elevation in relation to the primary conveyor and securable and operable at desired adjustments of 'angular elevation. 2 Apparratus as claimed in 'Claim 1, wherein the said framework is a portable wheeled framework. 3. Apparatus as 'claimed in Claim 2, wherein manually controllable steering mechanism is associated with the wheels on which the framework is supported. 4. Apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the primary elevating conveyor and the secondary conveyor are power driven. 5. Apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the depth of the trough extends from the outer lay of the primary elevating conveyor chains inwards past the axesl of the primary elevating conveyor chain driving wheels and idler wheels toward the return lays of the said chains. 16. Apparatus as 'claimed in Claim 5, wherein the said trough comprises suitably ,connected longitudinal boards or members along which the goods are slid by the cross- bars. 17. Apparatus as claimed in elther one of Claims 5 and 16, wherein the upper primary elevating conveyor chain wheels are carried on short shafts located clear of ,the said troughs and at the sides thereof, to permit upward discharge of the goods from the primary elevating conveyor past the upper chain wheels, the short laxles being geared together in order that the chains will move together. 8. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the lower chain wheels are fixed to a lower shaft. 9. Apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein

the upper or outer lay lof the primary elevating conveyor travels on runners. '10. Apparatus las claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the construction is such that the secondary conveyor operates at a faster speed than the primary elevoting conveyor, so as to, effectively remove the goods from the primary elevating conveyor without jamming. 11. Apparatus as claimed in lany one of the preceding claims, wherein the primary elevating conveyor is not adjustable as to {anlgu- lar elevation in relation to the framework. 12. Apparatus ras claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the secondary cons veyor can be folded downwards so as to enable the apparatus to occupy less space when not in use..

* GB785567 (A)

Description: GB785567 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Pressure regulator for gaseous and liquid media

Description of GB785567 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,567 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug 5, 1955. No 22654/55. Application made in Germany on Sept 30, 1954. (Patent of Addition to No 779,909, dated Oct 21, 1954). Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 103 ( 1), F 1 B( 9 X: X), F 3 M; and 135, VL( 2 D 1) 4 D). International Classification:-B 61 h F 06 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Pressure Regulator for Gaseous and Liquid Media We, HEINZ TEVES and ERNST AUGUST TEVES, both German Citizens trading as ALFRED TEVES MASCEINEN UND ARMATURENFABRIK KOMMANDIT 'GESELLSCHAFT, of 41-53, Rebstbcker Strasse, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which 'we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and

the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - In our Patent Application No 30358/54 (Serial No 779,909) a pressure regulator for gaseous and liquid media, allows pressure to be regulated in a pipe in any desired dependence on changing pressure in another pipei.e a constant or variable pressure ratio. Furthermore, the pressure in a branch pipe can naturally also be regulated in dependence on the pressure in the main pipe In the pressure regulator of application No 3035,8/54, a displaceable control member, valve, slider or the like is arranged under spring pressure between a Thigh and a low-pressure pipe or between a pressure pipe and a branch pipe. The closure part of the control member is operated by a control member displaceable under the action of low pressure and subjected to spring pressure According to that Application at least one of the two springs can have a curved characteristic if the pressure ratio is intended to change in dependence on, pressure. The invention relates to a further development and improvement of the invention according to Patent Application 30358/54 (Serial No 779,909) and consists in that the piston operating the closure member is subjected to the action of the primary pressure or high pressure, and not as in that application to the action' of the secondary or low pressure In the pressure regulator according to Patent Application No 30358/54 (Serial' No 779,909) reduction of the secondary pressure as a consequence of a reduction in primary pressure is not independent of the volume passing through the regulator, and the disadvantage results from this that the depenlp.ic' dence of the secondary pressure on the primary pressure upon reduction in primary pressure does not coincide with the dependence arising upon an increase in primary pressure There is thus no clear co-oidination of the pressures' in the low and high-pressure spaces, Furthermore, when the pressure regulator is used to distribute braking force, the desired dependence between primary and secondary pressures is such that the secondary pressure only alters slightly as compared to the primary pressure at high primary pressures. Adjustment of the flow-regulating piston to pressure changes is thus relatively insensitive. This disadvantage is also removed, by feeding primary pressure to the control piston according to the invention. The accompanying drawing shows a diagram of the pressure regulator according to the invention. The pipe 2 coming from the pressure source opens out into the housing 1 A control member 3, is displaceably arranged in the housing 1, and bears against an abutment 51 via a spring 4 The control member 3 has a

bore 6 whereof the aperture serves as a seat for a closure part 7, in the present constructional example a ball The closure part 7 is subjectedl to the pressure of a spring 18 The pressure means allowed to pass by the control member enters the chamber 9 The pipe 10 receiving secondary pressure is connected to this chamber The closure part 7 is operated by a pressure rod 11 of a piston 12 The pressure rod is led through a housing wall 13 in pressure-sealed manner The piston 12 bears against an adjusting screw 15 ' via a spring 14 The space 1,6 wherein the piston 12 is arranged communicates with the space 17 and the pipe 2 via a pipe 18 This form of construction differs from the form of construction according to Patent Application No 30358/54 by the arrangement of the housing wall 13, through which the pressure rod is led in pressuresealed manner, and the arrangement of the communicating pipe 18. The method of operation of the regulator according to the invention only differs from the regulator according to the Patent Application No 303 t 58/54 (Serial No 7 J 79,9 09) in that the piston 12 and thus the closure part 7 are controlled by the delivery of primary pressure The regulator has the same fields of use as those named in Patent Application No. 3.0358/54 (Serial No 779,909).

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