* GB785538 (A)

Description: GB785538 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to transistor circuits

Description of GB785538 (A)

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BE524722 (A) CH318659 (A) DE924328 (C) FR1095001 (A) NL91993 (C) US2870413 (A) BE524722 (A) CH318659 (A) DE924328 (C) FR1095001 (A) NL91993 (C) US2870413 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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1 -j I I PE S -PE ' AT PATENT SPECIFICATION ' > Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 27, 1953. Application made in Netherlands on Dec 1, 1952. (Divided out of No 785537). Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 6), T. International Classification:-HO 3 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relatin ts T 785,538 No 20864/53. SPECIFICATION NO 785,538 In tne headilng on pane 1, for ago 2 ose 4/53 N read 1 NO 20864/57 "' T Hl E PATENT OFFICE, 25th November 5 1957 ine invention has for its

object to provide improved transistor circuits for the above purpose. The invention comprises a mixing circuit which embodies a transistor provided with at least one emitter electrode, at least one collector electrode, and two base electrodes and wherein a first source of oscillations is connected between a said emitter electrode and one or both of said base electrodes, and a second source of oscillations is coupled to an input circuit which includes at least one of the said base electrodes, the circuit being so proportioned that one or each of the said sources is discoupled from oscillations emitted by the other said source. In order that the invention may be readily carried into effect, embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawing in which:Figure 1 'shows a transistor push-pull modulator circit, Figure 2 shows characteristic curves for assistance in explaining the operation of the circuit shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a modification of the transistor modulator shown in Iigure 1, ind Figure 4 shows schematically a point-contact transistor for use in the circuit shown in lPrice 3 s 6 d JQ; DB 00840/1 ( 15)/3606 150 11/57 R _ i,,,,}tn, p zone in this 60 way transistor action is obtained both between the electrodes e, bl and c and between the -electrodes e, b 2 and c Thus the electrodes e, b 1 and b 2 act as input electrodes andthe electrode c acts as an output electrode 65 The circuit of the emitter electrode e includes a source V 1 of oscillations, and oscillations from a source V 2 are supplied through a push-pull transformer 5 to the two base electrodes bl and b 2 so that these carry potentials with respect to 70 the emitter electrode which are opposite in -phase. In this manner a modulation product of the input oscillations V 1 and V 2 is produced across an output impedance 6 which is tuned 75 to a frequency of the modulation product and included in the collector circuit If the bridge is properly balanced, however, the diagonals embodying the sources V 1 and V 2 will be discoupled fom one -another in 80 respect of the fundamental-frequencies of these -sources, although the modulation products will pass through both diagonals. Figure 2 shows ciaracteristics -for those values of the voltages V, and V 2 at which a 85 constant emitter current i 4 flows to the emitter electrode e Since the currents to the base electrodes b, -and b 2 are small in comparison -with the emitter current ie, the same curves also hold good substantially for those values 90 PATENT SPECIFICATION Dote of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 27, 1953. 785 X 9538 No 20864/53. Application made in Nethetlands on Dec 1, 1952.

(Divided out of No 785537). L Complete Specification Published: Oct30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 6), T. International Classification:-HO 3 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Transistor Circuits We, PHILIPS ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED of Spencer House,, South Place, Finsbury, London, E C 2, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to transistor circuits for mixing two electric oscillations In known circuits two sources of oscillations have been jointly operative between the emitter electrode and base electrode of a transistor but this arrangement has the disadvantage that each source reacts directly upon the other. The invention has for its object to provide improved transistor circuits for the above purpose. The invention comprises a mixing circuit which embodies a transistor provided with at least one emitter electrode, at least one collector electrode, and two base electrodes -and wherein a first source of oscillations is connected between a said emitter electrode and one or both of said base electrodes, and a second source of oscillations is coupled to an input circuit which includes at least one of the said base electrodes, the circuit being so proportioned that one or each of the said sources is discoupled from oscillations emitted by the other said source. In order that the invention may be readily carried into effect, embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawing in which:Figure 1 shows a transistor push-pull modulator circuit, Figure 2 shows characteristic curves for assistance in explaining the operation of the circuit shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a modification of the transistor modulator shown in Figure 1, and Figure 4 shows schematically a point-contact transistor for use in the circuit shown in lPrice 3 s 6 d 4 l;__p Figure 1. The transistor shown in Figure 1 is a. junction transistor with zones N and p having conductivities of opposite types It is provided with an emitter electrode e, two symmetrical 50 base electrodes bl and be which enable a potential gradient parallel to the n-p boundary to be set up, and a collector electrode c The base electrodes b, and b 2 are connected to a single p zone, whose thickness is smaller than that 55 of the characteristic diffusion length of the charge carriers present in minority in this p

zone, and the emitter electrode e and the collector electrode c are connected to two different N zones adjoining the p zone In this 60 way transistor action is obtained both between the electrodes e, b, and c anrd between the electrodes e, b, and c Thus the electrodes e, bl and b, act as input electrodes and the electrode c acts as an output electrode 65 The circuit of the emitter electrode e includes a source V 1 of oscillations, and oscillations from a source V, are supplied through a push- pull transformer 5 to the two base electrodes b, and b 2 so that these carry potentials with respect to 70 the emitter electrode which are opposite in phase. In this manner a modulation product of the input oscillations V 1 and V 2 is produced across an output impedance 6 which is tuned 75 to a frequency of the modulation product and included in the collector circuit If the bridge is properly balanced, however, the diagonals embodying the sources V 1 and V 2 will be discoupled from one another in 80 respect of the fundamental frequencies of there sources, although 'the modulation products will pass through both diagonals, Figure 2 shows characteristics for those values of the voltages V 1 and V 2 at which a 85 constant emitter current 4 flows to the emitter electrode e Since the currents to the base electrodes bl and b 2 are small in comparison with the emitter current i 4, the same curves also hold good substantially for those values 90 of the voltages V 1 and V 2 at which a constant collector current 4 flows from the collector c. When the voltage V 1 oscillates at a frequency fl and the voltage V 2 oscillates at a frequency f 2, the emitter currents and collector currents include modulation products of frequency (f 1 12 f 2), and the current through the secondary winding of the transformer 5 contains a modulation product of frequency (fhi 12) If, for example, the signal V 1 is taken by way of selective means from the receiving antenna of a radio receiver while the oscillation V 2 is supplied from a local oscillator, a modulation product (f 1 -2 f 2) can be obtained across the output impedance 6 without the local oscillation reacting unduly on the antenna. Figure 3 shows a further circuit in which the transistor element comprises a mass p of one conductivity type interrupted by two thin zones N of opposite conductivity type, the thickness of the zones N again being smaller than the characteristic diffusion length of the charge carriers present in a minority in the n zones One oscillation V 1, derived for example from a receiving antenna, is applied (by way of a small part of the secondary coil shown, through a tapping) between the emitter electrode e connected to one of the p zones and the base electrode bl; and the other oscillation V 2, for example a local oscillation, is applied between the emitter electrode e and the base electrode b 2 associated with the second N zone, and the circuit is so

balanced (i e the tapping is so placed) that the arms containing the sources of V 1 and V 2 are discoupled, so that neither of these sources reacts on the other Under these conditions a modulation product having, for instance, a frequency equal to the difference between the frequencies of the oscillations from sources V 1 and V 2, appears across a tuned output impedance 16 in the collector circuit. Instead of a transistor of the junction type, a transistor of the point-contact type and having two base electrodes may alternatively be used in the circuit shown in Figure 1 Figure 4 is a plan view of such a transistor The two ends of the transistor crystal, the whole of which constitutes a base region, are connected to the two base electrodes b, and b 2 and on the top of the crystal are placed an emitter electrode e and a collector electrode c with the requisitely close spacing, so that the line connecting the contact points of the electrodes e and c extends substantially at right angles to the direction of the electrical field F which is produced in the neighbourhood of the electrodes e and c when a potential difference is set up between the electrodes bl and b 2.

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* GB785539 (A)

Description: GB785539 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in and relating to earth leakage detection and/or indicationsystems

Description of GB785539 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing Complete Specification: Nov 2, 1953. Application Date: Sept 12, 1952 No 23029152.

Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), B 1 R' 4 A 1: 14: 180,, B 2 A 2, K( 1 B:17: 20: 21). International Classification:-H Olh H 02 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in and relating to Earth Leakage Detection and/or Indication Systems. We, THE SIEMENS & GENERAL ELECTRIC RAILWAY SIGNAL COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, now of East Lane, Wembley, Middlesex, formerly of Caxton House, Tothill Street, Westminster, London, S.W 1, and THOMAS DOUGLAS AUSTIN and HUBERT JOHN NAPIER RIDDLE, both British Subjects, of The Siemens & General Electric Railway Signal Company Limited, East Lane, Wembley, Middlesex, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to earth leakage detection and/or indication arrangements for electric supply systems of the kind in which no supply conductor is normally earthed. In such a system the electrical potential between earth and a supply conductor is of course affected not only by resistive earth leaks of a relatively constant magnitude but also by transient inductive surges and capacitative changes on change of load or on supply network switching changes The consequent transient changes in potential and leakages are often of greater magnitude than the maximum relatively constant leakage that can be tolerated with the result that the sensitivity of any associated earth leakage detection and/or indication device has correspondingly to be reduced in order to avoid unnecessary indication or even protective action. The object of the present invention is to provide an improved earth leakage detection and/or indication arrangement which is not so subject to the above-mentioned disadvantage and which at the same time does lPrice 3 s 6 d l not involve the physical insertion of a circuit element in series with a supply conductor. According to the present invention, an earth leakage detection and/ or indication system for an electric supply system in which no supply conductor is normally earthed comprises a condenser arranged repeatedly and alternately to be connected either so that any earth leakage from an associated supply conductor causes a charge to be supplied to the said condenser or so that any charge developed on said condenser is delivered to a charge detection or indication means. In a preferred embodiment in accordance with the invention iterative switching means are arranged either to connect the condenser so that a charge would be supplied thereto in the event of an earth leakage from

an associated supply conductor or to cause the discharge of any such developed charge through one winding of a multi-wound relay associated with indication means, the arrangement being such that the multiwound relay is normally held operated by current in one winding, the flux from which is opposed by flux developed in a second winding when any such developed charge on the condenser is dissipated therethrough, the relay being released when the charge from said condenser exceeds a predetermined value and thereby causes operation of the indication means. Four arrangements in accordance with the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings The arrangements shown in Figures 1 and 2 respectively are concerned with the detection of earth leakage from one side of a pair of direct current 7855539 supply leads neither of which is normally earthed, and with the detection of earth leakage from both sides of a similar pair whilst the arrangements shown in Figures 3 a and 4 are concerned with the detection of earth leakage from one or both sides respectively of an alternating current supply over a pair of conductors. In the arrangement shown in Figure 1 a multi-wound relay R has one winding RW 1 permanently connected through a resistance HR between the positive and negative sides of the supply line B and N A second winding RW 2 of the multi-wound relay is connected on one side to one plate of a condenser Q and to earth whilst the other end of the winding RW 2 is connected to a changeover contact ITI of a relay IT of an iterative circuit The second plate of the condenser Q is connected through the said contact I Ti of the relay IT in the iterative circuit in such a way that in one position of the contact I Ti the condenser Q is connected to discharge through the second winding RW 2 of the multi-wound relay R and in the other position of the contact the condenser Q is connected between the positive supply line B and earth. The repeated changeover of the said iterative contact I Ti may be achieved in any suitable manner but is preferably achieved by making the relay IT part of an iterative relay circuit as shown The relay IT comprises two windings ITWI and ITW 2 which can be considered as connected in series across a condenser QR, one side of the direct current electric supply N being connected to one plate of the condenser QR and also connected to one end of that relay winding ITW 1 The second contact IT 2 of the said relay IT is arranged when closed to connect the other side B of the said direct current electric supply to the common connection between the said two series connected windings ITWI and ITW 2. In operation the contact IT 2 will in one position connect the condenser QR through winding ITW 2 to the positive supply line B for

one half second so that charging current to the condenser flows through winding ITW 2 Simultaneously current also flows through the winding ITWI and the resistance VR In the other position the condenser QR is discharged of any charge developed thereon through both windings ITWI and ITW 2 of the multi-wound relay IT for the next successive half second Whilst the contact IT 2 is making the connection to the positive supply line B, the currents in the winding ITW 2 and ITW 1 are in opposite directions As the charging of the condenser QR proceeds, the current in the windinc ITW 2 decreases until it reaches a value at which the flux developed in the winding ITW 1 predominates and causes the relay IT to operate and open the contact IT 2. The relay IT is now held operated by the discharge current from the condenser flowing through the two windings ITW 1 and ITW 2 in series 70 Eventually the condenser QR is discharged to such an extent that the current through the windings ITW 1 and ITW 2 can no longer hold the relay operated On release, the contact IT 2 again causes con 75 nection to the supply line B so that the cycle recommences. It will be appreciated that the timing period can be varied by variation of the resistance VR, a suitable time being of the 80 order of one-half second. The value of the resistance HR in series with the first winding R Wl of the multiwound relay R is such that the relay is normally held operated (i e in the absence 85 of earth leakage from the line N). If, however, an earth leakage develops from the negative supply line N, it will be appreciated that when the condenser Q is next connected to the positive supply line B 90 for the cyclic period of closing of the contact ITI which is preferably of the order of one-half second, it will receive a charge the magnitude of which will be dependent on the magnitude of the earth leakage 9 a current from the negative supply line N, since it is then effectively connected across the resistive leakage path In the next successive connection of the condenser Q to the second winding RW 2 of the multi 100 wound relay R, the charge developed across the condenser Q is discharged through this second winding RW 2 and the connection of the winding RW 2 is in such a sense that the flux of the winding RW 2 opposes the 105 flux developed in the first holding RW 1 winding If the magnitude of the former flux is sufficiently great then the holding flux in the core of the relay R will be momentarily reduced or neutralised and the 110 relay R will release, the normal current through the first winding RW 1 being only sufficient to hold the relay R energised but not to operate the relay R from the released condition Contacts RI of the multi-wound 115 relay R are accordingly closed to cause the operation of, for example, a signal light S or alarm means to give an indication that the earth leakage from the negative side of the supply has

exceeded a predetermined 120 value. It will be appreciated that in contradistinction to earlier earth leakage arranenemcnts, since the charge developed on the condenser Q is integrated over the charge period 125 transient disturbances on the supply line N will have a minimum effect on the charne developed across the condenser O Accordingly the sensitivity of the detection arrangements can be more closely related to the 130 785,539 the contact then completes a lamp indication displaying red R. Test buttons N and B are provided for the purpose of applying a deliberate earth leak through ballast resistances ZTN and 70 ZTB respectively, in order that the equipment may be checked for satisfactory operatioi The ballast resistances ZTB and ZTN are of such a value that they pass a current less than the maximum permissible leakage 75 current. In the third arrangement in accordance with the invention and as shown in Figure 3, the earth leakage detection and indication is applied to a two wire NX and BX alternat 80 ing current supply of which neither side is normally earthed In this arrangement, as in previous cases, there is associated a condenser changeover contact IT 1 of an iterative relay circuit (not shown) but of similar 85 nature as the iterative relay circuit shown in Figures 1 and 2 and a multi-wound relay BXT and, as in the previous arrangements, the multi-wound relay BXT is normally held operated by current through a resistance 90 NHR and a first winding BXTW 1 which in this case is derived across a bridge-connected rectifier network supply S from a transformer T, the primary of which is connected between the two supply leads NX and BX 95 The second winding 1 BXTW 2 of the multiwound relay BXT has, as previously described, a condenser Q which is either connected in series with it through changeover contact I Tl of the iterative relay or is open 100 circuited while the said condenser Q is connected at the changeover contact so that it receives a charge in the event of an earth leakage. The condenser Q is arranged to be sup 105 plied with direct current from a bridgeconnected group of rectifiers GR arranged across the secondary of a transformer TF 1, the primary of which is connected between earth and through a second contact IT 2 of 110 the iterative relay to one side of the supply so that earth leakage on the other side of the supply will be detected The iterative relay contacts IT 2 are so arranged that the primary of the transformer TF 1 is only con 115 nected to the supply line while the condenser Q is connected across the rectifier bridge GR at contact ITI. It will be appreciated, however, that with such an arrangement, the condenser Q will 120 be charged not only by a resistive earth leak but also by the permanent capacitative leak.

In some crvnmntances this may be a disadvantage. Accordingly the disadvantage is overcome 125 by providin r that the bridge-connected rectifiers GR arranged to supply charging current on earth leakage to the condenser Q, are connected to the secondary of the first transformer T Fl already mentioned, the primary 130 value of earth leakage which it is required to detect. Finally, after operation of the multi-wound relay R on detection of an earth leakage, the relay R can be reset by temporarily short-circuiting the resistance HR in series with its first winding for example by means of a manual push-button "Reset". The arrangement shown in Figure 2 of the drawings provides a system for the detection and/or indication of earth leakage from both sides B and N of a direct current supply line neither side of which is earthed. In this arrangement two units each comprising a multi-wound relay NGD and BGD and a condenser QN and QB are employed. Each unit is of the type already described in the first example and a first coil NGDW 1 or BGDW 1 of each multi-wound relay is connected in series with its own associated resistance NHR or BI-IR and short-circuiting means "Reset N" or "Reset B" for that resistance, between the supply lines Once again the value of current normally flowing through each of the first windings NGDW 1 and BGDW 1 is such that it is sufficient to hold the associated relay NGD or BGI) operated but not to operate the relay if it has been released. A single iterative relay circuit is provided, again of the type previously described with reference to Figure 1 and correspondingly referenced in Figure 2 The iterative relay IT is however provided with two changeover contacts I Tl and IT 3, one associated with the condenser QN for detecting leakage from the negative side of the supply and the other associated with the condenser QB for detecting leakage from the positive side of the supply The arrangements of the two changeover contacts ITI and IT 3 are such that whilst one condenser QB is connected to be charged by leakage, the other ON is discharging through the second winding NGDW 2 of its associated multi-wound relay and vice versa. A sensitivity control is provided in association with each condenser and the multiwound relay This sensitivity control comao prises a variable resistance ZN or ZB connected across each condenser QN or QB in such a way that each forms in conjunction with a leakage path when it exists, a potentiometer of such proportions that sufficient voltage drop can exist across the resistance ZN or ZB if the leakage path resistance is low in comparison with ZN or ZB. Each multi-wound relay NGD and BGD is provided with a changeover contact NGD 1 or BODI which causes the energisation, when the relay is

operated, of a lamp, indication circuit, for example displaying a green indication G, and if the relay is forced to release on occurrence of an earth leakage, 785,539 of which is connected through the second changeover contact IT 2 of the iterative relay to one side NX of the supply and to earth, and to the secondary of a second transformer TF 2, the primary of which is connected through a third iterative contact IT 3 and an adjustable capacity CB between the two alternating current supply lines. With this arrangement, the adjustable capacity CB is initially varied until its capacity has the sable value as the capacity of the supply line (the leakage of which is to be detected), to earth, which will be shown by no voltage being developed across the two series connected secondaries of the transformers TFI and TF 2. As in the arrangement described for the direct current supply, after a leakage current has been detected, the equipment may be reset by operation of the reset button RE which temporarily short-circuits the resistance NHR and causes the current through the winding BXTW 1 to increase to a value at which the relay BXT is energised and thereafter holds-in The alarm system operated by the release of the relay BXT may be of any suitable type: it may for example comprise a lamp arrangement of the kind previously described. The arrangement shown in Figure 4 provides a system for the detection of earth leakage from either side NX or BX of an alternating current supply system. In this arrangement, two units each comprising a multi-wound relay NXGD and BXGD and a condenser QNX and QBX are provided Each unit is of the kind described in Figure 3 and a first coil of each multiwound relay is connected in series with its own associated resistance ZNX or ZBX; (having short-circuiting means "Reset NX" and "Reset BX" connected thereacross) across the diagonal of a bridge connected rectifier group S supplied from a transformer T connected between the supply lines BX and NX As before the current through the first windings is sufficient to hold the relay energised but is insufficient to operate it, once it has been released Short circuiting of the series resistance ZNX or ZBX by the associated reset button "Reset NX" or "Reset BX" will however operate the relay after release. An iterative relay circuit (not shown) of a similar nature to that previously described is again provided The iterative relay comprises four sets of changeover contacts ITI, IT 2, IT 3 and IT 4 Two sets IT 3 and IT 4 are respectively associated with the second windincs of the relays NXGD and BXGD and alternately connect the respective condensers QNX and QBX across -bridqe rectifier networks NGR and BGR and for discharge through the associated winding of the associated relay The arrangement of the two changeover contacts IT 3 and IT 4 are again

such that whilst one condenser QNX is connected to be charged by any leakage current the condenser QBX is connected for discharge through the associated; winding of the relay BXGD. The bridge connected rectifiers NGR are connected across the series connected secondaries of two transformers T Fi ants TF 2. The primary of the transformer TFI is con 74 nected in one position of the first changeover contacts ITI of the iterative relay between the supply line BX and earth, so that leakage current from the line NX will flow therethrough and, after rectification, effect 80 charging of the condenser QNX The primary of the transformer TF 2 is arranged, in one position of the changeover contact IT 2 to be connected between the lines BX and NX through the variable condenser Ss NXCAP acting as a capacity balance, in the manner previously described. Similarly the rectifier group BGR is connected across the secondaries of the transformers TF 3 and TF 4, the primaries of 90 which are respectively connected between earth and supply line NX by contact IT 2 and between the lines NX and BX, through the capacity balance condenser BXCAP, at contact ITI 95 The display arrangements (not shown) can for example be similar to those shown in Figure 2. It is to be understood that whilst in the arrangements shown above, the cyclically 10 o repeated connection of the condensers which are charged by leakage current is achieved by means of an iterative relay circuit any other suitable iterative switching means, for example, motor operated iterative switching 105 means, may be employed.

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* GB785540 (A)

Description: GB785540 (A)

No title available

Description of GB785540 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 78 ^ g o IA Date of filing Complete Specification: M 1 arch 12, 1954. Application Date: March 14, 1953 Nolo 7103/553. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 69 ( 2), G(WA 1: 11 B:13 A: X); and 83 ( 4), 1 H 4 (C 2: M). International Classification:-B 23 j B 30 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Hydraulically Operated Metal Working Machines. I, THOMAS CAMPBELL, a British Subject, of 75 Nevis Avenue, Belfast, Northern Ireland, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to hydraulically operated metal working machines, and especially presses, and hydraulic systems therefor. Such machines comprise a member which is fixed and a member which is movable relative to the fixed member in order to effect the pressing, cutting or punching action. Various hydraulic systems for operating said movable member have hitherto been proposed, and the present invention is concerned with systems which include two hydraulic rams acting on the movable member at interspaced points In machines having such a system, there is a tendency for one ram to move in advance of the other, should the load on the movable member be unequally distributed Various proposals have hitherto been made with a view to overcoming this disadvantage, but these have involved the use of additional expensive apparatus and have been relatively complicated so that such machines have been expensive to manufacture, maintain and operate and have taken up too much space. Thus an object of the present invention is to provide a hydraulic system by which said disadvantage is overcome and which is of relatively simple design, comparatively inexpensive to manufacture, maintain and operate and highly efficient. According to the present invention I provide a hydraulically operated metal working lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 machine comprising a fixed member and a member movable relative thereto and operated by a main hydraulic system including two main hydraulic piston-and-cylinder assemblies acting on the movable member at interspaced points, and an auxiliary hydraulical system including a pair of cylinders and dduble-acting pistons, the latter being connected to the said movable member at interspaced points, and the compartment on one side of the piston in

one auxiliary cylinder being, in each case, in closed circuit with the compartment on the other side of the piston in the other auxiliary cylinder, in which in the auxiliary hydraulic system the compartments on each side of the piston in one auxiliary cylinder are interconnected by a pipe having a valve which when opened permits adjustment of one auxiliary piston with respect to the other auxiliary piston, said pipe being connected to one end of a further pipe which at its, other end is adapted for connection to the main hydraulic supply and which incorporates a combined stop and relief valve which when opened permits the auxiliary cylinders to be filled or refilled under pressure. An embodiment of the invention will now be shown by way of example with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawing which shows a hydraulically operated press. Referring to the drawing, the press consists generally of an upper fixed member 1, a lower and vertically movable member 2. and a hydraulic system including two hydraulic piston and cylinder assemblies or rams generally indicated at 3 and 4. The hydraulic system is formed by a main system which effects the general operation of the movable member 2 and an additional or auxiliary system of which the purpose will be later described. 5,540 7.5 58 ( 785,540 The main system consists of rams (proper) or piston rods 5, 6 which at their upper ends are connected to the ends of the member 2, and which at their lower ends are attached to pistons 7, 8 slidably mounted in cylinders 9, 10, the pistons 7, 8 being double acting. The lower compartments 11, 12 of the cylinders 9, 10 are interconnected by pipe 13, and the upper compartments 14, 15 are interconnected by pipe 16, and the pipes 13, 16 are connected to supply and exhaust pipes 17, 18 through a control valve 19 and branch pipes 20, 21 An adjustable pressure relief valve between the supply and exhaust pipes 17, 18 is indicated at 22 The operation of the above described main hydraulic system will be well understood and need not be further described, it being sufficient to say that, by appropriate adjustment of the control valve, the rams 5 and 6 can be raised or lowered to operate the movable member 2. The auxiliary hydraulic system consists of two cylinders 23, 24 and two double-acting pistons 25, 26 located respectively on top of 2.5 the cylinders 3, 4 and sealed therefrom by gland members 27, 28 and sealed at their top by further gland members 29, 30 The pistons 25, 26 are secured to the rams 5 and 6 and move therewith, and the upper compartment 31 of the cylinder 23 is in closed circuit with the lower compartment 32 of the cylinder 24 through a pipe 33 while the upper compartment 34 of cylinder 24 is in closed circuit with the lower

compartment 35 of cylinder 23 through a pipe 36. The compartments 32 and 34 of cylinder 24 are also interconnected by a pipe 37 having a stop valve 38, the pipe 37 being connected to the supply pipe 17 by a pipe 39 having a combined stop and relief valve 40. The auxiliary cylinders 23, 24 are initially filled with hydraulic fluid supplied from the main supply pipe 17 through pipes 39 and 37 with the valves 40 and 38 open, and these valves are then closed but, if necessary are opened periodically in order to maintain the fluid under a suitable pressure, for example, 100 lb per square inch While the ,0 filling and maintaining of the fluid under pressure may not be essential, it has in practice generally been found necessary in order to fill the cylinders completely and has the added advantage of keeping the gland ), packings tight. When the valves 38 and 40 are closed and the control valve is operated to raise the member 2, the pistons 25, 26, as aforesaid. move with the piston rods or rams 5, 6 and 1) fluid is forced from the upper compartments 31, 34, into the lower compartments 32 35 respectively Should, for any reason, such as an unequal load distribution on the member 2, one ram say the ram 6 tend to move upwards in advance of the ram 5 a correspondingly increased pressure is applied to the fluid in the compartment 34 by the piston 26 and this being simultaneously applied to the fluid in the compartment 35 of the cylinder 23 acts on the piston 25, so 70 that equal pressure is maintained on the rams 5 and 6 and the pressure is equally distributed throughout the length of the member 2 The working surfaces of the members 1 and 2 will generally be adjusted to 75 the horizontal but it will be understood that in accordance with the work to be carried out these may be slightly inclined, and are adjustable for this purpose, and the member 2 will maintain its adjustment throughout 80 its working stroke The upper member I may be adjusted in any convenient manner either bodily or one end relative to the other and the member 2 may be adjusted by opening the valve 38 so that the rams, 5, 6 can 85 be moved independently one of the other. It is to be understood that the invention is not restricted to use in upstroke presses but is equally applicable to downstroke or horizontal stroke presses and to other metal 90 working machines such as cutting or punching machines. Various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention For example, the positions of the 95 main and auxiliary systems may be interchanged, or the auxiliary cylinders may be located alongside the main pistons or above the movable member and in the two latter cases additional rams for the pistons of the 100 auxiliary cylinders are provided.

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* GB785541 (A)

Description: GB785541 (A) ? 1957-10-30

A device for varying the effective length of control linkages of motor cars

Description of GB785541 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,541 Date of Applicon and filing Complete Specification Nov 12, 1953. No 31446/53. Application made in Switzerad on Nov 12,1952. Complete Specification Published Oct 30,1957. Index at Acceptance: lass 80 ( 3), Z 9. International Classification:-Fo 6 h COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A device for varying the effective length of control linkages of motor cars I, Ric HARD HALLER, of Swiss nationality, of Brauerstrasse 51, Zurich, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The invention relates to a device for varying the effective length of control linkages for operation of a control rod of a motor car According to the invention a device for operating a control rod of a motor car comprises a part of the linkage between an actuating member and the control rod of the motor car, the effective length of which may be varied to such an extent that the control rod actuated by the member may be brought to an end position merely by variation of the

effective length of said device and means provided for varying the effective length of the said device. This device is chiefly intended for the working of the pump lever of internal combustion engines for motor cars, in which upon braking the motor brake the fuel supply is required to be instantaneously completely stopped. The device of variable length consists, advantageously, of two pairs of links mounted opposite each other on two bearing members, one of which members is secured to a tubular part and the other member is secured on a movable rod mounted within the tubular part, in such manner that when opening or folding the links of the pairs of links, the rod within the tubular part is moved Advantageously these links are disposed on the bearing members in such manner that the oppositely disposed links of the two pairs of links may be folded to a position slightly beyond the dead-centre position, that is to say into a position in which they are substantially parallel Thus the two pairs of links are moved into that position in which the oppositely disposed links are comlPrice 3 s 6 d l pletely folded, thus forming a rigid connection between the tubular part and the rod movable therein, until the oppositely disposed links are opened by means of a Bowden cable to change the length of the 50 tubular part and the rod within it. The invention is diagrammatically illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a side elevation of the first 55 embodiment of construction of a control linkage in the open position; Figure 2 shows the construction illustrated in Figure 1 in the closed position; Figure 3 is a plan view according to Figure 60 2; Figure 4 is a plan view of the second embodiment of construction of the control linkage of a motor car; Figure 5 is a side elevation of the control 65 rod linkage of a motor car-internal combustion engine with motor braking, the linkage acting on the lever of the fuel supply pump and shown when the motor is working; Figure 6 is the control rod linkage accord 70 ing to Figure 5 when the engine is operating as a brake; Figure 7 is a side elevation of another construction of a control rod linkage of a motor car-internal combustion engine with motor 75 braking when the engine is operative; Figure 8 is the control rod linkage according to Figure 7 in the open position when the engine is operating as a brake. The construction illustrated in Figures 1, 80 2 and 3 of the device for varying the effective length of a control linkage of a motor car, is provided with a tubular part 1 and a rod 2 which is axially movable A bearing member 3 is secured to the tubular part 1 and a bear 85 ing member 4 is rigidly secured to the rod 2. The links 7 and 8 which are mounted on the bearing member 3 by means of two oppositely disposed spindles 5 and 6 each comprise two parallel

plates interconnected 90 and stiffened by a distance bolt while the two links 11 and 12 each of which also consists of two plates and an interconnecting and reinforcing distance bolt are mounted in a similar manner respectively on two spindles 9 and 10 of the bearing member 4 The other ends of the links 7 and 11 and 8 and 12 are linked together by spindles 13 and 14 respectively On the spindle 13 is mounted a clamp 15 with clamping screw 16, in which the sheath 17 of a Bowden cable is clamped, the core 18 of which cable is mounted by means of a clamping screw 20 on the spindle 14. The device, the effective length L of which is variable, is thereby formeci by the bearing members 3 and 4 and the links 7 and 11 and 8 and 12 respectively. The device is adapted to be inserted into a part of a control rod which when pressure is applied moves in the longitudinal direction, as hereinafter described in more detail with reference to Figures 5 and 6. The construction of a device according to the invention for the operation of a control member of a motor car as illustrated in Figure 4 corresponds in its essential parts with the construction as previously described. A tubular part 1 ' has a rod 2 ' which is axiallv displaceable therein A bearing member 3 ' is secured to the tubular part 1 ' and the bearing member 4 ' is rigidly secured to one end of the ro'd 2 ' The ends of the two links 71 and 81 are mounted on the spindles 5 ' and 6 ' of the bearing member 3 ' which are disposed opposite each other, while the ends of the two links 111 and 121 are mnounted in similar manner on two spindles 9 ' and 101 of the bearing member 4 ' The other ends of the links 71 and 111 and 81 and 121 respectively are flexibly joined together by one of each s Dindles 131 and 141 respectively A clamp 151 is mounted on the spindle 13 ' with clamping screw 16 ' in which the sheath 17 ' of a Bowden cable is rigidly clamped, the core 181 of which is clamped by means of a clamping screw 201 on the spindle 141 The rod 21 extends through the tubular part 11 and projects therefrom The bearing member 31 is provided on one side with a lug 21 in which the one end of a pull rod 22, laterally disposed of the link 71, 81, 11 ' and 121 is inserted and held in position on this lug by a nut 23 which is screwed on to the winding provided at one of its ends Externally of the bearing member 41 the pull rod 22 is bent in such manner that the extension 221 is coaxial to the rod 2 ' The device, the effective length of which is variable, consists also of the bearing parts 3 ' and 4 ' and the pairs of links formed by the links 7 ' and 11 ' and 81 and 121 respectively. The device is further adapted to be inserted into that part of a control rod which upon being pulled moves in the longitudinal

direction as is hereinafter described with reference to Figures 7 and 8. With reference to Figures 5 and 6, 25 is an injection pump of a Diesel engine with centritugal governor, not shown in the drawings, while 26 is the control lever of the injection 70 pump 25 The control lever 26 may be swung oetween the adjustment stops 27 and 28, in such manner that when the control lever 26 rests on the stop 27, the fuel supply is completely stopped, while maximum tuel supply 75 is providei when the control lever 26 is moved against the stop 28 A spring 29 urges the control lever '6 against the stop 27 thus tending to stop the supply of fuel to the injection pump The control lever 26 is con 80 nected by means of a connecting rod 30, 301 to a lever 32 pivotted at 31 on the chassis of the vehicle, which is in its turn connected to the accelerating pedal 34 by means of a rod 33 Betw een the parts 30 and 301 of 85 the clutch red -is provided a device according to the invention as described with reference to Figures 1 to 3, which is mounted in such manner that the part 30 of the connecting red is rigidly connected with the tubular part 90 1 and -he part 30 ' of the said connecting rod with the rod 2 advantageously by welding. As illustrated in Figures 2 and 5, the links 7 and 8, and 11 and 12 respectively, are fo'ded into the operative position, which is 95 slightly beyond the position in which they lie parallel to the red 2, so that the spindles 13 and 14 rest on the rod 2 The links 7 and 8, and 11 and 12 respectively are locked in this position and form a rigid connection between 100 the tubular member 1 and the rod 2, which are inserted between the parts 30 and 30 ' of the connecting rod The connecting rod 30, 301 is thereby adjusted to the length necessary for operation so that it is rendered 105 possible by operating the accelerating pedal 34 through the connecting rod 33, the lever 32 and, this connecting rod 30, 301 to force the control lever 26 of the injection pump away from the stop 27 as far as the stop 28, 110 against the action of the spring 29 When the motor brake is made to function, the fuel supply should be stopped instantaneously. This is effected by operating the Bowden cable 17, 18 the result being that the links 115 7 and 8, and 11 and 12 respectively are spread apart as illustrated in Figures 1 and 6 This spreading apart of the links 7 and 8, and 11 and 12 respectively effects a considerable reduction in the effective length (Figure 1) of 120 the device which is mounted between the part 30-and 301 of the control rods so that the control lever 26 of the injection pump 25 may be returned to the stop 27 at any time, completely independent of the position of the 125 accelerating pedal 34 When the motor brake is again in the inoperative position, the Bowden wire 17, 18 is actuated in the opposite direction so that the links 7 and 8, and 11 and 12 respectively are again

folded, 130 whereupon the control lever 26 of the injection pump can at once be moved again by means of the connecting rod 30, 301 The Bowden wire is advantageously connected to 785,541 which the effective length of which is variable, consists of two bearing members ( 3, 4, and 31 and 41 respectively) and two pairs of connected links ( 7, 11, and 8, 12 or 71, 11 ' 70 and 8 ', 121) disposed oppositely to each other, whereby the one bearing member ( 3 or 3 ') is securely mounted on a tubular part ( 1 or 11) and the other bearing part ( 4 or 41) on an axially displaceable rod ( 2 or 2 ') in this 75 tubular part ( 1 or 1 '), so that by spreading apart or folding of the links ( 7, 11; 8, 12 or 71, 111; 81, 121) of the two pairs of links the rod ( 2 or 21) in the tubular part ( 1 or 1 ') may be displaced for actuating the control rod, 80 and wherein the means for spreading and folding of the links ( 7, 11, 8, 12 or 71, 111, 81, 121) of the ivo pairs of links on the spindles ( 13, 14 or 13 ', 141) engage the spindles connecting each of the pairs of links 85

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* GB785542 (A)

Description: GB785542 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Manufacture of lids, bowls, tanks and like shapes

Description of GB785542 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Manufacture or lads, Bowls, Tanks and like Shapes, 3:, ARTHUR GEOFFREY DEEMING, a British Subject, of 30 Hillcrest Grove, Staveley, Derbyshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The invention relates to the manufacture of lids, bowls, tanks and other articles made from fibre and material which is fluid for application to the fibre and which is afterwards set solid. The invention comprises a process of rnaking lids, bowls, tanks and other articles wherein fibre in the form of roving is wound on itself between walls of a former or mould to forte a predetermined shape of body or a portion of body of the article to be made and wherein the fibre is impregnated with liquid solid-setting epoxy or polyester resin before or after winding on the former. The liquid may be a hot setting polyester or a cold material set solid by an accelerator. In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into effect, reference may be had to the accompanying drawings, on which: Figure 1 illustrates a means fo impregnating fibre roving; Figure 2 is a sectional elevation of a moulding former constructed according to this invention; Figure 3 is a sectional elevation of a moulding former for a hollow article; Figure 4 shows a hollow article formed of two parts; Figure 5 illustrates, in section, a modified form of mould or former; Figure 6 is a front view of the parts shown by Figure 7; Figure 7 shows a frame for supporting radial roving; Fipre 8 shows modified formations of roving forming the body of a moulding; and Figure 9 illustrates a further modified form of mould or former. In one convenient arrangement (Figure 1) roving 1 passes from the "cheese" 2 through a guide tube 3 having a funnel shaped entrance, and under a pivoted guide 4 which can be turned on its pivot 5 into position to lie under a bath of liquid polyester. The impregnated roving after leaving the liquid passes between two squeegee rollers 6 to remove surplus liquid on its path to the rotating mould or former 7. The rollers may be braked so that a pull is given to the roving to increase the winding tension. The roving may be of glass, wool, cotton or other fibre. In one example (Figure 2), the former is adapted to mould a dome shaped lid, cap or the like by winding the impregnated fibre in a shaped annular space 8 between two plates 9 mounted on a centre spindle 10 and a number of such spaced apart plates 9 may be mounted on a screw threaded spindle 10, so that a number of lids can be simultaneously moulded, each mould receiving a separate roving. The wound material is suitably compressed in the mould and conveniently, the said centre spindle or bolt 10 is removed, whilst the former is on

a jig, and a smaller diameter bolt is inserted and the former plates pressed together endwise thereon. In some constructions, the tension of the winding is sufficient to give the required solidarity. The former (Figure 3) may be constructed to shape a hollow member having a cylindrical or other shaped wall 11 with a dome shaped end 12, the former comprising two dome shaped spaced apart plates 13 and 14 mounted on a centre tube 16, the inner and smaller plate 14 having a cylindrical or other shaped extension 15 at the outer edge. The two parts are connected by the centre tube 16 having nuts 16a screwed thereon. The impregnated roving is wound on the former between the plates and along the cylindrical extension. Curing is effected with the former in position, after which the former is removed. Two of the shapes may be assembled together to form a closed hollow body, by arranging the two shapes on a centre spindle passing through the two tubes 17 (Figure 4). The walls of the separate parts are first wound to a thickness only (Figure 3) to be self-supporting and to form a base for tte extra winding to the broken lines as shown in Figure 4 the increased wall thickness joining the two parts together. The unit is cured at the required temperature and the centre bar withdrawn from the tubing 16 at each end. This unit can be used as a buoyancy tank or a pressure vessel. Resin sold under the Registered Trade Mark "Epicote" may be used to impregnate the roving. Longitudinal threads may be wound in for increased strength where necessary. The process may be used to manufacture articles in glass fibre and resin from a flat disc to bowl shaped or hollow articles. Two bowl shaped articles may be used for the manufacture of spheres and ovoids, and the former may be shaped to mould a spigot and socket joint a as shown in Figure 5. By using square or rectangular section die or former 18 (Figure 9) and a square plate 19 the technique may also be used for the production of square or rectangular tanks or bodies. In this case, it is necessary to provide straps or plates 20 to place around the end portion 21 of the rectangular moulding after winding to pull into the square or rectangular shape, and the remaining portion can be similarly shaped. Metal plates for strengthening- or rivet holding purposes may be inserted between two formers 9. In one particular application to a pit prop lid, a square plate pressed to match the contour of the mould and having, for instance, four holes drilled, one in each corner, is incIuded in the former so that it lays in the winding on the inner side of a formed lid and in a centre position. After forming the lid, these four holes are extended by drilling through the resin glass mass and the extended holes countersunk on the outer face. By this means rivets can be inserted through the lid, the heads of which will be

held by the metal plate. It has been found practicable in some applications to dispense with the metal insert, and in this case two formers, such as 9, have bolt holes therein at a position in alignment with those required in the completed article for receiving bolts or rivets. The roving is wound in the stated manner up to the holes and bolts are inserted through the holes to lie across the winding. The winding is then continued with the bolts in position until complete. The centre spindle is then withdrawn and consolidation of the parts carried out by tightening the four bolts, thus compressing the glass roving and resin and completely filling the centre hole. Excess resin is also expelled by this means. The advantage of this technique is that the lid is very strong at the fixing holes as none of the applied fibres have to be cut by drilling. This prevents the fixing bolt or rivet head from pulling through the finished item when in service. In addition to the roving being wound or coiled on the former, roving can be incorporated to run radially at right angles or across the coils or winding and at one or both sides of the coils. As shown in Figures 6 and 7, separate lengths of roving 26 passes around the spindle 22 on which the former 23 is mounted and the ends of each length are attached by adhesive resin to wires connecting arms 24 of a frame 25 fixed to the former 23, so that radial strands 26 of roving are arranged to extend outwards from the space between the spaced apart parts of the former between which roving is coiled. When a hollow article is being moulded, the end portions 27 of the radial roving 26 can be carried over the side of the inner former 23a to be incorporated in the coiled roving of the annular wall of the moulded article as well as the bottom or end wall portion. The roving strands may be sufficiently long to pass over and thus reinforce the rim of a hollow article and can also be sufficient to extend across and to strengthen the joint such as described with reference to Figure 4. By arranging a number of spaced apart rows 28 of lengths of roving in the mould and by coiling roving from a separate cheese between each row, a structure similar to that shown by the lower half of Figure 8 is obtained with coiled windings 28a between the said rows 28 of radial or outwardly directed strands. The individual cheeses of roving may be revolved around in a path concentric with the centre spindle whilst the former itself remains stationary. If a frame 25 is moved backwards and forwards to move the strands 26 transversely across the space between walls of the mould, the radial roving will lie in a zig-zag path as shown at 26a on the upper half of Figure 8. Generally, in the case of tanks and closed vessels it is not necessary

to fill the central hole through which the mounting spindle passes, as a tube fitting may be an integral and necessary part of the final vessel. When a tank or half vessel is complete, a locking nut 16a is applied at each side of a tube 16 (Figure 3) after coating the screw threads of the tube and the adhering faces of the lock ing nuts with an adhesive such as epoxy resin (resins sold under Registered tirade Marks "Epicote" and "Araldite" have been used for this application). The tube 16 and locking nuts 16a may be of metal, coated or otherwise, or of thermoplastic or reinforced resin. If the central hole is not required, a threaded bolt is used as the mounting spindle, as this may be screwed out of the cured part quite readily leaving a threaded hole into which a plug of reinforced resin or thermosplastic, or even metal, may be inserted. Strength may be added to the walls of an article or vessel moulded as aforedescribed by winding on strips of impregnated woven glass or other cloth. Impregnated glass cloth may also be incorporated in the final winding of the former and may be extended over the edges of the vessel for strengthening purposes, roving being used to consolidate this. The liquid solid-setting material can be sprayed on the fibrous material as it is being wound in the mould. This method is particularly convenient with the so-called coldsetting resins, as the accelerator is added to to the catalysed resin as it emerges from the spray gun or is drawn into the main stream of resin at the gun nozzle from a separate container. By this means the risk of setting or curing in the spray gun container is obviated. The liquid solid-setting material can be impregnated by vacuum in the fibrous material which is preformed in a dry or semi-dry state and placed in a chamber from which air is then evacuated to a low pressure. Resin is introduced into the chamber and the pressure of the atmosphere or even greater pressures may be applied on the resin which forces it into the preformed winding. It has previously been proposed to manufacture discs, washers, brake linings or the like by winding upon a bobbin, between cheek-plates mounted thereon, yarn (including rovings) or tape composed of cotton, ramie, flax, silk, wool, asbestos or other suitable fibrous material, impregnated with the phenolic formaldehyde condensation binding and hardening agent, removing the discs so formed from the bobbin and drying the same. A method has also been proposed to make endless friction facings which comprises winding a strip of fabric treated with a heat hardenable binder, and having previously shaped recessed and projecting portions on opposite sides thereof and extending longitudinally of the strip, in a body such that the projections of the fabric nest with recesses of adjacent convolutions and subjecting

the body to pressure and heat to compact the convolutions thereof into, a substantially rigid friction facing and to harden the binder. What I claim is : - 1. A process of making lids, bowls, tanks and other articles wherein fibre in the form of roving is wound on itself between walls of a former or mould to form a predetermined shape of body or a portion of a body of the article to be made and wherein the fibre is impregnated with liquid solidsetting epoxy or polyester resin before or after winding on the former. 2. A process of making lids, bowls, tanks and other articles as set forth in Claim 1, in which the walls of the mould are pressed towards one another to compress the material moulded therebetween. 3. A process of making lids, bowls, tanks and other articles as set forth in Claim 1, in which one of the walls of the former or mould has an annular wall extending therefrom on which the fibre is wound to form a hollow body. 4. A process of making tanks and other hollow anicles as set forth in Claim 1, in which two bodies after setting are joined together by winding impregnated fibre roving or woven fabric over the joint and allowing the added portion to set to form a solid wall joining the two parts. 5. A process of making lids, bowls, tanks and other articles as set forth in any of the preceding claims, in which strands of fibre roving or woven fabric are incorporated at right angles to or across the winding or coils. 6. A process of making lids, bowls, tanks and other articles as set forth in any of the preceding claims, in which metal plates for strengthening or rivet holding purposes are incorporated in the moulded body during the moulding process. 7. A process of making lids, bowls, tanks and other articles as set forth in any of the preceding claims, in which bolt or like holes are formed in the article during the winding process. 8. A lid, bowl, tank, container or other shaped article made according to the process as set forth in any of the Claims 1 to 7. 9. A process of and means for making lids, bowls, tanks, or other articles, substantially as herein set forth and illustrated in the accompanying drawings.