5.1 Microprocessors I: Introduction - Philadelphia … Development In 1972, Intel developed the...
Transcript of 5.1 Microprocessors I: Introduction - Philadelphia … Development In 1972, Intel developed the...
5.1 Microprocessors I:
Introduction
Dr. Tarek A. TutunjiMechatronics Engineering Department
Philadelphia University, Jordan
Microprocessors I:
Introduction
This session is divided into 4 main parts (12 sequences): microprocessors, microcontrollers, PLC, and DSP
In this presentation, we will define microprocessors, give a brief historical background, and introduce their main functionality
Microprocessors:
Historical BackgroundThree projects in the early 70’s delivered microprocessors
Intel: 4004• In 1969, Intel designed a programmable calculator with different
chips programmed via hard-wire• Intel launched a project to design a general-purpose chip that can
perform various logic functions that can be activated by providing patterns of 0s and 1s through registers with appropriate timing
• In 1971, Intel released the first 4-bit microprocessor: 4004. It had 2,300 transistors, 640 bytes of memory-addressing capacity, and 108 kHz clock speed
Texas Instruments: TMS 1000• In 1971 implemented a pre-programmed embedded calculator
Garret: CADC• In 1968, a project with the US Navy developed a microprocessor
for main flight control in the F-14 Tomcat Fighter
Microprocessors Development
In 1972, Intel developed the first 8-bit microprocessor (8008)
In 1976, 8-bit microprocessors were available by Intel (8085), Zilog (Z80), and Motorola 6800.
Motorola had a different architecture and instruction set from the Intel design
In 1975, National Semiconductor introduced the first 16-bit single-chip microprocessor
Later, Texas Instruments developed TMS 9900 and Intel 8086
32-bit microprocessors were developed in the early 80’s by AT&T bell Labs, Motorola (famous 68000), and Intel (80386)
64-bit microprocessors were developed in the early 90’s by Intel and AMD
Today, microprocessors can have up to 40M transistors, with one terabyte of memory, with 2.0 GHz frequency
Intel Microprocessors Development
Processor Year Transistors Clock Speed Data Bus Address Bus
Intel
4004 1971 2,300 108 KHz 4-bit 10-bit
8085 1976 6,500 5 MHz 8-bit 16-bit
8086 1978 29,000 5 MHz 16-bit 20-bit
80386 1985 275,000 16 MHz 32-bit 32-bit
Pentium 1993 3.1 M 60 MHz 32-bit 32-bit
Pentium 4 2000 42 M 2.0 GHz 64-bit 36-bit
Digital Computer
Programmable machine that processes binary data
Includes CPU (ALU plus control unit), memory, input, and output
Micro-
Processor
as
CPUInput Output
Memory
What is a microprocessor ? Digital Electronic device composed of transistors fabricated on a
single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) Manufactured using LSI (large-scale integration) technology Multipurpose, Programmable, Clock driven, and Register-based Accepts binary data as input, processes this data according to
instructions stored in memory, and provides results as binary output
Microprocessors serve as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in computers
Main Components inside
MicroprocessorsThe three main parts of microprocessors are:
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) -- Provides arithmetic operations such as addition and logic operations such as AND
• Register Array (RA) – Stores data temporarily during execution of a program
• Control Unit (CU) -- Provide timing and control signals to the data flow between the microprocessor, memory, and I/O.
Microprocessors:
Binary InstructionsMicroprocessors are designed to understand and execute binary instructions and operate in binary digits, 0 and 1. These bits represent electrical voltage levels.
• Bit - a binary digit, 0 or 1
• Byte - a group of 8 bits
• Word - a group of bits that computer recognizes
The size of the word depends on the microprocessor used. The 8085 processor is an 8-bit microprocessor and uses an 8-bit word while the pentium4 is a 64-bit microprocessor uses a 64-bit word.
Microprocessors Language
Instruction – a command in binary that is recognized and executed by the computer to accomplish a taskExample 0011 1100 is an instruction that increments the number in the register (called accumulator) by one
Machine Language – a computer language built on a designed set of instructions specific to each computer
Mnemonic – a combination of letters to suggest the operation of an instructionExample INR A is a mnemonic that increments accumulator by one
Assembly Language – a computer language built on a designed set of mnemonics specific to each computer
Low-level Language – a computer language that depends on the computer used. Examples are Machine and Assembly languages
High-level Language – a computer language built on a designed set of English-like words general to all computers. It requires a compiler to be executed. Examples are C/C++, Fortran, and Visual Basic.
Assembly Language
1. Copy OperationsCopies data from source to destination
• Between registersExample: copy contents of register B to register C
• Data to registerExample: load register B with data byte 62H
• Between memory location and registerExample: from memory location 3000H to register B
• Between I/O device and accumulatorExample: from input keyboard to accumulator
Assembly Language
2. Arithmetic Operations• Addition• Subtraction• Increment/Decrement
3. Logic Operations• AND, OR, Exclusive-OR• Rotate• Compare• Compliment
4. Branching Operations• Jump• Call, Return, and RESTART
Summary
Microprocessors are integrated circuits that process digital data according to stored instructions
Several companies including Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments make microprocessors
Microprocessor main components are: ALU, CU, and RA
Assembly language is a computer language based on a set mnemonics
Assembly language instructions can be divide into: copy, arithmetic, logic, and branch operations