5.1-5.3 Mitosis, Meiosis
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Transcript of 5.1-5.3 Mitosis, Meiosis
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CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION
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Why produce new cells?
• Cells:• Wear out after some time• Get damaged • Grow old naturally and die
• Therefore organisms need to produce new cells to :• replace those cells that are worn out, damaged or dead• Perpetuate their own species either by asexual or sexual
reproduction
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Types of cells division
• Two types of cell division:a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
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Mitosis
Cell divide (by mitosis) to supply new daughter cells that are identical to parents cells
Repair of tissues:Identical new cells to replace worn out or damaged cells. Skin cells and cells lining gut constantly die and are replaced
Growth : More cells for growth
Asexual reproduction:Binary fissionBuddingVegetative reproduction
SignificanceCell division
•Cells wear out•Cells get damaged•Cells grow old and die
Organisms grow
Reasons
Need more cells for reproduction
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Mitosis
• Mitosis produced new cells that genetically identical to their parents to:
1. Continue with the specific cell functions of their parent cells within a particular tissue
2. Avoid disrupting the stable internal environment of life or its processes
3. Produce offspring that have complete functions of an adult organism to ensure the survival of that species
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CELL DIVISION : MITOSIS
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Organization of phases and subphases in a cell cycle
Cell cycle
Interphase
M Phase
G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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EFFECTS OF UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS IN LIVING THING
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Mutation
• Mutation : the change in the DNA structure of the cell• Lead to uncontrolled mitosis – tumors• Tumors :• Have no function• Interfere with the normal activity of surrounding cells• Two types :• Benign tumors• Malignant tumors
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Benign tumors
• Inactive, relatively harmless• Remain at its original site & do not spread to other parts
of the body• Some may progress to become cancerous tumors if left
untreated• Usually treated by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
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Benign Tumors
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Malignant tumors
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APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE ON MITOSIS IN CLONING
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Application of knowledge on mitosis in cloning
Cloning of microbes
Cell culture
Fermenters
Cloning of plants
Tissue culture
Cloning of animals
Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning
Embryo cloningSomatic cell
cloning
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Tissue Culture
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Callus
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Embryo cloning
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Somatic Cell Cloning
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Dolly
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MEIOSIS
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Species Diploid chromosomal number of somatic cells (2n)
Haploid chromosomal number (n)
Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
8 4
House fly (Musca domestica)
12 6
Corn (Zea mays) 20 10
Onion (Allium sp.) 32 16
Human (Homo sapiens) 46 23
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)
78 39
House mouse (Mus muscullus)
40 20
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Diploid (2n=6)Male parent
Diploid (2n=6)Female parent
Diploid (2n=6)offspring
Embryo(2n)
Haploid (n = 3) sperm
Haploid (n = 3) egg
Diploid zygote(2n = 6)
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Autosomes & Sex Chromosomes
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Chromosomes
• Two types of chromosomes:• Autosomes• Sex chromosomes
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SEX AUTOSOMES SEX CHROMOSOMES
SOMATIC CELL
Male 44 / 22 pairs XY 44 + XY
Female 44 / 22 pairs XX 44 + XX
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Down’s Syndrome
• Caused by:• Improper separation of the chromosomes• Non-disjunction
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Down’s Syndrome
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MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
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REVISION
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Meiosis
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P1 : The crossing over process occur during prophase
P2 : The tetrad (sister chromatids) are formed
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Prophase 1
Anaphase 1
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Crossing over
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P1 : (the crossing over results) in exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids
P2 : (which results in) the formation of new combinations of alleles on a chromosome // causes variation
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Down’s Syndrome