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IV B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations, November, 2012

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II

(Civil Engineering)

Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks

*******

1. What is Climate Change? What are Carbon credits? Discuss briefly the sources and

methods of control of GHE and Ozone Holes.

2. a) Discuss the suitability of various Particulate Control Devices with reference to

Particle size, Head loss, Efficiency of removal of particles of various sizes, and

advantages and disadvantages.

b) Describe the general methods of controlling gaseous emissions of SO2, NOx and

co.

3. Describe the functional and operational aspects, advantages and disadvantages and

suitability of various Advanced Water Treatment Processes of Ion Exchange,

Reverse Osmosis and Freezing.

4. Describe the common Methods of treatment of industrial wastewaters like volume

reduction, strength reduction, neutralization, equalization, color and odor removal,

removal of Iron and Manganese, removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorous compounds,

in detail. Discuss the suitability of Biological treatment methods in treating industrial

wastewaters.

5. Describe the Solid Waste Management Methodologies to be adopted for a town of

population 2 lakh, stepwise. Describe the operations of a Municipal incinerator,

Composting and Land-filling in detail.

Code No: M0124 Set No. 1 R07

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6. Describe in detail the methods of treatment and management of Hazardous wastes

with special reference to treatment and management of Biomedical wastes,

Chemical wastes and Nuclear wastes.

7. Describe the various methods of reducing noise in residential areas and industries,

with reference to Noise Standards.

8. Write short notes on:

a) Environment Protection Act

b) Effects of SO2, NOx, CO and SPM on man, material and vegetation

c) Collection, handling and processing of Solid wastes before treatment

d) Defluoridation

e) Heat Islands.

f) Vermi Copmposting


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(Civil Engineering)




*******

1. What is Climate Change? Discuss briefly the sources, effects and methods of control

of GHE, Ozone Holes, Acid Rains and Heat Islands.

2. a) Discuss the suitability of various Particulate Control Devices with reference to

Particle size, Head loss, Efficiency of removal of RPM and Advantages and

disadvantages.

b) Describe the design and functional details of ESPs and Packed Towers.


suitability of various Advanced Water Treatment Processes like Ion Exchange, Reverse

Osmosis, Freezing and Adsorption for supply of water to a village or an industry.

4. Describe the Common Methods of treatment of industrial wastewaters like Volume

reduction, Strength reduction, Neutralization, Equalization, Color and Odor removal,

Removal of Iron and Manganese, Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorous compounds,

in detail. Discuss ‘Proportioning’ and the suitability of biological treatment methods

in treating industrial wastewaters.

5. Describe the Solid Waste Management Methodology to be adopted for a city like

Kakinada, stepwise. Discuss the possibility of various devices and describe the

operation of a Sanitary landfilling, Composting and Municipal incinerator in detail.

6. Describe in detail the methods of treatment of Hazardous wastes with special reference

to Management of Biomedical wastes, Chemical wastes and Nuclear wastes.


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with reference to Noise standards.

8. Write short notes on any Four of the following:

a) Reverse Flow Cyclones

b) Environmental Protection Act


d) Defluoridation

e) Nuclear pollution and control

f) Vermin Composting


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(Civil Engineering)




*******

1. What is Climate Change? What are Carbon credits? Discuss briefly the sources and

methods of control of GHE, Ozone Holes and Acid Rains.

2. Describe the working of RFC, ESP, Bag House and Packed Towers. With reference

to Particle size, Head loss, Efficiency of removal of RPM, discuss their suitability in

industries and their advantages and disadvantages, in general.


suitability of various Advanced Water Treatment Processes like Freezing, Ion

Exchange and reverse Osmosis for supply of water to an industrial estate.


reduction, strength reduction, neutralization, Equalization, Proportioning, Color

removal, Removal of odor, Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorous compounds, in

detail.

5. Describe the Solid Waste Management Methodology to be adopted for a city of

population 5 lakh, stepwise. Describe the operations of a Municipal incinerator,





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7. Describe the various methods of reducing noise in residential areas and industries, with

reference to Noise Standards.

8. Write short notes on any four of the following:

a) Effluent Standards vs. Stream standards

b) Effects of SO2 and SPM on man, material and vegetation


d) Defluoridation

e) Vermi Composting


2 of 2

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(Civil Engineering)




*******

1. What is Climate Change? What are Carbon credits? Discuss briefly the sources,

effects and methods of control of GHE, Ozone Holes and Acid Rains.

2. Describe the working of RFC, ESP, Bag House and Packed Towers. With reference

to Particle size, Head loss, Efficiency of removal of RPM, discuss their suitability in

industries and their advantages and disadvantages, in general.


suitability of various Advanced Water Treatment Processes like Ion Exchange,

Reverse Osmosis and Adsorption for supply of water to an industrial estate.


reduction, strength reduction, neutralization, Equalization, Color removal, Removal

of Nitrogen and Phosphorous compounds, in detail. Discuss the suitability of

biological treatment methods in treating industrial wastewaters.

5. Describe the Solid Waste Management Methodology to be adopted for a city like

Visakhapatnam, stepwise. Describe the operations of a Municipal incinerator,





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with reference to Noise Standards.

8. Write short notes on any four:

a) Effluent Standards vs. other standards

b) Sources of SO2, NOx, CO and SPM.


d) Defluoridation

e) Heat Islands.

f) Vermi Composting


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Code No: M0223/R07 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2012POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE QuestionsAll Questions carry equal marks

? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) What is the need of optimal operation of power systems?

(b) The fuel costs for two plants are given by C1 = 0.15 P12+30P1+25, C2= 0.17

P22 +28P2+20 where C is in Rs/Hr and P is in MW. If both units operate at

all time and maximum and minimum load on each unit are 100 MW and 20MW respectively determine the economic operating schedule of the plant forloads of 40 MW, 120 MW. [12+4]

2. A power system consists of two 100 MW units whose input cost data are representedby equations below:C1 = 0.04 P1

2 + 22 P1 + 800 Rupees/hourC2 = 0.045 P2

2 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hourIf total received power PR = 150 Mw. Determine the load sharing between unitsfor most economic operation. [16]

3. Explain hydro-thermal scheduling problem. [16]

4. A 125 MVA turbo alternator operator on full load at 50 Hz. A load of 50 MW issuddenly reduced on the machine. The steam valves to the turbine commence toclose after 0.5 sec. due to the time lag in the governor system. Assuming inertiaconstant H= 6 kW- sec per kVA of generator capacity, calculate the change infrequency that occurs in this time. [16]

5. A Generator in single area load frequency control has the following parameters:Total generation capacity = 2500 MWNormal operating load =1500 MWInertia constant=5 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant, B=1 %; fre-quency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=2.5 Hz / p.u MW. If there is a 1.5 %increase in the load, find the frequency drop

(a) without governor control

(b) with governor control. [8+8]

6. (a) What are the features of the dynamic response of a two area system for stepload disturbances?

(b) What are the considerations in selecting the frequency bias parameters? [8+8]

7. Draw the block diagram of a power system showing the governor, turbine and syn-chronous generator, indicating their transfer functions. For a step disturbance of∆PD, obtain the response of “increment in frequency”, making suitable assump-tions.

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(a) Without proportional plus integral controller and

(b) With proportional plus integral control. [16]

8. A 3φ feeder having a resistance of 3Ω and reactance of 10 Ω supplies a load of 2MW at 0.85 p.f. lag. The receiving end voltage is maintained at 11 kV by meansof static condenser drawing 2.1 MVAr form the line. Calculate the sending endvoltage and power factor. What is the regulation and efficiency of the feeder? [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. A power system consists of two 100 MW units whose input cost data are representedby equations below C1 = 0.04 P1

2 +22P1+800 Rs/hrC2 = 0.045 P2

2 +15P2 +1000 Rs/hrIf total received power PR = 150 MW. Determine

(a) The load sharing between units for most economic operation

(b) The corresponding costs of operations. [8+8]

2. (a) Discuss the general problem of economic operation of large interconnectedareas.

(b) What are the factors that can be taken in to consideration for scheduling ofgenerators in a plant. [8+8]

3. Discuss the combined hydro- electric and steam station operation. [16]

4. A 80 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50Hz. Theload is suddenly reduced to 40 MW. Due to time lag in the governor system, thesteam valve begins to close after 0.3 secs. Determine the change in frequency thatoccurs in this time. H=4 KW-s/KVAof generator capacity. [16]

5. An isolated generator and its control have the following parameters:Generator inertia constant = 5 secondGovernor time constant τg = 0.25 secondsTurbine time constant τT = 0.6 secondsGovernor speed regulation = 0.05 p.uLoad damping constant B = 0.8The turbine rated output is 200 MW at 50 Hz. The load suddenly increases by 50MW. Find the steady state frequency deviation. Plot the frequency deviation as afunction of time. [16]

6. Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following characteristics.

Area 1 Area 2R=0.01 pu R=0.02 puD=0.8 pu D=1.0 puBase MVA=2000 Base MVA=500

A load change of 100 MW (0.2 pu) occurs in area 2. What is the new steadystate frequency and what is the change in the tie flow? Assume both areas were atnominal frequency (60 Hz) to begin. [16]

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7. Explain the effect of integral gain on the performance of load frequency control intwo area load frequency control. [16]

8. (a) A single-phase motor connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply takes 30 A at a p.fof 0.7 lag. A capacitor is shunted across the motor terminals to improve thep.f to 0.9 lag. Determine the capacitance of the capacitor to be shunted acrossthe motor terminals.

(b) Explain the specifications of load compensation. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Describe in detail, with suitable examples, the methods of optimum scheduling ofGeneration of power from a thermal station. [16]

2. 100 MW, 150 MW and 280 MW are the ratings of three units located in a thermalpower station. Their respective incremental costs are given by the following equa-tions:dc1/dp1 = Rs(0.15p1 + 12);dc3/dp3 = Rs(0.21p3 + 13)dc2/dp2 = Rs(0.05p2 + 14)Where P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical load alloca-tion between the three units, when the total load on the station is 300 MW.

[16]

3. Determine the daily water used by hydro plant and daily operating cost of thermalplant with the load connected for total 24 hrs from the given data.The load connected, PD = 400MWGeneration of thermal plant, PGT = 200MWGeneration of hydro plant, PGH = 300MW. [16]

4. Explain in detail general configuration of excitation system? [16]

5. Show that the steady change in frequency in load frequency control of an isolatedpower can be reduced to zero if the change in controlling force applied to the speedchanger is equal to the change in load demand. [16]

6. Two control areas of 1000MW and 2000MW capacities are interconnected by a tieline. The speed regulations of the two areas respectively are 4 Hz / Pu MW and2.5 Hz / Pu MW. Consider 2% change in load occurs for 2% change in frequencyin each area. Find steady state change in frequency and tie-line power of 10MWchange in load occurs in both areas. [16]

7. Obtain the dynamic response of load frequency controller with integral controlaction in two area load frequency control system. [16]

8. Three supply points A, B and C are connected to a common bus bar D as depictedin figure 8. Supply point A is maintained at a nominal voltage of 400 kV and isconnected to D through 400/132kV transformer and a 132 kV line of reactance50 ohms. Supply point B is nominally at 132kV and is connected to D througha 132 kV line of 50ohms reactance. supply point C is nominally at 400kV andis connected to D by a 400/132 kV transformer and a 132 kV line of 100ohms

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reactance. If at a particular load, the line voltage at D falls below its nominal valueby 5 kV, calculate the value of the reactive volt-ampere injection required at D tore-establish the original voltage. [16]

Figure 8

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Derive optimum generation allocation of thermal plant when line losses neglectedand write an algorithm. [8+8]



3. Write algorithm for Mathematical Formulation for Hydro thermal scheduling. [16]

4. Draw the schematic diagram showing the speed changer setting, Governor andsteam admission valve and indicate how steam input is regulated with the changein load. Derive the T.F. of the above system. [16]

5. Discuss in detail the dynamic response of load frequency control of an isolatedpower system with a neat block diagram. [16]

6. (a) What are the advantages of inter connected operation of power systems? Ex-plain.

(b) Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whosecapacity is 500 MW, operating at a power angle of 350. If each area hasa capacity of 5000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 3 Hz/Pu MW,determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 4 sec. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain economic dispatch control problem in detail.

(b) Explain how the frequency error in the load frequency control problem isreduced to zero. [8+8]

8. Two 11 0.4 kV, 3-phase transformers A and B are connected to in parallel on HVand LV sides. The HV side is supplied at 11 kV and the LV side supplies a totalload current of 180 A at 0.8 p.f. power factor lagging (relative to the voltage onHV side). Transformer A has a rating of 50 kVA and pu impedance 0.015+j0.04;Transformer B has a rating of 75 kVA and pu impedance 0.026+j0.07 and is fittedwith ±2 1

2% and ± 5 % tapping on its HV winding. If the transformer B is set to

0 % tapping, find the current carried by each transformer. Determine the tappingto minimize the over load-load of the transformers and currents in each when thistapping is in use. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2012INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


? ? ? ? ?

1. Explain the dynamic response characteristics of first order instruments to step,ramp and sinusoidal inputs. [16]

2. (a) Explain the construction and working of vapour pressure thermometer.

(b) By means of neat sketches, explain the working vanishing filament pyrometer.[6+10]

3. (a) Explain how sensitivity can be increased by using inclined tube manometer.Describe its construction .theory, advantages and limitations.

(b) Explain the basic principle of waking of a bellow type pressure gauge. [12+4]

4. (a) Give details of the Hook type level indicator and capacitive level indicator.

(b) Describe the working of a cryogenic fuel level indicator. What are its advan-tages and limitations? [8+8]

5. What is a seismic type velocity transducer? Explain its construction with the helpof a neat diagram. How can it be used for measurement of acceleration in vibrationmeasurements? Explain. [16]

6. (a) Explian the method of measuring force using strain gauge.

(b) Why bridge circuit is necessary for a strain gauge? Explain how the bridgecircuit is used with a strain gauge. [8+8]

7. (a) What are the various devices to measure force? Explain the constructionaldetails of multi lever type.

(b) With neat sketch explain the working principle of Strain gauge load cell.[10+6]

8. (a) Briefly explain the different types of control systems.

(b) Describe the working of one automatic control system used in practice. Outlinefunctional elements of that system. [6+10]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Show that mercury in glass thermometer is a first order instrument. How can be thetime constant value reduced and sensitivity value increased for the thermometer?

[16]

2. (a) Explain by means of neat sketches different arrangements for lead wire com-pensation in R.T.D.

(b) What are thermisters? How are they different from R.T.D.? Explain theworking of thermister thermometer. [8+8]

3. (a) Explain the working principle of Ionization gauge.

(b) Exaplin the working principle of Knudsen gauge. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain how Doppler effect is used for measurement of flow velocities in ul-trasonic flow meters.

(b) Explain the working principle of Bubbler gauge. [8+8]

5. (a) Name different electrical non-contact type tachometers. Explain with neatdiagram, working of an inductive pick up tachometer.

(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of piezoelectric type accelerometer? [10+6]

6. (a) What is gauge rosette? [2+6+8]

(b) An electric resistance strain gauge of 300 Ω resistance and gauge factor 2 isbonded to a specimen of steel. Calculate the change in resistance of the gaugewhen a tensile stress of 75MN/m2 is applied on the specimen.

(c) Explain the two arm and four arm conditions used for strain measurement.

7. (a) Explain how Spring balances can be used for measurement of force. Describetheir working ,advantages and limitations.

(b) Define the Psychometric terms:

(i) Relative humidity (ii) Dew point temperature(iii) Wet bulb temperature. [10+6]

8. (a) Define a process control system. Sketch the schematics of a shower bath whichoperates by a manual closed loop control arrangement .Identify the functionsof each part of the system and explain how control is achieved.

(b) What is a servo mechanism? Explain [10+6]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Differentiate between error, inaccuracy and precession by means of examples.

(b) What is transfer function? Find the transfer function for a spring mass dampersystem for which input is force and output is displacement. [6+10]

2. (a) Explain the construction and working of vapour pressure thermometer.

(b) By means of neat sketches, explain the working vanishing filament pyrometer.[6+10]

3. (a) Name a few applications of pressure measurement.

(b) What is the difference between atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure?

(c) Illustrate, pressure classification with suitable examples. [2+4+10]

4. (a) Describe the working principle of Sight glass method.

(b) Describe the construction of working of an annular tube used for flow mea-surements. Describe its advantages and disadvantages. [6+10]

5. Describe the following:

(a) Working principle of Centrifugal speed tachometer

(b) Working principle of Vibration reed tachometer

(c) Revolution counter. [6+6+4]

6. (a) What is the purpose of providing baking for bonded strain gauges?

(b) Explain how dynamic strains can be measured with the help of a ballast circuit.Derive an expression for the sensitivity of a circuit and obtain the conditionfor maximum sensitivity. [4+12]

7. (a) Explain with a diagram a pendulum scale of multi lever type.

(b) Explain the method of measuring of force using a pneumatic load cell. [8+8]

8. (a) Describe with neat sketch the open loop speed control system.

(b) Illustrate with example, explain Closed loop temperature control system. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) What are the functions and applications of measurement systems

(b) Three resistors of resistances 100± 0.2 Ω, 150± 0.1 Ω and 200± 0.6 Ω are con-nected in series. What is the uncertainity in total resistance? Also calculatethe uncertainity in total resistance if the resistors are connected in parallel.

[6+10]

2. (a) Differentiate between rare metal thermocouples and base metal thermocou-ples.

(b) Design a measurement system for displacement measurement using LDR (Lightdependent resistor) as sensor. [6+10]

3. (a) Explain how an elastic diaphragm gauge is used to measure pressure with thehelp of a relevant sketch.

(b) List the limitations of elastic diaphragm gauge.

(c) Discuss the merits and demerits of elastic sensing elements. [8+4+4]

4. (a) Describe construction and working of Turbine flow meters. Explain how theoutput is obtained in digital form for both flow rate and total flow.

(b) Describe the working principle of Gamma ray liquid level indicator. [10+6]

5. (a) Define shock and vibrations.

(b) How seismic instruments used for measuring acceleration? Explain in detail.

(c) What are the advantages of piezoelectric type accelerometer? [4+8+4]

6. (a) Describe the properties of materials used for strain gauges.

(b) Draw a simple strain gauge element and mark active and inactive direction.

(c) Explain the two arm and four arm conditions used for strain measurement.[4+4+8]

7. (a) Explain with a diagram a pendulum scale of multi lever type.

(b) Explain the method of measuring of force using a pneumatic load cell. [8+8]

8. (a) Sketch and explain position control using servo motor.

(b) Sketch and explain open loop and closed loop temperature control system withblock diagrams.

(c) Briefly explain about positive feedback and negative feed back. [6+6+4]

? ? ? ? ?

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Radar Systems

(Electronics and Communication Engineering)




*******

1. a) Define maximum unambiguous range and give procedure to measure it. [8]

b) i) What should be the pulse repetition frequency of a radar in order to

achieve a maximum unambiguous range of 60 nmi?

ii) How long does it take for the radar signal to travel out and back when

the target is at the maximum unambiguous range?

iii) What is the duty cycle of this radar? [8]

2. a) Describe clearly prediction of range performance. [8]

b) A radar mounted on an automobile is to be used to determining the

distance to a vehicle travelling directly in front of it. The radar operate

at a frequency of 9375 MHz (X band) with pulse width of 10 ns.

The maximum range is to be 500 ft.

i) What is the pulse repetition frequency that corresponds to a range of

500 ft.

ii) Find the average power required to detect a 10 m2 radar cross section

vehicle at a range of 500 ft., if the minimum detectable signal is

5 x 10-13

W. [8]

3. a) What is Doppler effect? How do you measure radar range using CW radar. [8]

b) With a transmit frequency of 5GHz, calculate the Doppler frequency seen by a

stationary radar when the target radial velocity is 100 Km/hr. (62.5mph) [8]

4. a) With a neat sketch explain the function of FM-CW radar. [10]

b) Determine the operating frequency if the target is moving with acceleration as

same as acceleration of gravity and received signal band width is 50GHz. [6]


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5. Write short notes on the following.

a) Delay line canceller b) Limitations to MTI Performance [8+8]

6. Discuss different radar tracking methods. [16]

7. Write about how does matched filter receiver can be designed and give any

two applications. [16]


a) Phased array antennas

b) Display types [8+8]


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Radar Systems





*******

1. a) Explain the operation of a pulse radar with block diagram. [8]

b) A VHF radar at 220MHz has a maximum unambiguous range of 180nmi

i) What is its first blind speed (in knots).

ii) Repeat, but for an L-band radar at 1250MHz. [8]

2. a) Explain why integration of pulses is needed while operating a radar. [8]

b) Determine the significance of radar cross section for a given target. [8]

3. a) Write the application and limitations of continuous wave (CW) radar. [8]

b) Explain about Doppler effect and how it helps in the working of CW

radar with block diagram. [8]

4. Write short notes on

a) FM- CW altimeter

b) Multiple Frequency CW radar [8+8]

5. a) Explain the filter characteristics of MTI radar. [8]

b) Write short notes on the following.

i) Antennas of radar ii) Blind speeds [4+4]

6. a) Write short notes on sequential lobing. [6]

b) Write briefly about MTI improvement factor [6]

c) Write about transversal filter [4]

7. Derive the impulse response of a matched filter using in radar receiver. [16]

8. a) Why does a parabolic surface make a good reflector antenna. [6]

b) Write about phased array antennas in detail. [10]


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Radar Systems





*******

1. a) Derive basic radar equation and explain each parameter significance. [8]

b) What is peak power of radar who’s average transmitter power is 200W.

pulse width of 1µs and a pulse repetition frequency of 1000Hz. [8]

2. a) Define the following.

i) Minimum detectable signal. [4]

ii) Receiver noise. [4]

b) A radar has a bandwidth b = 50 KHz and average time between false alarms of

10 mins.

i) What is probability of false alarm

ii) What is the pulse width that results in a minimum range of 15nmi. [8]

3. a) How do you provide isolation between transmitter and receiver. Discuss various

aspects. [8]

b) Discuss applications of CW radar. [8]

4. With a neat sketch explain the operations and applications of FM-CW altimeter. [16]

5. How do you narrate the principle concept and approach for different applications

using MTI radar [16]

6. Write in brief about the following.

a) Sequential Lobing [8]

b) Acquisition [8]


a) Matched filter receiver

b) Correlation detection

8. What are the different aspects of the following displays explain clearly. [4+4+4+4]

a) A “Scope” b) C “Scope”

c) PPI “Scope’ d) L “Scope”


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Radar Systems





*******

1. a) What are the different bands of radar frequencies and their applications. [8]

b) Why can’t the altitude line in a high PRF pulse Doppler radar be eliminated

by range gating rather than by filtering. [8]

2. a) Explain how system losses will effect the radar performance. [8]




3. a) What is the effect of receiver bandwidth on the maximum range of a well

designed radar, assuming the average power remains constant. Give explanation. [8]

b) A radar at a frequency of 1.35 GHz has an antenna of a width D=32 ft., a

maximum unambiguous range of 220nmi and an antenna scan time

(time to make 1 rotation of the antenna) of 10 sec. What is the integration of loss and

integration improvement factor when the probability of the detection is 0.9 and

probability of false alarm is 10-4

. [8]

4. a) Explain the differences between CW radar and multiple frequency CW radar. [6]

b) Explain the working of approaching targets FMCW radar with neat waveforms. [10]

5. a) Explain about non-coherent MTI radar. [6]

b) Write short notes about [10]

i) Area of MTI

ii) Adaptive MTI

6. a) List the limitations of tracking accuracy. [8]

b) Compare different types of tracking techniques. [8]

7. a) Write briefly about the efficiency of non matched filters [10]

b) Write short notes on cross correlation receiver [6]

8. a) Write short notes on beam steering. [6]

b) Explain how scanning is performed with a pencil beam source up on the [10]

phased array antenna design.


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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DETAILED DESIGN

(Aeronautical Engineering)




*******

1. Explain the role of different departments of engineering to build an airplane? [16]

2. a) Explain what is Monocoque and semi- Monocoque cylinders with the help of figures.

b) Explain the need of Monocoque cylinders in Aero Space Industry and also write

applications. [8+8]

3. Explain current landing Gear Design of

a) Boeing B747 b) Lock head C-5

c) C-141 d) Fighter Airplane Landing Gear [4x4]

4. Monocoque cylinder radius r = 1250mm, thickness (t=1.25mm, length(l) = 1875mm,

E = 74KN/mm2. The cylinder subjected to an axial compressive load of 225KN and

internal pressure of 0.03447 N/mm2 what is the margin of safety under this combined

load system with 90% probability and 95% confidence level( for this level Fccr / E =

0.000121) take µ = 0.3, η =1.0 Kc = 280. [16]

5. The thin-walled single cell beam has been idealized into a combination of direct stress

carrying booms and shear stress only carrying walls. If the section supports a vertical

shear load of 10KN acting vertical plane through booms 2 and 7. Calculate the

distribution of shear flow around the section. Each Boom area = 200mm2

fig.2.10 [16]


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6. Calculate the forces (TE, CG, CGv, CGD, BI, BIv, BIS, ES, ED, EV) on the oleo strut

shown in Fig.1.11. Assume the data if necessary. [16]

7. Show that for a three parameter weibull distribution, also the time scale parameter ψ

can be determined (Graphically) on a weibull probability chart. [16]

8. In a steel member, at a point the major principal stress is 180MN/mm2, and the minor

Principal stress is compressive. If the tensile yield point of the steel is 225MN/m2,

find the value of the minor principal stress at which yielding will commence,

according to each of the following

a) Maximum shear stress

b) Maximum strain theory and

c) maximum shear strain energy. Take Poisson’s ratio=0.26. [16]


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*******

1. Explain about discussion of optimum design which leads the engineer in the right

direction in pursing light weight structures? [16]

2. a) Explain fail safe design of air craft wing with the help of figures.

b) Explain ribs and bulk heads of air craft wing. [8+8]

3. Explain the terms Ground Handling and take-off in order to understand the varied

design considerations of landing gear. [16]

4. Explain

a) skin instability

b) Panel instability

c) General instability [5+6+6]

5. The thin-walled single cell beam has been idealized into a combination of direct

stress carrying booms and shear stress only carrying walls. If the section supports a

vertical shear load of 10KN acting vertical plane through booms 3 and 6. Calculate

the distribution of shear flow around the section. Boom areas: B1 = B8 = 200mm2,

B2 = B7 = 250mm2, B3=B6=400mm

2, B4 = B5=100mm

2 fig.2.8 [16]


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6. A landing gear brace struts (circular in cross section). ED is subjected to an axial

Force of 10 KN and transverse shear force of 5 KN. The yields strength of the struts

material is 300MPa, determine the diameter of brace struts by using 1) maximum

normal stress theory 2) maximum shear stress theory. Take FOS is 2.5, Poisson’s ratio

(µ) = 0.25 fig 1.6 [16]

7. What is reliability, why is reliability? Explain the importance of reliability for

designing aerospace components. [16]

8. The load on a bolt consists of an axial pull of 10kN together with a transverse shear

force of 5kN.Find the diameter of bolt required according to

a) Maximum shear stress theory

b) Maximum strain energy theory and

c) Maximum distortion energy theory. [16]


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*******

1. Explain in detail what are the design considerations while design the aircrafts? [16]

2. Draw and explain wing spars of air craft wings. [16]

3. Write the Design procedure of landing gear wheels and tires with the help of

Sketches. [16]

4. A 762 mm radius circular cross-section fuselage having 0.8mm skin thickness and 16

number of stringers are equally placed around the circumference. The stringers

number 1 and 9 are placed on y-axis, number 5 and 13 are placed on x-axis. The cross-

sectional area of each stringer is 100mm2 and the vertical distances from mid line of

the section wall to stringer number (1) is 381.0mm, (2) and (16) is 352.0mm, (3) and

(15) is 269.5mm, (4) and (14) is 145.8mm. If the fuselage is subjected to a vertical

shear load of 150KN applied at a distance of 100mm from vertical axis of symmetry.

Calculate the distribution of shear flow in the section. [16]


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5. Find the shear centre for the wing section shown in figure below. Web 3 has a thickness

1.6mm, and the other webs have thickness of 1mm. Assume G is constant for all

cross-sections. The cross section is symmetrical about a horizontal. [16]

6. a) Explain the working procedure of oleo strut? Explain construction detail with neat

sketch.

b) Explain design procedure for landing gear. [8+8]

7. Define reliability? Explain bath tub curve with example. [16]

8. A thin cylindrical shell 2.5 m in diameter is composed of plates 12.5 mm thick .

The Yield stress of for the material is 300 N/mm2.Calculate the internal pressure which

would cause yielding according to the following theories of failure.

a) Maximum shear stress,

b) Maximum strain energy,

c) Maximum shear strain energy. Poisson’s ratio=0.25. [16]


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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DETAILED DESIGN (Aeronautical Engineering)




*******

1. Explain the aircraft design development progress in the modern aeronautical

Engineering? [16]

2. Give brief summary of air craft wing loads and explain variable swept wing of air craft.

[16]

3. Explain about fuselage detailed design. [16]

4. a) How do you calculate the effective width of skin per side of stringer for

(i)Bending (ii) Hydrostatic pressure (iii) Torsion

b) Explain transverse shear general instability in combined torsion and bending [12+4]

5. a) How the structural idealization is help full for analysis of structures.

b) Part of a wing section is in the form of the two-cell box shown in figure 3.2 in

which the vertical spars are connected to the wing skin through angle sections all

having a cross-sectional area of 300mm2. Idealize the section into an arrangement of

direct stress carrying booms and shear stress only carrying panels suitable for

resisting bending moments in a vertical plane. Position the booms at the spar/skin

junctions. [4+12]


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6. Tricycle of landing gear shown in figure below. Find the forces Gv, Fv, Hd, Fd, Hv of

brace struts. Assume the data if necessary. [16]

7. Write a procedure for setting up the reliability block diagram (RBD) for a system with

Four levels. [16]

8. The load on a landing gear bolt consists of an axial pull of 8kN together with a

transverse shear force of 4kN.Estimate the diameter of the bolt required according to

a) maximum shear stress theory

b) shear energy theory and

c) shear strain energy theory.

Assume elastic limit in tension as 240 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio=0.3 and a

factor of safety of 3. [16]


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NETWORK PROGRAMMING

(Common to Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology)




*******

1 a) Compare the services provided by TCP and UDP protocols.

b) List out several standard services provided by TCP/IP. Give a brief summary of the

protocol usage of various common internet applications

2 Explain about various elementary TCP socket functions.

3 What is I/O Multiplexing? Explain different types of Synchronous and asynchronous I/O

models.

4 a) Give the IPv4 socket address structure and explain the significance of each field

b) Explain how multiple clients are handled by a concurrent server.

5 Write short note on

a) UDP echo server function

b) TCP socket option

6 a) Explain about gethost by Name function with example.

b) Role of resolver with neat diagram.

7 a) What is file locking? Explain different types of file locking?

b) Briefly explain various methods of Inter process communication?

8 Explain in detail the various issues needed to be considered to make the use of RPC

transparent to the application

Code No: N0521 Set No. 1 R07

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NETWORK PROGRAMMING





*******

1 a) Describe the OSI reference model and Unix Standards.

b) What are the limitations on the size of the IP datagram? Also explain how they effect

the data transmitted by an application.

2 Describe the syntax and purpose of the each of the following:

i) Listen ii) Connect iii) fork iv) excc

3

a) Explain with a neat diagram signal driven I/O model.

b) What are the differences in functionality between the poll and select functions?

4 Describe the getaddr info function as applicable to IPV6. Write briefly about

IPV4 socket options.

5 a) Write the function to echo lines on a datagram socket and explain

b) Write briefly about lost data gram.

6 What are the four types of network-related information that an application might want to

look up? Also mention the keyed lookup functions provided by them.

7 What are pipes? Explain their limitations. Explain how pipes are created and used in IPC

with examples.

8 a) Explain about pseudo – terminals and also terminal modes.

b) Explain about 4.3BSD remote login client and server side with neat diagram


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NETWORK PROGRAMMING





*******

1 a) Explain with a diagram how TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake.

b) Explain about Buffer sizes and limitations of TCP and UDP protocols.

2 Explain with diagrams how the socket address structures are passed from process to kernel and

kernel to process

3 a) Explain the TCP Echo Server functions?

b) Explain with diagrams the following I/O models provided by Unix:

i) I/O multiplexing model.

ii) Signal-Driven I/O model.

4

a) List the differences between pselect( ) and poll( ) functions. Write briefly about

shutdown function.

b) List the various socket options available for IPV6.

5 Write a program to echo message using UDP.

6 Explain about

a) DNS

b) uname function

7 a) What are the advantages of message queues? Explain the APIs for system V message

queues.

b) Write a program to lock a file and record using semaphore.

8 Write about the following

a) Terminal line discipline

b) r login


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NETWORK PROGRAMMING





*******

1 Describe the TCP/IP reference model and Unix Standards.

2 List the order in which the following functions should likely be called in a TCP server:

accept (), bind(), close(), socket(), read(). Explain in detail each system call.

3 a) Explain briefly the byte order conversion functions.

b) Write a sample code to describe the getsockopt () and setsockopt () functions.

4 a) Explain protocol independent socket options.

b) Explain any two types of I/O models in UNIX?

5 a) Discuss the effect of UDP not having any flow control.

b) Explain with a sample code how a connected UDP socket can be used to determine the

outgoing interface

6 Explain the role of a resolver with a neat diagram that depicts the typical arrangement of

applications, resolvers and name servers

7 a) What is a pipe? How FIFO is’s different from Pipes? Explain with suitable example.

b) Compare the IPC functionality provided by pipes and message queues.

8 Describe the Transparency issues of RPC with example.


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Code No: N1021/R07 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2012VLSI DESIGN

( Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering and Electronics &Computer Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks? ? ? ? ?

1. Briefly discuss the steps involved in the manufacturing process of an IC. [16]

2. (a) Derive the relation ship between drain to source current Ids Verses Vds in nonsaturated and saturated regions.

(b) Draw the graph of Ids Verses Vds for depletion and enhancement modes of aMOS transistor. [8+8]

3. (a) what is a stick diagram? Draw the stick diagram and layout for a CMOSinverter.

(b) What are the effects of scaling on Vt?

(c) What are design rules? Why is metal- metal spacing larger than poly -polyspacing. [8+4+4]

4. (a) An interconnect line is made from a material that has a resistivity of ρ = 4µΩ-cm.The interconnect is 1200 A0 thick, where 1 angstrom (A0) is 10−8cm. Theline has a width of 0.6µm.

i. Calculate the sheet resistance Rs of line.

ii. Find the line resistance for a line that is 125µm long.

(b) Calculate the gate capacitance value of 2µm technology minimum size tran-sistor with gate to channel capacitance value is 8 × 10−4pF/µm2. [10+6]

5. (a) Draw the multiplier array using a square array and explain the operation ofmultiplication.

(b) How is the parity generator designed as a linear column of XOR gates with atree routing channel and draw the layout of it. [8+8]

6. (a) Draw the typical standard-cell structure showing low-power cell and explainit.

(b) Sketch a diagram for two input XOR using PLA and explain its operationwith the help of truth table. [8+8]

7. (a) Write a VHDL program for 2:1 multiplexer with conditional signal assignmentstatement.

(b) Explain how Net list comparison is used to test the performance of CMOScircuits. [8+8]

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8. (a) Explain different fault models in detail.

(b) Draw the general view of the TAP data register and explain how a boundaryscan register is used for testing. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. With neat sketches explain BICMOS fabrication process in an N well. [16]

2. (a) Compare the relative merits of three different forms of pull up for an inverter.

(b) Derive an expression for MOS Transconductance gm and o/p conductance gds,and figure of merit (ω0 ). [8+8]

3. (a) Draw the following transistors using lambda based design rules

i. NMOS enhancement

ii. NMOS depletion

iii. PMOS enhancement.

(b) Discuss the design rules for wires (both NMOS and CMOS) using lambdabased design rules. [2+2+2+10]

4. Explain clearly about different capacitances of an nMOS transistor, mentioningtypical values for each of them. [16]

5. (a) Explain the CMOS system design based on the control structures with suitableexample.

(b) What are the different types of Memory elements? Compare them with respectto CMOS design. [8+8]

6. (a) Draw and explain the structure of EEPROM for the programming of PALdevice.

(b) Explain the methods of interconnect the global routing to CLBs of FPGA.[8+8]

7. (a) What is Conditional Signal Assignment Statement? Write its syntax withexample.

(b) Explain the method of logic-level simulation for CMOS circuits and name suchsimulators. [8+8]

8. (a) Why the chip testing is needed? At what levels testing a chip can occur?

(b) What is the drawback of serial scan ? How to overcome this?

(c) What is the percentage fault coverage? How it is calculated? [6+4+6]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. (a) Discuss the recent trends in IC Technology.

(b) What are the advantages of ICs over discrete components?

(c) List the limitations of IC’s. [8+4+4]

2. (a) Define the threshold voltage of a MOS device and explain its significance indevice operation.

(b) Explain the effect of threshold voltage on MOSFET current equation. [8+8]

3. (a) what is a stick diagram? Draw the stick diagram and layout for a CMOSinverter.

(b) What are the effects of scaling on Vt?

(c) What are design rules? Why is metal- metal spacing larger than poly -polyspacing. [8+4+4]

4. (a) Draw the circuit topology and explain its operation.(i) Pseudo - nMOS logic (ii) Clocked CMOS logic.(iii) CMOS domino logic.

(b) Implement 2 input OR functionin pseudo nMOS logic. [4+4+4+4]

5. Explain briefly the CMOS system design based on the data path operators, memoryelements, control structures and I/O cells with suitable examples. [16]

6. (a) Draw a self timed dynamic PLA and what are the advantages of it comparedto footed dynamic PLA.

(b) Explain the tradeoffs between using a transmission gate or a tristate buffer toimplement an FPGA routing block. [8+8]

7. (a) How to represent a tristate in VHDL and explain it with suitable program.

(b) What is rat’s-next wiring diagram? Explain its significance in system design.[8+8]

8. (a) Explain how the cost of chip can effect with the testing levels,

(b) Explain how observability is used to test the output of a gate within a largercircuit.

(c) How the Iterative Logic Array Testing can be reduced number of tests. [5+6+5]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. (a) Discuss the recent trends in IC Technology.

(b) What are the advantages of ICs over discrete components?

(c) List the limitations of IC’s. [8+4+4]

2. (a) clearly explain about channel length modulation of the MOSFET.

(b) Discuss the effects of parasitic capacitances between gate and source/drainoverlap regions of MOS transistors. [8+8]

3. Design a stick diagram and layout diagram for the CMOS logic shown belowY = (A + B) (C + D). [16]

4. (a) Explain clocked CMOS logic, domino logic and n-p CMOS logic.

(b) In gate logic, compare the geometry aspects between two -input NMOS NANDand CMOS NAND gates. [8+8]

5. (a) Draw the multiplier array using a square array and explain the operation ofmultiplication.

(b) How is the parity generator designed as a linear column of XOR gates with atree routing channel and draw the layout of it. [8+8]

6. (a) Draw and explain the FPGA chip architecture.

(b) Draw and explain the AND/NOR representation of PLA. [8+8]

7. (a) What are the design styles of VHDL and explain them with suitable examples?

(b) Explain the method of Timing simulation for CMOS circuits and name suchsimulators. [8+8]

8. (a) What are the main categories of testing? Explain these with examples.

(b) Draw the block level implementation of a polarity hold SRL and explain itsworking.

(c) How ROM memories can be tested? [6+6+4]

? ? ? ? ?

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IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, November 2012POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL



? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) What is the need of optimal operation of power systems?

(b) The fuel costs for two plants are given by C1 = 0.15 P12+30P1+25, C2= 0.17

P22 +28P2+20 where C is in Rs/Hr and P is in MW. If both units operate at

all time and maximum and minimum load on each unit are 100 MW and 20MW respectively determine the economic operating schedule of the plant forloads of 40 MW, 120 MW. [12+4]

2. A power system consists of two 100 MW units whose input cost data are representedby equations below:C1 = 0.04 P1

2 + 22 P1 + 800 Rupees/hourC2 = 0.045 P2

2 + 15 P2 + 1000 Rupees/hourIf total received power PR = 150 Mw. Determine the load sharing between unitsfor most economic operation. [16]

3. Explain hydro-thermal scheduling problem. [16]

4. A 125 MVA turbo alternator operator on full load at 50 Hz. A load of 50 MW issuddenly reduced on the machine. The steam valves to the turbine commence toclose after 0.5 sec. due to the time lag in the governor system. Assuming inertiaconstant H= 6 kW- sec per kVA of generator capacity, calculate the change infrequency that occurs in this time. [16]

5. A Generator in single area load frequency control has the following parameters:Total generation capacity = 2500 MWNormal operating load =1500 MWInertia constant=5 kW-seconds per kVA; Load damping constant, B=1 %; fre-quency, f=50 Hz; and Speed regulation, R=2.5 Hz / p.u MW. If there is a 1.5 %increase in the load, find the frequency drop

(a) without governor control

(b) with governor control. [8+8]

6. (a) What are the features of the dynamic response of a two area system for stepload disturbances?

(b) What are the considerations in selecting the frequency bias parameters? [8+8]

7. Draw the block diagram of a power system showing the governor, turbine and syn-chronous generator, indicating their transfer functions. For a step disturbance of∆PD, obtain the response of “increment in frequency”, making suitable assump-tions.

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(a) Without proportional plus integral controller and

(b) With proportional plus integral control. [16]

8. A 3φ feeder having a resistance of 3Ω and reactance of 10 Ω supplies a load of 2MW at 0.85 p.f. lag. The receiving end voltage is maintained at 11 kV by meansof static condenser drawing 2.1 MVAr form the line. Calculate the sending endvoltage and power factor. What is the regulation and efficiency of the feeder? [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. A power system consists of two 100 MW units whose input cost data are representedby equations below C1 = 0.04 P1

2 +22P1+800 Rs/hrC2 = 0.045 P2

2 +15P2 +1000 Rs/hrIf total received power PR = 150 MW. Determine

(a) The load sharing between units for most economic operation

(b) The corresponding costs of operations. [8+8]



3. Discuss the combined hydro- electric and steam station operation. [16]

4. A 80 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50Hz. Theload is suddenly reduced to 40 MW. Due to time lag in the governor system, thesteam valve begins to close after 0.3 secs. Determine the change in frequency thatoccurs in this time. H=4 KW-s/KVAof generator capacity. [16]

5. An isolated generator and its control have the following parameters:Generator inertia constant = 5 secondGovernor time constant τg = 0.25 secondsTurbine time constant τT = 0.6 secondsGovernor speed regulation = 0.05 p.uLoad damping constant B = 0.8The turbine rated output is 200 MW at 50 Hz. The load suddenly increases by 50MW. Find the steady state frequency deviation. Plot the frequency deviation as afunction of time. [16]

6. Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following characteristics.

Area 1 Area 2R=0.01 pu R=0.02 puD=0.8 pu D=1.0 puBase MVA=2000 Base MVA=500

A load change of 100 MW (0.2 pu) occurs in area 2. What is the new steadystate frequency and what is the change in the tie flow? Assume both areas were atnominal frequency (60 Hz) to begin. [16]

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7. Explain the effect of integral gain on the performance of load frequency control intwo area load frequency control. [16]

8. (a) A single-phase motor connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz supply takes 30 A at a p.fof 0.7 lag. A capacitor is shunted across the motor terminals to improve thep.f to 0.9 lag. Determine the capacitance of the capacitor to be shunted acrossthe motor terminals.

(b) Explain the specifications of load compensation. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Describe in detail, with suitable examples, the methods of optimum scheduling ofGeneration of power from a thermal station. [16]

2. 100 MW, 150 MW and 280 MW are the ratings of three units located in a thermalpower station. Their respective incremental costs are given by the following equa-tions:dc1/dp1 = Rs(0.15p1 + 12);dc3/dp3 = Rs(0.21p3 + 13)dc2/dp2 = Rs(0.05p2 + 14)Where P1, P2 and P3 are the loads in MW. Determine the economical load alloca-tion between the three units, when the total load on the station is 300 MW.

[16]

3. Determine the daily water used by hydro plant and daily operating cost of thermalplant with the load connected for total 24 hrs from the given data.The load connected, PD = 400MWGeneration of thermal plant, PGT = 200MWGeneration of hydro plant, PGH = 300MW. [16]

4. Explain in detail general configuration of excitation system? [16]

5. Show that the steady change in frequency in load frequency control of an isolatedpower can be reduced to zero if the change in controlling force applied to the speedchanger is equal to the change in load demand. [16]

6. Two control areas of 1000MW and 2000MW capacities are interconnected by a tieline. The speed regulations of the two areas respectively are 4 Hz / Pu MW and2.5 Hz / Pu MW. Consider 2% change in load occurs for 2% change in frequencyin each area. Find steady state change in frequency and tie-line power of 10MWchange in load occurs in both areas. [16]

7. Obtain the dynamic response of load frequency controller with integral controlaction in two area load frequency control system. [16]

8. Three supply points A, B and C are connected to a common bus bar D as depictedin figure 8. Supply point A is maintained at a nominal voltage of 400 kV and isconnected to D through 400/132kV transformer and a 132 kV line of reactance50 ohms. Supply point B is nominally at 132kV and is connected to D througha 132 kV line of 50ohms reactance. supply point C is nominally at 400kV andis connected to D by a 400/132 kV transformer and a 132 kV line of 100ohms

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reactance. If at a particular load, the line voltage at D falls below its nominal valueby 5 kV, calculate the value of the reactive volt-ampere injection required at D tore-establish the original voltage. [16]

Figure 8

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Derive optimum generation allocation of thermal plant when line losses neglectedand write an algorithm. [8+8]



3. Write algorithm for Mathematical Formulation for Hydro thermal scheduling. [16]

4. Draw the schematic diagram showing the speed changer setting, Governor andsteam admission valve and indicate how steam input is regulated with the changein load. Derive the T.F. of the above system. [16]

5. Discuss in detail the dynamic response of load frequency control of an isolatedpower system with a neat block diagram. [16]

6. (a) What are the advantages of inter connected operation of power systems? Ex-plain.

(b) Two areas of a power system network are interconnected by a tie-line, whosecapacity is 500 MW, operating at a power angle of 350. If each area hasa capacity of 5000 MW and the equal speed regulation of 3 Hz/Pu MW,determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for step change in load.Assume that both areas have the same inertia constants of H = 4 sec. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain economic dispatch control problem in detail.

(b) Explain how the frequency error in the load frequency control problem isreduced to zero. [8+8]

8. Two 11 0.4 kV, 3-phase transformers A and B are connected to in parallel on HVand LV sides. The HV side is supplied at 11 kV and the LV side supplies a totalload current of 180 A at 0.8 p.f. power factor lagging (relative to the voltage onHV side). Transformer A has a rating of 50 kVA and pu impedance 0.015+j0.04;Transformer B has a rating of 75 kVA and pu impedance 0.026+j0.07 and is fittedwith ±2 1

2% and ± 5 % tapping on its HV winding. If the transformer B is set to

0 % tapping, find the current carried by each transformer. Determine the tappingto minimize the over load-load of the transformers and currents in each when thistapping is in use. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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IV B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations, November, 2012

Radar Systems





*******

1. a) Define maximum unambiguous range and give procedure to measure it. [8]

b) i) What should be the pulse repetition frequency of a radar in order to

achieve a maximum unambiguous range of 60 nmi?

ii) How long does it take for the radar signal to travel out and back when

the target is at the maximum unambiguous range?

iii) What is the duty cycle of this radar? [8]

2. a) Describe clearly prediction of range performance. [8]

b) A radar mounted on an automobile is to be used to determining the

distance to a vehicle travelling directly in front of it. The radar operate

at a frequency of 9375 MHz (X band) with pulse width of 10 ns.

The maximum range is to be 500 ft.

i) What is the pulse repetition frequency that corresponds to a range of

500 ft.

ii) Find the average power required to detect a 10 m2 radar cross section

vehicle at a range of 500 ft., if the minimum detectable signal is

5 x 10-13

W. [8]

3. a) What is Doppler effect? How do you measure radar range using CW radar. [8]

b) With a transmit frequency of 5GHz, calculate the Doppler frequency seen by a

stationary radar when the target radial velocity is 100 Km/hr. (62.5mph) [8]

4. a) With a neat sketch explain the function of FM-CW radar. [10]

b) Determine the operating frequency if the target is moving with acceleration as

same as acceleration of gravity and received signal band width is 50GHz. [6]


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a) Delay line canceller b) Limitations to MTI Performance [8+8]

6. Discuss different radar tracking methods. [16]

7. Write about how does matched filter receiver can be designed and give any

two applications. [16]


a) Phased array antennas

b) Display types [8+8]


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Radar Systems





*******

1. a) Explain the operation of a pulse radar with block diagram. [8]




2. a) Explain why integration of pulses is needed while operating a radar. [8]

b) Determine the significance of radar cross section for a given target. [8]

3. a) Write the application and limitations of continuous wave (CW) radar. [8]

b) Explain about Doppler effect and how it helps in the working of CW

radar with block diagram. [8]


a) FM- CW altimeter

b) Multiple Frequency CW radar [8+8]

5. a) Explain the filter characteristics of MTI radar. [8]

b) Write short notes on the following.

i) Antennas of radar ii) Blind speeds [4+4]

6. a) Write short notes on sequential lobing. [6]

b) Write briefly about MTI improvement factor [6]

c) Write about transversal filter [4]

7. Derive the impulse response of a matched filter using in radar receiver. [16]

8. a) Why does a parabolic surface make a good reflector antenna. [6]

b) Write about phased array antennas in detail. [10]


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Radar Systems





*******

1. a) Derive basic radar equation and explain each parameter significance. [8]

b) What is peak power of radar who’s average transmitter power is 200W.

pulse width of 1µs and a pulse repetition frequency of 1000Hz. [8]

2. a) Define the following.

i) Minimum detectable signal. [4]

ii) Receiver noise. [4]

b) A radar has a bandwidth b = 50 KHz and average time between false alarms of

10 mins.

i) What is probability of false alarm

ii) What is the pulse width that results in a minimum range of 15nmi. [8]

3. a) How do you provide isolation between transmitter and receiver. Discuss various

aspects. [8]

b) Discuss applications of CW radar. [8]

4. With a neat sketch explain the operations and applications of FM-CW altimeter. [16]

5. How do you narrate the principle concept and approach for different applications

using MTI radar [16]

6. Write in brief about the following.

a) Sequential Lobing [8]

b) Acquisition [8]


a) Matched filter receiver [8]

b) Correlation detection [8]

8. What are the different aspects of the following displays explain clearly. [4+4+4+4]

a) A “Scope” b) C “Scope”

c) PPI “Scope’ d) L “Scope”


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Radar Systems





*******

1. a) What are the different bands of radar frequencies and their applications. [8]

b) Why can’t the altitude line in a high PRF pulse Doppler radar be eliminated

by range gating rather than by filtering. [8]

2. a) Explain how system losses will effect the radar performance. [8]




3. a) What is the effect of receiver bandwidth on the maximum range of a well

designed radar, assuming the average power remains constant. Give explanation. [8]

b) A radar at a frequency of 1.35 GHz has an antenna of a width D=32 ft., a

maximum unambiguous range of 220nmi and an antenna scan time

(time to make 1 rotation of the antenna) of 10 sec. What is the integration of loss and

integration improvement factor when the probability of the detection is 0.9 and

probability of false alarm is 10-4

. [8]

4. a) Explain the differences between CW radar and multiple frequency CW radar. [6]

b) Explain the working of approaching targets FMCW radar with neat waveforms. [10]

5. a) Explain about non-coherent MTI radar. [6]

b) Write short notes about [10]

i) Area of MTI

ii) Adaptive MTI

6. a) List the limitations of tracking accuracy. [8]

b) Compare different types of tracking techniques. [8]

7. a) Write briefly about the efficiency of non matched filters [10]

b) Write short notes on cross correlation receiver [6]

8. a) Write short notes on beam steering. [6]

b) Explain how scanning is performed with a pencil beam source up on the [10]

phased array antenna design.


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IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, November 2012SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

( Common to Computer Science & Engineering and InformationTechnology)


All Questions carry equal marks⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

1. What constitutes a good software cost estimate? [16]

2. What are the necessary steps to adopt team building? [16]

3. Describe the two stages of the life cycle to active economies of scale and higherreturns on investment. [16]

4. Explain an organized and abstracted view of the architecture into the design models.[16]

5. (a) “Conventional work break down structures are prematurely structured aroundthe product design”. Discuss.

(b) Explain life-cycle objectives milestone and life-cycle architecture milestone.[8+8]

6. (a) Define round-trip engineering. What is the primary reason for round-tripengineering? Explain.

(b) What are the stakeholder environments? Explain. [8+8]

7. (a) What are seven core metrics? Explain.

(b) What is a metric? Explain pragmatic software metric. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain denouement.

(b) Explain DOD-STD-2167A artifacts. [8+8]

⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

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1. Describe the methods used in managing the development of large scale softwaresystems? [16]

2. Summarize the characteristics of a successful object oriented project? [16]

3. Provide the software development plan (SDP) outline? [16]

4. What is the typical build sequence associated with a layered approach explain?[16]

5. Distinguish conventional WBS and evolutionary WBS. [16]

6. (a) What are default roles in a software line-of-business organization? Explain.

(b) What are the primitive components of a software change order? [10+6]

7. Why do traceability metrics become difficult to manage when there are many systemrequirements? Design a requirements structuring mechanism, based on viewpoints,which might help reduce the scale of this problem. [16]

8. (a) Explain early risk resolution.

(b) Explain project organization of CCPDS-R. [8+8]

⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

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1. What is the impact of the Documentation and review meetings? [16]

2. How GUI based technology is helping in environment issues, explain with a suitableexample? [16]

3. Describe the various concerns of different stakeholders? [16]

4. State & explain the seven top level software process workflows. [16]

5. List the problems you experience when you carried out a recent IT-related assign-ment. Try to put these problems into some order of magnitude. For each problem,consider whether there was some way in which the problem could have been reducedby better organization and planning by yourself. [16]

6. (a) What are the main features of the default organization of line-of-businessorganizations?

(b) Discuss about change management in detail. [6+10]

7. Explain Software Engineering Institute - Capobility Maturity Model. [16]

8. (a) Explain denouement.

(b) Explain DOD-STD-2167A artifacts. [8+8]

⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

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1. Describe the predominant process used for the software cost estimation? [16]

2. Summarize the characteristics of a successful object oriented project? [16]

3. Give detailed description about the artifact set. [16]

4. Explain an organized and abstracted view of the architecture into the design models.[16]

5. (a) Explain the process of critical path method on the PERT chart shown in figure5a with requirements, coding and system test taking 4 weeks each and otherstaking 2 weeks each.

Figure 5a

(b) Write short notes on the following:

i. Earned value analysis

ii. Backup plan

iii. GANTT chart. [10+6]

6. (a) What are the sources of change? Why should change be made in a controlledway?

(b) Define a configuration baseline. [10+6]

7. (a) Why should some software metrics be kept “private”? Provide examples ofthree metrics that should be private. Provide examples of each.

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(b) Describe the differences between process and project metrics in your ownwords. [8+8]

8. (a) What are top 10 software management principles?

(b) Explain people factors of CCPDS-R. [8+8]

⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆

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