502 WAYS TO STUDY AND RESEARCH - TU Delft OCW to develop a more rational basis for design. Multiple...

5 0 2 WAYS TO STUDY AND RESEARCH

EPILOGUE 5 0 3

57.1 THE ANATOMY OF THE BOOK EX-POST

The initial objective of this book was to write a text book on research methodology for archi-tecture, urban planning and technical design students, with a particular focus on research bydesign. As such it aims to offer an extensive follow-up of earlier discussions of the so-calledMethodology Board of the Delft Faculty of Architecture on types and methods of design re-lated research. One member proposed that design driven research applying to be labelled asscience should meet the methodological principles of A.D. de Groot’s Methodology: founda-tions of inference and research in the behavioural sciences (1969). Other members disagreedand suggested that there are hundreds of ‘scientific’ research methods. After long discus-sions the committee published a short report on eight types of design related research, leav-ing out of consideration its methodological approach. From time to time new debates flaredup on whether and when designing and research by design may be labelled as scientific workand a design as the output of scientific research. The present book has been initiated to re-flect on these questions and to discuss methods and criteria for ‘scientific’ design and designrelated research. Over time a number of new objectives were added. One of these was acomprehensive overview of design related research and study at the Faculty of Architecturein Delft. Another wish of many in the Faculty was to raise the academic status of design,developing a basis for equivalence between certain design outputs and other, more tradition-ally recognised scientific activities. Yet another objective, though not universally supported,was to develop a more rational basis for design. Multiple objectives often lead to a hybrid.Some people may find this book is a hybrid. But, it is much more! As far as we know it isunique in presenting such a rich blend of many different perspectives, methods, and ideolo-gies. In essence, this is really a book on methodology in the sense that it explores a range ofmethods!

56.2 SHARED OBJECTIVES, DIFFERENT APPROACHES

This book shows that a considerable part of study and research at the Faculty of Architectureat Delft is centred on the description and analysis of plans. Such analyses and the compari-son of designs with reference to concept, intent, function, form, structure and technique arethe focus of the research programme in architectural and urban design. Objectivity, inter-subjectivity and interpretations subject to personal preferences, are weighed differently perproject. Pre-design research and the evaluation of existing buildings also represent an impor-tant field of study, as does the study of the way in which design solutions are generated.Exploring new construction techniques, product-development, IT and other tools to supportand optimise briefing and design and complex multi-actor decision processes in the field ofreal estate and housing are included as well. Some of the questions being examined are:

- How does a designer generate a concept?- What is the rôle of typology, model development, hypotheses and forecasts in this proc-

ess?- Is evaluation ‘ex ante’ able to provide timely indications of strengths and weaknesses in a

design?- How can empirical research ‘ex post’ contribute to the improvement of briefing documents

and optimising of design?- What are the (dis)similarities between design research, typological research, design study

and study by design with reference to objectives, methodology, object and context, appli-cability in design processes and scientific character?

57 EPILOGUE THEO VAN DER VOORDT

YPE CUPERUS

56.1 The anatomy of the book ex-post 446

56.2 Shared objectives, different approaches

446

56.3 Students’ ways to study and research 447

56.4 Continuation of the methodology debate

447


As this book has shown, many faculty members are searching for a better appreciation ofdesign tools and of the effects of design decisions, as well as for the optimisation of the brief-ing process and of design itself. However, some clear differences in approach and strategywere identified.

Empirical research usually starts with a conscientious identification of the problem and ob-jective. It is strongly focused on a careful description of reality, the exploration of theoriesand the testing of hypotheses. It also tends to develop practical recommendations for design-ers, planners and policy makers based on the pillars of reliability, validity, desirability andprobability. All this is centred around general knowledge and the further development of abody of ‘true’ knowledge.

Design research - often in the form of (comparative) plan-analysis - is usually stronglydescriptive and exploratory and less prescriptively. It is generally directed towards interpret-ing, understanding and explaining designs and the design tools used, both in itself and withreference to site characteristics and the social, cultural, historical, technical, ecological andeconomical context. It may be instrumental in evoking inspiration and ideas for a particulardesign.

Typological research is a particular form of design research, whereas it looks back andtries to explore a typology of design solutions, traced from precedents. But, it can also be aparticular form of design study or study by design, whereas the focus is on designing new,yet non-existing types. The focus may vary from description to exploration and testing, fromempirical and descriptive to normative and prescriptive.

Design study is an integrated part of the design process itself, whether the design isactually constructed or not. In the field of design methodology many authors discussed thewell-known cycle of analysis, synthesis, (simulation) and evaluation. This cycle may be ap-plied to the design task as a whole or to a decomposition into sub-problems. Although thefocus is mainly on a particular, context-related design solutions, design studies may explorenew possibilities with generic applicability, new knowledge and a better understanding of prob-abilities and desirabilities.

Study by Design – elsewhere called Inquiry by Design or Research by Design - tries togenerate knowledge and new insights by studying transformations of a design or design in-terventions in an existing situation. Generally, this type of study also features a strong ex-ploratory characteristic. The first step is to generate new design variations using design itselfas the process for the study. Hence the term ‘means oriented study’ is used in contrast to themore common goal-oriented approach. Then the implications of these variations are studied,whether or not leading to adaptations or completely different solutions. As such new con-cepts may be developed as well as a better understanding of the impact of different designdecisions.

Design may differ sharply from study and research with reference to its product aimed at (aplan or building- versus research based scientific knowledge), its focus (searching for newpossibilities - versus searching for desirabilities and probabilities) and its character (norma-tive, based on personal preferences, views and ideology, versus empirical, based on facts).However, in practice the difference is often one of degree rather than kind. Particularly indesign study and study by design, studying and designing are alternate processes. Both areemployed interactively and iteratively, in order to arrive at a solution of high quality. In differ-ent phases and to varying degrees, what is possible, what is desirable and what is probablereceives thus more or less attention. In the first instance, in moving to an improved design,contextual knowledge is more important than general knowledge. But, the opposite may betrue as well. Starting a design process may evoke new problem statements and researchquestions, merging study and design to a strongly integrated process.

EPILOGUE 5 0 5

56.3 STUDENTS’ WAYS TO STUDY AND RESEARCH

The task of academics is to research and teach. The Faculty of Architecture at Delft has al-ways been a Design School, focusing on design driven education. While the proportion ofnon-design disciplines, such as real-estate and project management, asset management andthe social sciences has increased in the curriculum, a considerable amount of knowledge isstill taught in design studios within the master-pupil tradition. In this process, the teacherinspires the student through the demonstration and discussion of design. While the momentsshared in this traditional teaching approach are too valuable to loose, it has become clear thatthere is a great deal to be said about design and the process of designing. This book aims tostimulate such an approach. In retrospect it presents a wide variety of opinions, design strat-egies and research methods. From strongly contrasting positions it demonstrates how re-search, study and design may be linked to one another. In this way, the book should becomea valuable tool for the teaching of architectural, urban and technical design. Not only to teachstudents how to include research data and analysis in their design process, but also to guidethem to contribute more consciously and effectively through their design projects to the re-search objectives of the Faculty. By using the book at different stages of their developmentand working through it with different faculty members, students may reach deeper levels ofunderstanding. By being presented with the juxtaposition of contrasting points of view, stu-dents may experience a positive, creative tension, which facilitates learning. However, althoughthe book shows a lot about how faculty members are doing research, in a strict sense it is nota text book on research methodology. For a clear understanding and developing of skills indesigning research, different types of research (review of literature, survey, case study, ex-periment, content analysis of documents and plans, secondary analysis of existing data andso on), research methods and techniques such as interviewing and observation techniques,methods of data-collection and (statistical) data-analysis, this book should be used in combi-nation with more traditional textbooks on research methodology. To ensure that this bookbecomes an effective textbook in itself and to achieve the same high standards as leadingbooks on research methodology and techniques, it is proposed to hone this book on the basisof feedback from our students.

56.4 CONTINUATION OF THE METHODOLOGY DEBATE

The contrasts and complementarities in terms of strategy and methodology presented in thisvolume will provide a sound basis for further scientific debate in the area. Cross-referenceswill help the reader in finding different opinions on the same subject. Being informed aboutthe goals and techniques of peers will hopefully contribute significantly to the developmentof understanding and criticism, the deepening of knowledge and the raise of more inter-dis-ciplinary compositions of research teams. For these reasons, it is intended to use the book asthe basis of thematic discussion-meetings and study-seminars within the Faculty of Archi-tecture in Delft. But, of course, ‘Delft’ also wants to contribute to the international debateand to receive feedback from the international peer group. Although this book originates fromour inner circle, we are strongly aware of the leading discussions in many other architecturalschools, both in Europe and in the United States. There, too, is a request for a stronger clari-fication of the issue of architectural and design research as a condition to maintain the statusas academic institution. See for instance the book of H. Dunin-Woyseth and J. Michl (2001)‘Towards a disciplinary identity of the making professions’ of the Oslo School of Architec-ture and the ongoing discussions within the Design Research Society. Whereas we hope that‘Ways to Study and Research’ has shown that design as a field of inquiry has matured to anautonomous discipline, international exchange of ideas and methods will undoubtedly deepenour common knowledge and explore new insights. Furthermore, we are very open to inspir-ing debates with scholars from other fields of knowledge. So spontaneous reactions on thebook are most welcome!

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INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES 5 2 7

INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES

1 Types of design-related study 20

2 Domains according to Van der Voordt 21

3 Domains according to De Jong 21

4 Information content of a drawing 36

5 Succession of sprawl 36

6 Big cities around the Green Heart 36

7 North and South wing 36

8 Deltametropolis 36

9 Scale paradox 37

10 Scale articulation 37

11 Scope of nominal measures 37

12 Object and context 38

13 Different dynamics and perspectives 38

14 The context during the building process 38

15 Overlapping concepts 39

16 Exclusive and inclusive concepts 39

17 Environment according to Udo de Haes 39

18 Environment in technical sense 39

19 Three transformations on one reference 40

20 Transformation difficult to name 40

21 Not every condition is a cause, but every

cause is a condition for something to happen 41

22 Any probable event is per definition possible,

but there are improbable possibilities 41

23 ‘A not imaginable without B’ 41

24 Terms A pre-supposed in a definition of B 42

25 Stairs of imagination 42

26 Conventions of reference according to Endnote 44

27 Shopping mall in Zoetermeer 49

28 Possible framework for a systematic

description of a plan process 54

29 Oil port Pernis, Rotterdam. 72

30 Example of a simple determination table 72

31 Topographical map of the city of Rhenen on differ-

ent scales, based on the same aerial photograph

73

32 Thematical map: the roadmap of The Netherlands

74

33 Thematic map: soil composition based in

data obtained ‘in situ’. 74

34 Thematic map: dispersion of the population 74

35 Comparison of Rhenen between 1850-1865 and

Rhenen around 1987 75

36 Parcelling of The Netherlands according to

Hofstee and Vlam (1952) 75

37 Legenda by image 75

38 Sieve analysis according to McHarg (1969) 76

39 Parcelling analysis of Palmboom (1990) 77

40 Image of the South-Holland Landscape 77

41 Morphological study of the landscape 78

42 Lefaivre en Tzonis, 2000, see similarities in

design means 89

43 Types of design-related study 89

44 K.van Velsen, 1988 design study for the library

of Zeewolde 90

45 Design study of the design process of the

library in Zeewolde 90

46 Typological research of libraries 90

47 Study by design graduation Van der Voort 90

48 Rietveld Schröder House 91

49 Which ground of comparison? 91

50 Actions between legend, form, structure,

function and intention 92

51 Raumplan 92

52 Validity and reliability 92

53 Difference not to be explained by the purpose 93

54 Means resulting from aim or vice versa? 93

55 Situations of spreading 93

56 Legend (material or space) 93

57 Domains of terminology 94

58 Functionalism (Häring (1922) Cow Stable

Holstein) 94

59 Formalism (Gehry (1998) Museum Bilbao) 94

60 Structuralism (Blom (1962) Prix de Rome) 94

61 Scheme 1:The in-between realm of Design 97

62 Scheme 2: A comparison of aims in research,

education and practice 101

63 Primitive forms and their combinations 104

64 Hephaiston-tempel 440 BC Athene agora 104

65 Spacial expressions of social differentation 105

66 Spacial forms of political, cultural and

economical differentation 105

67 Implicit function characteristics 105

68 Contest submissions for cheap labour housing 107

69 House in Aurora, designed by Goff 107

70 Schematic representation of the phases

and influences in the design process 108

71 Rietveld, Schröderhuis, open corner 108

72 Nouvel in co-operation with Starck, design for an

opera house in Tokyo 109

73 Le Corbusier, sketch of the concept of his

‘Unité’. 109

74 MVRDV, scheme of the concept for admission

lodges on the ‘Hoge Veluwe’. 110

75 Mario Merz, two installations of an igloo 110

76 MVRDV, three admission lodges 110

77 MVRDV, detailing of the admission lodges thrice

111

78 Richard Serra, composition of corten steel 111

79 Per Kirkeby, object in brick 111

80 MVRDV, detail admission lodge in ‘corten’ steel 111

81 Aalto, Floorplan theatre in Essen 112

82 Rossi, Floorplan theatre in Genua 112

83 OMA, floor plan Danstheater, The Hague 112

84 Semper, floor plan Festspielhaus Bayreuth and

typological scheme applying to all of the four

theatres. 113

85 Floor plan of the Scala in Milan, an example of a

nineteenth century theatre 113

86 OMA, axonometry of the IJ square. 114

87 Luckhardt brothers, model ‘Stadt ohne Höfe’ 114

88 OMA, sketch for the IJ square, with adjustment

to ‘Stadt ohne Höfe’.

Scheme of the transformations. 114

89 Liesbeth van der Pol, Twiske-West, urban plan

and drum residences 115

90 Liesbeth van der Pol, blueprints of the drum

residences 115

91 Duiker en Bijvoet, servants’ home of the

‘Zonnestraal’ sanatorium. 116

92 OMA, block on the IJ square. Opened out

axonometry en floor plan. 116

93 Different designs for ‘De Beurs’ 119

94 Floor plan and façades of Hotel American,

proportional system drawn by author 121

95 Floor plan and façade of the ‘Nederlandse

Handel Maatschappij’ 122

96 Proportional system of the ground plan of

‘De Beurs’. 123

97 Façade and proportional system of ‘De Beurs’. 124

98 Parma according to Rowe 126

99 Saint Die (Le Corbusier) according to Rowe 126

100 Amsterdam versus the ideal plans of Speckle

and Stevin 127

101 The girdle of canals as a variant on Stevin 127

102 Dapper neighbourhood 127

103 ‘Plan Zuid’

104 Medieval Amsterdam 128

105 Paris: system of three passages 129

106 Osdorp 130

107 Osdorp 130

108 Osdorp

109 The process of damming up, according to

Palmboom 131

110 Articulation of polder land

111 Rotterdam as an agglomeration of islands 131

112 Maastricht according to Geurtsen: the elements

decisive for the spatial image of the city 132

113 The Hague: the morphology of the ‘long lines’

parallel to the ridges of the dunes 132

114 The Hague: the morphology of the ‘long lines’ per-

pendicular to the ridges of the dunes 132

115 System of cross-connections in the

infrastructure 132

116 Decomposition-analysis for The Hague

South West 133

117 Plan configurations The Hague South West 133

118 Three types of relation between river and city 134

119 Different variants of the type “the river as a water

landscape in the city” 134

120 Operation on the dike trajectory Brielselaan 134

121 Typological analysis of building blocks 135

122 Scheme 3: Typological overview of design driven

composition research approaches 139

123 Scheme 4: Legend, symbols used in schemes of

design driven research types 140

124 Type I: Individual design based research 140

125 Type II: Design project based research 141

126 Type III: Design workshop based research 142

127 Type IV: Designerly workshop based research 142

128 Type V: Individual design based research 143

129 Type VI: Comparative design based research 144

130 Type VII: Design document based research 145

131 Type VIII: Designerly interpretation based

research 145

132 Objectives of evaluation 151

133 Themes for evaluating buildings 152

134 Matrix for evaluating the matching between ends

and means 153

135 Characteristics of the building 153

136 Results from an evaluation of Health Centre

Merenwijk, Leiden. 154

137 Comparative floor-plan analysis and ex post

evaluation in design research 155

138 Typology of health-centres 155

139 Different design solutions for the separation be-

tween consulting and examination 156

140 Instruments for measuring the quality of

buildings 157

141 The relationship between time and effect 159

142 Framework to map consequences 159

143 Three descriptions of the planning cycle 160

144 Colossal Pictures 161

145 Co-ordinate system to map the predictability and

impact of developments surrounding the design.

162

146 The Dutch residential assessment system WWS164

147 Survey main scores 166


148 Routing of project-development 167

149 The radial type nursing unit design 169

150 Evaluation and ranking criteria 169

151 Three different types of correctional facilities 170

152 Four models for correctional facilities 171

153 Variables for a cost/ quality comparison 171

154 Steps in effect analysis comparing plans 174

155 We may think of reality as a complex of

sub-systems. 181

156 Example of a verbal model, respectively visualised

verbal model 181

157 Graphic representation of an example of a math-

ematical model with mathematical contents 182

158 Example of a spatial model on scale 182

159 Example of a spatial model: a principle model of a

city resembling a ribbon 182

160 Depiction of a mechanical model of a rail system

182

161 Spatial model of a rail system 182

162 Sunlighting-experiment aided by a model 183

163 Depiction of a concrete blotting-paper (analogue)

model of an urban system. 183

164 Types of models according to their function 184

165 Spatial, descriptive, conceptual model 184

166 Types of models according to their modality 184

167 Descriptive model, conceptual 184

168 Spatial explorative conceptual model and concep-

tual, graphically rendered, mathematical model 185

169 Graphically rendered mathematical, predictive

model, conceptual 185

170 Example of a planning model 185

171 Five scenarios (explorative-projective models) 185

172 The planning concept ‘Groene Hart’ 186

173 Visualised plan-objective 186

175 Combination of a spatial and mathematical (de-

scriptive) model 186

176 Principle model for the central part of a

central town in a region 187

177 Translating a model to (future) reality: ‘The way

back’ 187

178 The (has-been) surface articulation of the

Bijlmermeer 188

179 Circular residential building by Bofill in Marne-la-

Vallée 188

180 De Minister of Physical Planning of the Netherlands

compared the ‘Green Heart’ of the ‘Randstad Hol-

land’ to Central Park, Manhattan, New York City188

181 Modal language games 189

182 Operations with full-sentence functions 192

183 Quantor functions 193

184 If truth table 195

185 Iff truth table 195

186 Complete truth table 196

187 If truth table 196

188 Iff truth table 196

189 Than … if truth table 196

190 Three situations 198

191 Modus ponens, tollens, abduction 198

192 Pythagoras 204

193 Summary of tests on paired chance variables

X and Y 207

194 A programme, approx. 1/3 of the site, spread

over the ground in 3 resolutions. 208

195 V(3,3) = 33 = 27 variations 208

196 P(n) = n! : 1, 2 en 6 permutations 208

197 P(4) = 4! = 24 permutations 208

198 Combinatorial explosions 208

199 Permutations in 4 niches, with at least k = {1,2,3}

black elements combined with other hues. 209

200 Combinations in 4 niches of 2 colours 210

201 Defining line segments by vectors 211

202 Mendelsohn Einsteinturm (Potsdam, 1920) 211

203 Acceptible and not acceptible sizes 212

204 Arithmical series in building 212

205 Arithmical sequence with sum 213

206 Fibonacci’s sequence 213

207 Geometrical sequence 213

208 Golden Section 214

209 Fibonacci house & Golden Section house 214

210 Measure systems of Le Corbusier 214

211 Golden Section 214

212 Plastic Number 214

213 The plastic number 214

214 Morphic Numbers 215

215 Simple shapes 215

216 Apparent difference in surface between centre

and periphery 215

217 Nodes and connections in regular solids 216

218 Regular solids as a graph 217

219 Octahedron, K5, K3,3 217

220 Four connected rooms 217

221 Dual graph 217

222 Possible relations between rooms 218

223 Planar selection of possible relations 218

224 Different solutions of the same dual graph 218

225 Wild and ordered housing 219

226 An average of means 219

227 Possibilities to compose averages from the

10 numbers from 0 to 9 an average 219

228 More results stabilise the mean 219

229 Classes of observations 220

230 Chance within class boundaries 220

231 LP problem 221

232 LP operationalisation 221

233 Solution Space 221

234 Fractals 226

235 Properties of derived functions 227

236 A wall as a function 227

237 A house as a function 228

238 A house with waved walltops as a function 228

239 Powers of e 228

240 Simulated population of The Netherlands 229

241 Drawing by an eight-year-old (1996, KidPix

on a Macintosh Powerbook 165c) 232

242 Alternative representations 232

243 A basic set of symbols for floor plans 233

244 Floor plan created with the symbols of

figure 243. 233

245 Elements and abstraction 235

246 Elements and illusory contours 235

247 Textbook representation of local co-ordination

constraints 236

248 Template representation of local co-ordination

constraints 236

249 Multi-level design representations and

information retrieval 238

250 The aesthetic measure of isolated polygonal

forms according to Birkhoff 240

251 Examples of horizontal-vertical networks

according to Birkhoff 241

252 Coding of square 242

253 Coding of branching with bifurcation signs 242

254 Coding of a floor plan 242

255 An architectural scene 243

256 A decomposition of figure 255 into geons 243

257 The geons in figure 256 243

258 Coding of figure 256 244

259 Image produced with the standard (scanline)

3D Studio MAX renderer 245

260 Image rendered with the Illustrator 2 plug-in

for 3D Studio MAX 245

261 Photo-realistic light simulation 246

262 Light simulation: false colour intensity

analysis in the space of figure 21 246

263 Storyboard extract 247

264 System analysis: procedure 251

265 Futures and their modalities 253

266 From possibility to norm 254

267 Reduction to the average 255

268 Actual growth of the population in the

Netherlands 256

269 f(Gen)=exp(Gen) 256

270 The same with parameter 256

271 The exponential growth of a population 256

272 Slice of figure 271 256

273 The logistical curve 257

274 xGen-1 = axGen - axGen2 257

275 a = 3 257

276 a = 4 257

277 Lotka-Volterra function 257

278 Population development in Europe 258

279 Possible, probable, desirable, image of

future and scenario 258

280 Cross-wise integration of sector scenarios 259

281 Difference in dynamics between trends 259

282 Balancing between sectors 260

283 Technical balancing of projects 260

284 Foresight triangle 260

285 Context 263

286 Hierarchy and dispersal of shopping centres 268

287 Large-Scale Retail Establishment Alexandrium II

in Rotterdam North East 269

288 Office locations and characteristics 270

289 Place of programming in a traditional building

process 271

290 Brief developed from global to detailed 272

291 Supports of space for a child health assessment

centre new style 277

292 Example of a flow-chart for a child health centre277

293 Sekisui Heim, housing factory in Japan 281

294 Hinged nodal bond 286

295 Design of material with a high acoustic

impedance 286

296 The transparent column after the trial 286

297 Study of context 287

298 Summary programme of requirements 287

299 Relation schema + valuation 288

300 Typing 288

301 Scale relation study 288

302 Urban context 288

303 Test of form 289

304 Cross-section 289

305 Loose sketch 289

306 Sketch with a ruler 289

307 Study of the front 289

308 Spatial sketch 289

309 Different design ideas 289

310 Context 289

311 Come-back of an idea 290

312 Adding functions 290

313 Library study 290

314 Final drawings 290

315 The outcome matrix of the original Prisoner’s Di-

lemma 296

316 The payoff matrix of the original Prisoner’s

Dilemma 296

318 The solution space 302

319 The objective function 302

320 Position of qualitatively optimum designs in

relation to the mathematically optimum design 302

321 How environmental issues affect the master plan

during the gradual progression from analysis to

design 314

INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES 5 2 9

322 Maximisations give insight into environmental is-

sues affecting the master plan. 314

323 Map 1 The site map of the separate areas 314

324 Map 2. Maximisation A1 (flora and fauna) and A2

(landscape and ground) 315

325 Map 3. Water maximisation A3 315

326 Map 4. Environmental optimisation landscape,

water traffic, energy 316

327 Map 5. The integration 317

328 Map 6. One of the variations from the design

study carried out by Lafour en Wijk for the consul-

tation with designers in November 1996 317

329 Ensemble 324

330 Façade 325

331 Bridges 325

332 Floor plan 325

333 Façade 325

334 Floor plan 325

335 Six shape variants 326

336 Selection 326

337 Design process according to SBR/ISSO 332

338 Design process HVAC installations 333

339 Integration building and climate control 333

340 Predictions of variations in air and radiant

temperature by TO program. 334

341 Calculation of temperature and air flows by

CFD program. 334

342 The influence of the participants 339

343 Views of the future 339

344 Schematic representation of the design process

339

345 The Condensed model 340

346 Relationship matrix 341

347 Selection matrix 341

348 The classification of buildings 342

349 Low-rise building 342

350 Outline design 342

351 Possible roof shapes 343

352 Combinatorial possibilities 343

353 Structure according to Ackermann 346

354 Subject coding according to Gout 346

355 Levels of decision making 347

356 Van Randen characterised the power game in

the building process as ‘the spaghetti– effect’ 347

357 Koppenmaat 348

358 Plattegrond ruimteplan volgens NEN2883 349

359 Plattegrond materiaalplan volgens NEN2883 349

360 Adjoining and penetrating connections 350

361 Four illustrations from the handbook 350

362 Maken op de bouwplaats 350

363 If it clicks it is alright 350

364 Separating 351

365 Group level 351

366 Part 352

367 Form 352

368 Material 352

369 Fitting problem and no fitting problem 352

370 Relation diagram 1 353



373 Skeleton 354

374 Optional window 354

375 Roof extension 354

376 Matura system 354

377 Schematic Process 356

378 Three profiles overlapping 358

379 Part 3D model of the Floriade design by Kas

Oosterhuis 359

380 Architecture designing and product designing 367

381 The stages of the innovation process 369

382 Iteration from vague to concrete 369

383 The autonomous natural process 370

384 The base cycle of designing 370

385 Design process 372

386 Players in architecture and product design 373

387 Deformations 379

388 ‘Timeless’, Folded surface 379

389 Guggenheim, Inside and Outside 380

390 Basic AI fields 382

391 Robert Delaunay Eiffel tower, 1913 390

392 Charles en Ray Eames, Eames House (Los Ange-

les, 1946) 390

393 Jean Nouvel; Jean-Marc Ibos, Nemausus Housing

(Nîmes, France, 1987) 392

394 Doormats 392

395 Marcel Duchamps, Fontaine, 1917 392

396 Pablo Picasso, Tête de Taureau, 1942 393

397 Le Corbusier, Dining Table (Parijs, 1933) 393

398 Pierre Chareau; Bernard Bijvoet; Louis Dalbet,

Maison de Verre (Parijs, 1932) 394

399 Tie plates and rivets, flanges with slate panels 394

400 Stylistic amalgam 394

401 Jean Nouvel, (1983) Doll’s house 395

402 Toolbox of childhood 395

403 Hertzberger Washbasin, De Drie Hoven and

Centraal Beheer (Apeldoorn, 1970) 395

404 Max Liebermann Restaurant ‘De Oude Vink’

(Leiden, 1905) 399

405 Mies van der Rohe Barcelona-pavillion 407

406 Jean Nouvel Concert hall, Luzern 407

407 Continuities in similarities 413

408 External and internal priority 413

409 Magritte, La condition humaine, 1934 414

410 Ghirlandaio, Louvre 414

411 ‘True’ is what works 415

412 A series of actions 415

413 Body or light 416

414 Stage I Analysis of the location 419

415 Stage II Making the findings spatial 420

416 Stage III Specific questions 420

417 Stage IV Study of material and construction 420

418 Stage V Stuck 420

419 Stage VI Gaining depth 421

420 Stage VII Beyond being pleased by one’s self 421

421 Concept 423

422 Avenue 423

423 Curved Avenue 424

424 Form 424

425 Option for extension 424

426 Structural lay-out 424

427 Study: office wings curved, circular conference

room, central staircase. 424

428 Same study; but staircase and CC room 424

429 Study office wing south 424

430 Several test models 424

431 Edges sharpened 425

432 Cutting the banana 425

433 Orientation banana – pencil in parallel 425

434 Determining module size carrying construction

offices 425

435 Connecting banana & pencil 425

436 Design of the façade 425

437 Façade development 426

438 Detailing of the climate façade 426

439 Adjustment 426

440 Floor plan, final design 426

441 Boring 426

442 Final result: the eastern wing after sunset 426

443 Map analysis 429

444 Built and unbuilt 429

445 Essence 429

446 Eastern border 429

447 Northern border 430

448 Western border 430

449 Southern border 430

450 Inner area 430

451 Combining 430

452 Curved form 430

453 Bits and pieces 430

454 Development 430

455 Wedge 430

456 Circle 431

457 Beak 431

458 Development 431

459 Check your watches 431

460 Context 431

461 Model 431

462 Adjustment 431

463 The M-line 434

464 AUP: General Expansion Plan Amsterdam 434

465 ‘Blotches’ plan 434

466 Grachtengordel Amsterdam, de Amstel 434

467 Aerial photograph of ‘Plan-Zuid 435

468 IJburg 435

469 Surface design West 8 for the GWL area in

Amsterdam 439

470 Urban Master Plan Kop van Zuid, 1996 439

471 Urban Master Plan Sphinx – Céramique site of

Jo Coenen, Maastricht, 1987 439

472 Basic allocation method 440

473 The SAR-fabric method 440

474 The Decomposition Method 440

475 The three-traces method 440

476 Form concept 440

477 The method Lynch 441

478 Environment differentiation 441

479 Townscape 441

480 Pattern language 442

481 Cycle of forming plans 443

482 Division and segmentationg 445

483 Tailoring and detailing 445

484 Composition, components and details 445

485 Vista from the Louvre to La Défense 446

486 Language games 447

487 Teapot 449

488 Changing the location of Naturalis from

downtown Leiden into the edge of the old city 453

489 Chronological versus synchronous study by

design 455

490 Four perspectives 457

491 First idea 460

492 Twin-city vision for Leiden 460

493 Blueprint of the new building 460

494 Spatial drawing of the new building 461

495 Workshop: all together around the model 461

496 Urban plan 461

497 Tower in the middle of the building 461

498 Through the scientific department to the

collection in the tower. 461

499 Exhibition concept 461

500 Aerial view and vertical cross-section 461

501 3D image and aerial view 462

502 Test of form 462

503 Blueprint 462

504 Blueprint from the sketched design 462

505 Timelessness 462

506 Urban plan 462

507 Blueprint final design 463

508 Design sketch of the column 463

509 Final result 463

510 Photographs of the final result 463

511 The image of the skeleton of the whale proves

to be a constant during the design process. 463


512 Visit location 466

513 Costing calculation 466

514 Programme of Requirements 466

515 Interviews 466

516 Experiencing 466

517 Northern light 466

518 Surfaces 467

519 Rectangles 467

520 Light 467

521 Café Warmerdam 467

522 Below street level 467

523 Adjustment 468

524 Line of the façade 468

525 Exposition space 468

526 Mayor & Aldermen 468

527 Photographs of the working model: 469

528 Creating 473

529 Labyrinth, after ancient Cretan coin 476

530 Matrix 476

531 Surveying 477

532 Paul Klee, ‘Dream City’ 477

533 The Pleasure of Inventing and Making 478

534 Setting in Classical Philosophy 478

535 Daedalus en Icarus 479

536 The areal photograph 479

537 A tower that is not a tower 480

538 Box of miracles 480

539 Corner-points 480

540 Fourquarter-circles 480

541 Entrance of the labyrinth 480

542 Collection of theatres 480

543 The Bridge exhibition 483

544 A comparison of characteristic design aspects 484

545 New scheme to differentiate between shapes 487

546 Four basic types of twisting 488

547 Example of a combination of two ruled surfaces

type R1 488

548 Five basic curve surfaces 488

549 Curve surface K1 488





554 Tordo 1 488

555 Twister 2 489

556 Twister 3 489

557 Twister 4 489

558 Low-rise tordo 2a 490

559 The reyno twist window frame-system 490

560 Typology of futures 492

561 The rôle of design in different phases of a

development process 492

562 Exploration by design 493

563 Design as a social process 493

564 The Netherlands as a choice of policy options 494

565 Landuse in % of total area of the Netherlands 494

566 Perspectives 496

567 Projects 497

568 Decision process on planning policy 497

569 Lay-out of dealing room 498

570 Dispersal 498

571 Density of Paris. London and Deltametropolis 499

INDEX 5 3 1

INDEX

I–I structure 326∩ 196∪ 196⊃ 196⊂ 196∧ 193, 197∨ 197⇒ 195, 196>-< 197åx 192∃x 192: 193:⇔ 193:= 193= 1933D computer models 4213D designer computer programs 3643D model 3593D modelling 3783D modelling software 3793D Studio MAX 2453M 3483M line grid 35095% probability area 220

A

A4 notebook 466A4 page 291Aalto, A. 112Aarts, J.M. 215, 295Aarts, K. 295, 296Abarbanel, R. 382abduction 197, 199above 475abstract 474abstract representations 237abstract(construction not recognised) 407abstracting stage 128abstraction 73, 98, 406abstraction level 39abstraction(change) 190, 206abstraction(changes) 37abstraction(level) 105ABT 356, 489academic 416academic enquiry(border zones) 143academic sections(building construc-

tions, industrial building, appliedmechanics) 346

academy of arts 465acceptability test 246access 316access and surface 114access galleries 392access(ring structure) 326access(typology) 114access-equipment 337accessibilitiy 270accessibility 274, 289, 310, 337, 468accessibility(knowledge) 43accessible by cars 465accessible(maintenance, replace-

ment) 330acclimatisation 334accommodate(new purpose) 395accumulate in a concrete design 476accumulating 73accuracy 73accuracy(behind the comma) 212accuracy(margin) 212achievements(building) 149Achterberg, J. 21, 456, 498Ackerman, J.S. 237

Ackermann, K. 345Ackoff, R.L. 298acoustics 274, 331acquaintance 269acquisition(commission) 427, 432acropolis 126act of designing 474acting communicatively 305acting(thinking) 478action 414action model 184action plan 374action space 165action(idealistic) 293action(undertaking) 372actions(instinctive) 415actions(order) 409actions(self-evident) 416actions(sequence) 415actions(series) 415activities 271, 274, 275activities to be housed 274activities(language) 383activities(project) 218activitypatterns(timebound(com-

binations)) 492activity sheets 274activity(design) 99activity(ex ante) 286activity(human) 370activity(research) 99actor(intuition, tradition, trust,

impulse) 294actor’s space(orientated) 481actor’s viewpoint 296actors vary 455actors(rational) 293actual effect 159actual use 158AD 395adapt to the climate 334adapt(capacity) 395adaptability 325, 367adaptability(plan(stage(scant informa-

tion)) 163adaptable building 310adaptable(installations) 330adaptable(product) 368adaptation picture 462adaptation(intervention) 324adaptation(possibly) 372adaptations 368adaptations(building) 158adapted(pre-fabricated products) 352adaptive behaviour of people 334add(form) 104added or taken away 95addenda(history) 62adding 206adding functions 290addition 128additional floor 325additional functions 288additional requirement 427adford, A.D. 299adherence 395adhering and closure 350adjectives 12, 40adjust(situation) 395adjusting(structure(context)) 468adjustment to the existing situation 431admissibility(ethical) 25Adriaansens, C.A. 79advanced modelling 378advanced modelling software 380Adviesraad Technologiebeleid

TU Delft 358advisers 271, 338AEC 381aecXML 381aerial bridges 325aerial photograph 33, 71, 473aesthetic appreciation 240aesthetic composer 361aesthetic criteria 307aesthetic dialectic(wholes, parts) 95aesthetic evaluation 245aesthetic image(independent) 410aesthetic measure 240aesthetic norm(history) 64, 66

aesthetic order 240aesthetic preference 239aesthetic prejudices 241aesthetic quality 158aesthetic response 240aesthetic(individual) 394aesthetically attractive 68aesthetics(changing,

city(form(conditions(geo-morphologi-cal), sites(allotting),structure(buildings)))) 131

aesthetics(descriptive approach) 240aesthetics(experiencing) 367aesthetics(machine) 109aesthetics(perception) 241affection 390affective action 293agenda(design) 493agenda(political) 496agenda(priority, incompleteness) 190agenda(reduction into discussable top-

ics) 446agent 305agent technology 380, 382agent(software) 382agents in the design process(post mod-

ern changes) 305agents(building process) 189agents(free) 491agglomerations(level) 84aggregate representation 236agreements(reduction(location, time)) 447agriculture 494, 495agriculture and nature 495agriculture(decline) 496AI 382AIDA 371aim 253, 409aim(abstract pre-design) 253aim(function) 92aim(intention) 92aim(means) 93aimless experimentation 416aim-orientated research 92, 93aims of design activity 95aims(selfish) 296air pollution 164air(indoor) 330airconditioning 329air-conditioning system 281air-filtering system 332airflow 334airpurity 331aisles(side) 123Alberti, L.B. 95, 118Alexander, C. 89, 203, 438, 439Alexandrium 269Algemeen UitbreidingsPlan 129algorithm(formal model) 183algorithms(evolutionary) 382algorithms(genetic) 377, 382alienating effect 110alienation(person, author) 65alignment 234alignment and size 424alignment(horizontal) 243alignment(vertical) 243all encompassing evaluation 154allegorical 68allegory 68all-metal blocks 391allocating the programme 439alloy 285all-quantor 193Allsop, Br. 69Almere 169, 439Almere(primary schools) 171alpha sciences 379alpha way(art) 491Alphen aan de Rijn 364alternate design options 143alternative configurations 244alternative designs 171alternative plans 60alternative solutions 251, 271, 274, 295alternative(final(choice)) 20alternatives 20, 254, 449alternatives(assessment) 168alternatives(display) 341alternatives(evaluation(ordered

criteria(weights))) 343alternatives(programme of

requirements) 271alternatives(solution) 251aluminium 347ambience(domestic) 391ambiguity(perception) 241ambiguous language 190amenities(combining(shops)) 268amenities(compulsory) 268amenities(free) 268amenities(level) 268amenities(location(rent)) 267amenities(network) 268Amersfoort 435, 439amorphous polymers 285amorphous solid 285amphi-theatre 480Amstel 434Amsterdam 118, 126, 434, 435, 439, 495,

496Amsterdam canals 435Amsterdam School 121Amsterdam Stock Exchange 121Amsterdam(Leidseplein) 120Amsterdam(medieval) 128Amsterdamse Bos 188analogue design media(implementation

structure) 236analogue model 181, 183analogue representation 236analogue techniques 232analogy 371, 389, 402, 441, 467analogy(design cases) 144analogy(examples) 493analyse 12analyses and selections 339analyses(in depth) 142analyses(portfolio) 167analysing 417analysing a plan(method) 128analysis 25, 58, 61, 275, 447analysis and manipulation 243analysis of buildings(structure, layout

tools(measuring, draw, describe, ar-chive)) 117

analysis of design products 245analysis of design variants 455analysis of effects 443analysis of effects(ex ante) 446analysis of the location 419analysis of the map 429analysis of the organisation 274analysis phase 340analysis(architectural(normative mod-

els)) 239analysis(building) 117analysis(comparative(floorplan)) 155analysis(comparative) 58, 155, 396, 455analysis(composition) 160analysis(decomposition) 133analysis(design result) 143analysis(design) 314analysis(documents) 155analysis(effect) 171, 259analysis(environmental impact) 159analysis(ex post) 276analysis(figure ground) 126analysis(function) 371analysis(history, morphological) 63analysis(history, style critical) 63analysis(history,technical) 63analysis(map) 432analysis(morphological) 125analysis(perception) 241analysis(plan) 58analysis(plans) 33analysis(representations(design)) 238analysis(solution(sub system)) 58analysis(source materia) 138analysis(synthesis) 355analysis(typological) 125, 133analytical and synthetic ways of working

311analytical drawings 130analytical evaluation 143analytical or comparative research 137analytical representation 238analytical-systematic methods 371and(operator) 199

andante (ongoing) research 160Andeweg 43anecdotes 419Anglo-Saxon 414angular twist(urban area) 430animal behaviour theory 414animal behaviour(research) 415ANN 378anonymously 392anorexia architectura 407Anscombe 189, 447antecedent 113, 411anthropocentrism 414anthropometrics 275anthropomorphic 67anthropomorphic system 348anticipation(long term experience) 163anti-metropolitan policy 496Antiquity(mythology) 67Anymo-system 167apartment 310apartment buildings(load-bearing con-

struction) 342apex 124apology of a design 174appliances(sub-contractors) 354applicable 82application environment(technical) 355application orientated 359application potential 60application study 330application-related study(effects(heating,

ventilation, airconditioning, HVAC)) 329applications study 327applied combinatorics 417applied mechanics 346, 464applied mechanics(vector) 211applying 395appointments(reduction(location, time))

447appreciation 158approach(three-way) 313approval of authorities 372appurtenance(carrier) 349Arbitration Board 82Arbobesluit 81Arc de Triomphe 446arcade game 232arch(triumphal) 67archaeology 415Archer, B. 100archetypal forms 487archetypal shape 110archetype 75, 103, 106arch-forms 402architect 360archi-tect 97architect(analysis of buildings) 118architect(ICT) 377architect(initiative(reporting and linking

back(exchange of information))) 338architect(jargon) 404architect(react(world, architects)) 404architect(result(process(design))) 417architect(self-satisfaction) 405architectonic design 336architectonic forms(contemplation) 475architectonic imaging 133Architectonic Intervention 141architectonic study 292architectonic unity 435architectonic whole 57architects(computing) 364architects(eccentricity) 357architectural act(scale levels, media) 421architectural analysis(normative

models) 239architectural circles(Amsterdam) 122architectural composition(building ele-

ments, void space forms) 234architectural construction 336architectural design 234architectural design management 427architectural designers 357architectural doctrines 239architectural examples 387architectural formal system 240, 241architectural knowledge 98architectural knowledge(redefine) 99architectural magazines(concepts, de-

In this index an expressionlike y(x), object(subject)means ‘object y as a work-ing (function, action, output,result, characteristic) of thesubject x (independent vari-able actor, input, condition,cause)’. The sign → means‘see also’.


sign tools) 151architectural methodology 234architectural motives 67architectural office 373architectural product 367architectural product(personal ties) 369architectural product(spatial

experience) 368architectural provisions(cimate

control) 330architectural purity 392architectural quality 151, 297architectural representations 233architectural research 98, 249architectural research(transparent, sys-

tematic, descriptive) 99architectural responses 389architectural scene 243architectural solution 107architectural stereotypes 236architectural system 108architectural transformations 321architecture 61, 367, 404architecture and urban technology 346architecture is interrogated 473architecture of the city 435architecture(austere, Basel) 122architecture(brief, budget, site bounda-

ries) 404architecture(classical

orders(canonisation)) 234architecture(classical) 96architecture(Dutch, 18th century) 118architecture(fluid) 364architecture(geometry) 232, 245architecture(history) 61architecture(minorities) 420architecture(modernist) 234architecture(physical protection, spiritual

ordering) 474architecture(relationships between ele-

ments) 234architecture(routine) 390architecture(sensual, physical) 421architecture(sterile) 286architecture(urban) 287, 433, 461architecture-historical studies(history) 61archive 122, 423archive(analysis of buildings) 117archive(architects offices) 118archive(history) 62archive(image) 50archive(municipalities) 118archive(private collections) 118archiving 381arcs(graph theory) 216area in between(body, mind) 478area(essence) 429area(maps) 429area(potentials) 267areas 441areas of restructuring 433areas(spatial) 347arena 480Argan, G.C. 103, 113, 417argument 192argumentation theory 192Ariadne’s thread 482Aristotle 26, 418arithmatical series 212arithmetic 203, 204arithmetical optimum 297arithmic rules 207Arman, Y 392arousa(perceptual)l 240arousal(perceptual) 240arranged 108arrangement 234, 391arrangement of elements 235arrangement of values 447arrangement possibilities 207arrangement(combinatorics) 208arrangement(rectangular) 244arrangement(spatial) 107, 108, 109arrangement(urban) 130arrow(point, line) 477art and science 21Art Deco 394Art Nouveau 118art of building(composing precisely) 123art of omission(Michelangelo) 407art(history, delight) 64art(knowledge and capability) 478art(preceding all science and knowl-

edge) 473artefacts 414artefacts(collection) 142

artefacts(documentation) 144artefacts(handcrafted(refinement)) 400artefacts(material) 367art-historical sciences 98articles(frequently purchased) 268articulated criticism 309articulating the site 433articulation 57, 114, 129, 234articulation and

performance(computerisedrepresentation(positioning(ele-ments))) 236

articulation of scale 190articulation(basic) 440articulation(façade) 425articulation(history, elevation) 63articulation(site) 114, 439articulation(spatial) 242articulation(surface) 188articulation(tentative) 440articulation(vistas) 430articulations of surfaces 436articulations(basic) 439articulations(site) 433artificial intelligence 378, 382artificial light 335artificial lighting 332, 425artificial neural networks 377, 382artist 360, 408artistic form expression 379arts 25, 297arts(visual) 61, 231Arup, O. 364as if design setting 101a-select respondents 374ASHRAE 330ASHRAE Journal 330ASHRAE Transactions 330aspiration(level) 295Asselbergs 283assembled 108assembled(post) 281assembling 350assembly(on-site) 281assertions 191assertive(consumers) 311assessment 254assessment criteria 365assessment of alternatives 168assessment(context) 399assessment(costs) 372assignment 443assignment(analysis of buildings) 118assignment(design) 159assignment(interpretation) 107assignment(part) (plan(spatial), pro-

gramme of requirements) 340associate 477association 390, 395Association Deltametropolis 498association test 476association(private) 492association(significant, meaningful)(

key-words(from the gut)) 476association(useful) 403associations(chain) 394associations(clearing out) 393associations(farfetched(eclectic

spirit)) 239associative methods 340, 371associative qualities(curved lines and

surfaces) 487associative representations(atomistic) 237associative structures(holistic) 237assumptions 417assumptions(transformative) 417AST 346astonishment(outside world) 413astronaut’s suit 464asymmetrical profile 446asymmetry and symmetry 95Asymptot 473At least one(logic) 193atmosphere 156atomistic associative representations 237atomistic form 233atoms in the universe 207, 210atria 331atrium 171, 468atrium building 326attention(balanced) 306attention(effort) 240attention(range(monitor)) 410attention(selective) 25, 444attention(shift) 399attention(shifts) 404attention(spread(alternating focus of

interest)) 409attitude in studying 358attitudes(designer) 144Attneave, F. 242attorney 82attraction(concentration(shopping cen-

tres)) 268attribute 40audience 465auditorium 112, 465augur 474AUP 129, 434Aurora 107authentic 95author 62author(designer, history) 65author(history) 65author’s name 46authorities(approval) 372authorities(local) 81Authors’ Law 80authorship(shared) 59autism 413autocratic 303autogeneity 418automatism 416autonomous 393autonomous natural process 370autonomous position of the designer 434autonomous qualities 126autonomous sequence 115autonomously continuing idea 418autopsy(history) 61auxiliary lines 290available data 333avenue 423avenue(straight) 423average 219, 253, 255averages(condensing) 219AVV 259, 497axioms 204axis of the tower 123axle 223axonometrie 116Aymonino, C. 125

B

Baarda & De Goede 138, 249Baarda, D.B. 24, 53, 54, 138, 155, 249Baarsjes 445back 170back-casting 259backdrop 114backside(closed) 429Bacon, Francis 21Badt, K. 62Bakel, A.P.M. van 97Bakker, L. 185Bakker, P.J. 154balance(perception) 241balanced attention 306balconies 112, 392balustrading 392bandwidth(scenarios) 162band-with 212Barbieri, S.U. 57, 152, 212Barcelona-paviljoen 407barrier(transparent) 284Basic 229basic allocation method 440basic articulation(history) 440basic human needs 358basis module M 348bathroom like 156bathrooms 217Bauer, H. 62Bayreuth 113Bazel, K.P.C. de 119, 120, 121, 12beams(façade) 325beauty 95, 108, 394Bechtel, R. 53, 155Beckers 313bed 292bedroom(sleeping(description)) 292begin to design(existing(accept,

reject)) 417begin, and the results will follow 408beginning anew 417beginning design 473behaviour 292behaviour of

people(adaptive(acclimatisation,clothing)) 334

behaviour theory(animal) 414behaviour(co-operative) 296

behavioural aspects 152behavioural mapping 275Beitz 370Bekkering, H. 161belief 26beliefs(popular(hidden burdens(ex ante

evaluation))) 162Bell, D. 185below 475bench 483benchmarking 163Benes, J. 152Bense, M. 241Benthem, J.F.A.K. van 194, 357Berg, M.A.M.C. van den 81Berg, R. van der 188Berger, M. 215Bergh, W.H.J. van den 328, 332, 473Bergman, H. 437Berkel en Rodenrijs 287Berkel, B. van 357Berkhout 301Berlage Institute 396Berlage, H.P. 117, 119, 121, 123, 435Berlin Wall 495Berlioz, H. 408Berlyne, D.E. 240Bertels and Nauta 182, 183Bertels, K. 181, 182, 183Besset 394best buy 165best in test 165bestemmingsplan 81beta sciences 379betha way(natural rules) 491Beunder, M. 154Beurs van Berlage 118, 119Bhalotra, A. 435, 439Biaostocki, J. 67bias(ideological) 430bias(valuation) 167BIC 117bicycle 393Biederman, I. 235, 243big shopping centres 269Bijlmermeer 59, 188Bijlsma, L. 135Bijvoet, B. 394, 465Bilbao 380Bilbao Guggenheim Museum 364Bildung(history) 70binary numerals 233binding theme 141, 485Binford, T.O. 243binocular disparity 244biology 414birds eye view 464Birkhoff, G.D. 240, 241bisecting the organisation(building) 424Bisscheroux, N. 108black box 308black box design 365blind spot(urban) 132blinding 336blob architects 357blob designs 364blobs 487block 116block(building) 135block(closed, building) 135block(end) 116blockades 415blockading pre-suppositions 35blocking stimulus 415blocks(all-metal) 391blocks(building) 135blocks(residential) 316Blokzijl, W.J. 43Blom, P. 117Blondel 239blotches plan 434blueprint 431Blueprint for a City 313Blueprint for survival 313blueprint for the city 461blue-print(frame, grain) 211blue-print(history) 61blue-print(spatial model(thought

model)) 183blueprints(cramped) 166Blyth & Worthington 275, 276Blyth, A. 275, 276Bod, R. 241, 245Boekholt, J.T. 59Boelen, A. 446, 449Boer, N.A. de 433, 437, 439Boersma, J.J. 39

Boersma, S.K.T. 294, 298Bogaers 59Bohm, D. 100Boîte à Miracles 477bolts 286Bomarzo 67Bond Heemschut 83bond(brick) 120bond(hinged, nodal) 286Bondt, J.J. de 372Bonebakker, M. 342Bont, N. de 374book section 44book(edited) 44BOOM 313border zones 282border zones of academic enquiry 143border(railway, road) 429bordering of a site 418borders of the given site 418boredom(monotony) 170boring(façade) 426Borneo-Sporenburg 435Borromini 67BOT 272bottle-neck(model) 468bottom glass line 325bottom-up approach 104boulevard 480boundary conditions 253, 272, 374, 436,

459boundary conditions(budget, location)

276boundary conditions(optimisation) 221boundary values(housing) 165Bouwregelgeving 81box of miracles 480Box of Miracles 477box(building) 408box(protruding) 426boxes(metal) 391box-office 470boys meet girls 350BPE 276BPO 152Brachman, R.J. 233bracing structures 342brackets(steel angle) 279brain-storm session 429brainstorming 371branche(incident) 217branche(inciding) 217branches (dual) 217branches with a length(graph theory) 218branches with a weight(graph theory) 218branches(graph theory) 216Brand, S. 161Brandes, E. 437Brechner, E. 382Breen, J.L.H. 95, 97, 102, 137, 139, 142,

483, 485Breuer, G.S. 154brick 123, 348brick format(Waal) 119brick heads 120brick module 348brick strips 111brick wall(dual) 281bricklaying practice 124brickwork 395bridge 483bridge constructions 394bridge(impact(landscape)) 485bridge(organisation(bisecting(buil-

ding))) 424bridges(aerial) 325brief 27, 152

→ programme of requirement, specifi-cation, task

brief(architecture) 404brief(development) 283brief(technical) 281briefing 271brightness(relative) 332broad-band technology 379Broadbent, G. 183, 203, 297Broek, E. van den 107, 134Broeke, R. van den 167Broekhuizen, P. 132Broer, H.W. 257Brooks, R.A. 235, 243Brouwer façade 357Brouwer, J. 346, 357, 387, 423, 443Bruijn, W.N. de 275Bruin 356Brundtland Report 181Brusatin, M. 125

INDEX 5 3 3

Bruyn, R. de 416Büchi, H. 433, 438, 439budget 404, 432, 464, 470budget(impact(pergola, sun-shades,

less sophisticated types ofmaterial)) 427

budgetary pre-condition 251buffer zones 36build in space 337build operate transfer 272builder(persuaded(studies,

examples)) 427build-in space 336building block 135building block(open) 114building blocks 135building blocks(programme of require-

ments, location) 291building checklist 328Building Code 151, 274building component 286building component(core(elevator,

stairs)) 489building component(special) 355building components(special) 355building construction 346building cranes 342Building Decree 80, 81, 84, 350building design 279, 333building documents 231building economics 346building elements(basic set) 233building elements(symbols) 233building enterprise(history) 65building envelope 330building façade sub-system 280building from scratch 323building function 330building groups(partial) 349building height 122building in use evaluation 328, 334building in use study 335building in-take 324building location 359, 372building managers 359building mass 372building material(history, provenance) 63building material(ideal) 283building material(new) 283building methodology 249building node 321, 345Building Node Study 351building part 279, 347building parts 279, 280, 282building parts(groups) 347Building Performance Evaluation 152, 276building permission 81building permit 81building practice(Dutch 20th Century) 117building process 271, 372building process(ongoing) 356building process(programme of

requirements(completeness)) 272building product enterprise 373building products(standard) 355building sector(fragmented, old-

fasioned) 379building services 327building site 341, 347, 350building specification 109building system 282, 355building systems( unconstrained

transition(eclectic spirit)) 239building technique 109, 321building technology(context,

multidisciplinary complexity, culturalsensitivity, basic human needs, execu-tion, traditional materials, entrancelevel, enterprises(small-scale), com-petitiveness, low final product costs,focus on straight applications, lowstudying attitude) 358

building volumes 487building(achievements) 149building(adaptable) 310building(analysis) 117building(capable to adapt(exibition

concepts)) 462building(classification) 342building(component) 233building(consistent) 470building(dynamic properties) 330building(existing(actuality, historical

data)) 117building(existing) 394building(extending(adding parts)) 424building(function) 341

building(healthy) 330building(history(period)) 429building(industrial) 346building(large) 433building(maintained, adapted) 281building(not) 331building(parts and connections) 351building(production, manufacturing) 281building(realised) 143building(shape) 327building(suitable) 470buildingelements(main) 345building-lot 115buildings(classical) 234buildings(depth) 122buildings(round) 115building-trade documentation 347built and unbuilt 429built environment 95, 249, 377built environment(legible) 25built space typology 439built-in space(installations) 330bull(head) 393Burchard, B. 380burdens(hidden) 162bureaucratic procedures(viscous) 311burg 482Burge, P.S. 328Burgerweeshuis 89Burgh, A.H.P. van der 222, 301burglary 158Burt, M.E. 153bus route 316business management(empirical

model) 417business parks 269business(location(rent)(price of the

land)) 267business(location(rent)) 267businesses(programme(attractive-

ness)) 269business-plan 375but 199buying market building 360

C

C 229cables 336cabling 337CAD 21, 210, 298, 378CAD / CAM 350CAD documents 238CAD system 334CAD systems 372CAD-CAM 378CAD-files 49CAE 378Café Wasserman 467Cairns 408Calatrava, S. 379calculation of variances 209calculation(differential) 205calculation(infinitesimal) 205calculation(integral) 205calculus(differential) 228calculus(formal model) 183calculus(integral) 228calibration 257Callas 419Calvino, I. 476Cameron 260canal house 119, 124canals 127Canho, M. del 167canonical orientation 243canonical views 245canonisation(classical orders) 234Canter, D. 95cantilever 393cantilevering roof 407Cantor(fractal) 226capability(internal) 374capacity plan 173capacity to adapt 395capacity(conceptual) 414, 415capacity(heating) 334capacity(installations) 330car industry 365card(demonstration) 130care and service provision(logistics) 310care centre 310care(home) 310Carp, J.C. 348carrier(appurtenance) 349carrier(equipment) 349

carrying structure 354cars(accessibility) 465, 468Cartesian co-ordinates 203cartesian cross 133Cartesian grid 359Cartesian(Plato) 478cartography 74cartoons 460case based studies 144case studies 277case study 20case(defined(object, context)) 493case(individual) 82cases 34, 79, 81cases(design) 144cases(individual) 220Castells, M. 495casuistry 34, 54catalogue range of components 281catalogues(electronic) 380Catanese, A.J. 299Cate, F. ten 83categories 414categories(pre-supposed) 444categorisation 104category 207cathedral(gothic) 396Catia 380Cauchy-sequence 226causal connection 201causal consistency 189causal correctness 254causal explanation(logical form) 200causal explanations(logic) 197causal lines 181causal pre-supposition 195causal relation 328causal relations(intervention study) 328causal relationship 207causal relationship(series of actions,

result) 417causal relationships(function) 225causal(logical) 448causality 27causally 443cause 27, 48, 448cause(complaint) 327cause(immediate) 405causes(possible) of complaints 327causing the problem(thought) 327CBD 495ceiling(false) 332cells 170cellulose(isolation) 427Centraal Beheer 395Centraal Beheer building 395Centraal Planbureau 251Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 204,

251, 258central area(spacious) 326central hall(roofed) 326Central Park 188central place theory(Christaller) 268central staircase 424central(space, mass) 131centralisation 105centralised 105centrally(localised(programme(quan-

tity))) 215centralspace(flanking) 242Centre for the Arts & Culture 465centre(city) 268centre(old) 430Céramique 435, 439certainty(pseudo(numbers)) 187certification 365ceteris paribus 204, 255, 447ceteris paribus(incompleteness) 189Cézanne 399CFD 334Chadwick, G. 298chain(decision making) 280chalk and sketching paper 432chalk(sketch) 429chance 253chance density 219chance of an event 219change 447change of abstraction 190change(succeeding values) 226changes(temperature) 334changing functions 277changing requirements 455chaos 413chaos function 256, 257chaos theory 448chapter(numbered) 43

chapters 43, 46character(context(mean)) 255characteristic details 445characteristic(immeasurable) 92characteristic(spatial) 408characteristic(values(independently

varying)) 447characteristics(most positive and most

negative) 158characteristics(nameable(verbal,

denumerable, numerable, measur-able)) 447

characteristics(spatial) 131Charberlin, T.C. 162Chareau 394charged(theme(surveying, watching, not

seeing, overseeing)) 476charisma 295Chartres 67Chartres Cathedral 401Chavasse Park 364checking moment 372chemical glueconnection 356chess player 410chief designer 359child’s experiments 414Chinese architecture(empty surfaces,

circle, colour)) 420Chinese community 419Chinese sky-line 421Chipperfield 473choice(first) 473choice(freedom) 26, 500choice(optimum) 297choices(design) 109choices(iterated) 296choices(spatial architectural) 155choosing of forms 58Chorley, R.J. 181, 183Christaller, W. 268Christiaanse, K. 439chronological reporting and

accounting 361chronology 62chronology(history) 62church-yard 477CIAM 69, 105CIAM(functions(housing, employment,

amenities, traffic))-classification 266CIB 249Ciftcioglu 377cinema 465cinema room 465circle 215, 420, 475circle(shape(simple)) 215circle(triangle) 431circuit(graph) 217circular conference room 424circular design 479circular reasoning(evaluation ex ante) 187circular(cortumio(conspicio)) 481circulation factor 269circumference(programme(quantity)) 215circumscription(panorama) 474circumstances 473circumstantial evidence 137citation 43cities in the delta 500cities(independent, fields of

influence) 498cities(separate) 496city building 435city centre 268city hall 287city map(composition(spatial),

component(design)) 439city shape models 438city(form) 125, 126city(founding) 474city(planning(human achievement)) 491city(river) 134city-extension 121Civil Code 82civil engineering 279civil liberties 79clad 394claddings 355claddings(load-bearing construction) 280claims(compensation) 81claims(suing) 80clairvoyant moments 459Clark, R.H. 24, 90Clarke D. M. 414class intervals 256class logic 192class(accuracy) 212class(scale values) 154

classes(qualitative) 154classical 470classical buildings 234classical orders 234classical theatre 470classicist 119classification 35classification boundaries 220classification of information, document

processing 79classification(buildings) 342classifying components 345clean slate 390cleaning windows 337clear ground certificate 81clearing out associations 393cleavage in the area 430cliché 389, 390, 395, 416cliché(design(just beginning)) 408clichés entrenched 406client(analysis of buildings) 118client’s information 275Clima 2000 330climate control 328, 330climate control((installations, construc-

tional facilities)(shape, architecturalprovisions)) 330

climate controlled façade 281climate façade 323, 423, 426climate installations 330climate(indoor) 330closed and open 429closed backside 429closed building block 135closed wall(transparant roof) 285closure of spaces 56closure(perception) 241clothing 334Clowes, M. 235Club of Rome 182, 494clues(lack) 145clustered diffusion 37clustering spaces 275coarseness(drawing) 211code(end) 242co-designers 282coding efficiency 244coding of a floor plan 242coding operations 242co-efficients 225Coenen, J. 365, 435, 439cognitive studies of vision(parts, mod-

ules) 235cognitive-psychological 58coherence 60coherence in our movements 415coherence(formal) 430cohesion(system) 218Cohler 104co-incidence 416co-incidence(historical) 417collaborative & concurrent engineering 378collaborative design 382collaborative engineering 379collage 393, 402collection of images 402collective activities(research(design

project based)) 141collective garden 135collective memory 106, 402collective outcome 296collective space 135collective welfare 300colonies(Greek) 203colonnade 244colossal pictures(film and television

company) 161colour 95, 336, 391, 420colour and texture(front) 289colour(context) 394colour(possible) 208colours 394colours(number(required)) 210column 121, 392column placed out of the façade 324column(detailing(form(pencil)(column(60cm),

wall(25 cm)))) 463column(glass) 286column(steel) 394combination 417combination of pieces 391combination of strategies 296combination of sub-solutions 297combination possibilities 219combinational explosion 295combinations and quantities 389combinations possible 341


combinations without repetition 210combinations(mathematics) 210combinations(parts) 101combinations(possible) 219combinatorial explosion 208combinatorial geometry 215combinatoric explosion 20combinatorics 203, 207combinatorics(applied) 417combinatorics(arrangement) 208combinatorics(variations) 208combinatory explosion 303combine or analyse(functions) 448combined 340combined controle 336combined(components) 347combining 430combining sub-solution 341come-back of an idea 290comfort 367comfort and usage 330comfort requirements 330comic books 245comic strip 247command(language) 194commercial development process 369commercial facilities 135commission 465commission(acquisition) 427, 432commission(disciplinary) 473commission(history) 65commission(interpretation(top-

down)) 474commission(interpretation) 474commission(national buildings

service) 460commission(professional, curiosity) 473commission(without problem) 473commissioned studies 329commissioner 276commissioner(history) 65commissioner(immaterial

intentions(concrete pictures)) 459commissioner(presentations, wishes

honoured, consistent building) 470commissioning(years) 470commitment 296common law 81common object 392communicating the results 144communicating vessels 449communicating(visual represen-

tations) 231communication 58, 281, 330, 378communication with the

commissioner(models, simple draw-ings) 459

communication(checklist(frame(structure),route, space, place, element, orienta-tion)) 441

communication(exchange, relation) 306communication(installations) 337communication(internal, framework) 364communication(open) 338communication(platform) 306communication(professional discipline,

culture, life-style) 305communication(steerage) 311communicative function(methodology)

363communicative function(urban design)

436compact form of building 170compactness(code) 243comparability 92, 168comparable 20, 55, 57, 82comparable buildings 250comparable situations(rulings) 82comparable(design) 141comparable(designs) 92comparable(images) 28comparable(size, usage, inhabitants

composition) 328comparative analysis 58, 123, 155, 277,

396, 455comparative design based research 144comparative floor-plan analysis 155comparative research 144comparative studies 143comparative study 165compare 55compared(drawing) 29comparing 60, 251comparing(political options, design) 494comparison 102, 372, 396comparison and selection 484comparison(criteria(drawings)) 29

comparison(designerly) 145comparison(ground) 91comparison(previous cases) 33comparison(scale) 368comparison(systematic) 137compartmentalisation 336compensation claims 81compensation principle 300competence(study) 28competition 368competition designs(prize-winning) 406competition independent from production

& execution 359competition on the marketplace 418competition(design) 141, 359competition(potential) 374competition(states, city-regions) 500competitiveness 358compiled scorings 163complaint(explanatory) 327complaints 327complaints(influence(inhabitants)(climate

control, shading installations, win-dows)) 328

complaints(inner climate, behaviouralaspects (lack of space, privacy, socialcontact)) 151

complaints(possible causes) 327complaints(prevention) 338complaints(unexplained) 327complement 438complete graph 217complete induction 191completeness 189, 243completeness(spatial, temporal) 189completion 347complex forms 379complex numbers 226complex(construction) 408complexity 95, 120complexity in simple formulas 406complexity(number of elements) 240complexity(parametric) 242complexity(perception) 240complexity(perceptual) 240complexity(reducing) 141component 25, 279, 321, 433, 445component design 279component designer 360component designer serving the project

architect 361component developer 282component development 355component of a building(purpose in

society) 405component(building) 286, 489component(design) 439component(elaboration(concept)) 406component(installation) 333component(load carrying) 345component(nominal radius(1/3 composi-

tion)) 445components 12, 35, 36components offered on the market 357components(classifying) 345components(clusters) 353components(combined(connecting,

joining, linking, coupling, fitting, inter-face)) 347

components(custom) 380components(disparate) 393components(disregarded) 190components(focus) 42components(individualisation) 365components(separating) 345composer(aesthetic) 361composer(musical) 360composer(unable to play the piano) 408composing at the keyboard 408composite 285composition12, 87, 92, 108, 109, 125, 139,

440com-position 94composition analysis 445composition principle 345composition research 139composition research(design

driven(types)) 137composition( (components,

details)(constellation, proportion)) 445composition(analysis) 160composition(components(means of

design)) 433composition(design

elements(frame(structure), route,space, place, element, orientation)))441

composition(development,

testing(reflection, selection, reduction,perfection)) 97

composition(feeling) 430composition(form(form)) 93composition(formal) 492composition(history) 63composition(knowledge, under-

standing 96composition(material) 370composition(original)(with well-know

components) 357composition(scale-dependent) 445composition(spatial) 128composition(subsolutions) 95composition(triadic) 237composition(wedge(angular twist),

circle(triangle)) 430compositional aspects(architctural arte-

facts) 144compositional aspects(interplay) 99compositional categories 485compositional means 89compositional task 35compositional themes 142compositional variation 141computational fluid dynamics 334computational studies(proscriptive ap-

proach) 246computer 291, 432computer aided design 21, 298computer aided techniques 97computer applications(isolated prob-

lems) 231computer drawings 477computer floors 337computer model 275computer models 333computer programs 415computer screen 411computer screens heat load 332computer(administrative task) 379computer(ergonomics) 232computer(repetitive tasks) 379computer(sketches) 287computer-aided architectural design 234computerisation(visual represen-

tations) 231computing architects 364concatenated techniques 360concave 243concavities(matched) 243concavity 243conceivable developments 162concentrated 105concentrating(functions) 324concentration 40, 494concentration(shopping centres) 268concentric way(process) 369concept 35, 87, 88, 90, 95, 107, 108, 109,

110, 287, 288, 340, 389, 406, 414, 416,439, 443, 444, 460→ conception, idea

concept defining 90concept formation 36, 89, 92concept guides the elaboration 406concept may be a compass 406concept of freedom 491concept(articulating an idea) 405concept(autonomous) 408concept(banana-concept) 427concept(commissioner) 459concept(concentrate the

essence(conditions(task, site))) 405concept(conditions to fulfill) 411concept(conditions) 405concept(consistent package of design

ideas) 438concept(detailing) 460concept(drawing) 423concept(empirical) 190concept(encompassing) 306concept(enduring

structure(infill(changeable))) 405concept(exhibition) 462, 473concept(form) 433, 436, 440concept(formulating) 309concept(frame, grain) 211concept(geometrical) 190concept(history, spatial) 63concept(idea(discovery)) 405concept(idea(layers)) 405concept(ideological basis, formal as-

pects) 431concept(interpretation) 406concept(metaphoric) 109concept(model(reality(future))) 185concept(new) 389

concept(organisation(tri-partition)) 424concept(outmoded) 389concept(placed on the location) 424concept(planners, designers) 186concept(planning) 186concept(policy) 498concept(pre-determined) 89concept(requirement) 432concept(scientifically verified) 285concept(sentence) 108concept(space of the idea) 405concept(spatial(rough design)) 185concept(spirit) 309concept(theme) 108concept(transformation, interpratation) 390concept(type) 116concept(underlying) 406concept(usage) 324, 326conception 87, 100, 139, 185, 443

→ conceptconception(design) 297, 302conception(elaboration) 417concepts 35, 36concepts(formation) 415concepts(functional, experiential, eco-

logical, decisional) 437concepts(lack) 33concepts(ordering) 429concepts(overlapping) 38concepts(sticking) 303conceptual (verbal, mathematical, spatial

and mechanical models) 183conceptual capacity 414, 415conceptual capacity(pattern, process) 417conceptual design 377conceptual model 183conceptual(pre) 473concert hall 407conclusion 329conclusion(logical, causal) 448conclusion(premises(true)) 191concordance 119concrete 395concrete beams 464concrete freedom 474concrete model 183concrete walls(crude) 392concrete(abstract) 474concrete(granulated) 427concurrent designing & engineering 363concurrent engineering 364, 378, 379condensation(heterogeneities(air)) 418condensing(averages) 219condition 21, 41, 48, 390condition(future) 491condition(hierarchy) 280condition(necessary) 196condition(sufficient) 196condition(task, site) 405conditional analysis 41conditional positioning 42conditional sequence 254conditionality 27, 260conditionality(focus) 42conditioning position(designer) 434conditioning(professional) 473conditions 25, 56, 389, 411, 448conditions for solutions 443conditions(circumstances) 200conditions(context) 41conditions(controlled) 328conditions(fixing) 411conditions(housing) 165conditions(implicit) 254conditions(limiting) 339conditions(pattern) 442conditions(social) 309conditions(task) 405conditions(technical) 254conditions(varying) 209cones 487conference room(circular) 424conference space 423conferences 249configuration 113, 114configuration(overall) 235configuration(repetitive) 244configuration(selective mental

aggegate) 236configuration(spatial) 153configuration(symmetric tripartite) 242configurations(dominant) 244configurations(on line) 238configurations(plan) 133confirmation 54conflicting(interests and criteria) 378conflicts(interest) 303

confrontational methods 340confusion of observation standpoints 188confusions(linguistic(spatial-temporal

completeness, logical consistency,public urgency)) 189

congresses(international) 330congruency 216conjunctions(strange(eclectic spirit)) 239connectedness 439, 493connecting 347connecting element(exhibition space) 467connecting factor(visual arts) 470connecting idea 468connecting lines 216connecting technique 337connecting(building parts) 425connection 105, 316, 419, 441connection detail(façade(weight,

loadings), elevantion, installation) 279connection details 445connection(cross) 133connection(facts) 250connection(number of kinds) 345connection(open) 326connection(points) 441connection(subsystem) 281connections 370connections(glass, metal) 286connections(international) 494connections(multiple) 217connections(separations) 368connectivity(lost(mathematics)) 205connectivity(multi-level represen-

tations) 237conregio 475, 480conregio(projecting(directed

diagram)) 476consensus 302, 433consensus(arrangements, appoint-

ments) 189consequence 48, 390

→ effect, impactconsequence((potential,

awareness)(design)) 491consequences(desired, undesired) 159consequences(not anticipated) 159consequences(possible) 162consequences(probable) 159consequences(spatial) 433considerations(political or social) 430consistencies 144consistency of the design 436consistency(associations) 476consistency(causal) 189consistency(conception) 443consistency(incompleteness) 189consistency(logical) 189consistency(varying(increasing, decreas-

ing)) 189consistent (balanced) design 437consistent building 470consistent(complete, not mutually ex-

cluding or overlapping, complement-ing) 438

consistent(data) 144consistent(made) 189consistent(themes) 485conspicio 475, 476, 479conspicio(playing the game) 476constant structures 56constellation 36, 90, 104constellation(diagram, prototype) 445constellations(urban) 494constraint 291constraint propagation 238constraint(budget, method of building,

image) 291constraint(decisive(location, number of

homes)) 432constraint(iterative) 235constraint(vital) 427constraints 95, 254, 300, 301, 302, 483constraints(design) 485constraints(local) 236constraints(LP) 299constraints(optimisation) 221constraints(programme) 95constraints(spatial) 236constraints(workshop project) 141constrictions(zoning) 424constructed(clues) 145construction 92, 396, 464construction and function(idea) 408construction and materialisation 26construction component 279construction management 417construction material 341

INDEX 5 3 5

construction of models 415construction planning(scale) 279construction technique 321construction time 342construction(building) 346construction(elements(moving(doors,

windows, walls))) 280construction(elements) 113construction(existing) 420construction(floor) 343construction(glass) 286construction(hierarchy) 279construction(infrastructure) 280construction(life-span(scale)) 280construction(load bearing) 280construction(load-bearing) 339construction(significance) 325construction(systems, subsystems,

building parts, components, elements)279

construction’s influence on the form 396constructions(finishing) 331constructions(load bearing) 331, 345constructions(partition) 331construction-technical design 321constructive diagram 440constructivism 407constructor 464constructor(history) 65constructor(ICT) 377constructor(meeting) 427consultancy(software(building and plan-

ning)) 167consultant(process) 306consultant’s experience 275consultants(analysis of buildings) 118consulting companies 335consumer 368consumer inquiries 269consumer(building) 357consumer’s risk 212consumer’s study 374consumer’s test for housing 163consumer’s test(residential) 165consumer’s law 274consumers(assertive) 311contact lens problems 327container aspect 391contamination 337contemplatio 474, 479contemplatio(conregio, conspicio,

cortumio) 475contemporary 66contemporary products 143content 441content analysis 56content of a design 437content of a design(design levels) 434content of an urban architectural

plan(designing, ordering) 433content(components, composition) 433content(intrinsic quality of the objects of

the environment in their context) 441content(process) 306content(relation) 305, 306contents(table) 46contest(design) 455context 20, 21, 25, 38, 51, 98, 110, 172,

254, 287, 289, 358, 391, 394, 406, 416,419, 423, 431, 449, 455

context of contemporary debate 143context of factual originating(history) 64context of invention 20context of society 405context of the object 20, 443context of the originating 69context relevant to its significance 12context sensitive 20, 26context varies 455context(action) 305context(assignment, programme of re-

quirements) 443context(broader, history) 67context(conditions for solutions) 443context(dislocations(design)) 418context(economical) 91context(educational) 485context(focus) 42context(form) 89context(functional use, history) 64context(history) 64context(history, style) 66context(history, use) 66context(idea) 414context(inventory) 443context(learning) 338context(liberating(object)) 493

context(location, performance criteria,pre-requisites, legislation, actors) 456

context(management,culture,economy,technique,ecology,time,space) 38

context(material, social) 90context(object) 443, 455, 493context(optimisation) 221context(original) 67, 393context(perception) 443context(significance, history)) 67context(situation, site, programme of

requirements) 89context(social) 57context(style) 64context(system of significations, field,

paradigm) 400context(technical) 91context(urban architecture) 424, 459context(urban) 288, 289, 427context-dependent local problems 448context-independent 368contexts 20contexts of assessment 399contexts(future) 251context-sensitive 449contextual scheme(scale, aspect(social,

physical)) 263contextuality of ‘general’ statements 447continental Europe 414continuation(perception) 241continuous language of forms 326continuousness 215contours of the design solution 437contract 81, 83contract(European) 427contract(one sheet A3) 427contract(standard) 81contracted graph 217contraction 217contractor(analysis of buildings) 118contractor(ICT) 377contradiction 194contrast 110, 418contrast and order 95contrast scenarios 259contrast(perception) 241contrasts in the appearance 336control functions 229control hierarchies 380control population 328control(personal(physical

systems(heating, ventilation))) 170controlled on-site 281convalescent home 310convenience 108convention 291convergence of ideas 260convergence phase 339convex 243convexity/concavity 235cook 417cooling capacity 334co-operate 296co-operation 296, 436co-operation(enforcement(central, com-

mitment)) 296co-operative behaviour 296co-ordinate organisation(Euclidean) 244co-ordinate system 473co-ordinated levels(multiple)(network of

elements(top)) 238co-ordinates(Cartesian) 203co-ordinating devices 237co-ordinating devices(relationships and

constraints(legal codes and regula-tions, professionalknowledge(internet))) 238

co-ordinating devices(visual pro-cesses) 235

co-ordination 415co-ordination and integration 359co-ordination and integration

(Building) 117co-ordination constraints 236co-ordination devices 237co-ordination(modular) 345, 347Copenhagen 473Copius Peereboom, J.W. 39co-producers 282copy 113copy(history) 66copying from an example 443core business 374core competence(charting) 373core(building components) 489corner(space)(linking) 235

corners(straight) 204corporate identity 273, 324correctness(history) 62correlation 207correspondence(causal

working(probability)) 204correspondence(conditional

working(possibility)) 204correspondence(set) 204correspondence(working) 204corridors 289corridors(dimensioning) 218cortumio 475, 480cortumio(judgement(signs, tem-

plate)) 476cosiness 56cost 455cost and benefits 299cost control 333cost-effective 368cost-effective design 275costing calculation 466costing projections 309costing(estimate) 465cost-quality test 149costs 342costs per cell(prison) 171costs(assessment) 372costs(development) 281costs(initial building) 167costs(investment) 167costs(life cycle) 167costs(running) 167Council of State 82counselling method 102countable 448counter-example 195, 198counter-intuitive(geometry) 215counting(double) 205, 206counting(equality(supposition)) 205counting(numbering(serial)) 205counts 207coupling 347course of the sun 475courses and headers 119Court of Justice 82court(enclosure) 477court(urban inner) 135courts 115covenant on the future(conspicio) 475cover 43cover the streets 325Cover, R. 381covering objectives 371CPB 259, 497CPB scenarios 259Craats 257crack branching 285crack growth 285cracking behaviour 285crack-width 212cramped blueprints 166cranes(building) 342create a need 368creating as a philosophical category 478creating designs 300creating(Christian version) 479creating(design) 478creating(divine game(human

mode(inventing))) 479creating(doing) 473creating(mythological figures) 479creating(poièsis, technè, praxis) 478creating(questions) 473creating(spontaneity,

edge(possible(randomness, determin-ism), real)) 474

creation(game) 474creation(problem) 473creative conceptual capacity 416creative conceptual

capacity(expressionism, impression-ism) 418

creative conceptual capacity(goal-ori-ented, means-oriented) 418

creative conceptualcapacity(homogeneity, autogeneity,heterogeneity) 418

creative conceptual capacity(idealism,realism(relativism)) 418

creative conceptual capacity(projection,identification) 418

creative conceptual capacity(rationalism,empirism) 418

creative design(computer) 379creative disciplines 479creative factor(co-incidence) 416

creative imagination(spontaneity withinstructures and rules) 474

creative imaging 96creative methods 371creative organisation 95creative phase 340creative products(personal events, anec-

dotes, passion, urge for survival) 419creative solutions(method) 340creative(artistic logical) 100creative(imaginative rational) 100creativity 340, 389, 413, 416, 437creativity centre 465creativity(combination, rejection generally

accepted pre-suppositions) 417creativity(designer’s)(support(represen-

tation(computerised))) 236creativity(fixed, open-ended) 396creativity(improvising) 481creativity(result(pattern), action

(process)) 417creativity(rules) 474creativity(structure) 474creativity(transformation(meaning)) 394criminality(amenities) 267criteria 101, 343criteria(accessible) 371criteria(aesthetic) 307criteria(assessment) 365criteria(decision) 294criteria(development) 165criteria(evaluation) 163criteria(norms(objectives(values) 254criteria(operational) 371criteria(ordinal) 370criteria(redundant) 371criteria(scientific) 12criteria(self-imposed(students)) 396criteria(significant(expected)) 159criteria(taste) 96criteria(valid) 371criteria(verbal) 370critical 22, 494critical idealism 414critical scientific study 155critical uncertainties 162critical, contemplative science 307critical-path method 218criticism 33, 52criticism process 307criticism(articulated) 309criticism(functionalistic design) 125criticism(history, style) 62criticism(invitation) 305criticism(literature) 68criticism(plan) 125criticism(typological) 103critique 52critique of architecture 69critique(process) 306cross 475cross bond(brick) 120cross referencing 145cross section of the collection 402cross(cartesian) 133cross-breeding(mental) 405cross-connection 133crossing(node) 218cross-references 11cross-referencing 143cross-section 287, 289, 465, 476cross-section(urban space) 431cross-section(vertical fitting) 467cross-type 170Crouwel, W. 357, 465crucial details 446crude concrete walls 392Cruyff 419crystal(growing(dislocation in its grid))

189crystal(growing) 119crystal(growth(imperfection)) 418crystalline structure 285CSCW 378cube 487cube(graph) 217cubic content 227Cullen, G. 439, 441cultural climate 96cultural developments 141cultural facilities 499cultural identity 494, 500cultural landscape 131cultural minority 420cultural phenomena(ordering) 474cultural poverty 172cultural pre-suppositions 200

cultural pre-suppositions(models) 181cultural scenarios 259cultural sensitivity 358culture 97, 254culture and nature 110culture of architectural design 250culture(changing(conditions, values)) 389culture(making into a place(non-

place)) 474culture(pre-suppositions) 416Cuperus, Y.J. 263, 279, 281, 345, 503cupola 170curiosity 396, 401, 473current state 372curtains 336curvature(negative) 243curve fitting 253curve surfaces 487curve(moving and rotating) 487curved aluminium panels 364curved avenue 424curved form 430curved lines and surfaces 487curved road 423curved surfaces 364curved surfaces(freely(single,

double)) 487curves(logistical) 229curving in opposite directions 488curving in the same direction 488custom 293custom components 380custom manufacturing 380custom production 380Cusveller, S. 126cut through 217cut-out space 475cutting out(tem) 475Cuypers, P. 118cycle of experience, action,

experience 415cycle(nested) 444cycles(graph theory) 217cyclic processes 58cyclical network 218cyclical(buiding process) 272cyclists 316cylinder 489cylindrical core 489

D

Daedalus 476Daedalus(technè(architect, engineer,

artist, inventor, maker)) 479Dalbet 394Dale, J.H. van 437Dalen, J. van 207Damrak 123Dapper neighbourhood 127data 339data based design 169data collection 155data communication installations(vision

of the future) 337data designstage 333data from the site 444data mining 382data of several researchers 334data used(quality) 161data(aggregated) 55data(available) 333data(design) 145data(fixed) 300data(free) 300data(history, contextual) 62data(interpretation) 138database 205, 334database(interface(description(perform-

ance))) 351databases with reference projects 172databases(linguistic) 49dating 128dating(history) 62Davis, G.B. 294daylight 122, 335daylight and view 325daylight in the auditorium 467day-light studies 421daylight(façade) 425daylight(optimising(reflecting

strips)) 426daylighting 331De Stijl 89DE Wijk 313dead end 432, 470


dead ends 387dead weight 280deadline 291dealing room 497, 498Dear, N. 334debatable 496debate 12debate(attack) 13debate(contradiction) 14debate(counter-example) 13debate(defensible) 13, 14debate(Do you agree with me that…? 14debate(Do you mean, by this proposi-

tion, that…?) 13debate(fair) 13debate(foundation(communal)) 14debate(interpretation(implausible)) 13debate(new specification) 14debate(proposition(explaining)) 13debate(proposition(more general)) 14debate(proposition(specifying)) 14debate(proposition) 13debate(return to his reservation) 14debate(scientific) 23debate(social) 307debate(talking at cross-purposes) 13debate(tasks(division)) 13debate(Was the specified proposition

actually what you meant?) 14debates(television) 13debris of the demolition 323decentralised 105decimal numerals(Arabic) 232decision areas(interconnected,

analysis) 371decision as to spatial planning 435decision control(open, democratic) 168decision criteria 294decision making 59, 309, 433decision making(chain) 280decision making(democratic) 299decision making(design) 140decision making(levels) 347decision procedures(personal position-

ing, collective evaluation) 498decision process 124, 496decision process(leaps) 357decision support 378decision support systems 160, 378, 382,

497decision to execute 443decision variables 301decision(design) 151, 237, 360decision(go / no go) 374decisional(concept) 437decision-makers 293decision-making 293, 378, 443decision-making process(agenda) 446decision-making process(political) 307decisionmaking(methods) 496decision-making(multi-party) 303decisions(better,

quicker(Deltametropolis)) 496decisions(design) 346decisions(human) 492decisions(intuitive) 356decisions(rational basis) 167decisive constraint 432decisive constraints 470decisive idea(tri-partition(organi-

sation)) 427decisive(ideas) 440declarative function 205decline(neighbourhood) 164de-cohesion 285decompose the design 100decomposing 101decomposition 58, 102, 129decomposition analysis 133decomposition method 439, 440decomposition rules 233decomposition(deterministic) 244decomposition(geons) 243decomposition-analysis 133de-concentrated 105deconcentration 494deconstructed 414décor(office, living-room, bathroom) 156décor(psychology(consultation, exami-

nation)) 156decorative elements 113decree(building) 80deduction 194, 199, 200, 250deduction(logical form) 200deductive 191deductive form(reasoning) 369deductive stage 128

deductive sub-process 371Deelder, J.A. 208defect 296defence(water) 134Défense, La 446defensive character 324deficits(housing, symptoms) 167define 55defined concept 190defining 39definition 33, 42, 447deflections 342deformation(topological) 216deformations 379degree(nodes(graph theory)) 216Delaunay 390Delft 166, 329Delft Media Group 142Delft, D. van 182Delftish stuff(reasoning) 421delivery of stage props 465Delivery(Just in Time) 350delphi method 260delta 131delta landscape 500delta way(designers, engineers) 492Deltametropolis 492, 498Deltametropolis declaration 496Deltametropolis(association(cities,

chambers of commerce, waterboards,farmers’ associations, associations formonuments of nature, national recrea-tional association, housing corpora-tions, employers association of Hol-land, transport company)) 498

Deltametropolis(declaration) 498Deltametropolis(market-

situation(European Union)) 500Deltametropolis(metaphor(connectedness,

inter-action)) 493Deltametropool, Vereniging 499demand → need, requirementdemand for movement 335demand requirements 283demand side 355demand(offices) 267demand(parties(desires, preferences,

expectations, goals)) 152demands(future) 378demands(increased) 309demands(tailored) 284demands(use) 330democratic decision control 168democratic decision making 299demolishing(life-span(end)) 323demolition and building anew 323demolition(on site) 81demonstration card 130demystification(representation) 246Den Haag 496Denmark 482density models 438density(increasing(nearing centre)) 430dents 236denumerable 447denumerable spatial or temporal order448Department of Administrative

Jurisdiction 82department(survey) 372departments(organisation) 372departure-point 405dependant variable 48dependence on location 367dependent on context and location 368deprivation(sensory) 413deprogramming 128depth(design) 141deregulating 350deregulation 84derived function 227, 228Derrida, J. 414, 447Descartes, R. 216, 414, 418describe(analysis of buildings) 117describing study 11description 11, 33, 53, 240description(abstract) 351description(analysis of buildings) 118description(explicit, expressive) 173description(formal, functional) 33description(logical form) 200description(process) 33description(representation) 232descriptions(alternative) 232descriptive documentation 143descriptive geometry 215descriptive methods 144descriptive model 184

descriptive research 53, 138, 141design 12, 19, 87, 255, 491, 492

→ plandesign ‘on its own merit’ 173design action(firs)t 432design action(first(urban model, pro-

gramme of requirements)) 459design actions(nameable,

sequence(productive)) 418design activities 35, 101, 355design activity 139design activity driven research 140design activity(aims) 95design activity(conception) 443design aids 379design analysis(normative rule based,

generative(sequence of design ac-tions)) 245

design and build 272design and decision-making

tools(quality/costasessment(levels(scale))) 167

design and research 97design artefact driven research 143design assessment 365design assignment 159design attributes 101design based research 140design capability(engineer, artist) 360design cases 144design choices 109design communication 101design competition 141, 359design conception 297, 302design constraints 485design contest 455design data 145design data(drawings, models, written

information) 143design data(intermediate) 143design decision 34, 143, 151, 237, 360,

436, 443, 464design decision making 140design decision(arguments) 161design decision(history) 70design decision(risky) 338design decision(without empirical evi-

dence) 20design development (reconstructed) 143design development(monitored) 143design dilemma 106design directives(cities, neighbour-

hoods, residences, rooms and also thebasic construction of minor buildingcommissions) 442

design document based research 144design domains 358design drawing 287design drawings(history) 61design driven 95design driven composition

research(types) 137design driven research 95, 99, 137, 138,

485design education 415design element(route, edge, areas, con-

nection, landmarks) 441design

elements(translation(frame(structure),route, space, place, element, orienta-tion))) 441

design exercise 494design expertise 145design idea 287design ideas 289design images(relevance) 161design in strategic planning 492, 493design incident 421design inspirations 291design intentions 144design intentions(interpretation) 144design intervention 88, 144design

intervention(difference(drawings)) 174design

intervention(inspiration(example)) 467design interventions(implications) 139design interventions(minimum) 445design laboratory 140, 485design language(personal) 438design levels 434design loop’ 96design management 417design means 89design method(explicit) 369design method(whole, part-products) 339design methodology 58, 249, 293

design methods 88, 295, 298, 339, 387,433, 436, 444

design methods(decision process) 500design methods(decision processes) 498design methods(systematic) 295design of the organisation 444design optimisation(multi-actor) 302design options 144, 485design options(alternate) 143design options(simulated) 145design orientated research 146design perspective 145design phenomena 144design possibilities 207design problem 433, 442design problems(new, advanced, com-

plex, experimental, fast-track)(method) 363

design process 57, 107, 108, 168, 287,327, 339, 370, 377, 417, 419

design process driven research 140design process(acquisition, decisive

constraint, budget(role),concept(requirement), sketching mate-rial, design action(first) golden mo-ment, great transformation, dead ends,period(indetermined design),method) 432

design process(acquisition, decisiveconstraint, budget(role),concept(requirement), sketching mate-rial, design action(first) golden mo-ment, great transformation, dead ends,period(indetermined design),method) 470

design process(acquisition, vital con-straint, budget, golden moment, greattransformation, dead ends,period(indetermined design),method) 427

design process(allergies, frustrations,nightmares) 419

design process(architect) 293design process(beginning(programme

of requirements, context(urbanarchitecture))) 459

design process(conceiving rules, prod-uct) 492

design process(concept, means of de-sign, situation) 438

design process(conditions(variation)) 42design process(cyclical(‘inventing/

thinking’, ‘making/ doing’ and ‘apply-ing/ evaluating’)) 479

design process(dead end) 420, 427design process(de-blocking(halving the

programme(most inspiring and prom-ising part(personal(background,past))))) 421

design process(de-blocking(stepsback)) 427

design process(decidingphase(requirements, risks)) 492

design process(determinism, random-ness) 478

design process(development) 443design process(documenting) 446design process(evaluation

phase(deconstruction(analysis(object,environment, users, use)))) 493

design process(ex ante evaluations) 330design process(exploration

phase(formal, schematic)) 492design process(exploration

phase(indefinite and undefined aimsand means, form)) 492

design process(formal) 387design process(industrial product, archi-

tecture) 367design process(information, adaptabil-

ity) 163design process(in-sight(intuition)) 478design process(inventory, formation of the

image, analysis of effect, decision toexecute) 443

design process(methodical(programmeof requirements), form(found)) 292

design process(model, type,concept) 439

design process(phases) 116design process(programme of require-

ment) 287design process(programme of require-

ments) 263design process(realisation

phase(optimum solution(conflictingrequirements)( technical design))) 492

design process(research potential) 140design

process(research(steps(explicit))) 409design process(sequential, network)) 377design process(space) 362design process(study by design) 459design process(sub-processes) 298design process(topological defor-

mation) 216design process(what?, why?, how?) 476design processes(recorded) 361design processes(results) 143design products 95, 434design programme 494design project based research 141design proposal(preliminary) 371design propositions 95design re-construction 21design reflections 140design related study 11, 21, 26design related

study(admissibility(ethical)) 28design related

study(competence(academic)) 27design related study(completeness) 27design related study(desirable

(design)) 27design related

study(documented(design)) 27design related study(effect analysis) 28design related study(effects(intended))

28design related

study(effects(unintended)) 28design related

study(execution(technical)) 28design related study(experimental) 27design related

study(feasible(economically)) 27design related study(goal-directed) 27design related

study(implementation(social)) 28design related study(invention) 28design related study(open to control) 27design related study(open to criticism)27design related study(perspective) 28design related

study(possibilities(improbable)) 28design related study(possibilities) 28design related study(possibility to re-

trieve sources) 27design related study(possible

(socially)) 27design related study(probable

(design)) 27design related study(probable) 28design related

study(problems(statement)) 27design related study(prognosis) 28design related study(programme of

requirements) 27design related study(understandable) 27design related study(viable(socially)) 28design related study(viable

(technically)) 28design repertory 133design representations 238design research 11, 12, 20, 89, 99, 103,

138, 155, 443design research ex post 21Design Research Society 19design research(case(defined(object,

context))) 493design research(existing examples) 443design research(references(explicit)) 173design result analysis 143design result driven research 143design rules 96design schemes 441design school(intuitive, subjective,

system(lacking), scientific(engineer)) 419

design sequence(edges, inner area,outside, inside) 430

design session 417design setting(as if) 101design sketches(pencil, pen, A4

notebook(squarely ruled)) 466design software 380design solution(contours) 437design solutions 21, 455design solutions(separation(consulting,

examination)(efficiency, privacy)) 156design stage(data) 333design studio 373design study 12, 20, 21, 71, 89, 98, 101,

173, 330, 436

INDEX 5 3 7

designstudy(context(known)(documents,meetings)) 443

design study(normalpractice(consultancyfirms(architectural, urban development,technical))) 443

design task 142, 483design theme(homogenous) 418design themes(functionality, form, pro-

portion, making) 483design themes(recurring) 485design thinking 95design tool 334, 441design toolbox 66, 125design tools 20design tradition 369design variants 275design variants(analysis) 455design workshop based research 141design(analysis) 314design(apology) 174design(Archer) 100design(architectural(arrangement, articu-

lation, finite set of buildingelements)) 234

design(begin) 417design(beginning) 473design(black box) 365design(both singular and a type) 493design(building) 279, 333design(circular) 479design(clean slate) 402design(commission) 125design(component) 279design(concentration) 407design(conceptual) 377design(conditions(variation)) 42design(connecting with the programme)

290design(consistency) 436design(consistent, balanced) 437design(context(change),

precedent(comparing)) 143design(convert the underlying) 402design(daring) 59design(data based) 169design(decisions) 346design(depth) 141design(direction(finding)) 473design(disastrous effect(excellent part

solution)) 410design(discussion) 160design(domain) 145design(environmental) 146design(erly) enquiry driven research 144design(erly) workshop driven

research 141design(evaluation(effect analysis)) 418design(exercise) 492design(exploration) 493design(explorative scenario) 184design(façade(daylight)) 425design(final) 372design(formal ordering) 433design(formal) 493design(frame, grain) 211design(freedom) 210design(fulfilment of wishes and needs,

taking dcisions, shaping a product,originality) 339

design(full-sentence functions) 192design(generalising, generating) 418design(glass box) 366design(history, rendering) 63design(ideological bias) 430design(improve) 293design(indeterminate(period)) 427design(infrastructure) 279design(installation) 333design(interorganisational) 297design(invention(form, use, test, evalua-

tion)) 479design(joy) 286design(just beginning) 408design(key aspects) 172design(language game) 189design(layers) 421design(leaving things out) 406design(levels) 438design(location) 423design(making) 88design(material) 280design(means) 88, 434design(methodological) 138design(methods) 95, 139design(model based) 443

design(model(explorative, potential,projective)) 184

design(model(potential-projective, ex-plorative)) 185

design(model) 42design(multi-disciplinary(part-prod-

ucts)) 339design(narrative) 406design(open) 293, 302, 303design(optimisation) 293design(optimum) 297, 302design(orchestrator of knowledges) 99design(originating stages(logic)) 189design(outline) 342design(possible future) 52design(precedent based) 238design(preliminary) 283, 372, 427design(primitives) 233design(principles) 25design(programmatic, functional, system

orientated) 492design(pronunciation) 475design(proposal) 103design(putting together, inventing) 360design(rational reasons(diversity)) 20design(reduction) 407design(reference projects, prece-

dents) 152design(repetitive or surveyable) 363design(research driven) 159design(research) 21, 151, 455design(responsibilities) 306design(scale changing) 90design(science) 145design(scientific method) 298design(scientific) 27design(selection and combination(parts,

elements)) 57design(situation, programme(activity

pattern)) 493design(sketched) 459, 465design(social) 293design(social-democratic(critical),

conservative(dynamic), christian-democratic(carefull),technological(relaxed)) 494

design(solution-orientatedstrategy(alternatives)) 251

design(spatial discovery) 404design(spatial model(programme of

requirements), concept) 263design(spatial) 332design(structural engineers, costing

experts, traffic engineers, buildingcontractors, governmental planners,users, investors, local residents) 293

design(systematic simulations) 143design(systematic) 436design(team) 293, 295design(transformator(use of space,

spending time)( opportunities andthreats, rules and regulations)) 493

design(unique) 20design(urban) 433design(value(use(possibilities

(number)))) 26design(value) 27design(variables) 441design(vision) 478design(what?(conspicio)) 476design(width) 141design/decision-making process 294designa 210designer 492designer(autonomous) 434designer(chief) 359designer(commissioner(concrete pic-

tures)) 459designer(component) 360designer(generator of form, evaluator) 478designer(performance and creativity) 245designer(problem solving) 100designer(professional) 358designer(scholarly) 358designer(scientific) 358designer(studying) 360designer’s toolbox 93designer-consumer 361designerly abilities 100designerly approaches(drawings,

schemes, models) 144designerly enquiry 98, 100designerly enquiry into research 146designerly exercises 101designerly inquiry(explorative)) 137designerly interpretation 145designerly interpretation based

research 145designerly mode of enquiry 95, 100designerly reference study 102designerly studies 142designerly variations 145designerly workshop based research 142designerly workshop(issues of

interest) 142designer-producer 357designers(industrial) 391designers(installation) 338designers(part) 359designers(perception(visual(without

physical sensations(noise, smell,wind)))) 188

designers(professionals in design stu-dios) 357

designers(scholarly) 360designers(young) 357designing 12, 362, 475designing as composing 357designing experience 291designing is rejecting 403designing principles 57designing process 59, 94designing strategies 60designing(act) 474designing(adding of all conclusions) 420designing(art(knowledge and capabil-

ity)) 478designing(base cycle) 372designing(creating(thinking,

making)) 478designing(dimensions(formal, functional,

technical, analytical)) 492designing(emotional) 421designing(gut) 419designing(insight into one’s personal

character) 419designing(interpretation) 160designing(opposition(average)) 255designing(ordering and forming) 429designing(planning, establishing

form) 433designing(points of departure,

users(objectives and whishes, activi-ties), organisational structure) 271

designing(pre-occupations) 419designing(problem solving) 373designing(product) 369designing(routine) 363designing(searching, empiry, trial and

error) 96designing(self-respect) 419designing(sequentially, in parallel) 455designing(simultaneous) 361designing(structure) 216designing(technical) 356, 360designs(alternative) 171designs(indexing(global co-ordinating

devices))) 238designs(judging) 159designs(part) 363designs(partial) 26, 369design-study 21desing process(on its way to an outspo-

ken drawing) 173desirable 184, 444, 447desirable future 253, 254desirable futures 492desiredundesired consequences 159destination plan 435destination(history) 65destination(programme) 434detail(component(lower scale)) 445detail(level) 73detail(nominal radius(1/10 compo-

sition)) 445detail(principal) 427detail(smallest) 50detailed requirements 340detailing 464detailing aspects 463detailing(materialising) 326detailing(morphological reconstruc-

tion) 445detailing(separate) 309details 445, 464details(characteristic) 445details(concept) 460details(connection) 445details(crucial) 446details(grid) 418details(overemphasised) 190details(striking) 446detective 98detective(attitude) 145

detective(spirit) 144detectives 411deterioration(amenities) 267developer(component) 282developers(initiators of change) 493developers(scholarly) 357development 431, 443development brief 283development costs 281development plan 419development process 355development process(commercial) 369development process(scholarly, practi-

cally) 356development process(technical) 369development processes(communi-

cable) 365development psychology 106development(market) 375development(opportunity) 284development(organisation) 375development(product) 19, 375development(production) 375development(social) 311developmental psychologist 413Deventer 134deviating(average) 219deviating(mean) 219deviation 253deviation(standard) 220deviation(statistical) 255Dewey, J. 415Dewulf, G.P.R.M. 161dexterity(manual) 415diagnosis(problem) 154diagonal 462diagram 128, 445, 475, 476diagram(directed) 476dialogue with the paper or the

screen(design phase(inventory, effectanalysis)) 417

dice(throwing) 219dichotomies(semantic differential) 158dichotomous 207Dickson, W.J. 414dictionaries 35Dieckmann, U. 255difference 447difference in place 205difference of place 206difference of place(equality(unit, order of

maginitue)) 206difference(asymmetric) 39difference(mathematics) 226different positions in reality 448differential 226differential calculation 205differential calculus 228differential equations 229differential quotient 226differential thinking 447differentiation(environment(intent, func-

tion, structure, form, content)) 441differentiation(environmental) 439differentiation(programmatic) 438differentiation(spatial) 438diffusion(clustered) 37digital visualisation 232digitalisation 78Dijk, H. van 160Dijkstra, T. 346dimension 447dimension(arrow) 477dimensional(four) 475dimensional(three) 475dimensioning of the facilities 330dimensioning of the structure 379dimensioning(corridors) 218dimensions 109, 274, 347dimensions(bricks) 118diminishing marginal returns 448dining table 394diploma projects(thematic) 141diplomacy 62direct object 48directed diagram 476directed graph 218direction for a design(finding) 473direction of rotation 487direction of viewing 473direction(conregio) 475direction(number, change, variation of

change) 215direction(point to line) 477directional changes 215directional changes(nodes) 215directions(diversity(perception)) 241

directions(minimal number) 215disassembling 393disciplinary commission 473discipline 249discipline bound information 396discipline(architectural profession) 417discipline(way of thinking and acting)473disciplines(inter-action) 340disclose(façade) 470discontinuities 243discontinuous function 227discovery 28, 101, 144, 400, 485discovery(clairvoyant moment) 459discovery(out of the blue) 409discovery(spatial(design)) 404discrete entities 367discretion 417discussible(methodology) 362discussion model 184discussion(design) 160disjunctive sets 39dislocation 189, 418dislocation in the roster 418disparate components 393disparate worlds 394dispersal on a national scale 498dispersed living 105displacement(functions(businesses,

offices)(high rents)) 267display(alternatives) 341disputes 81disregarding components 190dis-satisfaction of people 373dis-satisfaction(prevention) 338dissecting table 394disseminating new ideas 284dissimilar properties 166distance 206distance learning 381distance to ‘reality’ 474distance(core to core) 206distance(designer(design research)) 140distinction 110distinction(design) 59distribution(normal) 220distribution(optimum) 297district heating 313, 316ditches 315Ditmarsch, H.P. van 194divergence phase 339diverse but thematically consistent 485diversity 391diversity of cultures 391diversity of solutions 484dividing 206divine game(creating) 479divine proportion 213division(land) 316division(morphological reconstruc-

tion) 445do…while(programming language) 229doctor 411document 12document based research 144document management 380document the design process 446documentation of artefacts 144documentation(building-trade) 347documentation(descriptive) 143documentation(design products, process

data) 138documentation(plans) 57documentation(precise) 421documented(design process(sketches,

deveopment models, interim options,results))) 140

documents 443documents(building) 231Doel, J. van den 293, 294, 299, 300Does, J. van der 142doll’s house 395, 476domain(design) 145domestic ambience 391domestic Dutch styles 291Donge 315door type 236door(frame) 212Doorewaard, H. 155Doorn, van 184doors 280dose/effect relation 328double counting 205, 206double or super square 123double square 120double-blind study 328doubt 387dpi 49


Draaisma, D. 182Draak, J. den 161, 266, 448draft design(performance checks) 163draft(first) 314drainage(surface) 315draught problems(installations) 331draw as you search 408draw while we think 408draw(analysis of buildings) 117drawing 96, 144, 179, 410drawing as you think 411drawing board perspective 188drawing computer programme 210drawing computer programme

(vector) 211drawing from your memory 389drawing in ink 287drawing lines(not existing(inventory,

image formation)) 444drawing shamelessly 459drawing(autonomous graphic image) 411drawing(cliché) 173drawing(context(perspective)) 174drawing(contract) 50drawing(criteria(plans to compare)) 173drawing(diversity) 173drawing(first, small, without scale, 3D,

floor plan, cross-section) 466drawing(frame) 173drawing(grain) 173drawing(information content) 173drawing(intended effect) 174drawing(key-words) 173drawing(language(designer)) 189drawing(outspoken) 173drawing(outspokenness) 173drawing(quotable(documentation)) 173drawing(readable effect) 173drawing(richness) 173drawing(to be decided on) 350drawing(unity(sense of conviction), bits

& pieces(various design ideas)) 430drawing(wishes(context(urban architec-

ture), commissioner(interview))) 459drawings 101drawings in perspective 441drawings(analytical) 130drawings(comparison(scale, resolution,

legend)) 173drawings(comparison) 173drawings(computer) 477drawings(conventional sequence) 237drawings(expressionistic) 131drawings(geometric) 131drawings(judging) 175drawings(kneaded) 462drawings(line) 231drawings(presentation) 290drawings(reading) 411drawings(spatial) 462drawings(symbolical) 308Drenth, P.J.D. 329Dresdner, A. 70Drie Hoven, De 395drieklezoor 120driving force 161, 259, 491, 495driving forces(analysing past develop-

ments) 161driving forces(brain-storm session) 162driving forces(uncertainties(critical)) 162driving forces(workshop) 162Droge Magazijn(1911, NNM) 460Droysen, J.G. 64DRS 19drum residences 115drums 115Drunen, H.A. van 372dry skin 327drying out 315DSS 160, 378dual branches 217dual map 217dual nodes 217dual(brick wall) 281Duchamps, M. 392ducts 325, 347ducts for cables 337Duffy, F. 98, 99Duijvestein, I 184Duijvestein, K. 263, 313, 439Duiker, J. 117Duin 57, 89, 90, 152, 212, 275Duncan, F. 434dunes(ridges) 132duplex house 164durability 20, 95, 108durable goods 268

Durand, J.N.L. 94, 417dust-free painting workshop 465Dutch economy(trade, transport,

finance) 500Dutch National Central Planning

Bureau 185Dutch New Movement 1924-1936 117dwelling activities(construction(building,

characteristics)) 163Dwelling Assessment System 163dwellings(marketposition) 167dwellings(rented) 167DXF-format 49dynamic 120dynamic link 238dynamic properties of the building 330dynamic system 225dynamic visualisation 246

E

EAAE Congress 19each(logic) 193Eames 390earlier initiatives 419earthbound 20ease of access 11easement 81Eastman, C.M. 235east-south-west-north 475easy to alter(perception) 241eccentric building 361ecclesia 68eclectic spirit(recent or current architec-

ture) 239eclecticism 118, 401ecocentrism 414ecological approach 313ecological issues 274ecological map 314ecological quality 315ecological system 495ecological(concept) 437ecology(evolutionary) 256ecology(opposition(average)) 255economic constraints 151economic growth 494economic life-span 323economic prognoses 251economical context 91economical life 280economical scenarios 259economical synergy 499economics(building) 346economics(history) 62economy of means 407edge 441edge properties 243edges(graph theory) 216editorial board 52education(design) 101educational context 485educational system 415Eekels, J. 160, 361, 367, 369, 370Eekhout, A.C.J.M. 37, 263, 279, 283, 328,

332, 339, 355, 357, 362, 443EEM 378Eemeren, F.H. van 191Eesteren, C. van 434effect 329, 445

→ consequence, impacteffect analysis 28, 87, 171, 187, 259, 456effect analysis(circular reasoning) 174effect analysis(combination of design

interventions) 174effect analysis(comparing) 173effect analysis(drawings(comparable

(legend))) 174effect analysis(drawings(summary of the

differences)) 174effect analysis(list of effects) 175effect analysis(plan, drawing) 174effect analysis(suffering objects) 174effect analysis(weight(suffering

objects)) 174effect of a particular design method 329effect per suffering object 174effect report 174effect(actual) 159effect(design intervention) 159effect(focus) 446effect(function) 225effect(intended(intention, goal formula-

tion, design criteria, design pro-gramme)) 174

effect(intended) 187

effect(not intended) 187effect(physical(spatial, ecological, tech-

nical) social(economical, cultural,political)) 28

effect(predictability) 162effect(programs, plans) 168effect(solutions) 294effect(transformation) 446effect(transformations) 455effect(unintended) 174, 368effectiveness 24, 57, 334effects ex ante(perspective) 446effects of the transformations 455effects weighed 446effects(analysis) 446effects(desirable) 51effects(intended) 51, 149, 446effects(not intended) 149effects(undesirable) 51effects(unintended(desired, probable,

possible)) 446effects(unintended) 51effects(welfare) 300efficiency 24, 156, 274, 378efficiency(use) 166effort(attention) 240Egeraat, E. van 364Eggink, R. 117EGM 360Egypt 204Egyptian Triangle 119Eiffel tower 377, 390Eijck, J. van 194Eindhoven 495Einstein 24Eisenman 379elaboration 289elaboration(sketches, computer) 287elderly people(housing) 310Eldijk, J. van 263, 287, 387, 419, 423, 429,

459, 465electrical energy 336electrical installations 336electrical power supply 336electricity 330electronic catalogues 380element 103, 279, 441elements 370elements(building, main) 345elements(construction) 113elements(decorative) 113elements(Euclid) 203, 204Elements(Euclid) 216elements(free) 326elevation(spirally) 116elevations 410elevator 489Elevator Building 419elevator manufacturers 335elevators 335Elferink, M.H. 80Elling, R.B. 43emblem 478emblematic(precedent) 143embody 478embracing form 407embracing(exhibition) 461E-modulus 285emotional side of designing 421emotional well-being 95emphasis(shift) 390empirical 102empirical concept 190empirical cycle 138, 179, 250, 253, 254,

330, 415empirical cycle(logic) 200empirical experiment 414empirical induction 199empirical method(problems) 448empirical model 417empirical research 138, 141, 145, 416empirical researcher 447empirical sciences(models(descriptive,

explicative, predictive)) 185empirical sciences(technology) 307empirical study(evaluation(ex post)) 187empirical study(statistics, inquiries,

interviews, observations,models(gravity))(programming re-search) 267

empirical theory 204empirical(trial and error) 96empirical-scientific methods 13empirical-technical research 98empiricism 414, 416, 418empiricism(logical) 414empiricist thinking 414

empiricists 13empiry 25, 255emplacement(railway) 433employment 269empty site 120empty surfaces 420enclosure 351enclosure(court) 477encyclopaedia 35end line factory 281end product(control) 281end(block) 116Endnote 44end-point 480end-products 367energy bill 425energy conservation 333energy conserving provisions 171energy consumption 151energy consumption for heating 334energy for manufacturing 323energy maximisation 316energy systems 495energy use 329energy(nuclear fusion) 495energy(performance) 333energy(solar) 313, 326energy(sunlight) 495Engel, H. 103, 417Engelsdorp-Gastelaars, R. van 494engineer 360, 407, 419, 478, 492engineer(pragmatic nature) 421engineer(technical) 358engineering 357, 358engineering approach 361engineering material 284engineering(collaborative) 379engineering(concurrent) 379enlarging 73enquiry 99enquiry(designerly) 95, 98enquiry(thematic) 485ensemble 324ensemble of buildings 133ensemble(analysis of buildings) 118ensemble(architectonic) 434ensemble(building(realised)) 143ensemble(modern) 135entering a subway train 392enterprise 369enterprise(mission, vision, strategy, tac-

tics, core competence) 373enterprise(motifs) 373enterprise(opportunities) 374enterprise(possibilities) 374enterprise(product) 373enterprise(usage product) 373enterprises(small-scale) 358enthusiasm 396entity(parts(entity))(decision

making(levels)) 280entrance 116, 289, 468entrance into a neighbourhood(estimate

depth) 430entrance level 358entrance on minus 3 metres 467entrance to an area 430entrance to the surroundings 430entrance(labyrinth) 480entrance(own) 470entrance(shared(institutes)) 467entrances(identify) 392envelop(minimum) 107Environment & Planning Ed. B 249environment differentiation 441environment differentiation(intent, func-

tion, structure, form, content) 441environment(built) 95environment(material) 370environment(trihedral) 235Environmental Control Act 84environmental design 146environmental differentiation 439environmental effects 333, 337environmental impact analysis 159environmental maintenance 274environmental maximisation method 313environmental ordering 84environmental prognoses 251environmental requirements 323environmental sustainability 494EOR 197epidemiological study(questionnaire,

building checklist, measurement proto-col) 328

epistemological limits 448epistemology 413

equal shape 216equality in nature 206equality in the elements 448equality pre-supposition(set theory,

counting, mathematics) 206equality(perception) 241equality(supposition(mathematics)) 205equations(differential) 229equipment 327, 347equipment(carrier) 349equity(social) 494equivalence 195equivalent 193ergonomic analysis(stair ascend and

descend(simulation)) 239ergonomics 274, 275, 292ergonomics(computer) 232erudition 444escalators 335Eskimos 399Essen 112essence of the area 429essentials of the requirements 459established interests 311establishing a hypothesis 255establishing form 433esthétique du miracle 408E-structure(building) 326ethics 28ethologists 415Etruscan and Roman priests(ritual) 474etymology 481Euclid 183, 203, 204, 216Euclidean geometry 216Euclidian space 183Euler 216euphoria 464Europe(continental) 414European continent(entrance(gate-

keepers(Dutchmen))) 500European contract 427European network 495European orientation 494European Union(market-situation) 500Europe’s population 258evaluate(decision support systems) 497evaluating 99, 151, 244evaluating research ex post 149evaluating(criteria(incomparable, contra-

dictory)) 163evaluating(effect analysis, norms) 173evaluation 26, 58, 60, 87, 138, 240, 250,

371, 433, 449evaluation and decision 371evaluation criteria 163evaluation ex ante 159, 187, 259, 330, 333,

446evaluation ex post 155, 160, 187, 267, 330,

334, 446evaluation ex post(plan analysis) 152evaluation matrix 341evaluation methods(misuse) 168evaluation of the alternatives 341evaluation of the design(projecting famil-

iar relationships) 418evaluation phase 340evaluation research 138, 160evaluation(aesthetic(beauty, originality,

complexity, cultural values, symbolicmeaning)) 152

evaluation(all encompassing(exception)) 154

evaluation(alternatives) 343evaluation(analytical) 143evaluation(building in use) 328evaluation(contexts(perspectives)) 159evaluation(demand(supply)) 152evaluation(design(integrated, mono)) 161evaluation(design(multi-functionality,

monofunctionality)) 161evaluation(design(problems in urban

areas)) 161evaluation(design(public, private)) 161evaluation(design(synergy(local), iso-

lated projects)) 161evaluation(design(use(mixed ground,

alternating, one sided)) 161evaluation(design, logic) 189evaluation(diagnosis(problem)) 154evaluation(discipline) 160evaluation(economic(investment costs,

exploitation costs, legislation)) 152evaluation(environment(housing)) 164evaluation(focus) 160evaluation(format) 141evaluation(functional(accessibility, effi-

ciency, health, safety, spatial orientation,

INDEX 5 3 9

territoriality, flexibility, thermal comfort) ) 152

evaluation(future actors) 160evaluation(heating(housing)) 164evaluation(integration(parts of the de-

sign)) 160evaluation(kitchen(housing)) 164evaluation(levels(site, building, rooms))

152evaluation(object, project, location, proc-

esses, values) 160evaluation(objectives(means)) 152evaluation(out-of-date(housing)) 164evaluation(perception) 241evaluation(performance) 163evaluation(perspectives, projects) 497evaluation(positive and negative as-

pects) 160evaluation(post occupancy) 58, 163, 328,

334evaluation(post-project) 334evaluation(private space

outside(housing)) 164evaluation(product orientated) 154evaluation(product) 151evaluation(quality criteria) 160evaluation(representations(design)) 238evaluation(results(non transparent, sim-

ple, questionable, undifferentiated)) 163evaluation(sanitary equipment

(housing)) 164evaluation(scenarios) 161evaluation(selection) 141evaluation(service flat costs

(housing)) 164evaluation(solutions(innovative)) 154evaluation(stakeholders) 179evaluation(statement) 154evaluation(surface(housing)) 164evaluation(technical(lighting, acoustics,

fire safety, building physics,sustainability)) 152

evaluation(themes) 149, 154evaluation(thermal isolation(housing)) 164evaluation(type of domicile(housing)) 164evaluation(typology(form variants)) 155evaluation(weighing of the argu-

ments) 160evaluative study 277evaluative study ex post 149Evans, G. 245Evans, R. 231, 232, 245event 207, 209event(partial) 219event(possibilities(number)) 210event(probability) 219everyday object 392evidence(circumstantial) 137evolutionary algorithms 382evolutionary ecology 256ex ante 149, 151, 159ex ante activity 286ex ante analysis of effects 446ex ante research 159ex ante(evaluation) 259, 330, 333, 446ex post 149, 151, 159, 174ex post research 160ex post(analysis) 276ex post(evaluation) 160, 267, 330, 446examination 19examples(architectural) 387Excel 44, 54, 203exception(façade(protruding box)) 426exchange(ideas) 311exchange(information) 379exchanged 338exclusive 438exclusive concepts 39execution 58execution model 184execution phase 340execution(history) 65execution(potential) 438exemption(zoning plans) 81exercise(design) 492exhaustion(stage) 369exhibition 461, 473exhibition building 464exhibition concept 462exhibition regimen(furniture) 477exhibition space 464, 467exhibition(concept) 473exhibition(tower) 461existence(spiritual) 491existence-quantor 193existing building 321existing characteristics of the area 438

existing construction 420existing examples(design research) 443existing opportunities 430existing situation 441exogenous starting point 418exogenous variables 225, 255, 260expectation 411expectation(variables(dependency)) 447expectations(not explicit as a require-

ment) 331expected to be significant 159expected(within classes) 220experience and experiment 404experience(aims) 404experience(beyond spoken

language) 438experience(experience) 403experience(generating) 416experience(new(foregoing)) 403experience(physical) 478experience(place) 441experience(prior(perception)) 240experience(unconscious) 401experience, habituation and finally

routine 403experiences(foregoing) 403experiencing 94experiencing aesthetics 367experiencing(spatial) 367experiencing(wishes and the

existing(staying a weekend)) 466experiential transition(history) 64experiential value 455experiential(concept) 437experiment 100, 403experiment and experience 404experiment(aims) 404experiment(details) 421experiment(mental) 145experiment(thought) 101, 183experimental design(research) 364experimental simulated working environ-

ment 142experimental study 481experimental testing 165, 166experimentation(aimless) 416experimenting 25expert opinion 239expert system 329, 382expert(DSS) 378expertise 378expertise(design) 145expertise(programming phase) 151experts 293explanation 53explanatory complaint 327explanatory(self) 408ex-plane 217explicative model 184explicit 254explicit and expressive description 173explicit design method 369explicit method 339explicitly formulated 362exploration 100, 455exploration by design 493, 500exploration sketch 429exploration(design(formal)) 493explorative model 185, 186explorative research 141explorative research(questions(what,

how, why)) 138explorative scenario 184explorative study 53, 138explorative(designerly inquiry) 137explorative(explorative) 145exploratory-research 89explore(search(combinations(situation,

activity patterns))) 492exploring scenarios 259exploring study 53exploring the field 411exponential function 256exposition format 144exposition space 470express 35express their elements 95expression(mass) 468expressionism 418expressionistic drawings 131extending a building(adding parts) 424extension 40extension(examples) 91extension(object) 206exterior 368external loads 331external requirements 273

external stimuli 413extrapolate(research(design document

based)) 144extrapolated 162extrapolating(ceteris paribus) 204extreme scenarios 162, 259extreme value 207Eyck, A. van 89, 103, 419eye(focus) 399eye-level transparency 392

F

fabric 440fabric(urban) 474fabricated 367façade 121, 332, 341, 347, 354, 455, 468façade articulation 425façade beams(monolith concrete) 325façade cleaning installation 337façade panel 346façade skin(second) 323façade systems 347façade(beams) 325façade(boring) 426façade(climate controlled) 281façade(climate) 323, 423, 426façade(design) 425façade(interior(handwriting)) 470façade(transparency) 332façade(transparent) 285façade(twisted, flat) 488façade(weight carrying) 169facets 237facilitator(process) 308facilities 84, 274, 330facilities(commercial) 135facilities(cultural) 499facilities(intra-mural) 310facilities(level) 331facilities(models) 438facilities(multi-functional) 26fact 87fact(impression, expression) 201factors 225factors(missing) 93factory halls 470factory sheds 391factory(end line) 281factory(off-site) 279factory-based pre-processes 281factory-building forms 391facts(connections) 200Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and

Maritime Technology 329failure causes 246failure or success(indicators) 158false 24false ceilings 332falsum(history) 62Faludi, A. 298familiar 96familiar objects 244familiar path 389familiarity 243farming 495fascination 140, 292, 400, 418, 419, 482,

484fashion 291fashions(time) 119fault of the first kind 212fault of the second kind 212fauna(maximisation) 315FD 338fear of dying 419feasibility 419, 433feasibility(sketched design) 271feat(scientific) 330feedback 58feeling for long-term developments 358felt-tipped pen(grain(drawing)) 211Feng Shui 420fertility 258Festspielhuis 113Feuerbach 414Fibonacci 118Fibonacci’s sequence 213Fichte, J.G. 413field 400fieldnames 44fields 44figural goodness 240, 241figure ground analysis 126fill in the gap 144filming 246final design 338, 372

final marketinvestigation 283final notes 43final plan(performance checks) 163financial feasibility(amenities) 267financing(plans) 374find 28Findeisen, W. 251, 254fin-de-siècle 96finding formulae 228finding new concepts 392finding oppositions 459finding the new 390finding your way 274finishing 347finishing constructions 331finishing of the spaces 372finishings 332finite resources 300Finitely growing Museum of Life-

spans 477Finnegan, M.J. 328fire safety 274fire security 324firmitas 95firms 269first choice 473first idea 436first idea(rejecting, embroidering

further) 459first input 256first line investigations 327first step 473fish without knowledge of the water 387fit 12, 212fit on their position 350fit the task 406fitness(potential) 403fitting 347, 352fitting(functioning) 468fitting(partioned(segments)) 290five points(Corbusier) 108fixed data 300fixed pattern 235fixed ratio(m2 shopping

space(inhabitants)) 266fixed structure 300fixing the conditions 411flanges 394flashes of inspiration 389flavour(extra) 282flexibility 20, 273, 274, 276, 353, 367, 378flexibility in allocating functions 292flexibility(driving forces) 162flexibility(functional) 368flexibility(operationising) 154flexible 368flexible(function or use) 330Flier, C.L. van der 167flight simulator scenery 51floating box(concept(column

form(pencil))) 463floor 341, 347, 487Floor 57floor construction 343floor load bearing 274floor plan 116, 120, 287, 289, 410, 465floor plan(description) 233floor plan(drawing) 426floor resting on foundation 353floor space 269, 270floor surface 275floor(additional) 325floor(covering)(additional) 427floorplan analysis(comparative) 155floor-plan analysis(comparative) 277floors(concrete)(interleaving) 427floors(raised) 332floors(rising) 325floor-space-index 270flora(maximisation) 315Floriade 364flow from the entrance 335flow(graph theory) 218flow-chart(activities) 277flowing movement 395fluid architecture 364fluid dynamics(computational) 334fluorescent lamps 336focus 35, 36, 42, 139, 408, 409, 444focus of interest 409focus of programming research 266focus of research 496focus on straight applications 358focus(component, node) 345focus(evaluation) 160focus(eye) 399focus(parts(composition)) 101

focused 294focused on the final result 311Fokkink 215folded surface 379folly 67foot 348foot(Amsterdam) 122footbridge 483footings 342foot-notes 43Foqué, R. 297, 298, 339, 340, 438force(driving) 491forces(internal) 280forces(localised) 286forces(vertical) 286forecasting 253forecasting study 253foreground and background 414foresight 100foreword 43form 20, 87, 92, 93, 100, 292, 345, 443,

483, 492→ shape

form and function(dichotomy) 240form as an answer 401form concept 94, 436, 439form concept(consistent package of

design ideas(main structure)) 433form concept(methodological tool) 440form concept(situation,

translation(programme)) 433form convention 292form expression(artistic) 379form finding 379form follows function 107, 109form idea 292form of the building(programme of re-

quirements, personal preferences,contextual aspects, flexibility(changingfunctions))) 277

form of the building(study(context(urbanarchitecture))) 424

form studies 102, 142, 483form type 104, 106form variants(peripheral, compact)(one-

storey, two-storey) 169form vocabulary 380Form Studies Staff 483form(add) 104form(all-embracing) 407form(city) 125, 126form(construction) 396form(curved) 430form(form) 93form(function) 107, 109, 292form(generating factors) 430form(geometrical) 370form(geometry, nature) 108form(ideas) 96form(intersect) 104form(material) 57form(meaning) 396form(optimum) 297form(particular) 429form(physical-chemical) 370form(possible) 208form(state of dispersion) 189form(subtract) 104form(unsatisfactory(perception)) 241form(variety) 310form(without dimensions) 216formal 418

→ morphologicalformal acceptability 241formal aspects(history) 63formal coherence 430formal composition 492formal design 493formal design process 387formal grouping 243formal language 421formal logic 179formal logical model 189formal ordering 433, 436, 438formal relations 492formal system(architectural) 240formal themes 95formalising 128formalism 94format 141format(exposition) 144formation images 387formation of a goal 416formation of concepts 415formation of the image 413, 443formative factor 327forming of spaces 348


forming(ordering) 429forms and colours(context) 394forms and meanings(pull apart) 396forms of ordering 474forms(archetypal) 487forms(complex) 379forms(continuous language) 326forms(generating) 378forms(possible) 20forms(proto) 406formula(iterating) 256formula(repeating) 403formula(stair sizes) 239formulae(finding) 228formulated(explicitly) 362formulating building technological prob-

lems 382formulating the problem 251formulation(problem) 254Forster, K.W. 379, 382Fortgens, A.Ch. 79Fortier, B. 125, 129forum 126Fosso, M. 145Foster, N. 364Foucault, M. 414foundation 120, 341, 350Foundation Analysis of Buildings 117Foundation Architectural Museum 494Foundation for Architectural Research 347Foundation NNAO 494foundation(laying) 280foundation(pile) 342founding 474four P’s 369four-dimensional 475fractal forms 203fractal(Cantor) 226fractal(Julia) 226fractal(Mandelbrot) 226fractal(meander) 226fractal(Sierpinski) 226fractal(turning curves) 226fractal(twists) 226fractalising(image) 226fractals 225fractals(tree) 226fraction 207fracture behaviour 285fragmentising 128frame 37, 50, 174, 441frame and grain 387frame based representation 237frame of reference 396, 399, 403frame(computer programming) 234frame(drawing) 211frame(focus) 42frame-less doubly glassed panes 356frameless glazing 284framing system 490Frampton, K. 396Frankendael 439Frankl, P. 57, 92Frazier, W. 169free agents 491free data 300free elements 326free the task 406freed and interpretable 395Freedman, R. 235freedom of choice 253, 500freedom(concept(consumer, producer))

491freedom(concrete) 474freedom(design) 210freedom(human) 491freedom(restriction(experience)) 403free-standing 394Frege, G. 205, 206Frey, G. 182Frieden, B.J. 455Frieling, D.H. 21, 89, 454, 491, 492Friend, J.K. 298Frijlink, F. 181from a distance 413from scratch(project) 145from up-close 413front 287front(colour and texture) 289front-right-behind-left 475Frost 473fuelling station 268, 269full-scale mock-up 275, 456full-sentence 190full-sentence function 192, 225full-sentence function(design act) 192functie(vorm) 94

function 20, 40, 104, 225, 345, 440, 441Function 92function analysis 275, 276, 371function and construction(idea) 408function binding 105function co-domain 225function combination 105, 106function depiction 225function divisions 104function image 225function integration 91, 106function integration

10cm106

function integration3m

106function mats 166function of the product 370function outcome 225function outcome 225function output 225function range 225function segregation 106function segregation

10cm106

function segregation30m

105function separation 105, 106function separation

1km105

function separation3km

105function square) 225function structure 370function theory 207function type 104function value field 225function(argument) 225function(building) 330, 341function(chaos(first input)) 256function(chaos) 256, 257function(declarative(everyday

language)) 205function(derived) 227, 228function(differentiation) 225function(discontinuous) 227function(domain) 225function(exponential) 256function(flexibility in allocating) 292function(form) 92, 93, 292function(growth(population)) 256function(independent variable) 225function(input) 225function(integration) 225function(iterating) 256function(Lotka-Volterra) 257function(mathematics) 225function(mixing) 324function(operationalisation(full-sentence

function)) 192function(original) 225function(rating growth) 225function(separation) 324function(steering) 225function(structure) 92, 93function(usage) 94function(value) 225function(variables) 189function(working) 204functional analyses(norms) 239functional analysis 92, 275functional design 275functional designing 275functional flexibility 368functional goal 330functional hierarchy(shopping centres)268functional life-span 323functional ordering 433, 438functional organisation 434functional planning 434, 436functional planning(allocation functions)

433functional potentials 93functional preferences(translation) 163functional quality 158functional requirements 274, 275, 336functional requirements of a building 330functional significance 392functional unit system 170functional(concept) 437functional(mono, oligo) 367functional(theatrical) 421functionalism 92, 94, 107functionalist 292functionalist urbanism 434functionalistic design(criticism) 125functionality 483functionality(emphasis) 310functional-technical segment 433functioning and fitting 468functions and performances 273functions(additional) 288functions(CIAM(housing, employment,

amenities, traffic)) 266

functions(concentrating) 324functions(control) 229functions(uncertain) 27function-segregation

3m106

fundamental study 356furniture 274, 394furniture(sub-system) 280future conditions 491future contexts 251future demands 378future developments(beyond the govern-

ment’s control) 162future situation 491future use of the building 378future(aims, means) 492future(art, rules, people,

recreation(potential) 491future(desirable) 253, 254future(image(prognosis, design, sce-

nario)) 258future(potential) 492future(probable) 51, 446future(uncertain) 161future(virtual reality) 491future(way of prediction(alpha, betha,

gamma, delta)) 491futures(desirable) 492futures(necessary) 492futures(probable(research)) 492futures(sorts) 492fuzzy engineering agent 382fuzzy logic 194, 377, 382

G

G.W.L. area 439GAA 122Gaas, De 315Gadamer, H.G. 67Galbraith, F.D. 169Galilei, G. 183galleries(access) 392game 102game of creation 474game(arcade) 232game(closed form) 479game(internal logic) 476game(rule) 474game(rules, constraints, formats) 142game-like situations(design activity

driven research) 140games(video) 232gamma sciences 379gamma way(social science) 491gap(fill in(research(design document

based))) 144garden(collective) 135Gastelaars 494gate 423, 430, 481gate function 425Gauchel, J. 234Gaudí, A. 117, 123, 124, 415Gaussian curve 219Gauss-Jordan method 222Geels, F. 260Geerts, G. 437Gehry, F. 94, 291, 364, 379, 380Gelder(nodal bond) 286Gemeente Rotterdam 270Gendt, A. van 122general assertion(set restriction) 193general contracting 272general effect(case) 83general ruling(cases) 34general to particular 191general(context) 447generalisation 252, 416generalisation(abduction) 199generalisation(testing(hypotheses))) 179generalisation(uniqueness) 252generalisations 255generalise 12, 54generalising 54generate 12generates 443generating 54generating experience 416generating forms 378generations 256genesis(slow, nature, Berlage) 119genetic algorithms 377, 382genetic mutation 416genius loci(context(liberating

(object))) 493Genua 112geodesy 71

geographical co-ordinates 51Geographical Information System 182geography 53geometric drawings 131geometric interpretation(spatial con-

straints) 236geometric primitives 233geometric tools(intuitive) 232geometric transformations 234geometric types 104geometrical concept 190geometrical form 370geometrical series 213geometrical shape 487geometry 203, 209geo-metry 215geometry and architecture 232geometry(Berlage) 119geometry(combinatorial) 215geometry(correctness) 359geometry(descriptive) 215geometry(Euclidan) 216geometry(sizeless) 216geometry(states of

dispersion(continuous)) 215geo-morphological stratum 131geons(basic components) 235geons(cones) 243geons(decomposition) 243George, P. 104Gero, J. 299Gesamtkunstwerk 477Gestalt principles 241Gestalt psychologists 241Gestalt(history) 65Gestaltung 119gestures(conspicio) 475Geurtsen, R. 126, 132Geuze, A. 387, 419Gibson, J.J. 244Gibsonian perception 244Giedion 69Giesen–de Noord 342GIF(animated) 49gimmick(design) 406Gips, J. 240Giró, H. 142GIS 76GIS(model(spatial)) 182glass ‘louvre’ beams 356glass box design 366glass column 286glass construction 286glass line 325glass line(bottom) 325glass spaces 331glass surface 490glass(pre-stressed(strength, E-modulus,

polymers)) 285glass(warm bent twisted) 490Glass, L. 434glasshouse(storing, exhibiting) 460glazing percentage 332glazing(frameless) 284glazing(tinted) 331global co-ordinating devices(global) 237global to detail 351glue connection(chemical) 356glueing 356go / no go decision 374goal 38, 413goal orientated study 173goal(functional) 330goal(non-economic) 293goal(values, criteria, borders, limits) 251goal-directed 455goal-orientated 293, 416, 418, 455goals and means 455goals(weight(actions(concrete))) 297God always calculates 204Goede, M.P.M. de 24, 53, 54, 138, 155,

249Goff, B. 107, 117golden moment 427, 432, 464, 470golden rule 213golden section 213, 214Golden Section 119, 122Gombrich, E. 231goniometry 215good taste and vogue 239Goodman, N. 245goods(durable) 268gothic 118gothic cathedral 396gothic church 64gothic(French) 118Gout, M. 346

government(charge of certainty, safetyand continuity) 493

government(planning institutes) 497Graaf, R.P. de 203, 301Graafland, A.D. 249grachtengordel 121, 434grachtenhuis 119gradient 93graduation 21Grafe, C. 109graffiti 170grain 37, 50, 55, 174grain of time 201grain silo 419grain(drawing) 211grain(focus) 42grain(here, now) 201grain(model) 186grammar(verbs of modality) 189grand café 465grand figure 123Grand narratives 414granular size 350granulated concrete 427graph 216graph theory 209, 216graph(circuit) 217graph(complete) 217graph(contracted) 217graph(directed) 218graph(isomorph) 217graph(n-conjunctive) 218graph(non-conjunctive) 218graph(planar) 217graph(planes) 217graph(regular) 217graphic representation 411graphical interfaces 232graphs(single) 217Grashof(non-dimensional number) 329gratings(perception) 240gravitation model 269gravity(models) 267Greater London City Council 364Greek colonies 203Greek philosophy 478Greeks 96, 475Green Heart 36, 182, 495Green Heart(scale confusion(Central

Park)) 188green space 315greenhouse problem 365greying of the population 310grid 122, 237, 418grid lines(co-incide boundaries) 123grid lines(intersection) 473grid(begin to design) 418grid(Cartesian) 359grid(size system) 212grid(structure(monument)) 463grids(rigid use) 122Grinten, E. F. van der 61Groningen(East) 495Groot, A.D. de 54, 249, 253, 415Grootendorst, R. 191Gross, M.D. 102, 238ground exploitation(high rents) 267ground floor 120ground floor construction 342ground of comparison 91ground plan 434ground plans 123ground water level 315groundplan 434ground-space-index 270group(collection of materials) 351group(interest) 492grouped(design cases) 144grouping 244growing stage 369growing(organically) 368growth function 256growth of knowledge 179growth(economic) 494growth(exogenous contamination) 418growth(limits) 229guarantee(life-span) 356Guggenheim Museum 380Guggenheim Museum(Bilbao) 364guiding idea 406guiding motive 467Gunsteren, L.A. van 293, 299gutter level 124Guyt, P. 263, 265, 268, 269, 270Guzmán, A. 235gymnastics 415

INDEX 5 4 1

H

Haarlem 134Haartsen, J. 346Habermas, J. 305habit(traditional) 281habitation history 59habits(ingrained) 390Habraken, N.J. 102, 280, 347Haes, U. de 39Hagget, P. 181, 183Hagia Sofia 396Hague, The 112, 132, 291, 355, 467half-truth 201hall 124hall offices 288hall theatre 470hall(central) 470hall(factory) 470Hall, E.T. 399hallucinations 413Hamel, R 58, 59handcrafted artefacts 400handicap 311handling capacity 335handwriting 470Hanks, P. 280Hanwell, J.D. 186harbour 60, 433Häring, H. 94harmony 95, 119, 240harmony(perception) 241Harrison, G.A. 415Harrison, Weiner, Tanner and Barnicot 415Hartog, J.P. den 334Hartog, P. den 351Harvey, D. 183Haslinghuis, E.J. 35Haveneiland 188Hawkins, D.J.B. 195Hawthorne experiment 414He, Z. 244head of a bull 393headaches 327headers and courses 119headings 46heads 120heads and layers 348health care 169health centre 155, 169, 277Health Centre Merenwijk, Leiden 154health centres(accomodation policy) 277health system(public) 169healthy building 330, 338heat accumulating mass 332heat load 332heath land 315heating 329heating capacity 334heating(district) 313Hedge 328Hedicke, R. 63Heeling, J. 387, 429, 433, 436, 439Heeregracht 121Hegel 414Heide, H. ter 159Heidegger, M. 414height of the rooms 470height(building) 121height(least structural) 407Heijer, A.C. den 161Heisenberg 414Hejduk, J. 474helixes 226helix-wise(process) 369Hemenway, K. 235hence 201Henket, H.A.J. 98Hercher 105Hersey, G. 235Hertzberger, H. 100, 140, 361, 387, 389,

395, 399, 402, 407, 409, 411, 457heterogeneity 391, 418heterogeneous mixture 105heuristic model 184heuristic search methods 382heuristics 61hiatuses 132hidden burdens 162hierarchical structure 371hierarchy 268hierarchy of construction(infrastructure,

building, component, element) 279hierarchy(control) 380hierarchy(functional) 268

high buildings 335high density land 498high speed railway connection(circle

line) 495high speed transport 495high tech 273high-rise 342high-rise building 59high-rise tordo 488Hildebrandt, S. 209Hillenius, D. 404Hillier, F.S. 222hindrance(noise) 164hinged nodal bond 286Hinse, T. 439historians(typewise to a particular

period) 401historic precedents 143historical co-incidence 417historical development 473historical distancing 69historical situation 64history 401, 419history of architecture 61history of exploitation 69history of the location(analysis of build-

ings) 118history(reception) 70history(science concept) 61history(social science) 69history(type driven) 66Hobbes 295Hobma and Schutte 34Hobma, F.A.M. 34, 79, 83Hochberg, J.E. 242Hoeven, C. van der 126, 131, 445Hoffman, D.D. 243Hofstee, E.W. 75Hoge Veluwe 110hole in the wall 285holes(quadratic) 473holistic associative structures 237holistic utopia 421Holl, S. 140home care 310home care zones 310home for children 276home(convalescent) 310homo economicus 294homo ludens 455homo sociologicus 295homogeneity 391, 418homogeneity(perception) 241homogenous design theme 418Hoogdalem, H. van 154, 155, 169, 277horeca law 274horizontal distribution 335horizontal pipes 336horizontal space 475horizontal surfaces 487horizontal surfaces(locomotion) 244horizontal(perception) 241Horssen, W.T. van 222, 301Horta, V. 108Horton Plaza 455hospital 169, 276hospital architecture(nursing unit, floor

plan(radial , single corridor, double-corridor, racetrack)) 169

Hotel American 118, 120hotel room 55Houben, P.P.J.A.M. 263, 305, 311house building(load-bearing construc-

tion) 342house number 205Housing Act 84housing association 301housing budget 301housing complexes 166housing of elderly people 310housing problems 374housing(ordered) 219housing(wild) 219housingappraisal(methods) 165Houten, W. van 169how 53, 476, 479HTML 380Huff, D 55Huffman, D. 235Huizinga, J. 474Hulsbergen, E.D. 149, 151, 159, 160, 263,

265Hulsbos, L. 347, 350human activity 370human decisions 492human freedom 491human science 92

humanism 415humanities 100Hume, D. 295, 414, 418Husserl, E. 414Huttinga, E. 374HVAC 329HVAC installations 331hybrid 435hypermedia 238hyperparabolo)d 488hyphen 47hypotheses(formulate) 138hypothesis 12, 29, 53, 87, 138, 145, 179,

250, 254, 255, 409, 414hypothesis(design) 87, 255hypothesis(designed) 21hypothesis(establishing) 87, 255hypothesis(forming) 192hypothesis(model) 21hypothesis(working) 142hypothesis-forming 328

I

I 201IAAI 50Ibos, J.M. 392IC technology 324Icarus(Daedalus(Metion)) 479Icarus(praxis(user)) 479ICES 497iconography 67iconology 67, 68ICT 377ICT tools 379ICT(creative, design orientated) 377ICT(management orientated) 377ICT(materialisation orientated) 377ICT(realisation orientated) 377ID number 205IDE 369idea 95, 100, 101, 389, 395, 405, 414

→ conceptidea of a house 395idea underlying a design 406idea(autonomously continuing

(grid, …)) 418idea(bad) 430idea(combination of routine ideas) 416idea(diagnosis(complexity of the

task)) 411idea(first) 436idea(first)(rejecting, embroidering

further) 459idea(guiding(vague suspicion, kneading

of your material, overview of the field ofconflict)) 406

idea(how it came) 390idea(incomplete) 416idea(mind or drawing) 409idea(new(innoduction)) 199idea(new) 399idea(outspoken) 405idea(programme of requirements) 419idea(situation) 389idea(spatial) 408ideal building material 283ideal model 103idealised model 370idealism 414, 418idealism(critical) 414idealistic action 293ideal-type 103ideas that lead to new concepts 403ideas(actors(picture)) 461ideas(convergence) 260ideas(decisive) 440ideas(exchanges) 311ideas(new(developments(conceivable,

probable))) 162ideas(old) 390ideas(random) 408ideas(separate) 430identification 418identification code 205identification number 205identification of the project 273identification(unique(measure(place)

(equal(dimension(object)))) 206identify(entrances) 392identity(components) 357identity(context(liberating(object))) 493identity(corporate) 324identity(cultural) 494, 500identity(decrease(construction)) 408identity(institutions(own entrance(one

building))) 470identity(scholarly) 369identity(water system) 500ideogram(3D, concept) 406ideological bias 430ideology 92, 291if 194if …then… else(programming

language) 229if p then q 195, 204, 369if x then y(forecasting study) 253if... then... statements(choice of param-

eters) 258if…then… function(programming lan-

guage) 229if…then…(command) 197iff 195, 196if-statement 227igloo’s 110IJ square 114, 116IJburg 188, 310, 435IJssel 134IJsseling, S 447illuminance 335illustrations 12Illustrator 2 245imag(in)ing study 142image 35, 45, 46, 57, 94, 291, 294

→ pictureimage archive 49, 50image characteristics 173image expectations 273image formation 78, 444image forming 187image of the city 439image qualities 93image type(architecture) 106image type(landscape architecture) 106image(agreements, conventions,

tunings) 182image(archive) 29image(formation) 387, 413image(initially fragmentary) 409image(model(conceptual(spatial))) 183image(problem) 294image(urban) 434, 441image(water system) 500images(alternating) 49images(collection) 402images(designing(affinity)) 28images(information) 182images(old) 390images(reference) 133images(sequence) 246, 441images(vague) 173imaginable(combinatorics) 208imagination 106, 109, 254, 402imagination techniques 106imagination(area in between(body,

mind)) 478imagination(not the case) 190imaginative insights 100imaginative power(organising) 411imagine 415, 477imagined 35imaging and materialisation 483imaging imagination EAEA 142imaging process 97imaging process(channelling

inspiration) 96imaging(architectonic) 133imaging(creative) 96imagining stage 309imagining(free exchange(agents)) 308IMAGO 313imitate 113imitation(history) 66immeasurable characteristic 92immediacy 316impact analysis(environmental) 159impact colleagues 464impact(levels) 495impedes a creative solution 449implementation phase 340implementation process 151implementation strategy(computerised

representation) 237implementations(alternative) 233implication 195implicit conditions 254imponderabilia 54impressionism 416, 418improbable possible 339improbable(conditions) 254improvement 321improvising creativity 481impulse 294

in- and output(building) 468in situ 96, 276inaugurating 474in-between 446in-between realm 97inception phase 377incident branche 217inciding branche 217inclination 227inclination to move 158inclusive concepts 39incomparable categories 27incomplete idea 416incomplete induction 199incomplete knowledge 294incomplete syllogism 200increased demands 309increasing validation 205incremental results 285independent variable 48independently(live) 310Indesem 397indeterminacy 432indeterminacy in the design 470indeterminate(leaving) 427index 12, 35, 45, 46index number 205index numbers(planning) 266indexing 381indexing schemes(retrieval whole de-

signs) 238indexnumbers(parking) 266individual aesthetic 394individual cases 220individual choice models 269individual design based research 140Individual design based research 143individual maximisations 316individual pursuit 296individual strategy 497individual(freedom, responsibility) 491individualisation 307, 309indoor air 330indoor climate 330induction 34, 199, 200, 250induction process(psychological) 250induction(complete) 191induction(empirical) 199induction(incomplete) 199inductive 191inductive reasoning 400, 406industrial area 433industrial areas 269industrial building 346industrial building(load-bearing con-

struction) 342industrial design engineering 369industrial designers 391industrial location 433industrial product 367industrialisation 234, 281industrially fabricated standard building

components 359inequalities(arithmic) 223infectiousness 284infill and contents 391infill(changeable) 405infill(support) 347infinit space 475Infinitely growing Museum of

Life-spans 477infinitesimal calculation 205influencing(transformation) 401information acquisition 382information and communication technol-

ogy 377information handling 382information processing 378information technology 231information theory(perception) 241information theory(structural) 242information(design process) 163information(discipline bound) 396information(economic and technological

developments) 307information(history, elementary) 62information(overwhelming) 382information(technology) 231information(visual) 231informative stage 128infrastructural elements 129infrastructure 71infrastructure construction 280infrastructure design 279ING-bank 498ingenuity 389, 390ingrained habits 390


ingredients 409, 417Inhelder 413initial building costs 167initial term(arithmical series) 212initial value 228initiating and sustaining power

(agents) 309initiators(workshop project) 141inner court 170inner spaces 170inner-partitioning 347innoduction 199innoduction(negation) 199innoduction(reasoning) 369innovative 96innovative solutions 154innovative solutions(finding

oppositions) 459input 48inquiries 267inquiries(consumer, visitor, retailer) 269inquiry 19

→ research, investigation, survey, studyinquiry(quick and dirty) 155inside and outside 413inside(graph theory) 217inside(scale dependent) 190inspection 337inspiration 467inspiration without perspiration 417inspiration(deadline) 291inspiration(design) 291inspiration(environment) 291inspiration(flashes) 389installation component 333installation design(progress of the de-

sign) 332installation designers 338installation designers(problems(warning,

solving)) 338installation providers 338installation(design) 333installation(on-site) 281installation(system choice(preliminary

design stage(data(final stage))) 332installation(trial) 329installations 327installations(built-in space, approriate

spot) 330installations(capacity) 330installations(climate) 330installations(communication) 337installations(design process) 332installations(flexible, adaptable) 330installations(programme of requirements,

spaces not mentioned) 331installations(provisions) 347installations(statement) 372installations(technical) 326, 327, 346instalment 350instinctive actions 415institutionalised 83instruction(representation) 225instructions(pictorial) 231instrumentalism 415insulation(thermal) 331in-take 323in-take(building) 324integer 206integral accessibility 276integral calculation 205integral calculus 228integral design task 101integration 26, 105, 106, 227, 346integration and co-ordination(Building)

117integration levels 346integration(function) 91integration(horizontal) 26integration(synthesis) 421integration(systematic) 317integration(vertical) 26integration

10cm(function) 106

integration30m

105integration

3m(function) 106

intellectual aptitude 100intellectual space 190intelligence(artificial) 378intelligence(perseverance) 284intelligent management 378intended effect(drawing) 174intended effects 149, 446intent 441intention 57intentional projective model 184intentional-projective model 185intentions 408

intentions(building(involved parties)) 151intentions(design) 144intentions(perceiving) 399Interactief Beeld Archief 28inter-action 493inter-action disciplines 340inter-action of design and research 151interactive manipulation(computerised

representation) 239interactive visualisations 378interconnection 350interconnection(route(hinterand), water-

front) 134interconnections(amount) 33inter-dependence(spatial) 440interest 401interest groups 492interest(conflicts) 303interests(established) 311interface 347, 350, 414interface with the builders 464interface with the constructor 464interface(description) 351interfaces(graphical) 232interim results 417interim variants 418interior 368interleaving concrete floors 427interlocking of the components 350intermediate design data 143internal capability 374internal conditions 273internal forces 280internal loads 331internal partitions(sub-system) 280internal relations 353internalisation(model, external factors)258internalising(perception) 231international congresses 330international connections 494international conventions 81international design competition 360international future(provincial present) 496International Organisation for Standardi-

sation 348international standard 360internet 49, 237, 377internet technologies 380internet-‘journals’ 52interorganisational design 297interpolation(plan capacity) 173interpretable 395interpretation 33, 60, 61, 71, 101, 240, 390,

444interpretation of data 138interpretation of the assignment 107interpretation of the concept 406interpretation(commission) 474interpretation(current) 29interpretation(descriptive) 20interpretation(design intentions) 144interpretation(designerly(design exper-

tise)) 145interpretation(ex post analysis) 276interpretation(history, building) 63interpretation(imaginative) 20interpretation(location) 36interpretative ‘cycles’ 145interpretative(contextual) 67interrogated(architecture) 473intersect(form) 104intersecting volumes 489interspace and rhythm 95inter-subjectivity 23, 55interval time 335interval values 206interval(distance(places)) 206intervals 448intervals(class) 256intervention 41intervention study(changing one factor

(controlled conditions)) 328intervention(adaptation) 324intervention(architectonic) 141intervention(design) 144intervention(urban architectural) 132interventions(design(implications)) 139interventions(design) 418interview users 466interviews 25, 274interviews(analysis of buildings) 118interviews(occupants’) 165interviews(programming research) 267inter-weaving 105, 348intra-mural facilities 310introduction 43introspection 54

introspective 55intuition 87, 89, 291, 294, 339, 401, 470intuition nourished by experience 357intuition(insight, vision) 478intuition(subconsciously) 478intuitive 362, 419intuitive appreciation(aesthetic prefer-

ence) 239intuitive decisions 356intuitive geometric tools 232intuitive method 339intuitive perception 237intuitive process 292inventing 360, 479invention 28invention of electrical power 416inventiveness 297, 392inventor 492inventories 53inventory 417inventory of wants(probable

(desirable)) 444inventory(concept, type) 444inventory(context) 443inventory(taking) 443inverse matrix 222investigation 19

→ research, inquiry, survey, studyinvestigation(final market) 283investigations(first line) 327investigations(mock-up) 333investigations(preliminary) 138investigators(second line) 327investment costs 167investment priorities 496investment strategy 495iron(cast) 377is(ambiguity) 193ISBN 45islands 131islands(urban) 129ISO 348isolation 60, 105isolation with cellulose 427isomorph graph 217isomorphically 217ISSO 332, 333, 338iterated choices 296iterating formula 256Iteration from vague to concrete 369iteration(process) 369iterations 370iterative 96iterative constraint 235

J

Jacobs, D. 359Jacobs, M. 185Jager, A. 367jail design 170Jakubowski, F. 104James, W. 415Jang, J-S. 382Janis and Mann 59Jansen, F.W. 98, 120Japanese 391jargon(architect) 404Java 229, 380Java island 435Jellema, R. 342Jennings, N.R. 382Jerusalem(heavenly) 68Jessop, W.N. 298Johnson, M. 478join(walls) 234joining 347, 348joint(rigidity) 286joints(welded) 394Jones, J.C. 297, 298, 436Jong and Rosemann 33Jong, F. de 56Jong, M. de 419Jong, T.M. de19, 21, 27, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41,

43, 56, 89, 97, 98, 103, 173, 179, 184,185, 189, 200, 203, 253, 339, 370, 387,413, 443, 446, 453, 455, 456, 457, 494,498

Jong, W.R. de 194Jonge, H. de 169, 170, 269Jouffroy 129journalism 98, 143journals 249journals(refereed) 329joy in design 286joy in performance 286

judge 80judge(supreme) 82judgement(forming) 309judgement(selective, implicit) 160judgement(shaping) 308judgements 96judgements(synthetic) 204judging designs 159judging(comparable plans) 175judging(comparison) 175judging(drawings) 175judging(evaluating) 173judicial system(continental) 82Julia(fractal) 226jurisprudence 34, 83Just in Time Delivery 350Juul 473juxtaposed(design cases) 144juxtaposition 102, 214

K

K 3,3(graph) 217K10(graph) 218K4(graph) 217K5(graph) 217Kahn, L. 185Kamerling, J.W. 339, 342Kan, L. van 263, 287, 387, 419, 423, 429,

459, 465Kanizsa, G. 235Kant, I. 21, 26, 204, 414Kant’s categories 414Kapteijns, J.H.M. 351, 353Karlskirche 68Kasteren, J. van 181, 187Katendrecht 419Kattenbroek 435, 439Kaufmann, E. 69, 108Keizersgracht 121Kemerovo 117Kempen, R. 57Kern, H. 481, 482Kervel, E 203key (list)words 45key aspects(design) 172key to symbols 189Keynes 414key-word 12key-words 43key-words(from the gut) 476key-words(syntactically compiled) 49KidPix 232Kiers, M.H. 373Kinderdijk, M.J.M. 145, 152Kirkeby, P. 110, 111Klaasen, I.T. 141, 181, 185, 187, 449Klee, P. 477Kleefmann, F. 184Klerk, de 123Klerk, L. de 494Knoll, W.H. 329knot(factors) 138knots 132know-how(history, technical) 65knowledge 59, 423knowledge & insight 358knowledge and experience 392knowledge base systems 382knowledge discovery 382knowledge integration 378, 381knowledge society 305knowledge(absence(hidden)) 168knowledge(architectural) 98knowledge(empirical, logical) 12knowledge(fill(gaps)) 355knowledge(general) 26knowledge(growth) 179knowledge(incomplete) 294knowledge(lack) 294knowledge(possibilities) 109knowledge(science, capability,

art)(experience(physical)) 478knowledge-based systems 246known theory 400Koch 226Koetter, F. 125, 126Koffka, K. 241Köhler, W. 241Koning 81Koolhaas, R. 108, 112, 114, 439Kop van Zuid 267, 435, 439, 455Korteweg, P.J. 24Kotler, P. 369Koutamanis, A. 179, 231, 233, 235, 239,

243, 334

KPN building 360Krampen, M. 95Kranenburg 286Krautheimer, R. 67Kriens, I. 160Kristinsson, J. 323Kroes, P.A. 22Kröling, P. 328Kröller Müller Museum 110Kromhout 119, 120Kroonenberg, van den 370Kruft, H.W. 62Kruijtzer, G. 214Kruythoff, H.M. 53, 57Kuala Lumpur 380Kuhn, T.S. 22Kuijper, J. 359Kurmann, D. 382Kurokawa, K. 95Kurvers, S.R. 327, 334Kuypers, G. 19

L

Laan, Dom van der 214Laar, J. van de 483label(symbolic(grouping(sub-

system))) 233laboratories 328laboratory 101, 102, 324, 423laboratory tests 497laboratory(design) 485labour conditions 359labour(priorities) 496labyrinth 103, 476labyrinth diagram 477labyrinth diagram(constructing) 481labyrinth pattern 481labyrinth(Cretan type) 476lack of knowledge 294ladders 337Lamettrie, De 414laminate 286laminates 285laminating processes 285Lammers, B. 311land division 316land measuring 477land(price) 267land(water) 129landing 342landings 392landmark 441landowners 493landscape(maximisation) 315landscape(river) 134landscape(structure) 440landscape(urban) 468landscape(urbanised) 134landscape(water) 134land-use plans 84landuse policy 496landuse programs 494lane 430Langdon, P 160language 414, 415, 416language game 189language game(designer, scholar, deci-

sion maker)) 189language game(empirical study) 190language game(knowing, capability) 447language game(management,

design) 189language of shapes 109language(ambiguous, poly-interpretable,

suggestive) 190language(designer) 101language(formal) 421language(layered) 190language(mathematical) 182language(meta) 190language(object) 190language(pattern) 439language(programming) 229Lans and Van der Voordt 33Lans, W 33, 53, 168laser transit on the site(electronic) 383laughing(parallax) 414law 34, 79law system 79law(administrative) 82law(building, 1901) 348law(civil) 82law(code) 82law(complementing) 83law(lack of clarity) 82

INDEX 5 4 3

law(sources) 81Law, R. 255laws 331laws(casuistry) 82laws(shaping, creative, formative,

Berlage) 119Lawson, B.R. 58, 160, 188, 297lay person(architect, élite dictating good

taste)) 239Lay, D.C. 223layer(computer drawing) 210layer(concept) 405layer(transparent(rhythm(open,

closed))) 429layered language 190layered structure 130, 131layers 106, 113layers of meaning 407layers(final result(design)) 421layers(heads) 348layers(idea) 405layout(analysis of buildings) 117layout(general) 332layout(standard) 347layout(structural) 424Le Corbusier 59, 92, 108, 109, 118, 121,

126, 144, 152, 214, 392, 393, 401, 477,481

leakages 286Leaman, A. 335learn designing 13learned by doing 478learning by doing 101learning context 338learning organisation 306learning professionals 305learning techniques(self) 378learning to unlearn 395learning without education 397learning(distance) 381learning(potential) 308leaststructural height 407lectures(project) 346Lee, C. 299Leede, E. de 207Leent, M. van 167Leeuwenberg, E.L.J. 242Lefaivre, L. 89, 103Leferink, L. 181leg room 393legal instrument 373legal precedents 79, 81legal requirements 325legal rules(harmonising) 79legal rules(scope) 79legality 79legem dixit 475, 480legend 71, 92, 189legend category 445legend transformation 445legend unit 103legend(differences in nature) 208legend(symbol) 182legenda 33, 173legenda(national perspectives) 498legenda(size) 498legends 36, 173legends units(elements in the

programme(number)) 210legibility of the city 441legibility(explicit) 36legibility(expressive) 36legible 57legionella pneumophila 337legislation 79, 435legislation(criminal) 82legislative prescriptions 151legitimacy 109Lehning, P.B. 159Leibniz 227, 240Leiden 399, 423, 459, 499Leidsche Rijn 439Leidseplein(Amsterdam) 120Leijten, J.L. 334Lennep, D.J. van 55Leonidov 421less is more 406letters(number(used)) 210letting(potential) 158Leupen, B.A.J. 107, 108, 109, 113, 114level of abstraction 33level of ambition 464level of facilities 331level of scale 435level(aspiration) 295level(scale) 37levels 95

levels decision making 347levels of scale 167levels of the design 438levels(design) 434levels(integration) 346levels(scale) 421, 441levels(typological) 113Levesque, H.J. 233Lévi-Strauss, C. 400, 414Levy 226L-formed lot 121liberating a context of its object 493liberating an object of its context 493liberty(individual, common(planning))

491liberty(planning) 493libraries 90libraries(building plans) 57library 90, 276, 423library study 290library(project) 101Lieberman, G.J. 222Liebermann 399life cycle costs 167life span 329life span(move(dwellers)) 280life(economical) 280life-cycle 372life-cycle of a building 377life-cycle of a product 367, 369life-cycle period 169life-cycle(duration) 367life-cycle(renting + exploiting +

selling) 374life-span guarantee 356life-span(economic, functional, technical)

323light 95light from above 467light from the north 466light simulation 246light(patches(impressionism)) 399light-absorbent panels 391lighting 274, 331, 335lighting and view 325lighting(artificial) 332, 425lighting(tuning) 468lighting-window 425light-spots 336limitations(workshop project) 141limited rationality 294limiting conditions 339limiting reflections 336Limits to Growth 182limits(growth) 229limits(population growth) 257line drawings 231line of regression 253line segment(vector) 211line segments 244line to plane 477line(drawing) 444line(moving(curved path)) 487line(points(intervals(decreasing))) 206linear function(LP) 299linear objective-function 223linear programming 209, 218linear programming model 298lines of the infrastructure 432lines(auxiliary) 290lines(existing) 317lines(location) 477lines(main) 429lines(visual) 466lines-of-view 425linguistic community 181linguistic confusions 189linguistics 26link(dynamic) 238linked 334linking 347links(graph theory) 216list of conditions 395literature(history) 61literature(research) 25lituus 475live independently 310Liverpool 364living(dispersed) 105load bearing construction 280load bearing constructions 331, 345load carrying component 345load transfer 343load(heat) 332load-bearing capacity 286load-bearing construction 339load-bearing

construction(building(industrial(storey(one,multi, high-rise)), house(one-family,apartment))) 342

load-bearing element 236load-bearing wall 347loads(external) 331loads(internal) 331loads(variable) 341, 342lobby association 83local constraints 236local variations 255localised forces 286location 273, 314, 341location analysis(history, plans, earlier

initiatives, fascination, traffic) 419location(amenities) 267location(analysis) 419location(building) 359, 372location(choice) 314location(dependence) 367location(first visit)(trees(position), visual

lines) 466location(footings, soil improvement, pile

foundation, variable loads) 342location(industrial) 433location(lines) 477location(quality(reputation, acquaintance,

social climate)) 269location(selection(building)) 419location(study) 287location(visit) 429, 432, 466location-independent 368locations 347Lochem, van 107Locke 414locomotor system 415Loghem, J.B. van 117logic 26, 254, 414logic of classes 190logic of the building 468logic of the end-product 409logic(degree of complexity) 191logic(fuzzy) 194, 377, 382logic(logos) 193logic(modal) 190logic(negation(imagination(not the

case))) 190logic(operation) 191logic(predicate) 179, 191logic(proposition) 191, 194logical consistency 189logical empiricism 414logical equivalence 193logical form 195logical form(description, proposition,

deduction, causal explanation,reality) 200

logical operators 195logical positivism 414logical space 194logistical curve 257logistical curves 229logos 414Lomme, J. 185London 364longest path 218long-term fundamental R & D 359long-term time span 160look(technical) 394Loon, P.P. van 263, 293, 298, 299Loos(un-built) 145Loos, A. 92, 108, 144, 145, 152loose objects 114loose sketch 289Lootsma, F.A. 213Lopes, D. 231, 245lot(L-formed) 121lot(oblique sides) 121Lotka-Volterra function 257lots(17th – 19th century) 129lots(adjacent) 122Lottaz, C. 380lounge 465, 467, 468Louvre 446Louwe, J. 126, 131, 445low density city 498low final product costs 358lowered ceilings 336lowering of the peaks 335low-rise tordo 490LP 218LP model 298, 301Lucerne 407Luckhardt 114Luscuere, P.G. 334, 337, 338luxury 273Lynch(method(design element(routes,

edges, areas, connections, land-marks))) 441

Lynch, K. 25, 438, 439

M

M&T 12, 249M(basis module) 348M16 bolts 279Maas, Buro 75, 77Maas, W. 110Maastricht 435, 439Mácel, O. 61, 145machine aesthetics 109Macintosh Powerbook 232Mack, T.P. 257Mackworth, A.K. 235magic touch 417magior M(golden rule) 213magnetic train(transcontinental) 495main building elements 345mainport 495maintenance 274, 321, 330, 333maintenance experience 158maintenance technicians 327maintenance(accessible) 330maintenance(skin) 337Maison de Verre 394maker 479making 483making a model 481making legends 35making of plans(decision making, par-

ticipation, practicability,evaluation(feasibility(financial, social,legal, environmental, technical))) 433

making(design) 478making(model) 483making(science) 415malls 269management of consecutive design

actions 417management orientated ICT 377management(architectural design) 427management(computer) 379management(construction,

discipline(architectural profession)) 417management(design) 417management(empirical model) 417management(intelligent) 378management(language game) 189management(process) 356managers(building) 359Mandelbrot 226Mandelbrot(fractal) 226manipulation 114manipulation and analysis 243manipulation(interactive(computerised

representation)) 239manmade 491manual 372manual dexterity 415manufacturability and price 380manufactured products 282manufacturing 350manufacturing(building) 281manufacturing(custom) 380map 71, 218map(analysis) 432map(dual) 217map(graph theory) 216map(historical development, spatial-

material fabric) 473map(sketch) 315map(soil composition) 74map(topographical) 72Maple 225, 227maps 33, 71maps of the area 429maps(basic) 74maps(second generation) 75maps(thematic) 72, 74Marans 53, 155margin(accuracy) 212marginal returns(diminishing) 448margins(resolution) 211margins(spaces(open, built-up)) 440Marken 188market 368, 374market (sub-system) 283market development 375market investigation(final) 283market need 374market opportunities 283market parties 368market position of

housing(satisfaction(residents)) 163market research 283market(influences) 355market(potential) 374market(target segment) 374market-indicators 167marketing influences 356marketing plan 369marketing(pull effect) 284market-orientated scenario 495marketplace(competition) 418marketposition of dwellings 167market-situation(European Union) 500Marks, F. 439Marnixstraat 120Marr, D. 232, 233, 235Marshall, H.E. 167mass and volume(analysis of

buildings) 118mass of the building 468mass study 103mass(building) 372mass(heat accumulating) 332mass(space) 129mass-production 348master 101master and craftsman 416master plan 315, 439, 460master plans 435masterplan 405matched concavities 243material 337material artefacts 367material composition 370material design 280material development(parameters) 280material environment 370material(building) 279material(engineering) 284material(less sophisticated types) 427material(selection) 110material(timber, steel, concrete, etc.) 345materialisation(computer) 379materialisation(imaging) 483materialisationorientated ICT 377materialised design 370materialising 279materialising(detailing) 326materialism 414materials(application) 109materials(choice) 120materials(traditional) 281materials(use) 372MathCad 225, 227Mathematica 225, 227mathematical description 301mathematical model 182, 301mathematical models 181, 300mathematical

operations(equality(supposition)) 205mathematical optimum 300mathematical representation 298mathematical science(Berlage) 119mathematics 21, 203mathematics(concepts, statements,

expressions, models, declarations,sentences, full-sentence functions,workings, functions, operators(verbs,conjunctions)) 204

mathematics(equality(supposition)) 205mathematics(history) 62mathematics(repetition(equal)) 205Matlab 225, 227matrices 222matrix 211, 341matrix calculation 222matrix calculation(unknown variables) 222matrix calculations 209matrix multiplication 222matrix(design game) 476matrix(evaluation) 341matrix(inverse) 222matrix(selection) 341mats(function) 166matter 94Matthews, G. 99matting(representation) 246Matura system 354maximisation 295maximisation concept 314maximisation models 316maximisation of utility 296maximisation(dominant values) 263maximisations(individual) 316may be(possible) 191MAYA 379Mayne 473


mayor and aldermen(visit(blueprint,cross-section, façade)) 468

McAlister, E. 242McCullough, M. 231, 378McDowell, J. 245McHarg, I 76McLoughlin, J.B. 298Meadows, D.H. 185Meadows, D.L. 185mean 38, 54, 207, 219, 220, 253meander(fractal) 226mean-field

assumption(reduction(average)) 255meaning 93

→ significancemeaning of architecture(cultural

minority) 420meaning(context) 400meaning(form) 396meaning(layers) 407meaning(variety of people) 402meaningful 29meanings 392meanings(chain) 393meanings(defining) 99meanings(system) 400means 409means as well as the objective 12means design 434means of design 29, 433, 438means orientated 29means orientated study 328means orientated(study) 173means(aim) 92, 93means(aims) 253means(compositional) 89means(minimum) 407means-orientated 418, 455means-orientated designing 455means-orientated elaboration 416measurable 447measure(over) 392measure(proportion) 118measure(scale) 348measurement 25measurement protocol 328measurements 327measuring 207measuring(analysis of buildings) 117measuring(land) 477measuring-method 121mechanical model 182mechanical models 181mechanics(applied) 346media 97, 101, 139, 142, 377Media Group(Delft) 142media studies 142media(design) 96median 207, 219medical care 268medium switch 181medium switch(model(verbal,

spatial)) 186meeting rooms 275meeting the requirements 297meeting with the constructor 427meeting(decision-making) 446meeting(minutes) 447meetings 443Meijer, E.J. 465Mekking, A.J.J. 61Mel’nikov study 145memories 245memory component 244memory(collective) 106, 402Mendoza, E. 16mental aggregate 236mental cross-breeding 405mental experiment 145mental picture 440mental space 396Mentzel, M. 59Meriggi, M. 145Merleau-Ponty, M. 474Merz, M. 110metal boxes 391meta-language 179, 190, 411metaphor 423, 441metaphor(leading) 109metaphor(travel case) 109metaphoric concept 109metaphorical 68metaphors 25, 102, 106, 245, 493meta-plan method 308method 12, 362, 470method analysing a plan 128method Lynch 441

method of design 97method per context(series of phases and

their sequences) 418method(analytical-systematic) 371method(associative(brainstorming)) 371method(associative) 340method(basic allocation) 440method(confrontational) 340method(connectedness) 439method(counselling) 102method(decomposition) 439, 440method(delphi) 260method(description(language)) 438method(design(intuitive)) 419method(design) 339, 433, 436method(design, explicit) 369method(empirical) 448method(environment differentiation(intent,

function, structure, form, content))) 441method(fixed way of acting) 437method(independent(use(intended)))342method(intuitive, explicit(intuition, analy-

ses, selections)) 339method(morphological(combination(solution(part-

problems)))) 340method(morphological) 371method(multi criteria) 154method(perspectives and projects) 497method(production) 279method(recipe, ingredients(shopping

list)) 409method(SAR-pattern) 440method(scientific) 298method(systematic) 340method(theory(value pattern) 438method(three traces) 439method(three-traces) 440method(working) 143, 427methodical 362methodical approach 360methodical founding 11methodical issues(media) 142methodical searching 60methodics 362methodological approach 25methodological book 11methodological design 138methodological

differences(modes(probable, possible,desirable)) 447

methodological discourse 61methodological tool 440methodologically(working) 427methodology 13, 362methodology for architecture 13methodology(architectural) 234methodology(building) 249methodology(component develop-

ment) 355methodology(design) 249methodology(research) 24, 249methodology(understanding each other’s

methods) 418methods 96methods of building(traditional) 281methods of decisionmaking 496methods of design 95, 139methods of execution 358methods of research 95methods(creative) 371methods(design) 387methods(designer) 144methods(housing appraisal) 165methods(logicale-empirical) 12methods(over-value, rejecting) 437methods(production) 329Metion(poièsis(thinker)) 479metre 348metropolis((connectedness, inter-

action)) 493metropolis(multi-centered) 496Metropolitan Debate 496metropolitan debates 497metropolitan development 496metropolitan development(economical,

ecological, technological) 496Meulen, van der 260Mey, van der 120, 123Meyer, H. 60, 125, 435, 436mezzanine 342Michelangelo 407micro-organisms 337Mies van der Rohe, L. 108, 407Milan 113Milieuwetgeving 81milieuzonering 81minimal sizes 275

minimal surfaces(drawn as rec-tangles) 467

minimum of design interventions 445Minkovsky 226Minnesota 169minor m(golden rule) 213minutes(meeting) 447miracles(box) 480Miralles 473Miser 251misinterpretations 120missing factors 93mission statement 308mission(enterprise) 373MIT 102Mitchell, W.J. 231, 235, 237, 492Mitossi, V. 235, 239mixed structure(U U) 326mixing 73mixing(function) 324mixture(heterogeneous) 105mobile home 352mobility scenarios 259mock-up investigations 333mock-up(full-scale) 456modal logic 26, 190, 192modal split 266modalities(scheme) 184modality 26modality schema 184modality(possible) 191modality(verbs) 189mode 219mode of absolute determinism 474mode of randomness 474mode of the possible 448mode of what is desired 444mode of what is possible 444model 20, 87, 96, 103, 113, 395, 439, 443,

465, 468model based design 443model making 483model of an urban system 183model on the basis of existing arte-

facts 144model(1/100) 477model(3D) 359model(analogue) 181, 183model(application, pre-

suppositions(context)) 187model(architects) 99model(communicative function) 181model(conceptual(theory, sketch)) 183model(concrete (spatial, mechani-

cal)) 183model(concrete(empirical

identities)(experimenting(realistic),matter)) 183

model(concrete(national economy)) 183model(concrete, conceptual,

formal)(explorative, descriptive, expli-cative, projective) 181

model(consistency) 179model(context) 181model(cultural backgrounds) 181model(descriptive) 184model(design) 42model(discussion, participation, seduc-

tion, heuristic, action, execution) 184model(doll’s house) 395model(explicative(question(why, be-

cause of what))) 184model(explicative) 184model(explorative) 186model(explorative, potential, projec-

tive) 184model(formal (mathematical) 183model(formal logical) 189model(function) 184model(ideal) 103model(idealised) 370model(intentional projective) 184model(intentional-projective) 185model(making) 481model(mathematical) 182, 301model(mechanical(simulated

(computer))) 182model(mechanical) 182model(over-extension) 181, 187model(planning) 185model(predictive) 185model(predictive, projective

(probable)) 184model(projective(probable)) 185model(rail system) 182model(reality(simplified

rendering(present, future))) 181

model(reality) 183model(rules(material, technique)) 477model(scale) 179model(sculpturing) 421model(spaciousness) 431model(spatial) 182model(spatial, verbal) 181model(tested) 183model(theoretical) 329model(types(over-extension)) 188model(verbal(concepts(defined

(variables)))) 190model(working) 469model-like approach 438modelling 253, 440modelling(advanced) 378modelling(functions) 254modelling(operationalising

(mathematical)) 192modelling(systems) 254models 101, 102, 251, 253, 438, 459, 464models for predicting 251models(3D(computer)) 421models(city shape) 438models(computer) 333models(density) 438models(digital) 102models(explaining(design)) 161models(facilities) 438models(gravity) 267models(history) 61models(mathematical) 300models(physical) 102models(prescriptive) 58, 298models(programming research) 267models(reality(reduction(justifiable)))181models(spatial) 145models(staged) 370models(thought) 183models(three-dimensional) 231models(traffic) 438models(verbal) 189models(verbal, mathematical, spatial,

mechanical) 181modern architecture 285modern art 416Modern Movement 96, 109modern movement(Dutch) 117modernist architecture 234modernity 122modes(probable, possible,

desirable) 447modesty(simplicity) 406modifications 392modular co-ordination 234, 345, 347modular co-ordination for building 348modular grid 123modular system 348modular unit(smallest) 423module 120module measure 120module size(structural) 425module(basis) M 348module(sizing) 425module(standard, office) 424modules 124Modulor 108, 118, 121, 214modus 207modus ponens 197modus tollens 197Moens, R. 33, 71Molema, J. 117, 122, 123Mondrianesque 391money saver 165monitor the range of attention 410monitored(design development) 143monitoring 260monitoring(design(execution)) 160monocausally 449mono-functional 367monolith concrete façade beams 325monotony 172monotony and boredom 170montage of zones 114Montagu, A. 413Montesquieu, C. de 104monument 324Monument Law 83Monument Ordinance 83monuments 62Moran, D. 414morfing 110Morgan, M. 27, 91, 95, 108morpher 487morphic numbers 215morphlogical → formalmorphological analysis 125

morphological analysis(history) 63morphological method 340, 371morphological reconstruction(divison,

segmentation, tailoring, detailing) 445morphological requirements 288morphological(starting point) 418morphology 71, 125Morphosis 473most positive and most negative charac-

teristics 158motif 101motive(guiding) 467motives(architectural) 67motives(designr) 144motives(recurring) 141motor vehicles 316Moudun 126move(inclination) 158moved(people) 310movement vector 487movement(vector) 487movements(coherence(co-ordination,

synchronisation)) 415Mozart 409Muller, W. 187multi-actor 293, 378multi-actor design optimisation 302multi-causal 449multicentred network systems 494multi-criteria method 154multi-disciplinary complexity 358multi-disciplinary design 339multi-disciplinary teams 339multi-discipline 378multi-functional 449multi-functional project 433multi-functionality 93, 367multi-interest 378multi-level representations 243multi-level representations networks 237multi-party 293multi-party negotiation and decision-

making 303multiplicating 206multipurpose theatre 481multi-storey 342multi-valueous 207municipal administration 81municipal authorities(visit(blueprint,

cross-section, façade)) 468Municipal Executive 83municipality 81municipality(guidelines) 431Muntplein 121Muratori, S. 125, 126Musée à Croissance Elimitée 477musée imaginaire 391, 402museum 217, 459museum function(history) 66Museum of Unlimited Extension 477museum park 461museum(Dutch, National, Rijks) 118museum(Kröller Müller) 110musical composer 360Mutt 392MVRDV 110, 140mystification(visualisation tech-

niques) 233mythological figures(creating) 479mythology 478mythology(antiquity) 67

N

N 204n=1 situation 82n=1 study 20NACO 360NAI 118, 365, 379, 494Nakayama, K. 244name 200, 449name concept and variants 308name giving 193nameable characteristics 447nameable design actions 418named 11, 35names 12, 35naming 11, 35naming and delineation 447naming function 200naming operations(predicate, object) 192naming transformations(focus) 42naming(inter-dependencies between the

building parts) 350naming(potential) 351naming(signs) 474

INDEX 5 4 5

narrative 393narrow down 98national networks 360national planning report(4th) 496national planning report(4th, extra) 496national report on spatial planning(5th) 497national rules 360National Trust 69natural numbers 204natural ventilation 332Naturalis 459nature 474nature and culture 110nature reserve 81nature scenarios 259nature(agriculture) 495nature(equality) 206Nauta, D. 181, 182, 183, 189NBD 347n-conjunctive(graph) 218néant 416necessary condition 196necessary futures 492Nederlandsche Handel-Maat-

schappij 118, 120, 121need → demand, requirementneed for a new building(doubt) 427need(creation) 368needs of the potential purchasers 374needs(changing) 368needs(new) 368negation 416, 417negation(imagination(not the case)) 190negative numbers 207neighbour’s property 81neighbourhood 429neighbourhood(decline) 164neighbourhood(entrance(estimate

depth)) 430neighbourhood(residential) 433neighbourhoods 84neighbours rights 81Nemausus 392NEN 1010 336NEN 1824 276NEN 2658 272NEN 2880 349NEN 2883 349NEN 5700 348NEN 6000 350NEN norms 370NEN-norms 80NEN-standards 277neologisms 35neopositivism 414nested(cycle) 444nesting 48, 49net profit(winners, losers) 300Netherlands 2050 495Netherlands Architecture Institute 365, 379Netherlands Building-trade Documenta-

tion 347Netherlands in 2030 497Netherlands Institute of Architecture 494Netherlands Normalisation Institute 80,

272, 348, 373Netherlands Now As Design 494Netherlands(transformations) 494network 218, 377, 434network of the amenities 268network planning 218network systems(multicentred) 494network(cyclical) 218network(European) 495network(graph theory) 218networked thinking 380networking in the design process 377networks of elements 238Neufert, E. 276Neumeyer 68neurophysiological system 413neuropsychological explanations 389neutrality 53new designs 35new ideas(disseminating) 284new purpose(accommodate) 395new species 256New Urbanity 436Newson, M.D. 186Newton 227, 269Newtons binomium 209NHM 121niches(market) 374Nichol, L. 100Niederland, W.G. 401Niemeijer, J. 457Niesten, J. 171

Nieuwe Bouwen 67Nieuwe Vijzelstraat 121Nieuwenhuysen 54nightmares 419Nile 204Nîmes 392NIROV 266NNAO 494, 495NNAO(Foundation) 494NNI 80, 273, 347, 348, 350, 373NNM 460nodal bond(Gelder) 286nodal bond(hinged) 286node(building) 345node(building)(analysis) 353node(building)(study) 351node(crossing) 218node(graph theory) 216node(separational) 218nodes(connection(lines)) 216nodes(dual) 217noise 465noise(hindrance) 164noise(installations) 331noise-pollution zone 315nomenclature 45nominal size(tolerance) 212nominal values 206nomological network 249non planar(graph) 217non-conjunctive graph 218non-contingent states of dispersion 215non-designing 26non-dichotomous 207non-dimensional numbers 329non-linear relationships 382non-place 474nonsensical shape 243nontransparent results 163non-truth 189Norberg-Schulz, Chr. 63norm 372normal distribution 220normalisation 80, 128Normalisation Institute(Netherlands) 348normative 53normative architectural model 240normative scenario 259norms 370norms(probability) 220norms(social) 307norms(technical) 80, 165nostalgia 401not 197not anticipated consequences 159not intended(effects) 149not the case(imagination) 194not the case(truth) 190notches 236notes 423, 466not-here-and-now(imagination) 194Nottrot, R. 145noun 40, 200nouns 12Nouvel, J. 108, 109, 395, 407, 408novel solutions 95novelty 25, 28, 356Novem 313nuclear fusion(energy) 495null-hypothesis 12number of objectives 367number of seats 275number of users 274number theory(sequencing) 205number(ID) 205number(identification) 205number(index) 205number(nature(equality),

place(difference)) 206number(quantity) 206number(serial) 206numbering(serial) 206numbering(serial)(categorising) 205numbering(serial, sequence) 205numbers(complex) 226numbers(morphic) 215numbers(natural) 204numbers(non-dimensional) 329numbers(prime) 124numbers(rational) 204numbers(real) 204numerable 447numerical system 207Nusselt(non-dimensional number) 329NWO 252

O

object 413object as well as the context are manipu-

lated 455object constancy 37, 103, 413object language 190object to be designed(context) 443object varies 455object(common) 392object(computer programming) 234object(context(unique(programme of

requirements, situation, client, de-signer))) 493

object(context) 90, 443, 455object(everyday) 392object(grammar) 225object(liberating(context)) 493object(type, intrinsic properties, extrinsic

relations) 234object(variable) 443object-driven approach(history) 64objectification 413objectified 27objective 253, 416objective function(LP) 299objective orientated 328objective proposition 29objective statements 307objective(optimisation) 221objectively rational 294objective-mean-relations 371objectives 59objectives and means(chain) 371objectives and wishes 271objectives begin to assume shape 406objectives(covering) 371objectives(number) 367objectivity 23, 53objects as well as their context 12objects(determined) 20objects(familiar) 244objects(overlapping) 236objects(recognised(colour)) 416objects(suffering) 446Oblast 117obscure(construction not recognised) 407observation 250observation(grain(place, time)) 201observations(programming research) 267observe users 466obvious 416occupancy 335occupancy rates 275occupant reactions 334occupants poll 166occupants(preferences) 165occupants’ preferences 165occupier 351Octactube 356octahedron(graph) 217Oetgens, Frans Hzn. 121office 324office building 276office concentrations 269office for mail 423office module(standard) 424office restaurant 275, 423office surface 288office unit(size) 423office wings 424office(box) 470office(wings) 427office-like look 326offices 270offices(demand) 267offices(hall) 288official notification(building permit) 81off-site 280off-site factory 279old ideas 390oligo-functional 367Olson, M.H. 294Olsthoorn, B. 485OMA 112, 114, 140omission(art) 406omission(reduction, concentration) 407on the site 280one stop shopping 268one-family housing(load-bearing con-

struction) 342one-of-a-kind-creative-aesthetic motiva-

tion 361one-storey 342one-storey building(construction(roof,

ground floor)) 342one-storey building(construction) 342one-storey buildings 342on-site assembly and installation 281on-site demolition 81on-site(controlled) 281Oosterhuis, K. 359, 364, 380OPEC-countries 494open and closed 429open building block 114open communication 338open connection 326open design 293, 302, 303open space(built-on space) 40open spaces(intermediary) 60open to communication, control and

verification 362Open University, The 183openable windows 335open-ended 303, 396opening times 335open-mindedness(experience) 403operation(continuation) 242operation(design) 134operation(distribution) 242, 243operation(grammar, mathematics) 225operation(iteration) 242operation(logic) 191operation(reversal) 242operation(symmetrical patterns) 242operationability(scientific) 446operational 25, 40operational research 409operational values(objectives) 254operational(criteria) 371operational(function(mathematical)) 192operational(making) 416operational(strategic) 254operationalisation 40, 54, 250, 254operationalisation(design) 192operationalisation(formula, formu-

lation) 192operationalisation(test) 165operationalisations(programme of re-

quirements) 159operationalise 254operationalising(mathematical) 192operationalising(validity, reliability) 92operationalising(verb) 192operationising 154operationising(flexibility(accommodate

(organisation(change)))) 154operationising(variables(measured)) 154operations 40, 55operations research 298operations(coding) 242operators(logical) 195opponent 13opportunities 374opportunities for choice(science) 307opportunities(enterprise) 374opportunities(existing) 430opportunities(external) 374oppositions(finding) 459optimisation 168, 221, 293optimisation models(linear program-

ming, transparant, democratical) 263optimisation(boundary conditions) 221optimisation(changing conditions) 221optimisation(context) 221optimisation(corner point) 221optimisation(decision theory(conflicting

requirements)) 263optimisation(effective) 221optimisation(end, means) 221optimisation(maximal) 221optimisation(object function) 221optimisation(objective) 221optimisation(perspectives) 221optimisation(professional group) 293optimisation(remainder) 222optimisation(slack variables) 222optimisation(social group) 293optimisation(solution space) 221optimisation(verbal

model(consensus(actors, umbrellaconcept, phased development)) 263

optimise 293optimising 209optimising daylight 426optimising problems 227optimum choice 297optimum choice from alternative

possibilities(planners) 298optimum design 293, 297, 300, 302optimum design process 297optimum design(sub-designs) 298

optimum distribution 297optimum form 297optimum group design 301optimum professional design 293optimum quality 302optimum social design 293optimum(arithmetical) 297, 298optimum(mathematical) 300optimum(social group) 293optimum(technical group) 293optimumselectionof subsolutions 302options(design) 144, 485or 197OR 197, 298order 475order and complexity(perception) 241order and contrast 95order and structure 476order of magnitude 206order(class(objects(perception))) 240order(perception) 241ordered housing 219ordering 459ordering concepts 429ordering of the programme 436ordering studies 466ordering(formal) 433, 436, 438ordering(forming) 429ordering(functional) 438ordering(space-time) 474ordering(spatial(establishing form),

functional) 433orderliness 95orders of classical architecture 234ordinal 206ordinal criteria 370organic type 104organically(growing) 368organisation 59organisation development 375organisation of the spaces(traffic, urban

adjustment) 468organisation process 375organisation theory 444organisation to be housed 372organisation(bisecting(building)) 424organisation(creative) 95organisation(functional) 434organisation(learning) 306organisation(project) 331organisation(spatial functional) 434organisation(spatial) 133organisational environment 373organisational form 374organisational

science(opposition(average)) 255organisational structure 218, 271organisational structure(blueprints, floor

plans, cross-sections) 276organisational structure(history) 65organisations 288organisations(private) 81organisations/mechanisms/

concepts(new) 395organogram 363orientation 58, 132, 441, 468orientation preferences 243orientation(canonical) 243orientation(European) 494origin(co-ordinates) 211original significance(history) 64original state 470original(origin) 124Orlebeke, J.F. 329ornamentation 108ornamentation and symbol 95ortho’s 487orthodoxy versus orthopraxy 245orthogonal built structure 487orthogonal system 430orthographic projection 245orthographic projection(salient

features) 232orthopraxy versus orthodoxy 245Osdorp 130Ottenhof, F. 107Otto, F. 209Oudenbosch 67Our Common Future 181outcome(collective) 296outcomes of design 143outcomes(sum) 220outline design 342outline master plan 317outline plan 317outline plan(spatial) 340outlines 244


outmoded concept 389output 48output(research) 141outside world(astonishment) 413outside(graph theory) 217outside(schale dependent) 190overall requirements 340overall vision 406overcrowding 170overemphasising details 190over-extension(model) 181overlap 93, 438overlapping between 39overlapping concepts 38overlapping objects 236overlaps(focus) 42overloading 285over-measure 392owner of the building(analysis of build-

ings) 118owner of the problem 372

P

Paasman, M. 37, 457, 498packed(surfaces, volumes) 215Pahl 370paint computer programme 210painter(excellent part solution) 410painting loft 466paint-work 337paleography 62Palladian shapegrammar 237Palladian villas 237Palladio motive 67Palladio, A. 104, 118Palmboom, F. 76, 131panel(façade) 346panelling 332Panerai 126panorama 474panorama(circumscription) 474Panoramas 129panorame-theatre 480Pantheon 66Papini, G. 415parabolic roof 115paradigm 400paradigms 391paragraphs 43, 46parallax 414parameter 256parameters 225, 255parameters(too many) 256parametric complexity 242Pareto 299Pareto’s criterion 299Paris 446parked cars 392parking area 269parking lots 465parking place 269parking spaces 269parking strips 392parking(index numbers) 266Parma 126Parsons, T. 104part-assignment 341part-assignment(plan(spatial), pro-

gramme of requirements) 340part-designers 359part-designs 339, 363partial building groups 349partial designs 369partial event 219partial qualities 154participants 443participants in the building process 377participants in the decision-

making(perspective(probable future))446

participants in three rôles(persons decid-ing, agents in initiating, citizens indefining and selecting perspec-tives) 497

participants(construction process) 51participants(influence) 339participation 433participation model 184participation(clients, users) 151participators in planning(landowners,

users, developers, government) 493particular to the general 191parties(buiding process)) 271parties(identification) 363parties(market) 368

partition constructions 331partition walls 332partition walls(change per tenant) 332partitioned 290partitioning of the building 335partitioning(inner) 347part-product(detailed requirements) 340part-products 339part-products(multi-disciplinary de-

sign) 339parts joined together 429parts(entity) 119parts(repetition) 489parts(whole) 429part-solutions 340part-solutions(foundation, roof, floors) 341part-solutions(visualise(sketches)) 341party(political) 492Pascal 229passages 129passing through 462passion 419past(witnesses) 61Pastunink, J. 286Pasveer, E. 436path(critical) 218path(graph theory) 218path(longest) 218path(shortest) 218paths and planting 391Patijn, W. 313pattern 93, 94, 440, 475pattern language 439pattern language(design directives) 442pattern method 439pattern of urban centres 496pattern(conditions) 442pattern(design problem) 442pattern(fixed) 235pattern(labyrinth) 481pattern(perception) 242patterns in variation 144patterns(cities, neighbourhoods, resi-

dences, rooms and also the basicconstruction of minor building commis-sions) 442

patterns(connection(levels)) 442patterns(prototypical) 237patterns(recognisable) 392patterns(search) 382Pause, M. 24, 90pavement 477pavilion facilities 170Pavilion of Presentations 477Pavillon des Expositions Temporaires 477payoff matrix 296PD 338PD model 296PD-ordering 296peaks in the demand for movement 335Pears D.F. 190, 447pedestrians 316peek-a-boo 414peer review 52peers 249Peirce, C.S. 197, 415Pelli, C. 380Pellikaan, H. 295, 296pen 290pencil 290, 463pencil and pen 466Pendrecht 439penetration stage 369Pennartz, P.J.J. 55, 59people 491perceive a thing differently 393perceive(interest, searching) 400perceived

object(complexity(perception)) 240perceiving(changing context) 399perceiving(intentions) 399perception 139, 231, 414perception of the problem 255perception of unity(mental achieve-

ment) 95perception(completing) 235perception(context) 443perception(Gibsonian) 244perception(intuitive) 237perception(model) 181perception(projection) 414perception(reduction) 447perception(resistance(noise)) 243perception(selective) 53perception(visual(from a distance, from

up-close)) 413perceptual and cognitive devices 243

perceptual arousal 240perceptual complexity 240perceptual organisation 242Perec, G. 476perfection 97perfection(subconscious self) 459perfectionism(growth(imperfection)) 418performance checks 163performance criteria 240, 274, 275performance description 351performance evaluation 163performance of the building 350performance requirements 274, 306performance requirements(technical

context) 263performance score 167performance(energy) 333performance(joy) 286performance(measurement assess-

ment) 163performance(precision, price) 212performance(properties(physical )) 165performance(specified) 283performances(building) 305pergola 427perimeter 170period of reliability 201periodising(history) 67peripherally(localised(programme(quan-

tity))) 215permutations 208, 209permutations with repetition 209permutations without repetition 208perseverance(intelligence) 284personal characteristics 274personal events 419personal ties 367personnel 171perspective 38, 51, 255perspective(careful) 494perspective(critical) 495perspective(drawing board(confusion of

observation standpoints)) 188perspective(drawing) 174perspective(dynamic) 495perspective(evaluation) 149perspective(explicit) 174perspective(material, social) 90perspective(policy(critical, dynamic,

careful, relaxed)(water system, agricul-ture, international connections,multicentred network systems)) 494

perspective(probable future) 446perspective(projects, strategy) 496perspective(relaxed) 495perspectives 21perspectives and projects 497perspectives(optimisation) 221persuaded(studies, examples) 427persuasion 295Peters, J. 159Peutz 291Pevsner, N. 68phase → stagephase models 370phase(analysis) 340phase(convergence(combination(part

solutions))) 339phase(creative)(analysis, synthesis,

evaluation) 340phase(differences(creative process,

interim products)) 418phase(divergence(increase(possible

variations)) 339phase(evaluation) 340phase(execution) 340phase(implementation) 340phase(inception) 377phase(synthesis) 340phased plan development 306phases(design process) 116phases(previous) 417phenomenological approach 33, 54, 55phenomenology 414phenomenon 485philology(history) 62philosophy 387philosophy(Greek) 478philosophy(mythology) 479Phoenician trade 204photo computer programme 210photo-realistic renderings 231photo-realistic visualisation 245physical building conditions 273physical conditions 275Physical Planning Act 84Physical Planning Key-Decision 84

physical protection 474physical relations in the building 427physical relations(too long) 427physical sensations 188physical-chemical form 370physics 346, 414Piaget, J. 194, 413, 414, 415Pianka, E.R. 256Piano 213, 360Picasso, P. 393, 408Pickering, A.C. 328pictograms(message) 406pictorial instructions 231pictorial properties(visual perception) 245pictorial representation 231picture → imagepicture(adaptation) 462picture(mental) 440picture’s content 245pictures(simple) 460pile foundation 342piles(driving) 280pilot study 142pilotis principle 392pioneering stage 369pipes 336pivot 224pivot column 223pixel-orientated computer programme210pixels(picture elements(screen)) 210place 269, 441Place Charles de Gaulle 446place for discussion 275place(difference) 206place(experience) 441place(indication) 206place(non) 474place(notion) 474place(sense of) 95place(space) 403placing of the lights 336plan 419

→ designplan analyses(evaluation ex post) 152plan analysis 58plan configurations 133plan criticism 125plan documentation 57plan horizon 38, 51plan(analysis(method)) 128plan(formulation) 59plan(global)(municipality) 459plan(marketing) 369plan(outline) 317plan(spatial) 340plan(structure) 84plan(urban) 460planar graph 217plandevelopment(phased) 306plane to volume 477planes(graph) 217planlibre(Raumplan) 92planning 59, 415, 433planning and design 249planning concept 186planning cycle 160planning figures 436planning institutes of central

government 497planning model 184, 185planning principles 60planning process 151planning process(activities(timetable),

learning process) 298planning techniques(quantitative) 298planning theory 298planning(free agents) 491planning(functional) 436planning(future(action, conditions, situa-

tion, uncertainty)) 491planning(initial stage) 59planning(level of scale(concentration,

deconcentration)) 494planning(model(intentional projective))

184planning(network) 218planning(opposition(possible?(future

(responsibility)), personal liberty?)) 491planning(participators) 493planning(possible?(Christianity, human-

ity)) 491planning(responsibility) 491planning(spatial) 436planning(strategic stage) 60planning(strategic) 498plan-objective 186plans(alternative) 60

plans(zoning) 81planting 391Plan-Zuid 128, 435plastic number 214plasticity 487Plato 414, 418, 478playing 416playing-field or -space of the pos-

sible 474playing-field(culture) 474pleasing(visually) 95plethra 203plot divisions 40plug-connection 350plumber’s work 336plumbing sub-system 280plural solution 402pluralism 415pluralistic society 433pluriform 368PMT-combination 374POE 149, 151, 155, 163, 170, 276poet 474poetry 407poièsis 479poièsis(creation(abstract, spiritual)) 478point of departure 421, 455, 467, 470point of departure(quantity of day-

light) 425point to line 477point(measureless object,

identification(interval)) 206pointed at(object language) 190points of decision 370points of departure 25, 374, 437points of departure(context(perspec-

tive)) 174points(connection) 441points(graph theory) 216Pol, L. van der 115Polak, B. M. 275polder 106, 131police ordinance 274policy 494policy document on landuse plan-

ning(4th, 1988) 495policy formulation 374policy scenarios 259policy statement 369policy(anti-metropolitan) 496policy(concept) 498policy(dispersal, concentration)(research

and design programme) 498policy(landuse) 496policy(national(space)) 162policy(spatial) 270policy(target figure, limiting values) 259political agenda 496political breakthrough 495political decision-making process 307political options(comparable) 494political options(design) 495political parties 492political priorities(economic growth,

social equity, environmentalsustainability, cultural identity) 494

politics(debate) 14poll(occupants) 166polls 25pollution(soil, air) 164polycarbonates 285polygon(perception) 240poly-interpretable(language

(designer)) 190polymers 285polymers(amorphous) 285ponens(modus) 197POPO 357Popper, K.R. 24, 255population prognoses 251population size 328population structure 268population(control(double-blind

study)) 328population(Europe) 258PoR 370, 372portfolio analyses 167portfolio of projects 497Portoghesi, P. 68position determining 473position of support points 342positioning(size) 345positioning(sizing) 349positivism(logical) 414possibilities(best) 305possibilities(combination) 219possibilities(improbable) 26

INDEX 5 4 7

possibilities(knowledge) 109possibilities(laws and rules) 271possibilities(reduce(problem formula-

tion, objective, site, programme ofrequirements, precedents, designstudy, typological study, concept)) 255

possibilities(wider range) 389possibility 25, 48possibility of change(design) 99possible 26, 444, 474, 478possible arrangements 207possible combinations 219possible consequences 162possible future developments 161possible problems 470possible to retrieve 35possible to talk about 35possible variations 339possible(conditions) 254possible(improbable) 339possible(playing field) 474possibly adaptation 372postal code 205post-assembled 281postcodes 51post-occupancy evaluation 58, 149, 151,

163, 170, 250, 275, 276, 328, 334post-project evaluation 334potential 73potential chart 186potential fitness 403potential for execution 438potential for letting 158potential for renovation 323potential future 492potential of the future 491potential solutions(variety) 96potentials and restrictions 389potentials of an existing area 455potentials of things 395potentials(area) 267potentials(functional) 93potentials(ideas) 96Potting, A. 167power game 303power(distributions) 306pp-partnerships 161practicability 433practice 338pragmatic nature engineer 421pragmatism 415Prägnanz(perception) 241Prandl(non-dimensional number) 329praxis 479praxis(creating(using, executing,

performing(virtuoso))) 478precedent 124precedent based design 238precedent(design(comparing)) 143precedent(emblematic) 143precedent(magazines(legal)) 81precedents 60, 90, 96, 101, 102, 145, 152,

238, 250, 275, 276, 443precedents(legal) 79, 81pre-component(fabricated) 427preconceptions 391pre-conceptual 473pre-condition 13, 41pre-condition for thinking 413pre-conditions(clarifying) 313predecessors(activity(project(graph

theory))) 218pre-design research 151pre-design study 455predicate 48predicate logic 179, 191, 192predicate(subject) 190predict new formations 416predictability(effect) 162prediction 250, 448prediction(context) 255prediction(reduction(freedom of

change(variables))) 189prediction(scientific) 19predictions 253predictions(variables, relations) 447predictions(verifiable) 250predictive empiricism 416predictive model 185pre-fabricated component 427pre-fabricated concrete linkages 325pre-fabricated products(adapted) 352pre-fabricating 350pre-fabrication 281, 348preference orderings 295preference(aesthetic) 239preferences and needs(taste) 307

preferences(functional, translation) 163preferences(occupants) 165preferences(occupants’) 165preferences(personal) 97preferences(standard) 165preferred temperature 334Preiser, W.F.E. 151, 152, 276prejudices 395preliminary design283, 336, 338, 372, 427preliminary design proposal 371preliminary design stage 332preliminary investigations 138preliminary programme 309Preller, L. 328premises(lacking) 200premises(true) 191premonition 411pre-occupations 421pre-occupations(designing) 419preoccupied with the possibilities 410preparation 58preparation of a brief 274prescriptive 79prescriptive models 58, 298prescriptive research 53prescriptive(systems) 239prescripts(generally binding) 80present(potential(future)) 491presentation 340, 477presentation drawings 290presentation in a decision-making meet-

ing 446presentation(ICT) 378presentation(week before) 421presentations 470Press, M. 98prestige of location 270pre-stressed 285pre-stressed glass 285pre-supposed categories 444pre-supposed in communication 416pre-supposes 33pre-supposition 21, 35pre-supposition(innoduction) 199pre-suppositions 254, 416pre-suppositions(cultural) 200pre-suppositions(people) 43pre-suppositions(unmentioned) 200pretext and catalyst 397previous phases 417price / performance ratio 165price(land) 267price(precision, performance) 212price-quality ratio 350Priemus, H. 12, 13, 53, 179, 249, 253primary schools(Almere) 171prime numbers 124primitive code(perception) 242primitive code(transforming) 242primitive

term(element(model(mathematical)))183

primitive types(atomic) 242primitives of architectural design 233primitives of architectural design repre-

sentation 233primitives of architectural perception 242primitives(application) 233primitives(geometric) 233principal details 427principal(history) 65printing shop 423Prinzipienreiter 124priorities(investment) 496priorities(political) 494prison 292prison systems(radial, back, cupola,

atrium) 170prison(colours) 170prison(furniture) 170prison(linear type) 170prison(look(non institutional)) 170prisoner’s dilemma 295prisons 170privacy 156, 274private and public properties 432private individuals 81private organisations 81private parties 80private space 135private(public) 129probability 25probability area 220probability area(95%) 220probability calculus 207probability theory 209probable 26, 219, 444

probable consequences 159probable desires 444probable future 446probable futures 492problem 58, 251, 253, 294, 373, 416problem definition 341problem formulation 12, 59, 254problem owner 373problem owners 374problem proposition 29problem signalling(predicting(wishes,

probabilities)) 253problem situations 371problem solving 369problem solving processes 58problem solving studies 328problem spotting 253problem statement 370problem(definition) 89problem(diagnosis) 154problem(forecasted, signalled) 253problem(formulating) 251problem(formulation) 192problem(image) 294problem(owner) 372problem(perception) 255problem(problem) 473problem(spotting, solving) 374problem(type) 437problems that are not clearly defined 378problems(allocating) 374problems(future(desirable(proba-

ble))) 263problems(set) 253problems(tame(clear explanations, vi-

able solutions)) 433problems(wicked(lacking

consensus(pluralistic society))) 433process consultant 306process management 356process(concentric way) 369process(content) 306process(criticism) 307process(decision) 124process(design) 107, 108, 287, 339process(designing) 94process(enhancing) 309process(facilitator) 308process(helix-wise) 369process(implementation) 151process(intuitive) 292process(iteration) 369process(planning) 151process(steps(explicit)) 409process(thought) 389Proclus 203produce tools 415producer bound component designer 361producer’s programs 365producer’s risk 212product 370product description 282product designing 369product development 375product development process 369, 370product development(optimising a spa-

tial solution) 456product development(product develop-

ment) 350product enterprise 373product evaluation 151product ideas 374product information system 165product orientated evaluation 154product planning 369, 374product range 355product(architectural) 367product(concept) 406product(exterior, interior(architecture)) 368product(function) 370product(idea(transformation)) 374product(idea) 405product(industrial) 367product(life-cycle) 367product(new) 369product(standard) 283, 355product(zero-defect) 365production development 375production environment 359production environments 281production method 279production methods 329production(building) 281production(custom) 380production(standardised) 380production(type) 346production-technical influences 355

products they are marketing 374products(end) 367products(manufactured) 282profession profiles(Delft University Mas-

ter of Science) 358professional commission 473professional conditioning 473professional design 293professional designer 358professional group optimisation 293professional skills(use) 168professionalised 83professionals(learning) 305professionals(routine & intuition) 357profile(asymmetrical) 446profile(symmetric) 446profit(net)(winners, losers) 300prognoses(economic) 251prognoses(environmental) 251programmatic component(design) 290programmatic data 277programmatic differentiation 438programme advisor 276programme consultants 276programme elements(functional-spatial

organisation(reference images, struc-ture, function(housing,ameneties(shops, restaurants, schools,hospitals, theatres)))(quantitative,qualitative)) 265

programme of requirements 19, 60, 89,149, 208, 251, 287, 306, 314, 340, 370,418, 419, 423, 443, 464→ brief, specification, task

programme of requirements study 291programme of requirements(acting com-

municatively, agents) 305programme of requirements(actual con-

text) 265programme of requirements(building

level) 263programme of requirements(contents) 372programme of

requirements(context(national, regional,local)(social, physical)) 263

programme of requirements(cultural,aesthetic, economic, climatical, techni-cal, judicial) 271

programme of requirements(designprocess) 459

programme of requirements(direc-tives) 277

programme ofrequirements(forecasting(problemspotting)) 179

programme of requirements(functionalanalysis(evaluative studies)) 263

programme of requirements(intendedeffect) 174

programme of requirements(inventory ofwishes(users(present, future))) 263

programme of requirements(kinds) 372programme of requirements(laws, stand-

ards, rules) 331programme of requirements(making) 420programme of requirements(model

(future(desirable(probable)))) 263programme of requirements(newly to be

built area, existing built situation)(expost research) 265

programme of requirements(normativeidea, programming research) 265

programme of requirements(officespace(employees and furtherfunctions(conference space, archive,office restaurant, laboratory, library,printing shop, office for mail))) 423

programme ofrequirements(operationalisations) 159

programme ofrequirements(organisation(tri-partition(directorate, departments,services))) 423

programme of requirements(performancechecks) 163

programme of requirements(performance(description)) 271

programme of requirements(phasing) 308programme of requirements

(solutions) 271programme of requirements(statistical

prognoses, scenarios(spatial conse-quences)) 263

programme of requirements(succinct) 371programme of requirements(surfaces,

function and intention) 466programme of requirements(technical

matters) 272programme of requirements(urban

level) 263programme of

requirements(urban(amenities,business)) 265

programme of requirements(urban,architectural, constructive) 263

programme of requirements(urban,quantitative(to be realised),qualitative(liveability, sphere, safety,sustainability) 265

programme of requirements(verbalmodel, package of objectives) 186

programme of requirements(verifying(visits)) 466

programme utilisation 434programme(allocating) 439programme(base) 374programme(breaking open) 390programme(businesses) 269programme(demand side(index

numbers(planning))) 266programme(function) 94programme(housing, derived

functions(ameneties(population))) 265programme(ordering) 436programme(preliminary) 309programme(quantitative(site, object)) 209programme(quantity(form)) 215programme(quantity) 208programme(sculpturing(model)) 421programme(spatial translation) 438programme(supply side(critical

mass(inhabitants,potentials(area)(design study, studyby design))) 266

programme(workshop project) 141programmes(producer’s) 365programmes(task setting) 267programmes(varying) 20programming 271programming language 229programming of amenities 265programming phase(expertise) 151programming research(focus) 266programming stage(distinct) 272programming(linear) 218progressing insight 24project activities 218project and study proposals 11project definition 338project developer(rôle) 373project development(routing) 167project lectures 346project library 101project organisation 331, 338project requirements 108project result 374project specifications 282project study 324Project Group MC+B 350project(duration(minimal)) 218project(from scratch) 145project(multi-functional) 433project(perspective, strategy) 496project-driven activity 359projecting(morphological(starting

point)) 418projection 414, 418projection(abstract principle) 474projection(geometry) 215, 216projection(orthographic) 245projection-theatre 480projective 184projective scenario 259projects tend to be too detailed 497projects(perspectives) 497projects(portfolio) 497projects(strategic) 499promenade 480pronunciation(design) 475propensity(scientific) 28properties(different, dissimilar) 166properties(parameter(constraints)) 234property 39, 40property boundary 391property(intellectual) 80proponent 13proportion 95, 123, 234, 240, 483proportion and measure

systems(analysis of buildings) 118proportion and size 95proportion(constallation, composition) 445proportion(measure) 118proportional system 118, 119, 121, 124proportional system(regulating) 123


proportionality 118proportions 109, 234proportions(building(parts)) 288proposal(design) 95proposition 179proposition logic 191, 192, 194proposition(logical form) 200propositions 191propositions(design) 95proscenium 112proscriptive(rules) 239prospective 184prospective scenario 259prospective value 104protection 325proto-forms(abstraction(syntactic)) 406prototype 103, 169, 282, 445prototypes 238prototypical buildings 172prototypical patterns 237protruding box 426protruding elements 481Prouvé 281provenance(history) 62Provence(Cézanne) 399providers 271providers(installation) 338provincial air 495proximity(perception) 241pseudo certainty 187psychiatry 415psychological barrier 390psychological induction process 250psychologist(developmental) 413psychology 252, 387psychology(development) 106public health system 169public knowledge(law) 80public space 135, 368, 432, 434public spaces 433, 434public transport 268, 313, 316, 335public transport by rail(traditional no-

tions) 499public transportation 465public urgency 189Public Works, Housing and Environ-

ment 83public(private) 129publications(analysis of buildings) 118public-private committee 496publishing(developers(profit)) 329pull effect marketing 284pull-out stands 395puppet-theatre 480purchasing power 268purity(architectural) 392purpose(original) 393pursuit(individual) 296pyramid 104, 474, 487Pythagoras 204, 240

Q

Q 204Quade, E.S. 251, 254quadratic holes 473quadratic structure 464qualitative 56qualitative classes 154qualitative properties 186qualities 101qualities(autonomous) 126qualities(ideas) 96qualities(partial) 154quality assessment(housing) 163quality assurance 281, 355quality assurance plan 366quality assurance process 281quality control 359, 365quality control(process) 365quality jump 306quality manuals 365quality(aesthetic) 158quality(architectural) 297quality(functional) 158quality(functional, aesthetical, technical,

economical) 152quality(optimum) 302quality(originality) 357quality(related(balanced,

integrated)(attributes(building,environment))(satisfaction(needs))) 153

quality(requirements) 153quality(statement) 372quality(usage) 166quality/cost assessment 167

quality/cost rating 163quantitative 56quantitative attributes 186quantities and combinations 389quantor(all) 193quantor(existence) 193quantors 199Quatremère de Quincy 113Quatro 356query terms 238question 473questionnaire 56, 328questionnaires 275, 329questions of the study 420questions(what, how, why) 138questions, fundamental to creating 473quick and dirty 155quiescence 407quietness 120quotable drawing 173

R

R 204R & D 139, 359Raad van State 83Rabinowitz, R.H. 151, 152radial 170radius 445rail(traditional notions) 499railings 421railway emplacement 433railway(high speed, circle line) 495railway(noise requirements) 430railway(platform of exchange) 477rainwater infiltration 315raised floors 332, 337Ramondt, J.J. 444Rand 185Rand Corporation 250Randen, A. van 347, 350random ideas 408Randstad 36Randstad(alternatives) 210rarities 256Rashid 473rating(quality/cost) 163ratio(geometrical series) 213rational choice 208rational choice theory 295rational number 207rational numbers 204rational value 207rational(objectively) 294rational(subjectively) 294rationalism 414, 418rationality 295Raumplan versus Plan Libre 144Raumplan(plan libre) 92readable(drawing) 51reading the site 444reading(signs) 475re-adjustment 321real 474, 478Real Estate and Project Management 160real estate consultancy

agencies(pessimistic view) 270real estate norm 155real numbers 204, 207real-estate market 368realisation orientated ICT 377realisation(possibility) 26realism/relativism 418reality 87, 395, 414reality(distance) 474reality(simplification, reduction(concious,

unconcious)) 181reality(somatic) 478reality(systems) 181reason(arithmical series) 212reasoning(deductive form) 369reasoning(Delftish stuff) 421reasoning(experience) 191reasoning(inductive) 400, 406reasoning(innoduction) 369reception lobby 335receptive(concentration(selective blind-

ness)) 400receptivity 396recipe 409, 416recipes 417recognisability 443recognisable objects 91recognisable patterns 392recognised 413recognisibility 91

recognisibility(colour,shape) 91recognising 244, 390recognition 71, 400recognition of a scene 243recognition(line drawings(edge

junctions(convex, concave)) 235recognition(visual)(components(canonical

parts) 235recognition-by-components 243, 244recomposing 101reconstruct(research(design document

based)) 144reconstruct(visual experience) 245reconstructed (designdevelopment) 143reconstructed(history) 62reconstructing 128reconstructing(design choices) 144re-construction 35record 44recorded design processes 361recording 71recreation(potential) 491recreative quality(waterfront) 134rectangle 1 to 2 123rectangle(perception) 241rectangular arrangement 244rectangular(reduction) 462rectangularity 121, 215recurring design themes 485recurring formal themes 96recurring motives 141recycling 323Redding, O. 419re-design 323, 445re-design with renovation activities 323re-designed from scratch 445red-light district 419reduce uncertainties 491reducing complexity 141reducing(slow removal(superfluous)) 459reduction 97, 444, 449, 462reduction into discussable topics 446reduction of doubts 168reduction of perceptions 447reduction to place and time 447reduction to place and/or

time(variables(relation)) 447reduction to sort 447reduction(agenda(policy maker)) 189reduction(concept) 407reduction(legend(designer))) 189reduction(location, time) 447reduction(possible, desirable) 444reduction(variables(empirical re-

searcher)) 189reductionism 97reductions 25redundant(perception) 242Reeshof 314refer 11refereed journals 329referees 52reference 43reference data 43reference images 133reference list 43reference points 143reference projects 275, 276reference projects(database) 172reference scenario 162reference type 44reference(artwork) 45reference(audiovisual material) 45reference(authors, year, title, place, pub-

lisher) 44reference(book section) 44reference(book) 44reference(communication(personal)) 45reference(computer programme) 45reference(conference proceedings) 45reference(confusing(spatial scales)) 188reference(context(comparable)) 27reference(edited book) 44reference(electronic source) 45reference(frame) 396, 399, 403reference(journal article) 45reference(magazine article) 45reference(map) 45reference(newspaper article) 45reference(patent) 45reference(thesis) 45references 43, 60, 443references(implicit) 89, 173references(list) 43, 46referencing(cross) 143, 145reflecting strips 426reflection 97, 143

reflection co-efficients 336reflection(surface) 490reflections 336reflections(design) 140refutability 24refutation 27regional level 84regional plan 434regional plans 84register 45register of Dutch architects 359registering(visual representations) 231registration 53regression(line) 253regular graph 217regular solids 216regularity(perception) 241regulation(spatial planning) 435regulations(aesthetics) 81regulations(onsite demolition) 81regulations(public law) 80Reh, W. 78, 445, 492rehearsing room 465Reinhardt, F. 203, 204, 208Reinink, W. 122reinterpret 96re-invent 356re-inventing 96rejection 417relating two variables(arrangement of

values) 447relation 39, 353relation schema 288relation(causal) 328relation(content) 305, 306relation(formal) 492relational pattern 156relations 39, 53relations(internal) 353relations(networks of constraints) 234relations(separations, connections) 368relationship between

variables(simulation) 447relationships(establishing) 99relevance 64relevance(scientific) 24relevance(social) 24relevant variables 154reliability 92, 155, 418reliability(empirical) 23reliability(external) 23reliability(internal) 23reliability(period) 201reliability(verbal models(reality)) 189reliable 22reliable statements(population size) 328remote sensing image 71Renaissance north of the Alps 66render 410rendering by drawing 411rendering techniques 245renderings(photo-realistic) 231renewed usage 64renovating 310renovation 64, 70, 321, 323, 368renovation activities 164renovation project 419rent(basic) 167rent(reference) 167rented dwellings 167repertoire 444repertory 133repertory(design) 133repetition 108, 172repetition and routine 363repetition of parts 489repetition(perception) 241repetitive configuration 244replacement 337replacement(accessible) 330replica 67report on planning(5th) 499report(reference) 45report(research) 329representation of spaces 244representation(analogue(limited(human

interpretation))) 236representation(analytical) 238representation(computer(objects( occu-

pying the same space, over-lapping))) 236

representation(configuration(resolution(lowering))) 235

representation(configuration(selectivemental aggegate)) 236

representation(framebased) 237representation(graphic) 411

representation(grouping(pattern(atomicparts))) 235

representation(implementation(computerapplication)) 233

representation(level(chunks, partitions,clusters)) 233

representation(mathematical) 298representation(multi-level

structure(abstraction, sub-division)) 235representation(objective) 240representation(pictorial) 231representation(purpose, scale(city

blocks, buildings, components, ele-ments), abstraction) 233

representation(screen) 49representation(stereotypes(architectural(known

solutions, building regulations, profes-sional codes))) 236

representation(symbolic(relations be-tween objects)) 234

representation(symbolic) 233representations networks(multi-level) 237representations(abstract) 237representations(alternative) 232representations(architectural) 233representations(atomistic, relational) 243representations(computerised(meaningful

feedback(explicit relations betweenelements))) 236

representations(design) 238representations(holistic(complexity,

size)) 234representations(multi-level) 243representations(two dimensional) 102representations(two-dimensional) 231representations(visual, mental)(external

versions) 231representativeness 122representing 244reproducible in series 391reproduction techniques 73re-programming(existing program-

me) 265re-programming(existing situations) 263reputation 269required areas 274requirement not linked to concept 464requirement not linked to the concept 470requirement(additional) 427requirement(concept) 432requirements 455

→ demand, needrequirements(changing) 455requirements(clarifying) 313requirements(comfort and

usage(building function)) 330requirements(comfort) 330requirements(demand) 283requirements(detailed) 340requirements(environmental) 323requirements(essentials) 459requirements(functional(building)) 330requirements(legal) 325requirements(morphological) 288requirements(new) 367requirements(overall) 340requirements(project) 108research 19, 24, 98, 400

→ investigation, inquiry, survey, studyresearch & development(application

oriented, project-driven, long-termfundamental) 358

research ‘construct’ 142research activity(starting point) 485research and design programme 498research and development 139research construct 145research context 95research driven design 21, 159research findings 97research into design 99research level 484research method 29research methodology 12, 249research output 141research potential(design process) 140research procedures(innovative) 139research project(architecture) 99research proposal 98research proposals 49research report 329research techniques 12research(aim orientated) 92, 93research(analytical, comparative) 137research(andante) 160research(architectural heterogeneity) 252research(architectural) 249

INDEX 5 4 9

research(artefacts) 143research(comparative design based) 144research(comparative) 144research(composition(conception, per-

ception)) 139research(composition(design

driven(types))) 137research(cycles) 139research(describing) 21research(descriptive) 53, 138, 141, 143,

144research(design activity driven) 140research(design artefact driven) 143research(design based) 140research(design document based) 144research(design driven) 95, 137, 138, 485research(design knowledge) 99research(design orientated) 146research(design process driven) 140research(design project based) 141research(design project

based)(collective activities(context,programme, task)) 141

research(design result driven) 143research(design workshop based) 141research(design(outcomes)) 143research(design) 99, 138, 151research(designerly enquiry driven) 144research(designerly interpretation

based) 145research(designerly workshop based)142research(document based) 144research(empirical) 13, 138, 141, 145, 416research(evaluating ex post) 149research(evaluating) 21research(evaluation) 138, 160research(ex ante) 159research(ex post) 160research(experimental design) 364research(experimental) 21research(explorative(workshop pro-

ject)) 141research(explorative) 141, 143, 144research(explorative, questions(what,

how, why)) 138research(exploratory) 89research(focus) 496research(futures(probable)) 492research(goal) 138research(heuristic) 89research(hypothesis) 409research(individual design based) 140,

143research(listing) 21research(market) 283research(methods) 95research(operational) 409research(pre-design) 151research(prescriptive) 53research(programming (focus)) 266research(programming((rough, detailed)

(planning process(stage))) 267research(programming(supply

side(income growth(populationgrowth), synergy(amenities), financialfeasibility, location, deterioration,vandalism, criminality))) 267

research(programming) 21research(result based) 137research(tools) 21research(type) 138researchable system 254researcher 400researcher(empirical) 447researchers(architectural) 98resemblance 245, 401resemblance(enhance) 246reserve 325residence(traditionally built) 352residences(drum) 115resident satisfaction 163residential areas 437residential blocks 316residential building 349, 357residential consumer’s test 165residential market(supply, demand) 354residential neighbourhood 433residential structure 419resolution 173, 208resolution(drawing) 211resolution(frame, grain) 211resolution(vector calculation) 211resolution(vector drawing computer pro-

gramme) 210resolutions 208resolving capacity(frame, grain) 211resources(efficient use) 167

resources(finite) 300resources(scarce) 293respect for the past 391respondents(a-select) 374response(unrestricted) 293responses(concept) 406responsibilities(design) 306responsibilities(separate) 372responsibility(participating) 491restaurant 465restoration 70restrictions and potentials 389restrictions time 308restrictions(location, social, material) 443restructuring(areas) 433result based research 137result(focus) 311results of design processes 143results(incremental) 285results(interim) 417results(varied)(workshop project) 141results(variety)(research(design project

based)) 141retailer inquiries 269retail-establishment(large scale) 269retailstructure(concentration, hierarchy)268retardation(activity(project(graph

theory))) 218retrieval(configurations(manipu-

lation)) 238retrieved 11retrieving 381revamping of ideas 395review of literature 275Reyndorp, A. 311, 436Reynolds(non-dimensional number) 329rhythm 109rhythm and (inter)space 95rhythm(history) 63ribbon city 182Richards, W. 243Ridder, H. de 339ridges(dunes) 132Riemsdijk, M.J. van 255, 417, 448Rietveld, G. 91, 108right of way 81Rijks Planologische Dienst 162Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en

Milieu 251Rijnland(Water Board) 423ring structure(access) 326ripple effect 350, 353rising(floors) 325risk factor 327risk(consumer) 212risk(producer) 212risks of complaining 338risks of complaints 338risky design decision 338risky elements(awareness) 168risky(proposition) 24Risselada, M. 57, 92, 144, 152Rittel, H. 433ritual 474river landscape 134river(city) 134RIVM 259, 497road 429road safety 316road(curved) 423road(motor) 424road(provincial feeder) 391road(stretch) 218robust(design(scenarios)) 162robustness 20, 26, 51, 93, 255, 367, 368robustness(unpredictable develop-

ments) 162Rochester 169Roethlisberger, F.J. 414rôles 297rôles(persons deciding, agents in initiat-

ing, citizens in defining and selectingperspectives) 497

Röling, L.C. 455, 465Roman priests(ritual) 474Romans 96, 474Ronchamp chapel 401Ronden, J. den 54Rongen, C.T.H. van 323roof 341, 347roof construction 342roof shapes 342roof(cantilevering) 407roof(laying) 354roof(parabolic) 115roof(seemingly wafer-thin) 407roof(shape) 342

roofed central hall 326room module(size) 425room(leg) 393room(shape, size, materials applied,

interior/exterior relationships, facili-ties) 153

Roozenburg, N.F.M. 160, 199, 361, 367,369, 370

Rosemann, J. 35, 413Rossi, A. 112, 125rotaters 487rotation 114, 487rotation(direction) 487Rotterdam 267, 269, 360, 365, 419, 435,

439, 455, 495rough draft 50rough draft(resolution) 208round building(snake bite its own

tail) 116round buildings 115round urban villas 115route 441routine 357, 362, 387, 389routine designing 363routine(actions in the sequence) 416routine(architecture) 390routine(Geuze) 419routine(habituation(experience)) 403routine(knowledge & insight) 356routine(recipe(master-and-appren-

tice)) 416routine(stereotypical programme(built-

in)) 415routines 415Rowe, C. 125, 126RPD 162, 497rubricating 128Rue Nungesser et Colli 393Rue Saint-Guillaume 394Ruegg, R.T. 167ruin 67rule giving 80, 276rule of law 81rule of the game 474rule of thumb 266rule(starting position) 487ruled and a curve surface 488ruled surfaces 487, 488rules 331rules for building 434rules of thumb 335rules(creativity) 474rules(natural, manmade) 491ruling on building 79ruling(designing) 79ruling(juridical investigation) 192ruling(standard) 83rulings(conflicting) 82rulings(non published) 81rulings(published) 81rulings(standard) 79, 81running bond(brick) 120running costs 167rupture(zones) 132rural and urban fields(legenda) 498rural system 494rural system(debate) 497Rusk, D. 498Russell, B. 37, 190, 205, 414Ruyssenaars, H. 361Rykwert, J. 474

S

Saarinen, T.F. 169Saariste, R. 145, 152safety 171, 273, 341safety requirements 336safety(road) 316Sagrada Familia 396Saint Die 126Saint-Guillaume 394salient features not registered by ortho-

graphic projection 232sample 328samples 199San Diego 455sand(ridge) 429Sanford, D.H. 194, 195sanitary facilities 330sanitary installations 336sanitary units 489Sanoff, H. 275, 276SAR 347, 349, 439Sariyildiz, S. 377, 378SAR-pattern method 439, 440

Sartre, J.P. 414Sasieni, M.W. 298Sassen, S. 495satellite image 71satisfaction(residents) 163satisfies(logic) 193satisfying principle 294saturation stage 369Sauer, J. 67saw off 350SBR 272, 332SBR 258 272, 273, 276Scala 113scale 55, 73, 79, 367scale changing design 90scale levels 37, 421, 441scale model 275scale paradox 37scale paradox(mathematical division)205scale relation study 288scale relations 287scale sensitive 105scale switch 105scale(articulation) 190scale(falsification) 73scale(five point) 154scale(frame, grain) 50scale(large) 73scale(level) 267, 435scale(level, municipal) 84scale(level, separate building 84scale(levels) 26, 84, 167scale(map) 73scale(measure) 348scale(paradox) 206scale(sense) 291scale(small) 73scale(three point) 154scale-less 106scales 274scaling techniques 155Scandinavia 482scanning the future 252scarce resources 293scenario techniques 275scenario(model(explorative, potential,

projective)) 184scenario(normative) 259scenario(perspective) 258scenario(policy(critical, dynamic, careful,

relaxed)(water system, agriculture,international connections, multicentrednetwork systems)) 494

scenario(prognosis) 258scenario(projective) 259scenario(prospective) 259scenario(reference, trend) 162scenario(sector) 259scenario(surprise) 259scenario(trend(model(predictive,

projective(probable)) 184scenario(trend) 185, 259scenarios 255, 258scenarios(bandwidth) 162scenarios(contrast) 259scenarios(CPB) 259scenarios(cultural) 259scenarios(designs(alternative)) 185scenarios(driving forces) 162scenarios(economical) 259scenarios(evaluation) 161scenarios(exploring) 259scenarios(extreme) 162, 259scenarios(main themes(national(spatial

structure))) 162scenarios(mobility) 259scenarios(nature) 259scenarios(policy) 259scenarios(trends(extrapolated)) 162scenarios(uncertainty) 266scenarios(varying(driving forces)) 162scene 243scene(architectural) 243scene(recognition) 243Scha, R. 241, 245Schaaf, P. van der 149, 151, 159, 161schade 81Schalkoort, T.A.J. 327, 335, 337, 338schedule 39Scheepvaarthuis 120schema 103schema(frame, grain) 211schema(verbal model) 186schema(wishes, ideas) 462scheme 144scheme(resolution) 208schemes(architect) 406

Schiedam 292Schiller, F.C.S. 415Schiller-Brager, G. 334Schliemann 401Schmitt, G. 378Schokker, J.T. 79scholarly designers 360scholarly identity 369Schön, D. 102school 276schools 268schools of thought(design method) 339schouwburg 482Schramm, U. 152Schröder House 91, 108Schultz, U. 204Schutte-Postma, L. 79Schwartz, I. 380science 97science and technology(state) 307science of making 415science(categories(alpha, beta,

gamma), ICT) 379science(critical, contemplative) 307science(debate) 14science(definition) 22science(design) 145science(model) 181scientific 22scientific ambition 11Scientific Council on Government

Policy 494scientific criticism 329scientific design and study work 11scientific feat 330scientific forum 249scientific method 34, 298scientific methods of research 95scientific methods(epistemological

limits) 448scientific report 19scientific status(publishing) 329scientific task 12scientific thinking(foundation) 414scientific visualisation 246scientific work 19scientific(new possibilities) 13scientifically verified concept 285score(performance) 167scores(separate) 166scores(total, separate) 166scorings(compiled) 163SCP 259SCPB 497screen(frame, grain) 211script(computer programming) 234sculpturing(model) 421SD 338search 100, 140, 492search areas 374search as you draw 408search routines 238search(patterns) 382search(relevance) 238searcher’s own graphic input(retrieving

designs) 238searches 455second line investigators 327sectionalisation 307sector scenario 259sector trends 259sector(sub-group)) 351security standards 274security(built-in) 356security(fire) 324seduction model 184see different things 399see things differently 399seeking(finding) 411segmentation 243segmentation(morphological reconstruc-

tion) 445segments 115, 290segregation 105segregation(function) 106segregation

100m105

segregation10cm

(function) 106segregation

30m(function) 105

segregation3m

(function) 106Sekisui Heim house 281selection 97selection criteria 341selection matrix 341selection(comparison) 484selection(evaluation) 141selection(jury) 141selection(negative) 403


selective attention 25, 444selective mental aggregate 236selective perception 53self-directedness 362self-evident 413self-evident actions 416self-explanatory(visual) 408self-learning techniques 378self-reflexive statements 37self-regulation 80self-similarity 225semantic differential(dichotomies) 158semantic network(computer program-

ming) 234semantics 191semiotic vocabulary 487Semper, G. 113sensation value 104sense for scale 291sense of ‘place’ 95sense of space 392senses 414senses(pattern, process) 417sensitivity analysis 251sensitivity(initial input) 257sensitivity-analyses(optimisation) 221sensory deprivation 413sensory impressions(synchronous, vari-

ous) 414sensory motor system 415sensual(architecture) 421sentence function 40sentence(full) 190separate rooms 275separating 351separating components 345separating((outside, inside, soil,

water)(horizontal, vertical, angle)) 351separation 105separation(function) 324separation

1km(function) 105

separation3km

(function) 105separational node 218separations 370separations(connections) 368sequence 27sequence of actions 410, 415sequence of images 246, 441sequence(autonomous) 115sequence(Fibonacci’s) 213sequences 417sequences of kindred building 276sequencing 128sequencing(difference of place) 205sequential 377, 447sequential computer command 197sequential identification

numbers(column(spreadsheet)) 205sequentiality(differences, changes) 447serendipity 24, 371series of actions 416, 417series(arithmatical) 212Serra, R. 110, 111serviceability tools and methods 155services 347servo-mechanism 309set 205set of actions(not model) 186set theory 192set(equality(nature),

difference(place))(scale(paradox),abstraction(change)) 206

set-dressing workshop 465, 466setting 394SEV 313sewage pipes 336sewage treatment 313SfB classification system 347shade and shelter(tree) 399shading 336shading installations 328shape 330, 341

→ formshape grammar(Palladian) 237shape grammars 244shape of the building 335shape of the

building(maintenance(accessibility(access-equipment))) 337

shape roof 342shape(archetypal) 110shape(attenuating) 110shape(building) 327shape(folding) 110shape(geometrical) 487shape(giving) 58shape(minimal number(directions,

changes of directions, variation ofchanges of direction)) 215

shape(nonsensical) 243shape(starlike) 494shape(twisted) 487shapes(combining) 72shapes(language) 109shapes(list) 72shapes(simple(triangle, square,

circle)) 215shapes(states of dispersion) 209shape-structure 114shaping 58shaping decisions 60shaping(image, judgement) 308shared entrance(into light(square)) 467shared sub-contracting 360sharing reception facilities 169Sharp, J. 215shifts of attention 404ship-building 116shipbuilding yard 342ships 67shopping centre 266shopping centre(turnover) 269shopping centres 268shopping centres(attraction) 268shopping centres(concentration) 268shopping centres(transport(public)) 268shopping list 409shopping space 266shopping(one stop) 268shops(combining(amenities)) 268shortest path 218shortest-path algorithm 218Siberia 117sick building syndrome 276, 327side aisles 123sidelines(straight) 488Sierpinski(fractal) 226Siers 370sieve analysis 73, 76signature(spatial) 115significance → meaningsignificance(functional) 392significance(transcendental) 64significance(variable) 190significant 159, 475significant to others 56signification(change(imagination)) 402signification(context) 400signification(layers) 402significations(system) 393, 399, 400signs 476signs(naming) 474signs(reading, interpretating) 475similarities and continuities 413similarities(history) 401similarities(typological) 90similarity in nature 205similarity(composition) 112similarity(perception) 241similes 245Simon, H. 294Simonis, J.B.D. 159simple and square 395simple pictures 460simple shapes 215simplex algorithm 299, 301simplex method 222, 223simplex method(admitted solution) 223simplex method(axle) 223simplex method(basic solution) 223simplex method(basic variable) 224simplex method(pivot column) 223simplex method(pivot row) 224simplex method(remainder variables)223simplex method(restrictions) 223simplex method(starting solution) 223simplex method(target function) 223simplex tableau 223simplicity(arranging) 407simplicity(perception) 241simplicity(reduction, concentration) 407simplicity(true, pure, serene, barren, dull,

poor) 406simplification 97, 98simplification(abstraction) 406simplification(false) 168simplifications 182simplifying 464simulated design options 145simulation 371simulation programmes 335simulation(design analysis) 246simulation(light) 246simulation(variables(relation)) 447

simulations 372Simulink 225simultaneity in the work 409simultaneous designing 361simultaneously(true) 201Sinck, Lucas Jszn. 121single-curved sideline 488singular solutions 209site 89site articulation 114, 439site articulations 433site boundaries 404site visits 275site(articulating) 433site(assessed and formulated by the

architect) 405site(bordering) 418site(building) 341, 347, 350site(cultural history) 63site(fill) 208site(history) 63site(off) 280site(on) 280site(reading) 444site(visit) 470site(waterfront) 407situation 89, 389situation at location(analysis of build-

ings) 118situation(future) 491situation(idea) 389situation(placebound(combinations)) 492situations(work) 389size and proportion 95size of an office unit 423size of the rooms 336size(alignment) 424size(legenda) 498size(positioning) 345sizeless(geometry) 216sizing of the module 425sizing(positioning) 349skeleton 237sketch map 315sketch plan 50sketch(chalk) 429sketch(exploration) 429sketch(first little(office unit(size))) 423sketch(loose) 289sketch(spatial) 287sketch(studying) 424sketch(superimposed on the maps) 429sketchbooks 408sketched design 459, 465sketched designs 309sketches 287, 291, 423sketches(holiday) 461sketching paper 411sketching paper on a role 429sketching(report) 291skin(dry) 327skin(maintenance) 337skin(U-shaped) 326Skinner 414sky-line(Chinese) 421slab 114slab(slender) 407slack 224slate panels 394slave of the tools 381Slicher van Bath, B.H. 258sloping trajectory 292Sloterplas 130slots 237small business areas 269Small centres 269small-town environment 470Smienk, G. 457Smith, P.F. 95SMO 359smooth(line) 215Smulders, F.E.H.M. 373snake’s skin 464snugness(designers) 421so(logic) 194soberness 273social climate 269social conditions 309social control 56social debate 307social development 311social differentiation 104, 105social equity 494social group optimisation 293social interests 299social norms 307social profile 420

social relevance(history) 64social security 276social-historical approach 60socially relevant 59social-psychological mechanisms 59society(knowledge based) 305sociology 414Soeder, H. 203, 204, 208Soest, J.P. van 181, 187soft computing methods 382soft computing techniques 377software for architectural design 377software(spatial) 379soil improvement 342soil pollution 164soil(history, design) 63soil(maximisation) 315Sola-Morales, M. de 125solar cells 316solar collectors 171, 316solar energy 313, 316, 323, 326, 337solid entities 244solid(amorphous) 285solids(regular) 216solipsism 413Solomon’s judgement 205solution alternatives 251solution in principle 370solution space 246, 300, 302solution space(optimisation) 221solution(architectural) 107solution(best) 295solution(designer(inquisitive nature,

creative approach)) 99solution(flash) 470solution(least resistance) 162solution(plural) 402solution(problem) 251solution(rash) 406solution(variants(remodelling, expansion,

disposing, joining, moving, new build-ing design)) 271

solutions 59, 294solutions for the part-problems 340solutions(alternative) 251, 271solutions(compromise, synthesis, deci-

sion making(autocratic)) 303solutions(creative(method)) 340solutions(different) 60solutions(direction) 90solutions(diversity) 20, 484solutions(finding) 300solutions(innovative) 459solutions(novel) 95solutions(optimum

selection(subsolutions)) 302solutions(part) 340solutions(partial) 60solutions(singular) 209SOM Group 313somatic reality 478sound-absorbent properties 286source material(analysis) 138source(history, bibliographic ordering) 62source(history, chronological ordering) 62source(history, material and construc-

tion) 62source(history, monographic ordering) 62source(history, ordering) 62source(history, topographical ordering) 62source(history, typological ordering) 62sources 96sources of law 81sources(analysis of buildings) 118sources(history) 61sources(history, critique) 62sources(history, secondary) 62sources(knowledge) 43sources(primary) 61sources(reflective, history) 66sources(use) 61Spaarne 134space 441space and place 403space for conditioning 11space frame(triangulated) 364space groups 242space in our imagination 194space mass 129space of the templum(defined and

ordered(gestures)) 475space reservation((building, group,

subgroup, sector)(adaptability(part,form, material)) 352

space(action) 165space(actor’s) 481space(build in(installations)) 337

space(cut-out) 475space(Euclidian) 183space(horizontal) 475space(infinit) 475space(intellectual) 190space(logical) 194space(partial building groups) 349space(plane to volume) 477space(public) 368space(separating, enclosure, occu-

pier) 351spaces(atomic elements(architectural

composition)) 234spaces(closure) 56spaces(glass) 331spaces(symbols) 233space-time ordering 474spacious central area 326spaciousness 55spaciousness(model) 431span with a minimum of material 407Spanjers 355spanning 396spans(variety) 121spatial analyses(without

effects(implementation, use)) 188spatial architectural choices 155spatial areas 347spatial arrangement 107, 108, 109spatial articulation 242spatial characteristics 131spatial composition 128spatial concept 185spatial configuration 153spatial conflicts 237spatial consequences 433spatial constraints 236spatial design 336, 338spatial design(general lay out) 332spatial differentiation 438spatial drawings 462spatial effectiveness 419spatial experiencing 367spatial form 370spatial functional organisation 434spatial idea 408spatial ideas(computer) 380spatial implications 56spatial inter-action models 269spatial inter-dependence 440spatial interface 84spatial model 182spatial models 145, 181spatial need 273spatial ordering 433spatial organisation 133spatial organisation of activity(buil-

ding) 271spatial orientation 274spatial outline plan 340spatial plan 340spatial planning 436spatial planning regulation 435spatial policy 270spatial proximity 275spatial relations 87, 275, 287spatial signature 115spatial sketch 287, 289spatial software 379spatial structure 127, 162spatial structures 355spatial structuring 345, 441spatial temporal completeness 189spatial translation of the programme 438spatial units(programme) 434spatial-material fabric 473spatial-psychological requirements 275spatio functional typology 155speaker(performer(design incident)) 421speakers-theatre 480special building component 282special element(urban arrangement) 130specialism 104specialist 281specialists 109, 293species(fitting conditions(applying

task)) 405species(new) 256specification 370, 418

→ programme of requirement, brief,task

specification(building) 109specifications(construction(scale)) 279specifications(project) 282specified performance 283Speckle 127speed regulation systems 317

INDEX 5 5 1

Spekking 276Spekkink, D. 276spheres(halved) 289Sphinx – Céramique 439spine 11Spinoza 447spiral 115spiralling(verticality) 482spirally elevation 116spirit of the concept 309spiritual existence 491spiritual ordering 474split-level accumulation 464spontaneous theatre 477spread 54spreading 73spreading of opening hours 335spreadsheet(database) 205SPSS 54Spui 355Spuybroek, L. 364, 379, 380square 170, 429, 475square and its diagonals 121square(double) 120square(perception) 241square(shape(simple)) 215square(super, double) 123squared sum 220squares(public) 430SR 80St. Denis stadium 395St. Gobain 355Staal 128Staatsblad 80Staatscourant 80stability provisions 341, 342stability(perception) 241STABU 347Stadt ohne Höfe 114Staets, Hendrick Jzn. 121stage → phasestage of exhaustion 369stage(abstracting) 128stage(deductive) 128stage(growing) 369stage(informative) 128stage(penetration) 369stage(pioneering) 369stage(saturation) 369staged models 370stages of the design process(learning

context, practice) 338staging of the building process 373stair sizes(formula(Blondel)) 239staircase(central) 424stairs 482, 489stairs system 325stairs(positioning) 427stamping 172, 188standard 83standard building products 282standard deviation 220standard elements 391standard office module 424standard preferences 165standard product 283, 355standard solution(history) 66Standard Specification for Housing and

Industrial Buildings 347standard(international) 360standardisation 171, 234, 348Standardisation(International Organisa-

tion) 348standardised production 380standardising 128standards 331stapling 116starlike shape 494star-shaped structure 481starting point for a research activity 485starting point(exogenous) 418starting point(morphological) 418starting points(design) 418starting position of the rule 487state of affairs 201state of dispersion(possible) 208state(current) 372statement(increasingly clear(agents)) 308statements(disproportion) 309statements(reliable) 328state-of-the-art(increasing) 357states of dispersion(non-contingent,

discontiuous)) 215states of dispersion(shapes) 209static design methods 330station(Amsterdam Central) 118station(fuelling) 268, 269

station(train) 269statistical analyses(subjective data) 329statistical analysis 54statistical arithmetic methods 207statistical data 335statistical distribution of properties 328statistical surveys 53statistically representative 199statistics 209, 267Statistics Netherlands 258statistics(history) 62statistics(possible events) 210statute 81Steadman, J.P. 240steel angle brackets 279steel beams and columns 390steel column 394steel diagonals 464steel structure 394Steenbergen 445steering function 225Steffen, C. 155Stein, H.F. 401Stella 225Stellingwerff, M. 142stempelen 188stempel-verkavelingen 439step(first) 473stereotype 103sterile architecture 286Stevens, S.S. 207, 447Stevin 127Stichting Analyse van Gebouwen 117Stichting Architecten Research 349Stichting Bouwresearch Rotterdam 81,

272, 332Stigt, A.J. van 324Stijl, De 89, 103stimuli(external) 413stimuli(triggering) 415stimulus(blocking) 415Stiny, G. 235, 237, 240stock exchange(Amsterdam) 119stone 462Stonehenge 474storage 465stories(matrix) 476storyboard 247Stouffs, R. 377, 380, 381, 382straight avenue 423straight corners 204straight sidelines 488strategic 254strategic planning 498strategic planning(Deltametropolis) 499strategic planning(design) 492, 493strategic planning(objects, contexts) 493strategic projects 499strategic projects(choice(importance,

urgency, opportunity to take action)) 499strategy(combinations) 296strategy(enterprise) 373strategy(individual) 497strategy(investment) 495strategy(national(space)) 162strategy(perspectives, projects) 496stream(graph theory) 218street 468streets(cover) 325streets(narrow) 377strength 285stressed(pre) 285stretch of road 218stretcher 120striking details 446strip or court centres 269strips(brick) 111strong and the weak points 369structural and compositional variation 141structural aspects(history) 63structural design 434structural information theory 242, 244structural information(perception) 242structural layout 424structural scheme 279structuralism 94, 414structure 20, 92, 94, 104, 109, 346, 370,

441, 445, 463structure in l ines ( | | | | ) 326structure of a system 370structure of functions(analysis of

buildings) 118structure of materials(analysis of

buildings) 118structure of space(analysis of

buildings) 118structure plan 434, 435

structure type 104, 106structure(aim) 92structure(analysis of buildings) 117structure(crystalline) 285structure(designing) 216structure(double) 132structure(elements) 436structure(fixed) 300structure(form(form)) 93structure(form) 92, 93structure(form, function) 441structure(function) 92structure(hierarchical) 371structure(layered) 68, 130, 131structure(main) 433structure(organisational) 218structure(preceding structure) 120structure(reduction(drawing shame-

lessly)) 459structure(spatial) 127, 162structure(super) 488structure(whole, parts) 441structuring devices 96, 101structuring(spatial) 345Struyck 291Struycken, P 416Stuart Mill 414stubbornness 303studies(commissioned) 329studies(form) 142studies(legal, history) 62studies(media) 142studies(problem solving) 328studios(larger) 360studios(small) 359study 19

→ survey, research, inquiry, survey,investigation

study by design 12, 20, 21, 90, 173, 255,436, 443, 496

study by design(delay intime(changing(requirements, boundaryconditions))) 455

study by design(morphological recon-struction) 445

study by design(typological research,design study) 453

study for the designing 21study in depth 54study in width 54study model 184study of the front 289study projects 11study proposal(ability to be criticised) 30study proposal(ability to be refuted) 30study proposal(accountability) 29study proposal(accumulating capa-

city) 29study proposal(accumulation(know how,

knowledge)) 30study proposal(aim-orientated) 29study proposal(assignment initiator) 29study proposal(bold) 30study proposal(book) 30study proposal(cliché) 30study proposal(concept formation) 29study proposal(concepts(overlap-

ping)) 29study proposal(conditional(position)) 29study proposal(conference) 30study proposal(converge) 30study proposal(daring) 30study proposal(designing(affinity)) 28study proposal(drawing code) 29study proposal(empirically orientated) 29study proposal(end product) 30study proposal(expressed(image)) 29study proposal(expressed(verbally)) 29study proposal(facilities) 30study proposal(fascination) 29study proposal(IAAI) 28study proposal(identity) 29study proposal(internet site) 29study proposal(internet) 30study proposal(key-words) 29study proposal(knowledge) 29study proposal(legend) 29study proposal(literature lists) 29study proposal(means-orientated) 29study proposal(method) 29study proposal(presentation) 29study proposal(publish) 30study proposal(referee(external)) 29study proposal(reference(images)) 28study proposal(representation) 30study proposal(responsible) 30study proposal(retrievability) 29

study proposal(risk-free citations) 30study proposal(scale falsification) 29study proposal(self-evident aspects) 30study proposal(study programmes) 30study proposal(sub-projects) 30study proposal(synergy) 30study proposal(theme) 29study proposal(title(significant)) 29study proposal(university latitude) 28study proposal(website) 30study(application) 330study(application-related) 329study(applied) 19study(casebased) 144study(categorising) 71study(comparative) 143, 165study(cycle(build, test, reformulate)) 170study(design) 330, 436study(designerly) 142study(double-blind) 328study(experimental) 481study(explorative) 138study(exploring) 53study(forecasting) 253study(form of the building (context(urban

architecture))) 424study(form) 483study(fundamental) 19, 356study(generating knowledge and in-

sight) 456study(goal orientated) 173study(historical) 71study(iconographic) 67study(imagining) 142study(intervention) 328study(Jong, Voordt) 98study(learning situation, practice) 338study(means orientated) 173study(means-orientated) 27study(monographic(analysis of build-

ings)) 118study(morphological) 76study(normative) 25study(ordering) 466study(partial) 356study(pilot) 142study(possible relations(idea)) 328study(practical judicial) 80study(preliminary) 166study(proposal) 28study(qualitative) 54study(quantitative) 54study(questions) 420study(scholarly) 358study(scientific judicial) 79study(sunlighting) 183study(technical) 356study(time-frame(uncertainty)) 159study(variable object and context) 453studying 12studying designer 360studying function of urban design 436studying sketch 424studyproposal(approach) 29studyproposal(question) 29STW 252style 96, 108, 308style of the ‘thirties 291style(history) 67style-critical interpretation 66styles(working) 97stylistic framework 96stylistic rules 96sub solutions(integration) 58sub-contracting(shared) 360sub-contractor / producer 282sub-contractors 271, 354subgroup(collection of materials) 351subject 413subject(active) 48subject(grammar) 225subjective 419subjective data(questionnaires) 329subjectively rational 294subjectivity 25sub-paragraphs 46sub-problems 58subsets(inter-dependent) 440sub-solution(combining) 341sub-solutions 295substructure 347subsystem(connection) 281sub-system(internal partitions) 280sub-systems 279sub-systems(intentional considerations,

cultural pre-suppositions(different perindividual)) 181

sub-terranean 467subtract(form) 104subtracting 206subway train(entering) 392success and failure 60success or failure(indicators) 158successor(activity(project(graph

theory))) 218suffering objects 446sufficient condition 196suggestive(language(designer)) 190suitable building 470sum(outcomes) 220sum(squared) 220summarisation(levels) 382summary 43summation rule 219summer and winter conditions 334Summerson, J. 234summing 225sun 115, 316sun(course) 475Sun, C-T. 382sunblinds 331sunlighting studies 183sunlighting(experiment) 183sunlighting-experiment 183sunshade & daylight regulation 365sun-shades 347, 427sunshades(outside, adjustable) 331sunshading(type) 332super square 123superfluous 459superimposition(patterns) 236superstructure 347, 488supervisor(ICT) 377supply side 355supply structure 268supply(building) 152support and infill 347support points 341, 342support structures 339supports of the space 277Supreme Court 82sure(reasoning) 197surface and access 114surface articulation 188surface drainage 315surface energy 285surface modification techniques 285surface(available) 210surface(curve) 487surface(curved) 487surface(glass) 490surface(horizontal) 487surface(line to plane) 477surface(lines(intervals(decreasing))) 206surface(measuring) 215surface(minimal(calculation)) 467surface(ruled) 487surface(ruled, curve) 488surface(twisted) 487surface(unfoldable) 487surface(vertical) 487surfaces(curved) 364surfaces(empty) 420surfaces(ruled) 488surprise scenario 259surrealistic mind 482survey 19

→ research, inquiry, survey, investiga-tion, study

surveyable area 406surveying(geometrical) 477surveys(statistical) 53sustainability 276, 427, 439sustainability doctrine 427sustainability value 104sustainability(environmental) 494sustainability(material, method,

energy(sources)) 423sustainable balance 494Sustainable Building projects 313Swanborn, P.G. 54, 155, 249swimming pool 342Swiss Re 364switching 58syllogism 191, 194syllogism(incomplete) 200symbol and ornamentation 95symbolic 68symbolic label 233symbolic representation 233symbolic structure 245symbolical drawings 308symbolisation(conventional) 245symbolism 68


symbols(legend) 182symmetric profile 446symmetric tripartite configuration 242symmetry 108, 240symmetry and asymmetry 95symmetry(bi-lateral) 244symmetry(perception) 240, 241symmetry(translational) 244symptoms of deficits(housing) 167syn-aesthetic 414synchronisation 415synchronously 455synectics 371synectics procedure 371synergy 161synergy(amenities) 267syntactic 406synthesis 25, 58, 95, 303synthesis phase 340synthesis(analysis) 355synthesis(integration) 421synthesis(solution(sub system) 58synthetic judgement a priori 204synthetic judgements 204system 103, 229, 370, 445system behaviour 255system boundaries 103system output 229system products 282system(architectural) 108system(building) 280system(cohesion) 218system(dynamic) 225system(exogenous variables) 229system(input) 229system(lacking) 419system(researchable) 254systematic 419systematic approach 54systematic comparison 142systematic design 436systematic methods 340systematic way of working 291systems 279, 491systems analysis 58, 250, 254, 455systems approach 298systems modelling 254systems of measure 209SZW 338

T

table 483table of contents 12, 43, 46table(dining) 394table(dissecting) 394tableau mouvant 413tacit pre-suppositions 12, 449tacitly presumed 449tactics(enterprise) 373Tafuri, M. 103, 417tailored suit 275tailored to the demands 284tailoring(morphological reconstruc-

tion) 445take-home tasks 397taking inventory 443, 444talent 100talents 419tame-problems 433taoti 196target group 272targeted 294targets(determining) 138Tarot 476task 473

→ programme of requirements, brief,specification

task and site 405task description 273task enacted in the city 397task setting programs 267task(bounds) 406task(components of a building) 405task(design) 483task(fitting conditions) 405task(freeing) 406task(pretext and catalyst) 397task(workshop project) 141taste 414taste(preferences and needs) 307taxa 104taxonomy 103, 104Taylor 275TCP/IP 380teachers(bad) 416

teaching(project definition,design(spatial, preliminary, final),supposed advisors) 338

team design 295team(design) 293teams(multi-disciplinary) 339teamwork 380teapot 449technè 479technè(creation(concrete, physical)) 478technical brief 281technical composition(specifications) 281technical conditions 254technical context 91technical design & informatics 379technical designing 356, 360technical development process 369technical engineer 358technical installations 326, 327, 346technical know-how(history) 64technical life-span 323technical look 394technical norms 80, 165technical people(analysis of

buildings) 118technical performance(specification) 279technical sciences 12technical specialities 359technical study 356technical study(diagnostic methods) 327technical study(social

sciences(complaints)) 327Technical University of Eindhoven 336technical(potential for execution) 433technician 478technicians(maintenance) 327technique 87, 415technique(building) 109technique(building)((partitioning, load

bearing, facilities)(function, materials,construction)) 346

techniques(concatenated) 360techniques(unconventional) 427technology 433technology of communication 495technology screening 374technology(debate) 14technology(empirical sciences) 307technology(upgrade) 284tectonics(history) 63teleconferencing 380telescope 21tem(cutting out) 475temenos 475temnein 475temperature control 464temperature requirements 335template 475template(square, circle, cross, laby-

rinth) 476templates(building

elements(holes(dents, notches))) 236temple 474temple(Platonic) 68templum 475, 479templum(defined and ordered(ges-

tures)) 475tennis fields(noise requirements) 430tension(curve) 424tension(logic aesthetics 97tension(psychological(prison de-

sign)) 170tension(visual) 95tentative articulation 440term(initial) 212terminations (corners etc.) 120terminology 12, 35Terpstra 154terrace-like collapsible drawers 395territory 474test development(coarse to fine) 166test development(complete to

simple) 166test development(negotiation) 167test models 424test(desired results, check(input,

throuhgput, output)) 168test(development) 165test(laboratory) 497test(operationalisation) 165testimony(factual, factual) 64testing 54, 250testing concept(completeness,

practibility) 166testing(experimental) 165, 166testing(way) 456tests 207

Tête de Taureau 393tetrahedron 217Tettero, W. 53, 152text and images(potential to be

judged) 52texture and colour (front) 289the case(truth) 190theaters 112, 113theatre 112, 465Théâtre Spontanée 477theatre(amphi) 480theatre(classical) 470theatre(hall) 470theatre(multipurpose) 481theatre(panorame) 480theatre(projection) 480theatre(puppet) 480theatre(speakers) 480theatrical(functional) 421thematic clusters 485thematic diploma projects 141thematic form of enquiry 485thematic or typological clustering 485theme 101, 103, 128theme(binding(task, programme, imita-

tions, constraints)) 141theme(binding) 141, 485theme(charge) 476theme(templum) 480themes 96, 101themes(analysis of buildings) 118themes(compositional) 142themes(design) 483themes(evaluation) 149, 154themes(formal) 95themes(identifying) 99themes(particular)(research(design

project based)) 141theoretical framework 60theoretical model 329theoretically interesting 59theory of functions 207theory(empirical(rejection)) 204theory(known) 400theory(promotion(doctrine(design))) 140theory(value pattern) 438thermal climate 331thermal comfort 274thermal insulation 331thermal properties 330thesaurus 38thick theory of rationality 295Thieme, J.C. 161Thiersch, A. 118, 123Thijsse, E. 194thin theory of rationality 295, 296things 200think conceptionally 395think primarily in forms(architects) 389think while we draw 408thinker 479thinking(acting) 478thinking(continental, Anglo-Saxon) 414thinking(doing) 96thinking(looseness) 362thinking(similarities and continuities) 413thirties(style) 291Thomsen, A.F. 149, 163, 167thoroughfare 134thought experiment 101, 183thought models 183thought process 389thought(looking) 421thought(precision) 407thought(schools(design method)) 339thought(trains) 361three traces method 439three-dimensional 475three-dimensional models 231three-traces method(function, composi-

tion, topography) 440three-way approach 313thumbnails 49Thüsh, M. 182tie plates and rivets 394Tiemessen, N.T.M. 340tiered structure(groups, sectors) 351tiers 115Tietze, H. 62Tijen, van 212Tilburg 313, 314, 439time and effect(uncertainty) 159time cycles(scale range) 279time frame 401time saving 106time span(long term) 160time(restrictions) 308

time(volume to movement) 477time-frame(uncertainty) 159time-pressure 357Tinbergen, N. 404, 414, 415tinted glazing 331tissue 347title page 43title(commission) 474TL 336TO 334Toby, J. 104token 73Tol, A. van 342tolerance 36, 352tolerance convention 211tolerance system 348tolerance(drawing) 211tolerance(larger size) 354tolerance(morphological reconstruc-

tion) 445tolerance(nominal size) 212tollens(modus) 197toolbox 395toolbox(design) 124, 125toolbox(designer’s) 93tools 415tools(proportional system) 124Toorn Vrijthoff, W. van der 269Toorn, M.C. van den 189top-down approach 104, 339topographical maps 71topographical(non) 74topography 71, 418, 440topological deformation 216topology 209, 216, 361tordo(high-rise) 488tordo(low-rise) 490tordo’s 487torsion 357Total Quality Assurance 365TOTE cycle 58TOTE-model 455tourist eyes 432tower 121, 124, 464tower(exhibition) 461towers 421town hall 364townscape 439, 441Townscape 439TQA 365tradingsociety(Netherlands) 121tradition 294tradition(design) 369traditional 273traditional habit 281traditional materials 281, 358traditional methods of building 281Traeleborg Theatre 477traffic analysis 419traffic flow in the building 335traffic interchange 133traffic load(graph theory) 218traffic machine 131traffic models 438train station 269trains of thought 361Trancik, R. 126transcontinental magnetic train 495transfer 106transferable 12transference(types) 106transform 477transformation 35, 58, 106, 114, 390, 393,

394, 464, 496transformation of earlier experience 245transformation(design) 134, 445transformation(designer’s thinking proc-

ess) 100transformation(function of the product) 370transformation(great) 427transformation(influencing) 401transformation(meaning) 394transformation(perspective, scenario) 498transformation(repeated) 226transformation(two-dimensional pattern,

spatial-programmatic architecture) 479transformation(typological) 115transformations 40, 104, 209, 216, 455transformations in the legend 445transformations of form 445transformations of structure 445transformations of the Netherlands 494transformations(geometric) 234transformations(morphological recon-

struction) 445transformative assumptions 417transformator 493

transformed 40transformed(links) 390transforming 487transforming(area) 419transition(meaning) 393translating the notions 441translation (images, sketched

designs) 272transparant roof(closed wall) 285transparencies 49transparency 109transparency(effects) 167transparency(eye-level) 392transparency(façade) 332transparent barrier 284transparent glass façade 285transparent layer 429transport networks(legenda) 498transport system 499transport(energy) 495transport(high speed) 495transport(means of(amenities)) 268transport(public(shopping centres)) 268transport(public) 313transportation 330transportation system 494transportation system(metropolitan sys-

tem) 500transportation(public) 465transversality principle 243travel time 496travel time(reduction(Deltametro-

polis)) 499tree fractals 226tree(perception) 399trees(position) 466trees(preserved) 468treets(cover 325trend 253trend prognose(model(predictive)) 186trend scenario 184, 185trends 368trends in the environment 373trends(existing) 267trends(sector) 259trend-scenario 259Trespa 355triadic composition 237trial installation 329triangle 215triangle(Egyptian) 119triangle(equilateral) 121triangle(shape(simple)) 215triangle(urban composition) 430triangular building masses 170triangular figure 123triangulated space frame 364triangulation 215trias cultura 104, 105trias economica 104trias politica 104, 105trias urbanica 104triggering stimuli 415trigonometry 215trihedral environment 235Trinity 103trinity(holy) 479tripartite unity(creating) 479tri-partition 427Trites, D.K. 169Tromba, A. 209Trotz, A.J. 346Troy 401true 24, 249true is what works 415trust 294truth 189truth directed 26truth table 196truth(half(incompleteness)) 189truth(half) 201truth-value 195Tuan, Yi-Fu 404Tummers, L.J.M. 215Tummers-Zuurmond, J.M. 215Tunçer, B. 377, 381tuning of the lighting 468tuning the lighting 336turnover(shopping centre) 269Tversky, B. 235Twiske-West 115Twist & Build 357twist(angular) 430twisted building volumes 139twisted shape 487twisted surfaces 487twister(vertical axis) 489

INDEX 5 5 3

twisters 487twisting 487two-dimensional representations 231type 20, 88, 103, 113, 395, 396, 439, 444type characteristics 105type of problem 437type of production 346type structures 443type(concept) 116type(door) 236type(form) 104, 106type(function) 104type(history) 65type(ideal) 103type(object(liberating(context))) 493type(organic) 104type(proto) 103type(scale-free) 105type(stereo) 103type(structure) 104, 106type(tacitly pre-supposed) 255type(theatre) 66types 25, 96, 101, 485types of buildings 436types of designers 357types(geometric) 104types(models) 179typing 35, 288typological analysis 125, 133typological approach 439, 440, 442typological comparison(history) 66typological considerations(history) 65typological criticism 103typological levels 113Typological problems(history) 66typological research 12, 20, 21, 90typological similarities 90typological transformation 115typologies 96typology 21, 72, 90, 103, 112, 443typology of futures 492typology(access) 114typology(built space) 439typology(built) 429typology(comparative analysis, evalua-

tive study) 277typology(design solutions) 151typology(history) 66typology(history, form) 62typology(spatio functional) 155typology(transformation(topology)) 216Tzonis, A. 89, 103

U

UIA 249Uittenbroek, R. 361un-built Loos 145uncertain future 161uncertainties(critical) 162uncertainties(organisation, future devel-

opments) 266uncertainties(reduction) 491uncertainty 491uncertainty(diminish) 168uncertainty(scenarios) 266uncertainty(time-frame) 159uncomfortably with academic models 98unconscious experience 401unconventional techniques 427underscore 47understanding 245understanding each other’s

methods(methodology) 418undesirable 184unexpected(outside world) 413unexplained complaints 327unfoldable surfaces 487unifying element(exposition space) 470unintended effect 174, 368unintended effects 446union 39unique 20unique places 207uniqueness 252uniqueness(difference(place)) 206unit (smallest possible) 123Unité 109, 392units(self-sufficient) 170Universal Transverse Mercator Grid 473university 12unmentioned pre-suppositions 200unpredictable 20unpredictable developments 162unquiet 120unravel(designs) 98

unravelling(themes(inter-related(composition))) 138

unrestricted response 293unsatisfactory form 241unscientific 419unspoken pre-suppositions 449untenable 249upgrade the technology 284Uralski 117urban adjustment 468urban adjustment(building) 426urban architectural intervention 132urban architecture 287, 424, 433, 461urban area 433urban centres(pattern) 496urban constellations 494urban containers(buildings) 408urban context 289, 427urban design 433, 436urban design(communicative

function) 436urban design(studying function) 436urban differentiation 105urban diversity 499urban fabric 474urban fields(legenda) 498urban growth boundaries 499urban image 434, 435, 441urban image(experienced(sequence of

images, place, content)) 441urban image(functional

planning(blotches plan)) 434urban inner court 135urban islands 129urban landscape 131, 468urban office(Leiden) 423urban plan 460urban plan preserving the curve 423urban plans 435urban programming 265Urban Renewal Act 84urban system 494urban task(commissioner) 435urban villas 114urban villas(round) 115urban(architecture) 287urban(context) 288urbanisation(cultivation) 131urbanised landscape 134urbanism 433urbanism(designing, planning, technol-

ogy) 433urbanism(functionalist) 434urbanism(functional-technical, ) 433urbanistic idea 405urge for survival 419urgency(public) 189usage concept 326usage experiences 271usage function 94usage product enterprise 373usage requirements 273usage(concept) 324usage(continuation) 323usage(possibilities) 26usage(quality) 166use of materials 109use tools 415use(actual) 158use(demands) 330use(efficiency) 166use(history, functional) 66use(period) 20user(mythology) 479users 151, 271users(interview) 466users(leading) 374users(observe) 466U-shaped(skin) 326using 479Utilisation function(history) 66utilisation value 104utilitas 66, 95utility 95utility buildings 335, 337utility values 104utility(maximisation) 296UTM gridlines 473utopia(holistic) 421Utrecht 439utterance(the case or not the case) 191UV resistant glue 356

V

vacancies 420

vague hypotheses and conclusions 421vague images 173Vaihinger, H. 415valence(graph theory) 218valence(nodes(graph theory)) 216valid 22valid(criteria) 371valid(deduction) 198valid(logic) 197valid(reasoning) 198validation 310validity 23, 155, 418validity’ 92valuable in the existing situation 324valuation(objectified) 167value free 23value(context) 400value(initial) 228values 101, 207, 389values(changing(variable)) 447values(experience) 403values(nominal) 206vandalism 158, 170vandalism(aminities) 267Vanosmael, P. 416variable 207variable loads 341, 342variable significance 190variable(following order) 204variable(freedom of change) 189variable(independent) 225variable(nature(equality),

place(difference)) 206variable(related differences) 189variable(traditional delimitation) 448variables 40, 53, 55variables(ability to move) 447variables(decision) 301variables(design) 441variables(exogenous) 255, 260variables(possible future characteristics

of objects) 447variables(reduction(characteristic,

value)) 447variables(relevant) 154variant(zero) 173, 253, 255variants 57, 324, 326variants of solution 271variants(construction(weight carrying

façade, skeleton structure)) 169variants(interim) 418variation 102, 255, 485variation calculus 209variation(composition) 101variation(structural compositional) 141variations 103variations with repetition 208variations(combinatorics) 208, 209variations(local) 255variations(possible) 339variety 485variety(architectural artefacts) 98variety(opposition(average) ecology,

organisational science, designing) 255varying consistency 189vector 211vector drawing computer programme 210vector information 238vector of movement 487vector substraction 211vector(movement) 487vectors 222Veen, P. van der 378vehicles(motor) 316Velsen 90, 465Velzen 465Venemans, A. 374ventilation 329ventilation(natural) 332Venturi, L. 70Venturi, R. 67venustas 95verb 40verb(grammar) 225verba concepte 480verbal 447verbal criteria 370verbal description(active subject) 413verbal model 181verbal models 179, 181, 189verbal protocols 58Verbeek, Th. 414verbs 12verbs of modality 189Verdeau 129Vereniging van Nederlandse

Gemeenten 81

Verheijen, A.P.J.M. 453, 459Verhoef, L.G.W. 323, 324Verhulst, F. 257verifiability(empirical) 23verifiable 250, 274verifiable predictions 250verification 24Vernon, J.A. 413Verrecchia, G. 417Verschuren, P. 155vertical fitting(cross-section) 467vertical forces 286vertical surfaces 487vertical(gravity) 243vertical(perception) 241vertices(graph theory) 216victim(suspect) 192video games 232Vienna 68view(building) 324view(lines) 425viewing apertures 170viewing-window 425viewpoint 250vigour and wit 286Villa Rotonda 104Villa Stein 108village(squares) 429villas(Palladian) 237VINEX 57Vink, H. 435Viollet-le-Duc, E. 118, 119virtual reality 382virtual reality(future) 491virtual world 359virtuoso 478vis-à-vis 114Vischer, J.C. 276, 334visible(outside, inside) 477vision 414vision research 244vision(design principle) 107vision(design) 478vision(enterprise) 373vision(overall) 406visions(variety) 305visit(first(tourist eyes)) 432visit(location) 466visit(site) 470visiting hours 335visitors 470visitors inquiries 269visitors(category(amenities)) 268Visscher, H.A. 75vistas(articulation) 430visual arts 231, 470visual attention 414visual change(adding parts) 424visual information 231visual information(history) 62visual information(read) 96visual lines 466visual perception 188visual quality 273visual realism 246visual recognition 235visual representations(computeri-

sation) 231visual tasks 336visual tension 95visualisation 101, 102, 231visualisation(digital) 232visualisation(dynamic) 246visualisation(photo-realistic) 245visualisation(scientific) 246visualisations(interactive) 378visualise part-solutions 341visualising 411visually pleasing 95visuals(models, cartoons, simple pic-

tures) 460vital constraint 427Vitruvian trilogy 277Vitruvius 27, 63, 66, 91, 95, 108, 118, 152Vlam, A.W. 75Vliet, J.M. van 167Vliet, K. van 439vocabularies 35vocabulary 11, 35vocabulary(controlled) 238vocabulary(form) 380vocabulary(semiotic) 487vogue 297void 234Vollers, K. 21, 139, 357, 454, 455, 487

volume to movement 477volume(building) 487volume(surfaces(intervals(de-

creasing))) 206volumes(intersecting) 489Vondel 482Vondelpark 188Voordt, D.J.M. van der 19, 33, 43, 53, 54,

98, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155,161, 169,249, 263, 271, 276, 277, 372, 453, 455

Voort, R.Th. van der 435vorm(functie) 94VR 378, 379, 382Vrielink, D. 153, 155, 271, 276Vrijling, J.K. 152VRML 232VROM 186, 297, 311, 448, 496, 497, 499Vught, van 184

W

Waal brick format 119Waal format 123, 348Wagenaar, E.J. 329Wagner, H. 113, 300waiting-rooms 169Waldenfels, B. 478walks within the building 424wall finishes 274wall lining 347wall(cohesion) 120wall(hole) 285walls(concealing) 392walls(partition) 332Waltz, D. 235warm bent twisted glass 490washbasin 395washing windows 337Wassenberg, F.A.G. 53, 57Wasserman(Café) 467watching 477Water Board Rijnland 423water landscape 134water level(ground) 315water networks(legenda) 498water quality 315water system 494, 495, 499water(land) 129water(maximisation) 315water(positioning) 425waterfront site 407waterfront(recreative quality) 134water-management of the delta 496waterrealm 495watersystems 493way of living 377way of testing 456Web 377Webber, M. 433Weber, M. 293Weber, R. L. 16Weeber(mental elaboration of the con-

ception) 417Weeber, C. 98, 263, 287Weeren, K. van 47Weesep, J. van 24Wegen, H.B.R. van 19, 90, 149, 151, 249,

263, 271, 276, 372weighing(effects) 446weighing(separate scores) 166weight attribution in points 167weight carrying façade 169weight(dead) 280weighting factors 166weighting factors(partial qualities) 154weightings 341weights 343welded joints 394welfare conception 300welfare effects 300welfare theory 299welfare(collective) 300well being(emotional) 95Wells, D.G. 215well-to-do houses 395Wener, R. 169Werf, F. van der 56Wertheimer, M. 241West 8 439Westrik, J.A. 387, 433, 438, 439wetlands 495Wetzels, R. 159what 53, 476, 479Whitehead, A.N. 190whole(parts) 429why 476, 479


wicked-problems 433width(design) 141Wiebenga, J.G. 117Wijk, DE 315Wijk, M. 276, 439Wijk, S. van 234Wijnbelt, D. 159wild housing 219Wilms Floet, W. 275wind problems 313wind turbine 171window frame(timber) 281window(lighting, viewing) 425windows 280, 328windows(cleaning) 337Windows-icon(resolution) 208wings 170Winston, P.H. 235wish(language) 194wishes honoured 470wishes(context(urban architecture),

commissioner(interview)) 459Witte Theater 465Wittgenstein(early) 447Wittgenstein(later) 447Wittgenstein, L. 38, 189, 190, 196, 200,

414, 447Wittkower, R. 69, 95, 237Wolkenkrabber 128Wolvega 429Woning Waardering Stelsel 163Woolridge M.J. 382woonkeur 311Woord, J. van der 346work back 143work of architecture 69work(plastic) 108work(process) 417workers per m2 270working 96, 225working conditions 414working environment(experimental, simu-

lated) 142working hours 495working method 143, 427working methodologically 432working methods 97working model 469working styles 97working(analytical, synthetic) 311working(direction(subject, object)) 192working(methodologically) 427workshop 141workshop project(initiators) 141workshop project(results(varied)) 141workshops 249, 275work-surface 336world models 181world(facts(connections), not things) 200worlds(disparate) 394Worthington, J. 275, 276Woud, A. van der 118Wright(mental elaboration of the concep-

tion) 417WRR 492WWS 163WWS(variants) 166

X

XML 380XML-structured data 380XOR 197

Y

yard(shipbuilding) 342young designers 363youth 419Ypenburg 435

Z

Zaera, A. 108Zaera-Polo, A. 383Zappi 283Zappi(objectives, mentality) 284Zeewolde 90Zeisel, J. 19, 24, 96, 155zero 207zero variant 173, 253, 255zero-defect product 365zone planning 273zones of rupture 132

zones(border) 282zones(construction) 279zones(montage) 114zoning 275zoning constrictions 424zoning plans 81Zonnestraal 67, 115zoomorphic 67Zuid-as 435, 439Zundert, J.W. van 83Zwarts, M.E. 346Zweers, B.H.H. 275Zweers, T. 328Zwitserleven Headquarters 356

How can we develop a scientific basis for architectural, urban and technical design? Whencan a design be labelled as scientific output, comparable with a scientific report? What arethe similarities and dis-similarities between design and empirical research, and between de-sign research, typological research, design study and study by design? Is there a need for aparticular methodology for design driven study and research? With these questions in mind,more than forty members of the Faculty of Architecture of the Delft University of Technologyhave described their ways of study and research. Each chapter shows the objectives, themethodology and its implementation in search for a deeper knowledge of design processesand an optimal quality of the design itself. The authors - among them architects, urban plan-ners, social scientists, lawyers, technicians and information scientists – have widely differingbackgrounds. Nevertheless, they share a great deal. The central focus is a better understan-ding of design processes, design tools and the effects of design interventions on issues suchas utility, aesthetics, meaning, sustainability and feasibility.

To reach a shared understanding of these issues, designers must be cognisant of the goalsand methods of their peers. This will stimulate criticism, deepen knowledge, promote theintegration of ideas from different disciplines and lead to an improved co-operation betweendesigners and researchers. As a consequence, this book is not only meant to be used ineducational settings, as a tool to teach design, research and study, but also to give new ener-gy to the debate about design as a scientific process.

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502 WAYS TO STUDY AND RESEARCH - TU Delft OCW to develop a more rational basis for design. Multiple...

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