5 years 14 years 20 years 28 years 50 years
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Transcript of 5 years 14 years 20 years 28 years 50 years
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The production of a commodity has been growing exponentially with time at a rate of 5% per year. The time
required to QUADRUPLE the annual production at this growth rate is closest to:
a) 5 yearsb) 14 yearsc) 20 yearsd) 28 yearse) 50 years
* The percentage growth rate value changes from year to year. *
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The production of a commodity has been growing exponentially with time at a rate of 5% per year. The time
required to QUADRUPLE the annual production at this growth rate is closest to:
a) 5 yearsb) 14 yearsc) 20 yearsd) 28 yearse) 50 years
* The percentage growth rate value changes from year to year. *
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Although it is probably impossible to predict precisely when an earthquake will occur, one of the following features may indicate that an area is at high risk of a major earthquake:
a) A seismic gap along an active fault zoneb) aftershocks
c) Ground subsidenced) Electrical storms
e) Low levels of radon in wells
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Although it is probably impossible to predict precisely when an earthquake will occur, one of the following features may indicate that an area is at high risk of a major earthquake:
a) A seismic gap along an active fault zoneb) aftershocks
c) Ground subsidenced) Electrical storms
e) Low levels of radon in wells
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We can sample rocks at the surface of the Earth to determine their density, but to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE density of Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the moon. In doing that determination, you would need all but one
of the following. Which one don’t you need?
a) The Earth’s moment of inertiab) The radius of the Earth
c) The gravitational constant (G)d) The orbital velocity of the moon
e) The distance from the Earth to the Moon
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We can sample rocks at the surface of the Earth to determine their density, but to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE density of Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the moon. In doing that determination, you would need all but one
of the following. Which one don’t you need?
a) The Earth’s moment of inertiab) The radius of the Earth
c) The gravitational constant (G)d) The orbital velocity of the moon
e) The distance from the Earth to the Moon
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There are over 100 elements in the Earth, but amazingly, only four elements constitute, in total 90% (by weight) of the
entire Earth. These four elements are:
a) Fe, O, Si, Mgb) Fe, Mg, Ni, Oc) O, Si, Al, Fed) O, Fe, Si, Nie) Fe, Ni, S, O
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There are over 100 elements in the Earth, but amazingly, only four elements constitute, in total 90% (by weight) of the
entire Earth. These four elements are:
a) Fe, O, Si, Mgb) Fe, Mg, Ni, Oc) O, Si, Al, Fed) O, Fe, Si, Nie) Fe, Ni, S, O
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The Earth’s crust includes the following five minerals. If you could mine every last crystal of these five minerals from the
crust, which one would end up providing the most lead?
a) pyriteb) Potassium Feldspar
c) Chalcopyrited) Magnetite
e) Galena
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The Earth’s crust includes the following five minerals. If you could mine every last crystal of these five minerals from the
crust, which one would end up providing the most lead?
a) pyriteb) Potassium Feldspar
c) Chalcopyrited) Magnetite
e) Galena
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Four of the five main structural groups of silicate minerals involve polymerization. The polymerization is achieved by:
a) The covalent bonding of oxygen with positive cationsb) The joining of single chains with positive cations
c) The sharing of oxygen atoms between silica tetrahedrad) The replacement of some silicon atoms with aluminum
e) The sharing of silicon atoms with aluminum atoms
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Four of the five main structural groups of silicate minerals involve polymerization. The polymerization is achieved by:
a) The covalent bonding of oxygen with positive cationsb) The joining of single chains with positive cations
c) The sharing of oxygen atoms between silica tetrahedrad) The replacement of some silicon atoms with aluminum
e) The sharing of silicon atoms with aluminum atoms
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As seismic energy waves travel deeper and deeper in the lower mantle of the Earth, the P-wave velocity increases with
depth because:
a) The compressibility modulus decreases with depth in the mantleb) The chemical composition of the mantle changes with depth
c) The density increases with depth in the mantled) The elasticity increases more rapidly than the density with increase in depth
e) The lower mantle becomes more plastic
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As seismic energy waves travel deeper and deeper in the lower mantle of the Earth, the P-wave velocity increases with
depth because:
a) The compressibility modulus decreases with depth in the mantleb) The chemical composition of the mantle changes with depth
c) The density increases with depth in the mantled) The elasticity increases more rapidly than the density with increase in depth
e) The lower mantle becomes more plastic
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The sketch below is a plan map view of a series of sedimentary strata which have been folded and eroded to the
horizontal. Strike and dip directions are shown. Which way does the fold
plunge?a) west
b) Southc) northd) east
e) It does not plunge
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The sketch below is a plan map view of a series of sedimentary strata which have been folded and eroded to the
horizontal. Strike and dip directions are shown. Which way does the fold
plunge?a) west
b) Southc) northd) east
e) It does not plunge
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Weathering produces minerals that are more stable at the Earth’s surface. Which of the following is the most abundant
product of the weathering process?
a) clayb) hematitec) limonited) quartz
e) feldspar
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Weathering produces minerals that are more stable at the Earth’s surface. Which of the following is the most abundant
product of the weathering process?
a) clayb) hematitec) limonited) quartz
e) feldspar
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Which of the following features is most likely to be associated with a palco-placer gold deposit?
a) Submarine lava flowsb) Granite porphyry
c) Cross beddingd) Igneous layering
e) Vesicularity
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Which of the following features is most likely to be associated with a palco-placer gold deposit?
a) Submarine lava flowsb) Granite porphyry
c) Cross beddingd) Igneous layering
e) Vesicularity
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To generate a computer model of Earth, we must specify two things to the computer. Which of the following are they?
1. the compressibility moduli of the different materials in Earth2. the distribution of the different materials in the model Earth
3. the densities of the different materials in the model Earth4. the shear moduli of the different materials in the model Earth
5. the seismic velocities within the different materials in the model Earth
a) 5 and 2b) 4 and 2c) 1 and 2d) 3 and 2e) 4 and 5
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To generate a computer model of Earth, we must specify two things to the computer. Which of the following are they?
1. the compressibility moduli of the different materials in Earth2. the distribution of the different materials in the model Earth
3. the densities of the different materials in the model Earth4. the shear moduli of the different materials in the model Earth
5. the seismic velocities within the different materials in the model Earth
a) 5 and 2b) 4 and 2c) 1 and 2d) 3 and 2e) 4 and 5
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If you were in the Kingston area about 450 million years ago, what would you have seen?
a) Desert sandsb) Ice sheets like in Greenland
c) An oceanic island-arcd) A Himalayan-like mountain range
e) Shallow seas
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If you were in the Kingston area about 450 million years ago, what would you have seen?
a) Desert sandsb) Ice sheets like in Greenland
c) An oceanic island-arcd) A Himalayan-like mountain range
e) Shallow seas
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Of the following five rocks, which one can best neutralize acid rain?
a) Rock saltb) A sulfide deposit
c) A granited) A sandstonee) A limestone
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Of the following five rocks, which one can best neutralize acid rain?
a) Rock saltb) A sulfide deposit
c) A granited) A sandstonee) A limestone
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On a semi-log plot of annual production of a commodity versus time, the plot for the commodity that is being
produced at an exponential rate is:
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On a semi-log plot of annual production of a commodity versus time, the plot for the commodity that is being
produced at an exponential rate is:
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In carrying out a risk assessment and risk management process, we calculate the risk by multiplying the probability
of the hazard occurring by:
a) The type of riskb) The frequency of the risk
c) The severity of the riskd) The length of the hazard
e) The proximity of the hazard
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In carrying out a risk assessment and risk management process, we calculate the risk by multiplying the probability
of the hazard occurring by:
a) The type of riskb) The frequency of the risk
c) The severity of the riskd) The length of the hazard
e) The proximity of the hazard
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What is the major danger from fissure eruptions?
a) Release of sulfur dioxide gasb) tsunami
c) earthquakesd) mudflows
e) solifluction
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What is the major danger from fissure eruptions?
a) Release of sulfur dioxide gasb) tsunami
c) earthquakesd) mudflows
e) solifluction
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When exploring for oil, seismic reflection studies provide the most effective way to search for suitable sedimentary rock structures that might host the oil. What kind of structure is
most likely to be a prime target for oil?
a) An up-arch antiformb) A moraine
c) An unconformityd) A strike-slip fault
e) Mud-cracks
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When exploring for oil, seismic reflection studies provide the most effective way to search for suitable sedimentary rock structures that might host the oil. What kind of structure is
most likely to be a prime target for oil?
a) An up-arch antiformb) A moraine
c) An unconformityd) A strike-slip fault
e) Mud-cracks
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If we want to determine whether humans have been responsible for dramatically changing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases since the Industrial
Revolution, we need to know what their values were before that time. Which of the following approaches can give us
that information?
a) Drilling and analyzing ice cores from glaciersb) Analyzing the composition of gas in mud layers on the ocean floor
c) Analyzing atmospheric gas collected in Hawaiid) Analyzing the carbonates in fossil shells
e) Analyzing the tree rings in bristlecone pines
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If we want to determine whether humans have been responsible for dramatically changing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases since the Industrial
Revolution, we need to know what their values were before that time. Which of the following approaches can give us
that information?
a) Drilling and analyzing ice cores from glaciersb) Analyzing the composition of gas in mud layers on the ocean floor
c) Analyzing atmospheric gas collected in Hawaiid) Analyzing the carbonates in fossil shells
e) Analyzing the tree rings in bristlecone pines
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Roughly what percentage of the world’s human population currently lives in urban areas?
a) 10%b) 25%c) 50%d) 75%e) 90%
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Roughly what percentage of the world’s human population currently lives in urban areas?
a) 10%b) 25%c) 50%d) 75%e) 90%
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San Francisco, California, sits right on the San Andreas fault. This fault marks a tectonic plate boundary. At this plate
boundary:
a) Plates are moving towards each otherb) One plate is sliding under another plate
c) Plates are moving away from one anotherd) Continents are colliding
e) Plates are sliding past each other
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San Francisco, California, sits right on the San Andreas fault. This fault marks a tectonic plate boundary. At this plate
boundary:
a) Plates are moving towards each otherb) One plate is sliding under another plate
c) Plates are moving away from one anotherd) Continents are colliding
e) Plates are sliding past each other
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If the Earth’s magnetic field did not occasionally reverse polarity:
a) Polar-wander curves would not existb) Compasses would not work
c) Paleomagnetic analysis of a rock would not give the direction of the poled) The sea floor would not produce linear magnetic anomalies
e) Continental drift would not have occurred
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If the Earth’s magnetic field did not occasionally reverse polarity:
a) Polar-wander curves would not existb) Compasses would not work
c) Paleomagnetic analysis of a rock would not give the direction of the poled) The sea floor would not produce linear magnetic anomalies
e) Continental drift would not have occurred
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What is the main control on the size of crystals produced in igneous rocks?
a) Viscosity of the magmab) Volatile content
c) Temperature of the magmad) Shape of the igneous body
e) Rate of cooling
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What is the main control on the size of crystals produced in igneous rocks?
a) Viscosity of the magmab) Volatile content
c) Temperature of the magmad) Shape of the igneous body
e) Rate of cooling
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What type of fault is most likely to be associated with a constructive plate margin?
a) Reverse dip-slipb) Normal dip-slip
c) Nobody’sd) strike-slip
e) Transverse
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What type of fault is most likely to be associated with a constructive plate margin?
a) Reverse dip-slipb) Normal dip-slip
c) Nobody’sd) strike-slip
e) Transverse
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Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following magmas will generally be the riches in water?
a) maficb) ultramafic
c) granited) dioritic
e) porphyrytic
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Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following magmas will generally be the riches in water?
a) maficb) ultramafic
c) granited) dioritic
e) porphyrytic
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There is no single “one-model-fits-all” solution to problems of population growth rates that are too high. However, one of the following is MOST directly linked to a reduction in the
population growth rate of countries. Which one is it?
a) Economic incentivesb) Use of contraceptives
c) industrializationd) Decrease in per capita consumption
e) Education of men
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There is no single “one-model-fits-all” solution to problems of population growth rates that are too high. However, one of the following is MOST directly linked to a reduction in the
population growth rate of countries. Which one is it?
a) Economic incentivesb) Use of contraceptives
c) industrializationd) Decrease in per capita consumption
e) Education of men
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I have hired you to help my exploration company find a vein-type Cu-Mo-Ag-Au porphyry deposit. Where, of the following
possibilities, is the best place to look for such a deposit?
a) Shield volcanoes in the middles of platesb) Destructive plate margins
c) Constructive plate marginsd) Transform plate margins
e) Kimberlite pipes in the middle of plates
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I have hired you to help my exploration company find a vein-type Cu-Mo-Ag-Au porphyry deposit. Where, of the following
possibilities, is the best place to look for such a deposit?
a) Shield volcanoes in the middles of platesb) Destructive plate margins
c) Constructive plate marginsd) Transform plate margins
e) Kimberlite pipes in the middle of plates
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Of the following rock types, which is the most likely to be a trap rock for trapping oil and gas underground?
a) Granite porphyryb) greywacke
c) Shale/mudstoned) Salt dome
e) Quartz sandstone
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Of the following rock types, which is the most likely to be a trap rock for trapping oil and gas underground?
a) Granite porphyryb) greywacke
c) Shale/mudstoned) Salt dome
e) Quartz sandstone
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Which strike and dip symbol best represents the orientation of the coal
bed in space?
Note: the orientation and numbers in the diagram are known to change
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Which strike and dip symbol best represents the orientation of the coal
bed in space?
Note: the orientation and numbers in the diagram are known to change
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In determining the recurrence interval for large earthquakes along faults, we make use of the “Law of Cross-Cutting
Relationships”. This law is related to:
a) The fact that pieces of the Earth’s crust are constantly moving up and downb) The order in which sediments are deposited
c) The fact that the focus Is always above the epicenter of the earthquaked) The fact that, as a result of a tsunami, a peat layer is thrown on top of a sand layer
e) The fact that layers are shifted when a fault motion takes place
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In determining the recurrence interval for large earthquakes along faults, we make use of the “Law of Cross-Cutting
Relationships”. This law is related to:
a) The fact that pieces of the Earth’s crust are constantly moving up and downb) The order in which sediments are deposited
c) The fact that the focus Is always above the epicenter of the earthquaked) The fact that, as a result of a tsunami, a peat layer is thrown on top of a sand layer
e) The fact that layers are shifted when a fault motion takes place
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Which meteorite type is a best approximation to the AVERAGE composition of the Earth?
a) A basaltic achondrite meteoriteb) A Leonid meteorite
c) A chondrite meteorited) An ultramafic meteorite
e) An iron meteorite
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Which meteorite type is a best approximation to the AVERAGE composition of the Earth?
a) A basaltic achondrite meteoriteb) A Leonid meteorite
c) A chondrite meteorited) An ultramafic meteorite
e) An iron meteorite
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As a magma of Granodiorite composition cools down from 1500° C, which of the following minerals would crystalize first?
a) Biotite micab) Pyroxene
c) Olivine d) Na-rich Plagioclase
e) Quartz
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As a magma of Granodiorite composition cools down from 1500° C, which of the following minerals would crystalize first?
a) Biotite micab) Pyroxene
c) Olivine d) Na-rich Plagioclase
e) Quartz
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The Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock deals with:
a) The development of the hydrological cycleb) The Plate Tectonic cycle
c) The formation of the Solar Systemd) The “physiology” of the Earth
e) The Rock Cycle
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The Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock deals with:
a) The development of the hydrological cycleb) The Plate Tectonic cycle
c) The formation of the Solar Systemd) The “physiology” of the Earth
e) The Rock Cycle
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Which of the following rocks would be most likely to contain feldspar grains?
a) Greywackeb) Banded Iron Formation
c) Quartz Sandstoned) Limestonee) Mudstone
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Which of the following rocks would be most likely to contain feldspar grains?
a) Greywackeb) Banded Iron Formation
c) Quartz Sandstoned) Limestonee) Mudstone
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Water wells have been sunk in the region shown in the plan map. The
height of the water table is indicated. Which way is the ground water
dominantly flowing in the region?
a) East to westb) West to East
c) North to Southd) South to North
e) Up and Down like a yo-yo, and circling like a tornado
Note: the numbers on the diagram are known to vary from year to year
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Water wells have been sunk in the region shown in the plan map. The
height of the water table is indicated. Which way is the ground water
dominantly flowing in the region?
a) East to westb) West to East
c) North to Southd) South to North
e) Up and Down like a yo-yo, and circling like a tornado
Note: the numbers on the diagram are known to vary from year to year
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Which of the following rocks would be most likely to contain feldspar grains?
a) Greywackeb) Banded Iron Formation
c) Quartz Sandstoned) Limestonee) Mudstone
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Which of the following rocks would be most likely to contain feldspar grains?
a) Greywackeb) Banded Iron Formation
c) Quartz Sandstoned) Limestonee) Mudstone
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From the sketch below showing a cross-section of cross-bedding sandstone layers, which way was the water that
produced them moving?
a) Uni-directionally, from left to rightb) Bi-directionally, back and forth
c) From up to downd) Uni-directionally from right to left
e) From down to up
Note: the direction of the asymmetrical wave pattern is known to vary from year to year
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From the sketch below showing a cross-section of cross-bedding sandstone layers, which way was the water that
produced them moving?
a) Uni-directionally, from left to rightb) Bi-directionally, back and forth
c) From up to downd) Uni-directionally from right to left
e) From down to up
Note: the direction of the asymmetrical wave pattern is known to vary from year to year
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A silicate mineral that is not in the presence of water is most likely to be above its melting point at:
a) A low temperature and a high pressureb) A high temperature and high pressurec) A low temperature and low pressured) A high temperature and low pressure
e) The surface of the Earth
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A silicate mineral that is not in the presence of water is most likely to be above its melting point at:
a) A low temperature and a high pressureb) A high temperature and high pressurec) A low temperature and low pressured) A high temperature and low pressure
e) The surface of the Earth
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The average temperature at the surface of the Earth is currently approximately 16°centigrade. However, what
would the average surface temperature of the Earth be if the Earth had no atmosphere.
a) Greater than 100°Cb) 50°Cc) 15°Cd) 0°C
e) - 20°C
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The average temperature at the surface of the Earth is currently approximately 16°centigrade. However, what
would the average surface temperature of the Earth be if the Earth had no atmosphere.
a) Greater than 100°Cb) 50°Cc) 15°Cd) 0°C
e) - 20°C
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Which of the following rock types would tend to chemically weather LEAST rapidly?
a) Diorite b) Gabbro
c) Limestoned) Granite
e) Rock Salt
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Which of the following rock types would tend to chemically weather LEAST rapidly?
a) Diorite b) Gabbro
c) Limestoned) Granite
e) Rock Salt
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Differentiation of igneous rocks by partial melting can only occur if:
a) There is convection in the magma chamberb) The magma becomes less viscous during crystallization
c) The magma contains waterd) Early-formed liquids are separated from the remaining rock
e) As crystals form, they react with the liquid.
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Differentiation of igneous rocks by partial melting can only occur if:
a) There is convection in the magma chamberb) The magma becomes less viscous during crystallization
c) The magma contains waterd) Early-formed liquids are separated from the remaining rock
e) As crystals form, they react with the liquid.
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Brad R. Allenby, in his paper on Earth-Systems Engineering, argues that the desired goal, or end point, of Earth Systems
Engineering should be:
a) Economic growthb) Sustainability
c) Climate changed) Equity
e) Decreased population
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Brad R. Allenby, in his paper on Earth-Systems Engineering, argues that the desired goal, or end point, of Earth Systems
Engineering should be:
a) Economic growthb) Sustainability
c) Climate changed) Equity
e) Decreased population
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Which of the following features of an igneous rock can be used to get an idea of its chemical composition?
a) Size b) Type of rock structure
c) Proximity to Earth’s surfaced) Colour
e) All of the above
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Which of the following features of an igneous rock can be used to get an idea of its chemical composition?
a) Size b) Type of rock structure
c) Proximity to Earth’s surfaced) Colour
e) All of the above
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Which of the following rock types is most likely to be well-sorted?
a) Greywackeb) Limestone
c) Quartz Sandstoned) Glacial till
e) Arkose
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Which of the following rock types is most likely to be well-sorted?
a) Greywackeb) Limestone
c) Quartz Sandstoned) Glacial till
e) Arkose
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Quartz and Feldspar are minerals that belong to the same silicate structural type. Their compositional difference is due
to the replacement of some silicon atoms by another element to form the feldspars. What is the element that
replaces silicon?
a) Aluminumb) Sodiumc) Calcium
d) Irone) Potassium
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Quartz and Feldspar are minerals that belong to the same silicate structural type. Their compositional difference is due
to the replacement of some silicon atoms by another element to form the feldspars. What is the element that
replaces silicon?
a) Aluminumb) Sodiumc) Calcium
d) Irone) Potassium
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A mafic dyke would most likely be associated with:
a) A pyroclastic flowb) A fissure eruptionc) A strike-slip fault
d) A tsunamie) A translation slip
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A mafic dyke would most likely be associated with:
a) A pyroclastic flowb) A fissure eruptionc) A strike-slip fault
d) A tsunamie) A translation slip
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Hubbert’s Peak refers to:a) The first site, in the early 1950’s, for measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide
b) The total resource of a commodityc) The highest average global population growth rate in the 20th century
d) The highest global production of crude oile) The highest continental mountain
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Hubbert’s Peak refers to:a) The first site, in the early 1950’s, for measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide
b) The total resource of a commodityc) The highest average global population growth rate in the 20th century
d) The highest global production of crude oile) The highest continental mountain
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Absolute ages have been attached to the Relative Time Scale by determination of:
a) The nature of superposition of the sedimentary layersb) Radiometric ages of igneous rocks younger and older than
sedimentary formationsc) Radiometric ages of fossil skeletons
d) The nature of the biotic succession of rockse) The cross-cutting relationships of igneous rocks and faults
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Absolute ages have been attached to the Relative Time Scale by determination of:
a) The nature of superposition of the sedimentary layersb) Radiometric ages of igneous rocks younger and older than
sedimentary formationsc) Radiometric ages of fossil skeletons
d) The nature of the biotic succession of rockse) The cross-cutting relationships of igneous rocks and faults
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Which of the following types of mass movement generally has the highest velocity?
a) Earthflow b) Mudflow
c) Solifluction d) Creep
e) Translational rock slip
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Which of the following types of mass movement generally has the highest velocity?
a) Earthflow b) Mudflow
c) Solifluction d) Creep
e) Translational rock slip
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Limonite can form by the chemical weathering of which of the following minerals?
a) Quartzb) Olivine
c) Potassium-rich Clayd) Feldspar
e) Muscovite Mica
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Limonite can form by the chemical weathering of which of the following minerals?
a) Quartzb) Olivine
c) Potassium-rich Clayd) Feldspar
e) Muscovite Mica
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Salt Domes are important for oil exploration because:
a) They form antiformal fold structures about themb) Salt is the source rock for oil
c) Salt rock squeezes oil out of the source rocksd) Oil is trapped in the salt dome
e) Water flowing out from the salt carries oil
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Salt Domes are important for oil exploration because:
a) They form antiformal fold structures about themb) Salt is the source rock for oil
c) Salt rock squeezes oil out of the source rocksd) Oil is trapped in the salt dome
e) Water flowing out from the salt carries oil
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In an attempt to model the composition of the deep layers of the interior of the Earth we re-create conditions deep in the
Earth’s interior using:
a) A smelting furnaceb) A diamond anvil press
c) A seismometerd) The mineral composition of metamorphic rock
e) The inverse theory approach
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In an attempt to model the composition of the deep layers of the interior of the Earth we re-create conditions deep in the
Earth’s interior using:
a) A smelting furnaceb) A diamond anvil press
c) A seismometerd) The mineral composition of metamorphic rock
e) The inverse theory approach
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The texture and structures of sedimentary rocks can yield information on the conditions of their deposition. Just by looking
at the grain size of a sandstone at an outcrop, one can infer:
a) The number of times the sand has been reworked by successive currentsb) The grain size of the rocks from which the sane weathered
c) The distance over which the sand has been transportedd) The composition of the rock from which the sand weathered
e) The velocity of the current by which it was deposited
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The texture and structures of sedimentary rocks can yield information on the conditions of their deposition. Just by looking
at the grain size of a sandstone at an outcrop, one can infer:
a) The number of times the sand has been reworked by successive currentsb) The grain size of the rocks from which the sane weathered
c) The distance over which the sand has been transportedd) The composition of the rock from which the sand weathered
e) The velocity of the current by which it was deposited
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Which of the following diagrams is the most probable description of the future production of a non-renewable resource that has been produced exponentially up to the
present time?
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Which of the following diagrams is the most probable description of the future production of a non-renewable resource that has been produced exponentially up to the
present time?
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The Earth’s carrying capacity refers to:
a) The number of “sinks” available for human needsb) The fact that humans move more material annually than all other Earth processes
c) The ultimate total amount of a non-renewable resource available to usd) How large a human population the Earth can sustainably support
e) The level of overshoot and oscillation
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The Earth’s carrying capacity refers to:
a) The number of “sinks” available for human needsb) The fact that humans move more material annually than all other Earth processes
c) The ultimate total amount of a non-renewable resource available to usd) How large a human population the Earth can sustainably support
e) The level of overshoot and oscillation
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The thickness of the lithospheric plates was determined by:
a) Discovering the low-velocity zoneb) Detecting an increase in seismic velocity of seismic waves crossing the MOHO
c) Detecting the shadow zone for seismic P and S-Wavesd) Noting that seismic S-waves are stopped at the base of the plates
e) Noting the refraction of seismic P-waves at the mantle-core boundary
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The thickness of the lithospheric plates was determined by:
a) Discovering the low-velocity zoneb) Detecting an increase in seismic velocity of seismic waves crossing the MOHO
c) Detecting the shadow zone for seismic P and S-Wavesd) Noting that seismic S-waves are stopped at the base of the plates
e) Noting the refraction of seismic P-waves at the mantle-core boundary
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When seismologists try to find ways to predict earthquakes, they are faced with the fact that earthquake behavior follows a Power Law relationship. Which of the graphs below shows the correct relationship between the number of earthquakes
as a function of the Richter magnitude?
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When seismologists try to find ways to predict earthquakes, they are faced with the fact that earthquake behavior follows a Power Law relationship. Which of the graphs below shows the correct relationship between the number of earthquakes
as a function of the Richter magnitude?
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When we are assessing the future of a commodity, we refer to the reserves and resources of that commodity. The
definition of a reserve of a commodity is:
a) The amount of the commodity already removed from the ground but not soldb) The estimated total amount of the commodity in the whole Earth
c) The economic amount of the commodity discovered but not yet extractedd) The estimated total amount of the commodity that is ultimately economically
available to us from the Earth’s cruste) The shyness of commodity experts when bidding on the stock-market
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When we are assessing the future of a commodity, we refer to the reserves and resources of that commodity. The
definition of a reserve of a commodity is:
a) The amount of the commodity already removed from the ground but not soldb) The estimated total amount of the commodity in the whole Earth
c) The economic amount of the commodity discovered but not yet extractedd) The estimated total amount of the commodity that is ultimately economically
available to us from the Earth’s cruste) The shyness of commodity experts when bidding on the stock-market
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In February 2008, S. Self and S. Blake called one of the following “probably the greatest natural hazard of mankind in terms of the severity and longevity of impact – the ultimate geologic
hazard”. Which one were they referring to?
a) A caldera collapse and super-eruptionb) A Richter-magnitude nine earthquake
c) A mega-landslide in the Himalayasd) An earthquake-generated tsunami
e) Enhanced global warming and resultant climate change
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In February 2008, S. Self and S. Blake called one of the following “probably the greatest natural hazard of mankind in terms of the severity and longevity of impact – the ultimate geologic
hazard”. Which one were they referring to?
a) A caldera collapse and super-eruptionb) A Richter-magnitude nine earthquake
c) A mega-landslide in the Himalayasd) An earthquake-generated tsunami
e) Enhanced global warming and resultant climate change
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Which of the following minerals is closest to the AVERAGE composition of the Earth?
a) Pyriteb) Feldsparc) Quartzd) Calcitee) Olivine
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Which of the following minerals is closest to the AVERAGE composition of the Earth?
a) Pyriteb) Feldsparc) Quartzd) Calcitee) Olivine
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Which of the following rocks is least likely to have a foliation?
a) Schistb) Slate
c) Gneissd) Migmatitee) Quartzite
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Which of the following rocks is least likely to have a foliation?
a) Schistb) Slate
c) Gneissd) Migmatitee) Quartzite
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An unconformity, like the one in the Kingston area, is best defined as:
a) A gap in the rock recordb) A basal conglomerate
c) A layer of sedimentary rocksd) A thin, tabular or sheet-like, igneous intrusion
e) A layer of rocks with very unusual fossils
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An unconformity, like the one in the Kingston area, is best defined as:
a) A gap in the rock recordb) A basal conglomerate
c) A layer of sedimentary rocksd) A thin, tabular or sheet-like, igneous intrusion
e) A layer of rocks with very unusual fossils
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For an exponential equation of the form y=-ekt, where “y” is growing as a function of time, the “k” term is:
a) The growth rate of quantity “y” in percentb) One one-hundredth of the growth rate of quantity “y” in percent
c) A constant whose value is the base of the natural logarithmd) The doubling time
e) One one-hundredth of the doubling time
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For an exponential equation of the form y=-ekt, where “y” is growing as a function of time, the “k” term is:
a) The growth rate of quantity “y” in percentb) One one-hundredth of the growth rate of quantity “y” in percent
c) A constant whose value is the base of the natural logarithmd) The doubling time
e) One one-hundredth of the doubling time
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When determining the risk of a “landslide” in a particular region, which of the following will provide the most valuable
information?
a) Installation of seismometersb) The tracing out of faults
c) Carbon-14 dating peat layersd) Analysis of air photographs
e) Measurement of acceleration due to gravity
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When determining the risk of a “landslide” in a particular region, which of the following will provide the most valuable
information?
a) Installation of seismometersb) The tracing out of faults
c) Carbon-14 dating peat layersd) Analysis of air photographs
e) Measurement of acceleration due to gravity
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The MOHO is a boundary in the Earth across which, as one goes deeper in the Earth, a number of changes occur. Only one of
the five changes listed below is correct. Which one is it?
a) The Fe content goes downb) The temperature goes down
c) The density goes downd) The Si content goes down
e) The seismic velocity goes down
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The MOHO is a boundary in the Earth across which, as one goes deeper in the Earth, a number of changes occur. Only one of
the five changes listed below is correct. Which one is it?
a) The Fe content goes downb) The temperature goes down
c) The density goes downd) The Si content goes down
e) The seismic velocity goes down
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Evidence of abundant fossils of life-forms that made hard protective shells did not appear in the geological record until
how long ago?
a) 3.5 billion years agob) 5 billion years ago
c) 65 million years agod) 600 million years agoe) 300 million years ago
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Evidence of abundant fossils of life-forms that made hard protective shells did not appear in the geological record until
how long ago?
a) 3.5 billion years agob) 5 billion years ago
c) 65 million years agod) 600 million years agoe) 300 million years ago
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Which of the following will NOT help to determine the recurrence history of large (greater than magnitude 7.5)
earthquakes in a region?
a) Looking for evidence of ancient tsunamis in the soil recordb) Determining the age of peat layers
c) Studying human historical records of the regiond) Digging trenches and pits around the faults
e) Setting up seismic stations to record the foci of earthquakes over a 20 year period
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Which of the following will NOT help to determine the recurrence history of large (greater than magnitude 7.5)
earthquakes in a region?
a) Looking for evidence of ancient tsunamis in the soil recordb) Determining the age of peat layers
c) Studying human historical records of the regiond) Digging trenches and pits around the faults
e) Setting up seismic stations to record the foci of earthquakes over a 20 year period
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The process of unloading can produce:
a) Amygdules b) Mud cracks
c) Jointsd) Cross-bedding
e) Leaching
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The process of unloading can produce:
a) Amygdules b) Mud cracks
c) Jointsd) Cross-bedding
e) Leaching
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The three most abundant elements in the continental crust are:
a) O, Al, Feb) O, Si, Fe
c) O, Fe, Mgd) O, Si, Al
e) K, Ca, Na
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The three most abundant elements in the continental crust are:
a) O, Al, Feb) O, Si, Fe
c) O, Fe, Mgd) O, Si, Al
e) K, Ca, Na
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A crystal of Potassium Feldspar from a granite has been analyzed by the K-Ar method of geochronology. The ratio in
the crystal of the number of 40K atoms to the number of 40Ar atoms is 1 to 3. Given that the half life for the decay of parent to daughter is 1.3 billion years, which of the following
values is closest to the age of formation of the granite?
a) 0.30 billion yearsb) 0.65 billion yearsc) 1.3 billion yearsd) 2.0 billion yearse) 2.6 billion years
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A crystal of Potassium Feldspar from a granite has been analyzed by the K-Ar method of geochronology. The ratio in
the crystal of the number of 40K atoms to the number of 40Ar atoms is 1 to 3. Given that the half life for the decay of parent to daughter is 1.3 billion years, which of the following
values is closest to the age of formation of the granite?
a) 0.30 billion yearsb) 0.65 billion yearsc) 1.3 billion yearsd) 2.0 billion yearse) 2.6 billion years
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A sample of basalt in which the remnant magnetic field is oriented vertically probably formed and cooled:
a) At the azimuthb) Under sea waterc) Near the equator
d) At 45 degrees north or south latitudee) Near the north or south pole
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A sample of basalt in which the remnant magnetic field is oriented vertically probably formed and cooled:
a) At the azimuthb) Under sea waterc) Near the equator
d) At 45 degrees north or south latitudee) Near the north or south pole
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You are in Iceland, witnessing a lava flow. What is most likely to be the colour of the rock formed when the lava has
crystallized and cooled?
a) pinkb) yellowc) blackd) whitee) green
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You are in Iceland, witnessing a lava flow. What is most likely to be the colour of the rock formed when the lava has
crystallized and cooled?
a) pinkb) yellowc) blackd) whitee) green
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The fact that, over time in the sedimentary rock record, fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and
determinable order is the basis for:
a) The principle of original horizontalityb) The principle of biotic succession
c) The Law of Superpositiond) The doctrine catastrophism
e) The principle of cross-cutting relationships
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The fact that, over time in the sedimentary rock record, fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and
determinable order is the basis for:
a) The principle of original horizontalityb) The principle of biotic succession
c) The Law of Superpositiond) The doctrine catastrophism
e) The principle of cross-cutting relationships
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We wish to put the foundations of our building into solid rock, but we need to know the thickness of the soil layer sitting above
the rock. We can carry out a seismic refraction study, but this requires the knowledge of the velocity of the seismic P-waves in
the soil and in the rock. We obtain these by:
a) Taking the inverse of the slopes on the travel-time curvesb) Measuring the critical distance
c) Calculating the path taken by the seismic wavesd) Determining the difference between the focus and epicenter of the earthquake
e) Measuring the difference in arrival time of the first P and the first S seismic wave
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We wish to put the foundations of our building into solid rock, but we need to know the thickness of the soil layer sitting above
the rock. We can carry out a seismic refraction study, but this requires the knowledge of the velocity of the seismic P-waves in
the soil and in the rock. We obtain these by:
a) Taking the inverse of the slopes on the travel-time curvesb) Measuring the critical distance
c) Calculating the path taken by the seismic wavesd) Determining the difference between the focus and epicenter of the earthquake
e) Measuring the difference in arrival time of the first P and the first S seismic wave
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If you are exploring for a bauxite ore deposit, which of the following is most likely to be associated with it?
a) A lateriteb) A porphyritic rockc) an ultramafic rock
d) A salt domee) Sandstone
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If you are exploring for a bauxite ore deposit, which of the following is most likely to be associated with it?
a) A lateriteb) A porphyritic rockc) an ultramafic rock
d) A salt domee) Sandstone
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In carrying out a risk analysis and risk management plan to minimize damage from a natural or anthropogenic hazard, which of the following is a step that needs to be done after
we assess the risk from the hazard in the are under consideration, but before we undertake any risk-control
solutions?
a) A poll to determine the wishes of the publicb) Further collection of scientific data over a sufficiently long time period
c) Refinement of the emergency measures organizationsd) Public education
e) A cost-benefit analysis
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In carrying out a risk analysis and risk management plan to minimize damage from a natural or anthropogenic hazard, which of the following is a step that needs to be done after
we assess the risk from the hazard in the are under consideration, but before we undertake any risk-control
solutions?
a) A poll to determine the wishes of the publicb) Further collection of scientific data over a sufficiently long time period
c) Refinement of the emergency measures organizationsd) Public education
e) A cost-benefit analysis
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In order to have an ore deposit, you need:
a) An accumulation of a mineral that you can extract and make money fromb) A local accumulation of metal
c) A porphyry-copper depositd) A mineral deposit of non-silicate minerals
e) A mineral deposit that is close to market
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In order to have an ore deposit, you need:
a) An accumulation of a mineral that you can extract and make money fromb) A local accumulation of metal
c) A porphyry-copper depositd) A mineral deposit of non-silicate minerals
e) A mineral deposit that is close to market
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At which of these locations are fissure eruptions most prominent?
a) Subduction zonesb) Central Canada
c) Mid-ocean ridgesd) The Andes Mountains
e) Mount Pinatubo
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At which of these locations are fissure eruptions most prominent?
a) Subduction zonesb) Central Canada
c) Mid-ocean ridgesd) The Andes Mountains
e) Mount Pinatubo
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In carrying out seismic modeling to determine the structure of the Earth, we make use of the “Ocean’s Razor”. With this, we:
a) Obtain a measure of the difference in arrival times of seismic wavesb) Determine the refraction patterns of seismic waves
c) Locate the focus of the earthquaked) Determine the magnitude of the earthquakee) Choose the simples solution that fits the data
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In carrying out seismic modeling to determine the structure of the Earth, we make use of the “Ocean’s Razor”. With this, we:
a) Obtain a measure of the difference in arrival times of seismic wavesb) Determine the refraction patterns of seismic waves
c) Locate the focus of the earthquaked) Determine the magnitude of the earthquakee) Choose the simples solution that fits the data
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Which of the following types of seismic waves arrives first at a seismic station following an earthquake 500 kilometres
away from the seismic station?
a) Love Wavesb) Rayleigh Wavesc) Tsunami Waves
d) Shear Wavese) Compression-rarefaction Waves
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Which of the following types of seismic waves arrives first at a seismic station following an earthquake 500 kilometres
away from the seismic station?
a) Love Wavesb) Rayleigh Wavesc) Tsunami Waves
d) Shear Wavese) Compression-rarefaction Waves
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Which of the following lists is in correct order going from lower to higher grade of regional metamorphism?
a) Slate, gneiss, mica schistb) Slate, mica schist, gneissc) Mica schist, gneiss, slated) Gneiss, slate, mica schiste) Mica schist, slate, gneiss
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Which of the following lists is in correct order going from lower to higher grade of regional metamorphism?
a) Slate, gneiss, mica schistb) Slate, mica schist, gneissc) Mica schist, gneiss, slated) Gneiss, slate, mica schiste) Mica schist, slate, gneiss
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Which of the following materials best represents the behavior of the mantle of the earth?
a) Water b) Wood
c) An India Rubber Balld) Silly Puttye) Plasticene
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Which of the following materials best represents the behavior of the mantle of the earth?
a) Water b) Wood
c) An India Rubber Balld) Silly Puttye) Plasticene
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What is the basic building block in the silicate minerals?
a) (SiO4)4-
b) (SiO2)2-
c) SiO4
d) SiO2
e) (SiO4)2-
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What is the basic building block in the silicate minerals?
a) (SiO4)4-
b) (SiO2)2-
c) SiO4
d) SiO2
e) (SiO4)2-
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Which of the following rock types has provided evidence for a change over Earth history in the levels of oxygen in the
atmosphere?
a) Greywacke b) Rhyolite
c) Chert d) Iron formation
e) Rock Salt
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Which of the following rock types has provided evidence for a change over Earth history in the levels of oxygen in the
atmosphere?
a) Greywacke b) Rhyolite
c) Chert d) Iron formation
e) Rock Salt
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When most rocks experience partial melting, the melted part is:
a) Denser than the original rockb) More felsic than the original rock
c) Poorer in water than the original rockd) Darker in colour than the original rock
e) Concentrated in iron compared to the original rock
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When most rocks experience partial melting, the melted part is:
a) Denser than the original rockb) More felsic than the original rock
c) Poorer in water than the original rockd) Darker in colour than the original rock
e) Concentrated in iron compared to the original rock
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In a layered intrusion, which igneous rock type is most likely to be at the top of the intrusion?
a) Gabbrob) Granite
c) Ultramafic Rockd) Basalt
e) Granodiorite
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In a layered intrusion, which igneous rock type is most likely to be at the top of the intrusion?
a) Gabbrob) Granite
c) Ultramafic Rockd) Basalt
e) Granodiorite
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If the current rate of exponential growth of human population were to continue in the future, the Earth’s human
population will have doubled in about how many years?
a) 5 yearsb) 10 yearsc) 30 yearsd) 60 yearse) 90 years
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If the current rate of exponential growth of human population were to continue in the future, the Earth’s human
population will have doubled in about how many years?
a) 5 yearsb) 10 yearsc) 30 yearsd) 60 yearse) 90 years
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Which of the following types of faults is likely to be connected with the most dangerous earthquakes?
a) Nobody’s b) Transform c) Strike slip
d) Reverse Dip-Slipe) Normal Dip-Slip
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Which of the following types of faults is likely to be connected with the most dangerous earthquakes?
a) Nobody’s b) Transform c) Strike slip
d) Reverse Dip-Slipe) Normal Dip-Slip
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Very deep (greater than 200 km) earthquakes occur
a) 5 yearsb) 14 yearsc) 20 yearsd) 28 yearse) 50 years
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Very deep (greater than 200 km) earthquakes occur
a) 5 yearsb) 14 yearsc) 20 yearsd) 28 yearse) 50 years
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Which of the following ore-deposit types would be most likely to generate acid mine-tailings?
a) Iron formationb) bauxite
c) Porphyry copperd) chromite
e) petroleum
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Which of the following ore-deposit types would be most likely to generate acid mine-tailings?
a) Iron formationb) bauxite
c) Porphyry copperd) chromite
e) petroleum
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It is only in the last 40 years that geologists have developed the Plate tectonic theory. One of the most important consequences of this theory is that it has provided an
explanation of how continental mountain ranges are formed. In the framework of the Plate Tectonic Theory, where are the
major continental mountain ranges produced?
a) Constructive plate boundariesb) Destructive plate boundaries
c) Strike-slip boundariesd) Conductive plate boundariese) Transform plate boundaries
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It is only in the last 40 years that geologists have developed the Plate tectonic theory. One of the most important consequences of this theory is that it has provided an
explanation of how continental mountain ranges are formed. In the framework of the Plate Tectonic Theory, where are the
major continental mountain ranges produced?
a) Constructive plate boundariesb) Destructive plate boundaries
c) Strike-slip boundariesd) Conductive plate boundariese) Transform plate boundaries
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The development of the Himalayas was probably partly responsible for a cooling of the Earth’s climate that led us
into the recent Ice Ages over the last 2 million years. Which of the following best explains this effect of the Himalayas on
the climate.
a) The energy used to uplift the mountains led to atmospheric coolingb) The uplift of the mountains shut off the ocean “conveyor belt”
c) The uplifted mountains absorbed most of the solar radiation, thus cooling the atmosphered) The uplifted mountains experienced an increased rate of erosion, and that increased
weathering process extracted carbon dioxide from the atmospheree) Uplifting of the mountains changed the tilt
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The development of the Himalayas was probably partly responsible for a cooling of the Earth’s climate that led us
into the recent Ice Ages over the last 2 million years. Which of the following best explains this effect of the Himalayas on
the climate.
a) The energy used to uplift the mountains led to atmospheric coolingb) The uplift of the mountains shut off the ocean “conveyor belt”
c) The uplifted mountains absorbed most of the solar radiation, thus cooling the atmosphered) The uplifted mountains experienced an increased rate of erosion, and that increased
weathering process extracted carbon dioxide from the atmospheree) Uplifting of the mountains changed the tilt
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Seismic energy waves allow us to essentially x-ray the Earth’s interior. To do this, we use the inverse theory method. For
this method, we must:
a) Dig trenches and pits, and look at sediments for evidence of ancient tsunamisb) Study seismic records to determine the recurrence interval of earthquakes
c) Make a computer model of the Earth and see if the travel-time measured at the seismic stations fit the model
d) Locate and determine the nature of faults by the technique of seismic topographye) Determine the epicenters of the Earthquakes on a map of the world
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Seismic energy waves allow us to essentially x-ray the Earth’s interior. To do this, we use the inverse theory method. For
this method, we must:
a) Dig trenches and pits, and look at sediments for evidence of ancient tsunamisb) Study seismic records to determine the recurrence interval of earthquakes
c) Make a computer model of the Earth and see if the travel-time measured at the seismic stations fit the model
d) Locate and determine the nature of faults by the technique of seismic topographye) Determine the epicenters of the Earthquakes on a map of the world
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Various studies have shown that Earth consists of layers that differ from each other. These are either differences in
physical properties, or differences in chemical composition. For the boundaries between layers that are listed below, only
one is a boundary across which there is ONLY a change in physical properties. Which one?
a) Mantle/outer coreb) crust/mantle
c) Continental crust/oceanic crustd) Crust/atmosphere
e) Lithosphere/asthenosphere
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Various studies have shown that Earth consists of layers that differ from each other. These are either differences in
physical properties, or differences in chemical composition. For the boundaries between layers that are listed below, only
one is a boundary across which there is ONLY a change in physical properties. Which one?
a) Mantle/outer coreb) crust/mantle
c) Continental crust/oceanic crustd) Crust/atmosphere
e) Lithosphere/asthenosphere
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Which of the following mineral/element pairs is closest in composition of the continental crust?
a) Calciteb) Fe + Nic) Pyrite
d) Feldspar + Quartze) Olivine +Pyroxene
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Which of the following mineral/element pairs is closest in composition of the continental crust?
a) Calciteb) Fe + Nic) Pyrite
d) Feldspar + Quartze) Olivine +Pyroxene
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W can sample rocks at the surface of Earth to determine their density, but to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE
density of the Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the Moon. In doing that
determination, you would need all but one of the following. Which one don’t you need?
a) Earth’s moment of inertiab) The radius of the Earth
c) The Gravitational constant (G)d) The orbital velocity of the moon
e) The distance from the Earth to the Moon
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W can sample rocks at the surface of Earth to determine their density, but to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE
density of the Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the Moon. In doing that
determination, you would need all but one of the following. Which one don’t you need?
a) Earth’s moment of inertiab) The radius of the Earth
c) The Gravitational constant (G)d) The orbital velocity of the moon
e) The distance from the Earth to the Moon
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In the carbon cycle, which of the following reservoirs in the Earth system contains the most Carbon?
a) Crustal rocksb) Living plants and animals
c) The oceansd) Oil and gas
e) The atmosphere
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In the carbon cycle, which of the following reservoirs in the Earth system contains the most Carbon?
a) Crustal rocksb) Living plants and animals
c) The oceansd) Oil and gas
e) The atmosphere
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Which of the following soil types is generally the most suitable one for agriculture?
a) Lateriteb) Pedalferc) Pedocal
d) Permafroste) Lahar
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Which of the following soil types is generally the most suitable one for agriculture?
a) Lateriteb) Pedalferc) Pedocal
d) Permafroste) Lahar
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For which group do both minerals have a sheet structure?
a) Muscovite, clayb) Feldspar, Quartz
c) Hornblende, Pyroxened) Plagioclase, Pyroxenee) Olivine , Hornblende
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For which group do both minerals have a sheet structure?
a) Muscovite, clayb) Feldspar, Quartz
c) Hornblende, Pyroxened) Plagioclase, Pyroxenee) Olivine , Hornblende
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Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following places are you most likely to experience a Lahar?
a) The Andes Mountainsb) The Red Sea
c) Along the San Andres Faultd) The South Nation River, Ontario
e) Iceland
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Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following places are you most likely to experience a Lahar?
a) The Andes Mountainsb) The Red Sea
c) Along the San Andres Faultd) The South Nation River, Ontario
e) Iceland
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A bauxite ore deposit would be most likely to occur over which of the following rocks?
a) Marble b) Gabbroc) Syenite
d) Ultramafice) Sandstone
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A bauxite ore deposit would be most likely to occur over which of the following rocks?
a) Marble b) Gabbroc) Syenite
d) Ultramafice) Sandstone
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One of the following rock types is most likely to be a trap (i.e reservoir) rock for trapping oil and gas underground. Which
of the following is it?
a) Granite Porphyryb) Quartz Sandstonec) Shale/Mudstone
d) Salt Domee) Greywacke
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One of the following rock types is most likely to be a trap (i.e reservoir) rock for trapping oil and gas underground. Which
of the following is it?
a) Granite Porphyryb) Quartz Sandstonec) Shale/Mudstone
d) Salt Domee) Greywacke
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Which of the following lists magma types in order of increasing velocity?
a) Basaltic, andesitic, graniticb) Basaltic, granitic, andesiticc) Andesitic, granitic, basalticd) Granitic, basaltic, andesitice) Granitic, andesitic, basaltic
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Which of the following lists magma types in order of increasing velocity?
a) Basaltic, andesitic, graniticb) Basaltic, granitic, andesiticc) Andesitic, granitic, basalticd) Granitic, basaltic, andesitice) Granitic, andesitic, basaltic
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As a magma of diorite composition cools down from 1500° C, which of the following minerals would crystallize first?
a) Biotite micab) Pyroxene
c) Quartzd) Na-rich Plagioclase
e) Olivine
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As a magma of diorite composition cools down from 1500° C, which of the following minerals would crystallize first?
a) Biotite micab) Pyroxene
c) Quartzd) Na-rich Plagioclase
e) Olivine
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What is the main factor that controls the rate of weathering of rocks?
a) Grain size of rockb) Degree of unloading
c) Topographyd) Rock Type
e) Climate
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What is the main factor that controls the rate of weathering of rocks?
a) Grain size of rockb) Degree of unloading
c) Topographyd) Rock Type
e) Climate
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The velocity of seismic S-waves is inversely proportional to which of the following parameters of the material they are
passing through?
a) Viscosity b) Elasticity
c) Inverse Modulusd) Shear Modulus
e) Density
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The velocity of seismic S-waves is inversely proportional to which of the following parameters of the material they are
passing through?
a) Viscosity b) Elasticity
c) Inverse Modulusd) Shear Modulus
e) Density
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Which of the following decreases in going from the mantle into the outer core?
a) P-wave Velocityb) Temperature
c) Density d) Iron content
e) Proportion of Liquid
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Which of the following decreases in going from the mantle into the outer core?
a) P-wave Velocityb) Temperature
c) Density d) Iron content
e) Proportion of Liquid
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Which of the following is most likely to have the lowest porosity?
a) Quartz Sandstoneb) Reef Limestonec) Conglomerate
d) Greywackee) Pumice
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Which of the following is most likely to have the lowest porosity?
a) Quartz Sandstoneb) Reef Limestonec) Conglomerate
d) Greywackee) Pumice
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Very deep (i.e greater than 200 km) earthquakes occur only at:
a) Transform faultsb) Hot spots
c) Constructive plate marginsd) Accreting Plate Margins
e) Destructive Plate Margins
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Very deep (i.e greater than 200 km) earthquakes occur only at:
a) Transform faultsb) Hot spots
c) Constructive plate marginsd) Accreting Plate Margins
e) Destructive Plate Margins
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Which type of soil may eventually develop in a very hot, wet region, such as the Amazon River Bason?
a) Laharb) Pedocalc) Laterite
d) Pedoxylitee) Pedalfer
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Which type of soil may eventually develop in a very hot, wet region, such as the Amazon River Bason?
a) Laharb) Pedocalc) Laterite
d) Pedoxylitee) Pedalfer
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The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:
a) Separating from the North American plateb) Diving under Japan
c) Diving under the North American Plated) Migrating over a hot spot
e) Being thrust over the North American Plate
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The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:
a) Separating from the North American plateb) Diving under Japan
c) Diving under the North American Plated) Migrating over a hot spot
e) Being thrust over the North American Plate
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In which of these settings would one most likely find a pyroclastic flow?
a) At the site of a fissure eruptionb) At a constructive plate boundary
c) In Hawaiid) At a transform plate boundary
e) At a destructive plate boundary
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In which of these settings would one most likely find a pyroclastic flow?
a) At the site of a fissure eruptionb) At a constructive plate boundary
c) In Hawaiid) At a transform plate boundary
e) At a destructive plate boundary
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On which material is damage to buildings from seismic vibrations likely to be the least?
a) Clayb) Granite
c) Sand and Graveld) Peat and Muck
e) Mud
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On which material is damage to buildings from seismic vibrations likely to be the least?
a) Clayb) Granite
c) Sand and Graveld) Peat and Muck
e) Mud
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Which of the following rocks is most immature?
a) Shaleb) Breccia
c) Siltstoned) Quartz Sandstone
e) Conglomerate
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Which of the following rocks is most immature?
a) Shaleb) Breccia
c) Siltstoned) Quartz Sandstone
e) Conglomerate
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Which of these minerals is made up entirely of covalent bonds?
a) Clayb) Quartzc) Halite
d) Diamonde) Pure Copper
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Which of these minerals is made up entirely of covalent bonds?
a) Clayb) Quartzc) Halite
d) Diamonde) Pure Copper
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If you begin to partially melt a shale, the liquid produced would have what composition?
a) Gabbroicb) Dioritic
c) Ultramaficd) Granodioritic
e) Granitic
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If you begin to partially melt a shale, the liquid produced would have what composition?
a) Gabbroicb) Dioritic
c) Ultramaficd) Granodioritic
e) Granitic
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The Atlantic Ocean is opening up at a rate closest to:
a) 0.05 cm/yearb) 5 cm/year
c) 50 cm/yeard) 5 metres/year
e) 50 metres/year
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The Atlantic Ocean is opening up at a rate closest to:
a) 0.05 cm/yearb) 5 cm/year
c) 50 cm/yeard) 5 metres/year
e) 50 metres/year
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Which of the following approaches would be least likely to provide us with information to help predict, on both the
short and long term, the eruption of a stratovolcano?
a) Look for seismic gapsb) Set up seismometers to detect earthquakes
c) Measure ground tiltd) Determine recurrence intervals
e) Monitor Gas release
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Which of the following approaches would be least likely to provide us with information to help predict, on both the
short and long term, the eruption of a stratovolcano?
a) Look for seismic gapsb) Set up seismometers to detect earthquakes
c) Measure ground tiltd) Determine recurrence intervals
e) Monitor Gas release
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Unlike most other bodies in the Solar System, the Earth has a strong magnetic field. Which of the following features of the
Earth is responsible for the Earth having such a magnetic field?
a) Flattening along the rotation axisb) A convection mantle
c) A liquid outer core of irond) An axial dipole magnete) An iron-rich inner core
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Unlike most other bodies in the Solar System, the Earth has a strong magnetic field. Which of the following features of the
Earth is responsible for the Earth having such a magnetic field?
a) Flattening along the rotation axisb) A convection mantle
c) A liquid outer core of irond) An axial dipole magnete) An iron-rich inner core
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I have hired you to explore for ore deposits that would provide us with the metal copper (Cu). Which of the
following minerals should you be looking for?
a) Pyriteb) Magnetitec) Chromite
d) Galenae) Chalcopyrite
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I have hired you to explore for ore deposits that would provide us with the metal copper (Cu). Which of the
following minerals should you be looking for?
a) Pyriteb) Magnetitec) Chromite
d) Galenae) Chalcopyrite
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In the sea floor spreading hypothesis of Harry Hess, the conveyor belt carrying the continental crust was thought to be:
a) The asthenosphereb) The mantle convection cell
c) The ocean crustd) The tectonic plate
e) The lithosphere
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In the sea floor spreading hypothesis of Harry Hess, the conveyor belt carrying the continental crust was thought to be:
a) The asthenosphereb) The mantle convection cell
c) The ocean crustd) The tectonic plate
e) The lithosphere
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The definition of the “resource” of a commodity is:
a) The economic amount of the commodity discovered but not yet extractedb) A local accumulation of a specific mineral that contains that commodity
c) The total number of mineral deposits of that commodityd) The estimated total amount of that commodity that is ultimately economically
recoverablee) The amount of the commodity that exists in the Earth
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The definition of the “resource” of a commodity is:
a) The economic amount of the commodity discovered but not yet extractedb) A local accumulation of a specific mineral that contains that commodity
c) The total number of mineral deposits of that commodityd) The estimated total amount of that commodity that is ultimately economically
recoverablee) The amount of the commodity that exists in the Earth
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Which of the following pieces of evidence from the geology around the Kingston area is evidence for a former mountain-
building event?
a) Stromatolitesb) Migmatite
c) Glacial Groovesd) Mud Crackse) Cross Beds
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Which of the following pieces of evidence from the geology around the Kingston area is evidence for a former mountain-
building event?
a) Stromatolitesb) Migmatite
c) Glacial Groovesd) Mud Crackse) Cross Beds
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The Earth’s magnetic field has been shown to reverse itself on average about every:
a) 5000 yearsb) 0.5 million yearsc) 10 million years
d) 100 million yearse) 1 billion years
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The Earth’s magnetic field has been shown to reverse itself on average about every:
a) 5000 yearsb) 0.5 million yearsc) 10 million years
d) 100 million yearse) 1 billion years
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Which one of the following DECREASES in going from the oceanic crust to the mantle of the Earth?
a) pressureb) Silicon content
c) Density d) Temperature
e) P-wave Velocity
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Which one of the following DECREASES in going from the oceanic crust to the mantle of the Earth?
a) pressureb) Silicon content
c) Density d) Temperature
e) P-wave Velocity
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Which of the following is used to describe what occurs to produce an earthquake?
a) Elastic Reboundb) Polymerization
c) Liquefactiond) Compression-Rarefaction
e) Plastic Deformation
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Which of the following is used to describe what occurs to produce an earthquake?
a) Elastic Reboundb) Polymerization
c) Liquefactiond) Compression-Rarefaction
e) Plastic Deformation
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What are the two elements that can replace one another in the olivine solid solution?
a) Ca, Nab) Si, Alc) K, Na
d) Mg, Fee) Si, O
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What are the two elements that can replace one another in the olivine solid solution?
a) Ca, Nab) Si, Alc) K, Na
d) Mg, Fee) Si, O
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With which one of the following will Lahars most likely be associated?
a) Earthquakes b) Layered intrusions
c) Felsic volcanoesd) Tsunamis
e) Open-Pit Mines
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With which one of the following will Lahars most likely be associated?
a) Earthquakes b) Layered intrusions
c) Felsic volcanoesd) Tsunamis
e) Open-Pit Mines
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What percentage of the Earth’s crust is composed of non-silicate minerals?
a) 3%b) 10%c) 20%d) 75%e) 97%
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What percentage of the Earth’s crust is composed of non-silicate minerals?
a) 3%b) 10%c) 20%d) 75%e) 97%
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Following a very shallow earthquake, as seismic P and S waves go deeper into the Earth and cross the MOHO:
a) The S-Waves stop and P-Waves continueb) The waves speed up
c) The waves increase in amplituded) The waves refract towards the normal
e) The P-waves stop and S-waves continue
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Following a very shallow earthquake, as seismic P and S waves go deeper into the Earth and cross the MOHO:
a) The S-Waves stop and P-Waves continueb) The waves speed up
c) The waves increase in amplituded) The waves refract towards the normal
e) The P-waves stop and S-waves continue
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Which of the following is true about Tsunamis?
a) They seldom cause damage when they reach the shoreb) They have wavelengths of a few metres
c) They have amplitudes of 50 metres or more in deep ocean waterd) They are most commonly generated by earthquakes under the continents
e) They travel at speeds of 500 to 800 kilometres per hour
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Which of the following is true about Tsunamis?
a) They seldom cause damage when they reach the shoreb) They have wavelengths of a few metres
c) They have amplitudes of 50 metres or more in deep ocean waterd) They are most commonly generated by earthquakes under the continents
e) They travel at speeds of 500 to 800 kilometres per hour
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The oldest ocean crust in the ocean basin is found closest to:
a) Icelandb) Western United States
c) The Red Sead) Japan
e) The East Pacific Mid-Ocean Ridge
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The oldest ocean crust in the ocean basin is found closest to:
a) Icelandb) Western United States
c) The Red Sead) Japan
e) The East Pacific Mid-Ocean Ridge
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What kind of fault is illustrated in the diagram below?
a) Normal Dip-Slipb) Reverse Dip-Slip
c) Transformd) Thrust
e) Strike-Slip
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What kind of fault is illustrated in the diagram below?
a) Normal Dip-Slipb) Reverse Dip-Slip
c) Transformd) Thrust
e) Strike-Slip
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The most important factor controlling slope stability, of the ones listed below, is:
a) Weight of material on the slopeb) Cohesion on the potential failure plane
c) Hydraulic equivalence of the sloped) The angle of potential failure plane
e) Angle of the slope wall
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The most important factor controlling slope stability, of the ones listed below, is:
a) Weight of material on the slopeb) Cohesion on the potential failure plane
c) Hydraulic equivalence of the sloped) The angle of potential failure plane
e) Angle of the slope wall
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You have carried out a careful chemical analysis of three rocks: granite, granodiorite and gabbro. Which of the
following increases?
a) Quartz contentb) Si contentc) Density
d) Potassium contente) Feldspar content
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You have carried out a careful chemical analysis of three rocks: granite, granodiorite and gabbro. Which of the
following increases?
a) Quartz contentb) Si contentc) Density
d) Potassium contente) Feldspar content
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Which of the following elements is NOT found as an essential constituent of plagioclase feldspar?
a) Potassiumb) Sodium
c) Aluminumd) Calciume) Silicon
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Which of the following elements is NOT found as an essential constituent of plagioclase feldspar?
a) Potassiumb) Sodium
c) Aluminumd) Calciume) Silicon
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All earthquakes occur in the:
a) Mantleb) Continental Crustc) Asthenosphere
d) Lithospheree) Ocean crust
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All earthquakes occur in the:
a) Mantleb) Continental Crustc) Asthenosphere
d) Lithospheree) Ocean crust
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Which ore deposit type results from the development in a magma chamber of a liquid that is immiscible with the
silicate liquid?
a) Bauxiteb) Chromite
c) Porphyry Copperd) Ni-Cu Sulfide
e) Banded Iron Formation
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Which ore deposit type results from the development in a magma chamber of a liquid that is immiscible with the
silicate liquid?
a) Bauxiteb) Chromite
c) Porphyry Copperd) Ni-Cu Sulfide
e) Banded Iron Formation
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Which of the following is a highly favourable site for oil formation and accumulation?
a) Mudstonesb) Glacial Deposits
c) Swampsd) Deltas
e) Mid-Ocean Ridges
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Which of the following is a highly favourable site for oil formation and accumulation?
a) Mudstonesb) Glacial Deposits
c) Swampsd) Deltas
e) Mid-Ocean Ridges
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Symmetrical sand ripples are most likely produced by:
a) Windb) Ocean Wavesc) Stream Flow
d) Slope Instabilitye) Turbidity Currents
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Symmetrical sand ripples are most likely produced by:
a) Windb) Ocean Wavesc) Stream Flow
d) Slope Instabilitye) Turbidity Currents
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Which one of the following minerals would be LEAST likely to occur in a granite?
a) K-rich Feldsparb) Muscovite Mica
c) Na-rich Plagioclased) Quartze) Olivine
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Which one of the following minerals would be LEAST likely to occur in a granite?
a) K-rich Feldsparb) Muscovite Mica
c) Na-rich Plagioclased) Quartze) Olivine
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A chemical analysis has been conducted on an intrusive igneous rock, and the rock was found to have an SiO2 content of approximately 45%. Which one of the following types of
ore deposit has the most chance of being found in this rock?
a) Porphyry copperb) Bauxite
c) Iron Formationd) Placer Golde) Chromite
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A chemical analysis has been conducted on an intrusive igneous rock, and the rock was found to have an SiO2 content of approximately 45%. Which one of the following types of
ore deposit has the most chance of being found in this rock?
a) Porphyry copperb) Bauxite
c) Iron Formationd) Placer Golde) Chromite
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One way to minimize damage from earthquakes is to build structures with appropriate building materials. Which of the
following is the best material to build a structure with in order to minimize potential damage from ground shaking
during an earthquake?
a) Steelb) Stucco
c) Masonryd) Unreinforced Concrete
e) Adobe
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One way to minimize damage from earthquakes is to build structures with appropriate building materials. Which of the
following is the best material to build a structure with in order to minimize potential damage from ground shaking
during an earthquake?
a) Steelb) Stucco
c) Masonryd) Unreinforced Concrete
e) Adobe
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The sedimentary rocks immediately below and above an angular unconformity record a history of:
a) Erosion-folding-deposition-erosionb) Folding-erosion-deposition-folding
c) Deposition-erosion-deposition-foldingd) Erosion-deposition-folding-erosion
e) Deposition-folding-erosion-deposition
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The sedimentary rocks immediately below and above an angular unconformity record a history of:
a) Erosion-folding-deposition-erosionb) Folding-erosion-deposition-folding
c) Deposition-erosion-deposition-foldingd) Erosion-deposition-folding-erosion
e) Deposition-folding-erosion-deposition
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For a mass of rock on a potential failure plane, which of the following terms in the safety factor equation will DECREASE
the safety factor it is decreased?
a) Weight of potential failure blockb) Angle of internal friction
c) Angle of potential failure planed) Water content
e) None of the above, they all increase it
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For a mass of rock on a potential failure plane, which of the following terms in the safety factor equation will DECREASE
the safety factor it is decreased?
a) Weight of potential failure blockb) Angle of internal friction
c) Angle of potential failure planed) Water content
e) None of the above, they all increase it
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Which of the following is the most abundant sedimentary rock in the Earth’s crust?
a) Limestoneb) Sandstone
c) Shaled) Conglomerate
e) Banded Iron Formation
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Which of the following is the most abundant sedimentary rock in the Earth’s crust?
a) Limestoneb) Sandstone
c) Shaled) Conglomerate
e) Banded Iron Formation
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A porphyritic igneous rock indicates:
a) The presence of an ore depositb) A two-stage cooling history
c) A felsic compositiond) Cooling deep in the Earth
e) A high content of dissolved volatiles in the magma
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A porphyritic igneous rock indicates:
a) The presence of an ore depositb) A two-stage cooling history
c) A felsic compositiond) Cooling deep in the Earth
e) A high content of dissolved volatiles in the magma
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The age of the solar system and the Earth is closest to:
a) 500 million yearsb) 1000 million yearsc) 2500 million yearsd) 4500 million years
e) 13000 million years
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The age of the solar system and the Earth is closest to:
a) 500 million yearsb) 1000 million yearsc) 2500 million yearsd) 4500 million years
e) 13000 million years
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If a litre of sea water is evaporated, which of the following evaporites that precipitated will occur in the greatest
amount?
a) Gypsumb) Halitec) Potash
d) Limestonee) Chert
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If a litre of sea water is evaporated, which of the following evaporites that precipitated will occur in the greatest
amount?
a) Gypsumb) Halitec) Potash
d) Limestonee) Chert
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In which of these settings would one most likely find a nuee ardente?
a) At the site of a fissure eruption b) At a constructive plate boundary
c) In Hawaiid) At a destructive plate boundarye) At a transform plate boundary
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In which of these settings would one most likely find a nuee ardente?
a) At the site of a fissure eruption b) At a constructive plate boundary
c) In Hawaiid) At a destructive plate boundarye) At a transform plate boundary
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How many earthquakes of Richter magnitude 5 would it take to equal the output of energy from a single earthquake of Richter
magnitude 7?
a) 2b) 30c) 60
d) 900e) 27 000
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How many earthquakes of Richter magnitude 5 would it take to equal the output of energy from a single earthquake of Richter
magnitude 7?
a) 2b) 30c) 60
d) 900e) 27 000
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In order to determine the seismic risk of an area, we need to determine the Richter magnitude of earthquakes that occur in
that region. The Richter magnitude is determined by:
a) Measuring the amount of movement on the fault that caused the earthquakeb) Measuring the intensity of earthquake damage
c) Measuring the length of time of the ground-shaking eventd) Measuring the time between the first arrival of S waves and the first arrival of
surface waves on the seismograme) Measuring the amplitude of the seismic waves on a seismogram
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In order to determine the seismic risk of an area, we need to determine the Richter magnitude of earthquakes that occur in
that region. The Richter magnitude is determined by:
a) Measuring the amount of movement on the fault that caused the earthquakeb) Measuring the intensity of earthquake damage
c) Measuring the length of time of the ground-shaking eventd) Measuring the time between the first arrival of S waves and the first arrival of
surface waves on the seismograme) Measuring the amplitude of the seismic waves on a seismogram
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For seismic P and S waves received by seismographs at various distances from an earthquake focus, a plot of first arrival times
against distance would look like:
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For seismic P and S waves received by seismographs at various distances from an earthquake focus, a plot of first arrival times
against distance would look like: