5 Things to Know Now About Typhoon Haiyan

November 11, 2013 | By Claire Manibog, UNICEF USA1. The number of children affected has risen to 4 millionChildren are the most vulnerable in disasters, and given the Philippines large youth population, a significant proportion of the 9.5 million affected by the disaster are kids. Children who survived will need urgent assistance:food, shelter and essential medical attention, plus ongoing psychosocial support.

2. The destruction in some places is almost totalPeople, families with children are walking along the ruined roads, says Leon Dominador Fajardo, a UNICEF Emergency Specialist on the ground in Tacloban City. I dont know where they are going there is nowhere to go. They are walking because their homes are gone and they have nowhere to go.In Leyte province, Typhoon Haiyan (local name Yolanda), reportedly destroyed70 to 80 percent of all structures in its path.

3. Many of the survivors have lost their homesOver 600,000 people have been displacedby Haiyan, many having lost their entire homes and family members. Approximately 435,000 are inside 1,458 evacuation centers. The Philippine Red Cross reports that at least 1,200 people have died. More recent, as yet unconfirmed reports suggest a death toll approaching 10,000.4. In Tacloban, it takes 6 hours to travel 7 milesMany sea and airports were severely damaged. Downed trees, wreckage and debris have made many roads impassible. Round-trip travel on the 7-mile road connecting the airport to the city of Tacloban can take 6 hours. The countrys geography is already a challenge to begin with: The Philippines is made up of over 7,100 islands, making emergency logistics all the more complex.

5. Clean water and sanitation are urgent prioritiesAlong with food and shelter, clean water and sanitation are critical first priorities. With many water systems and sewage treatment facilities damaged or destroyed, the possibility of diarrhea, cholera and other disease outbreaks is very real. The first shipments of supplies being airlifted by UNICEF Supply Division include water purification tablets and hygiene supplies.In addition, UNICEF is airlifting water purification and storage equipment directly to the Philippines from suppliers in Europe and Asia.What is a typhoon and how do they cause so much damage?Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons are all the same thing, but they are given different names depending on where they appear.

Tropical storms over the North Atlantic Ocean are called hurricanes. Over the Indian Ocean they're called cyclones and over the Pacific Ocean we call them typhoons.

Why do storms have names?

Tropical storms last a long time and are given names so they can be identified quickly.

The first storm of a year will have a name beginning with A, such as Hurricane Alice, and the next one gets a name beginning with B.

There are regular meetings of weather scientists who decide on new names for the next year.

Names of storms which cause a lot of damage are never used again.

What happens in a tropical storm?

Air rises quickly when it is heated by warm sea water.

As the air cools down again it is pushed aside by more warm air rising below it.

This cycle causes strong winds. Tropical storms have winds faster than 73 miles an hour.

What damage do tropical storms cause?

Over the sea a tropical storm can whip up huge waves.

When these waves reach land they can flood large areas, including towns and cities.

Over land the strong winds can cause a lot of damage - they can flatten homes, knock over trees and even tip over cars.

Tropical storms usually die out after a few days over land because there is no warm sea water there to power them.

Tropical cyclones explained

Updated Mon 11 Nov 2013, 10:59am AEDTInfographic: ABC News Online looks inside a cyclone. (Tim Madden) Map: Australia

How do cyclones form?

Cyclones form with a combination of very warm sea surface temperatures and the right type of outflow. Imagine a tall chimney where all the energy comes into the base and gets sucked up to the top.

A lot of energy gathers in one place, which often results in thunderstorms. In the right part of the ocean, the system can start circulating and release all that energy into the upper part of the atmosphere. The energy created from the thunderstorms can then add to the whole system and a tropical cyclone will form.

Cyclones rely on the circulation of the Earth, so they form away from the equator. The effect of the earth spinning helps the whole system rotate.

Sea temperatures of 26.5 degrees Celsius or above, along with a group of thunderstorms or pre-existing conditions, create ideal weather conditions for a cyclone to form.

Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans in 2005, formed in sea temperatures around 32C or warmer. Temperatures of 31 to 32C were measured off the Western Australian coast in early 2011 as Cyclone Rusty formed.

The Madden-Julian Oscillation, a pattern that comes across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, can help spin cyclones along. A new high pressure cell with a new surge of winds can also contribute.

What is the eye of a cyclone like?

The pressure is very deep inside the eye of a cyclone and there are very light winds, which can give a false sense of security. There is also an eerie sensation, as 200 kilometre per hour winds can suddenly go calm. The winds can return to being just as strong as the cyclone continues to move over.

How destructive can cyclones be?

It depends how quickly they are moving and how deep they are. If you have ventral pressure that continues to be created within the tropical cyclone down to about 850 hectopascals, they can be incredibly destructive.

The storm surge is a massive wall of water, akin to a tsunami, that can come out of the cyclone. The damage is caused not just by flooding and strong winds, but also by the actual force of the water moving at very high speeds.

Cyclone Larry made landfall in far north Queensland in 2006 with wind gusts reaching 240 kilometres per hour, damaging more than half the homes in Innisfail and leaving a repair bill of $1.5 billion.

Category four Cyclone Tracy hit Darwin on Christmas Eve in 1974 with winds of up to 217 kilometres per hour and killed 71 people. Tracy caused more than $800 million in damage and destroyed about 80 per cent of homes.

Cyclone Yasi hit north Queensland in February 2011, with wind gusts reaching 285 kilometres per hour. It left a repair bill of about $800 million after destroying homes, shredding crops and smashing marinas and island resorts. One man died from asphyxiation while sheltering in his home.

Does Australia have more cyclones than any other country?

No. There are other parts of the world such as the Philippines, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and New Orleans that would be subject to more. However, Australia seems to be getting more intense tropical cyclones since the 1970s. There has been a 100 per cent increase in categories four and five cyclones globally, but there has not been an increase in the number of cyclones.

The El Nino phenomenon, which occurs every three to seven years, usually sees a lower number of tropical cyclones, mostly confined to north-western WA. In contrast, La Nina years tend to see more cyclones, particularly around the northern and eastern Australian coast.

The coast between Broome and Exmouth in WA is the most cyclone-prone part of Australia's coastline, and the region most prone to severe cyclone impacts. Since 1910 there have been 49 cyclones that have caused gale-force winds at Port Hedland. They come about once every two years, and about half have an impact equivalent to a category 1 cyclone. The strongest wind gust recorded at Port Hedland during a cyclone is 208 km/h during Joan in 1975.

In general, cyclones near Australia have more erratic paths than cyclones in other parts of the world.

The Federal Government lists cyclone severity and potential damage they may cause as follows:CategoryWind GustsOcean SwellsDamage

1 Tropical CycloneUp to 125kph (Gales)1.2 - 1.6mSlight damage. Trees and farmland damaged.

2 Tropical Cyclone126 - 164kph (Destructive)1.7 - 2.5mSignificant Damage. Minor house damage. Severe damage to signs and trees. Heavy damage to crops

3 Severe Tropical Cyclone165 - 224kph (Very Destructive)2.6 - 3.7mStructural damage. House roofs and most likely power failures

4 Severe Tropical Cyclone225 - 279kph (Very Destructive)3.8 - 5.4mSignificant roofing and structural damage. Airborne debris, widespread power failure

5 Severe Tropical CycloneWinds above 280kph (Very Destructive)More than 5.5mAlmost total destruction and extremely dangerous. Houses flattened, cars over turned

Is climate change a contributor to that?

Climate change would suggest warmer sea temperatures in some parts of the world, and warm sea temperatures create ideal conditions for cyclones to form.

The weather bureau says it is difficult to sort out natural trends, such as those caused by El Nino events, from the effects of global warming. Some studies cited by the bureau have predicted more severe storms by the middle of the 21st century, and storms that extend further towards the north and south poles. One study predicts more long-lived cyclones off the eastern coast of Australia and fewer long-lived cyclones off WA.

How do cyclones differ from tornados, hurricanes and typhoons?

Hurricanes and typhoons are regional names for severe tropical cyclones, or storms with sustained winds of more than 118 kilometres per hour. The word "hurricane" is used for storms in the north Atlantic, the north-east Pacific, and the south-east Pacific. "Typhoons" are found in the north-west of the Pacific Ocean. Storm systems turn anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

Tornados are born out of thunderstorms and are tiny by comparison - generally only about 100 metres across.

How are cyclone names chosen?

There is a committee at the World Meteorological Organisation in Geneva that decides the names many years in advance. They have a list of names for each region in the world that is responsible for identifying and classifying a tropical cyclone.

Importantly they never use the names of previous cyclones again in case some members of the public think Cyclone Tracy or Hurricane Katrina, for example, have come back. That is impossible, of course, but some may fear a cyclone with the same name might have the same impact.

1. Write a report on typhoons/cyclones. Include: relevant diagrams, what is a cyclone? How are they formed? Where do they occur? What damage can it do and how? What precautions can people take to stay safe? And any other important information.2. Complete the 6 thinking hats activity

3. Write your own safety plan for a cyclone. What would you need to do/prepare?

4. Write a letter of support to send to the people in the Philippines.

5. Find five words and write the definitions.

6. Coping strategies think of ways someone could cope with such a traumatic event, who could they talk to? What could they do? Who could help them?