5 TARTAN ROAD

c BALCERAK DESIGN

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • URBAN FORESTRY 608 Beaver Street Santa Rosa, CA 95404 (707)573-8234

ARBORIST'S REPORT

5 TARTAN ROAD

MILL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

January 2, 2015

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BALCERAK DESIGN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE • URBAN FORESTRY

608 Beaver Street Santa Rosa, CA 95404 (707)573-8234

January 2, 2015

Hafeez Esmail Banda Investments 25 Weatherly Drive Mill Valley, CA 94941

INTRODUCTION

This Report has been prepared to address the City of Mill Valley's Tree Regulations as

specified in Section 20.67 of the Mill Valley Municipal Code. The property at 5 Tartan Road in

Mill Valley is currently an undeveloped lot. The development proposal is to construct a single

family residence, with attached garage, and associated improvements.

All living trees over four-inch in diameter at DBH, which would be impacted by the

proposed construction, were evaluated for this Report including trees in severe decline and

moribund trees. The construction impacts are based upon the Preliminary Grading Plan prepared

by Robertson Engineering, Inc., dated January 2015.

A detailed description of each tree can be found in the Tree Evaluation section of this

Report. A Tree Exhibit showing the location of the existing trees and their identification numbers

has been provided for reference. Guidelines for tree protection during construction and general

tree preservation measures are included in this Report. A definition of terms used is provided at

the end of this Report.

SITE DESCRIPTION

This site has been previously logged like most of the forested areas of Marin County. The

trees that are currently on the subject property are the result of regrowth arising from the original

root system of the logged trees. All resprout trees that originate from the old root system, of any

given individual, will have identical genes. This type of regrowth results in clusters of trees

around the old stumps (often referred to as fairy rings). As the trees grow the number of trees

will be reduced as a small number of trees become dominate and suppress the growth of the

others. With this type of regrowth determining what exactly constitutes an individual tree, as

opposed to a single tree with multiple trunks, is not an easy task. For the purposes of this report,

in general, individual trunks were tagged and are evaluated as discrete trees. In those cases that it

appeared obvious that a single tree had multiple trunks the Report reflects that.

The presence of English Ivy (Hedera helix) was noted on the subject property and the

neighborhood. The California Invasive Plant Council has ranked English Ivy as a species of high

concern because of its severe ecological impacts on plant communities and rapid rate of

reproduction. Native to Europe this plant has become a noxious weed in the cool, moist

January 2, 2015 5 Tartan Road - Mill Valley Page2

environments of California's coniferous forests. Through the use of aerial roots, English Ivy will

attach to a tree's trunks and climb into the canopy. Its presence deprives the tree of needed

sunlight and allows moisture to build up against the tree's bark and may promote rot. In

advanced cases the weight alone of the English Ivy may result in limb failures. The removal of

the English Ivy would be a benefit to the trees and would enhance the ecological services of the

subject property.

METHODS

A field observation of the trees was performed on October 20, 2014. The species

identification was determined based upon visual analysis of the features present at the time of the

observation. All tree diameters were recorded using a standard diameter tape with units in feet

and tenths of feet. When a tree had a crotch below 54-inches (DBH), the smallest trunk diameter

below the crotch was measured and its height above natural grade was recorded. When the tree

had more than one discrete trunk each trunk was measured individually. Each tree was marked

with an aluminum marking tag. See the Tree Exhibit for the location of the trees and their

number corresponding to the Tree Evaluations section of this Report.

A detailed analysis was not requested nor performed. No crown explorations, climbing

inspections, or below ground inspections were performed. The Tree Evaluations are based upon

a visual inspection of the trees, from ground level, and the external defects present at the time of

the observation. Therefore, the analysis is not exhaustive.

The overall condition of each tree is represented by its vigor and structure. Vigor is an

indication of the overall health and relative capacity of that tree to increase in size. Vigor is

determined by an examination of the crown size, architecture, and its quality. Vigor is influenced

by competition of adjacent plants, site conditions and cultural care. Structure refers to the

physical form of the tree, this includes branch attachment, presence of decay, or mechanical

damage the tree has suffered. Structure is an evaluation of the risk potential of parts of the tree,

however it should not be confused with a Risk Analysis, which is a far more extensive inspection

of an individual tree. Each tree has been rated, in each category, using a value of good, fair, or

poor.

RESULTS

A total of 62 trees have been evaluated for this Report, consisting of five different

species. Of the five species, only the Plum (Prunus domestica) is exotic to California. The other

four species encountered, Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), California Buckeye (Aesculus

californica), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and California Bay (Umbellularia

californica) are all native to California. While Incense Cedar is native to California, it is not

native to Marin County.

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Only one tree is of a size to qualify as a Heritage Tree. The tree is located off the subject

property to the west.

NATIVE TREE SPECIES ENCOUNTERED

Coast Redwood trees are naturally restricted to a narrow strip of fog belt along the

coastline, from near the southern border of Oregon to the southern tip of Monterey County. They

are long living trees that can ultimately reach heights of over 350 feet in the wild, the tallest tree

in the world. In urban zones they may quickly grow 70 to 90 feet with a branch spread of 15 to

30 feet. Coast Redwoods are adaptable to site disturbances, including fill soil conditions. In

nature, this factor allows them to be competitive with other tree species following disturbances

such as landslides and flooding.

California Buckeye is a small tree that is endemic to California. It grows on dry slopes

and canyons below 4,000 feet along the Coast Ranges and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The

California Buckeye often has multiple stems and grows to heights of 10 to 20 feet or more with a

wide spread. In spring it is quite striking with fragrant, creamy flower plumes. The leaves are

naturally shed in July due to normal drought conditions. This tree generally is tolerant of site

disturbances.

California Bay trees are found in California extending to the southwest comer of Oregon.

This large, evergreen tree has strong aromatic leaves; they can be used to replace the culinary

spice, bay leaves. The California Bay will commonly have multiple trunks and sprout vigorously

from the trunk or roots. The ultimate size is 30 to 70 feet tall, often with a greater spread. This

tree is found in forests and woodlands below 5000 feet. This species is tolerant of clay and

serpentine soils. It has a moderate tolerance for site disturbances generally, but is intolerant of

fill soil.

Incense Cedar ranges from California north into British Columbia along the coast, but is

also found in the Sierra Nevada. This is an evergreen tree slow growing to 150 feet. Plant

communities that are associated with Incense Cedar are mixed evergreen forest and Ponderosa

Pine forests. It is tolerant of serpentine soils, heat and drought tolerant. It will tolerate most

conditions, and as such is a common ornamental species. This tree has a moderate tolerance to

site disturbance.

TREE PROTECTION

Prior to the initiation of any construction activity, temporary protective fencing shall be

erected in the construction area. Fencing shall encroach into the dripline only as is necessary to

perform approved construction operations. Fencing shall be a minimum of four feet high, and

shall form a continuous barrier around the tree or trees to be protected. Fencing shall be tensar

plastic fencing or approved equal. The fencing installation shall be performed by qualified

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personnel with all necessary supports and braces to provide a secure fence throughout the

construction process. The fence location shall be based upon field staking of the improvements,

the project arborist shall approve fence location. The fence shall not be removed during the

construction process, without written authorization from the project arborist. All equipment and

personnel shall remain outside the fenced area at all times. The storage of materials (of any kind)

is prohibited within the tree protection area.

GENERAL NOTES ON TREE PRESERVATION

There are some general recommendations that apply to all of the existing trees that are to

be retained. All trees should be protected from mechanical damage during the construction work.

Construction impacts on existing trees are a serious matter. All trees are subject to stress when

construction activities occur around them, therefore it is important to use care during any and all

construction. Often the impacts of the construction are not visible for months or years after the

construction has been completed. It is often the case that by the time the tree has exhibited overt

signs of decline it is too late to return the tree to a healthy condition. Trees are huge living

systems where health problems are slow to manifest and slow to be reversed. It is imperative that

contractors and construction personnel understand the procedural guidelines and follow them.

Any deviation from the guidelines presented here will increase the chances of tree decline,

failure, or death.

Soil compaction shall be kept to a minimum, no machinery, worker, or operation shall be

allowed on exposed soil surfaces, except that which is necessary to complete the approved work.

Damage to and disruption of the roots is a serious matter. Any roots encountered during

construction operations shall be cut cleanly across the face of the root, past any damage. Roots

shall not be exposed to the air any longer than necessary. The established drainage pattems

should be respected. The soil elevation, particularly at the trunk, shall not be altered without

written authorization from the project arborist.

Please feel free to contact me if further discussion of these items is necessary, or if you

have any questions.

Respectfully, BALCERAK DESIGN

Gary Balcerak Landscape Architect C-3704 Certified Arborist WE-3069A Certified Urban Forester 125

Balcerak Design

TREE EVALUATIONS Tree Species Diameter Vigor Structure Status Notes

1 Plum 102" Fair Poor Remove Conk (Ganoderma applanatum) noted at base (Prunus domestica) of tree - indicative of trunk decay. Suckers

sprouting from lower trunk, often associated with stress.

2 Incense Cedar 8.7" Fair/Poor Good Remove Straight trunk, no overt defects noted. Tree has ( Calocedrus decurrens) foliage only on one side of canopy due to

being suppressed by adjacent trees. Poor aesthetics.

3 California Buckeye 7.6" Fair Good/Fair Remove Strong northwest lean to sunlight. Trunk (Aesculus califomica) bifurcates at ± 8' off grade with wide angle of

attachment. Callused canker noted at± 3' off grade, no decay noted.

4 California Buckeye 63" Poor Poor Remove Tree growing horizontal to ground for± 10' to (Aesculus califomica) northwest. Decay noted in lower trunk. Trunk

bifurcates at ± 1' off grade with one stem being a dead stub.

5 California Buckeye 5.1",5.6", Good/Fair Poor Remove Four trunks leaning northwest to sunlight with (Aesculus califomica) 6.9" dead, crossing stems. Two lower trunks have

rooted where they touch the ground. Callused canker noted at± 2' from base of one of trunks. Decay pathogen did not appear active.

6 Coast Redwood 43" Fair/Poor Fair Save Three stems arising from steep grade. Small (Sequoia sempervirens) tree suppressed by larger trees adjacent to it.

7 Coast Redwood 15.5" Fair Good Save Trunk straight for ± 25' then curves to (Sequoia sempervirens) northwest to sunlight. Tree has foliage only on

one side of canopy due to being suppressed by adjacent trees. Poor aesthetics. No overt defects noted .

Balcerak Design 5 Tartan Road - Mill Valley January 2, 2015


8 Coast Redwood 112" Fair Good Save Tree part of a cluster of Redwoods. Debris at (Sequoia sempervirens) base of tree- unable to fully observe. Straight

trunk. No overt defects noted.

9 Coast Redwood 28.8" Fair Good Save Dominate tree in a group. Straight trunk. (Sequoia sempervirens) Branches high in canopy due to shading. No

overt defects noted.

10 Coast Redwood 8.5" Fair/Poor Good Save Tree has foliage only on one side of canopy (Sequoia sempervirens) due to being suppressed by adjacent trees. Poor

aesthetics. No overt defects noted.

11 Coast Redwood 15.7" Fair Good Save Straight trunk growing out of steep slope. (Sequoia sempervirens) Sprouts at base, common of species. No overt

defects noted.

12 Coast Redwood 9.6" Fair /Poor Good Save Straight trunk growing closely with redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) group. No overt defects noted. English Ivy

(Hedera helix) growing into canopy.

13 Coast Redwood 4.7" Poor Good/Fair Save Epicormic shoots noted on branches and (Sequoia sempervirens) sprouting at base, indicates stress. Dead

decayed stem noted at base of tree.

14 Coast Redwood 17.3" Fair Good Save1 Straight trunk. Lower limbs have died back (Sequoia sempervirens) due to shade. No overt defects noted. English

Ivy growing on trunk.

15 Coast Redwood 10.8" Fair I Poor Good Save1 Straight trunk. Lower limbs have died back (Sequoia sempervirens) due to shade. No overt defects noted. English

Ivy growing on trunk.

16 Coast Redwood 5.8" Fair I Poor Good Remove Suppressed by adjacent tree. No overt defects (Sequoia sempervirens) noted. English Ivy growing on trunk.



17 Coast Redwood 10.0" Fair/Poor Good Remove Trunk curves slightly then grows straight to (Sequoia sempervirens) sunlight. No overt defects noted. English Ivy

growing on trunk.

18 Coast Redwood 12.0" Poor Fair/ Poor Remove Suppressed tree. Trunk bifurcates at ± 20' off (Sequoia sempervirens) grade; one leader appears to have broken off.

Sprouts at base, common of species. English Ivy growing on trunk.

19 Coast Redwood 4.4" Poor Good Remove Suppressed tree, sprouts at base. No overt (Sequoia sempervirens) defects noted.

20 California Bay 16.8" Poor Fair Remove Swelling of trunk noted at ± 4' off grade,likely (Umbellularia californica) denoting an internal crack. Suppressed tree.

English Ivy growing on trunk.

21 California Bay 125" Fair Good Remove Leans to the northwest for sunlight. No overt (Umbellularia californica) defects noted.

22 California Bay 255"@ 30" Fair Good Remove Bifurcates into codominate leaders at ± 2' off (Umbellularia californica) offgrade grade with branch bark ridge noted indicating

good attachments. English Ivy growing on trunk.

23 Coast Redwood 4.1" Fair Good Remove Small tree with foliage all the way around the (Sequoia sempervirens) trunk. No overt defects noted.

24 California Bay 7.9",45" Fair /Poor Poor Save Cavity and decay noted at base - decay extent (Umbellularia californica) unknown. Trunk bifurcates above cavity.

Leans northwest to sunlight.

25 California Bay 13.9" Fair Poor Save Basal cavity noted. Trees #24 and #25 have ( Umbellularia californica) decay between them at the base, could be same

tree with multiple trunks.

26 California Bay 5.3" Poor Poor Save1 Moribund tree. Basal decay noted. ( Umbellularia californica)



27 California Bay 5.8" Poor Fair Save1 Leans northwest to sunlight. Trunk has (Umbellularia califomica) pronounced bend at± 25' off grade, often

associated with an area of structural weakness.

28 Coast Redwood (Sequoia 16.9" Fair Fair Save1 Trunk bifurcates at± 25', one trunk has been sempervirens) removed with callusing and cavity noted on

stub. Remaining trunk straight. No overt defects noted.

29 Coast Redwood 8.6" Poor Good Save Suppressed tree with straight trunk. No overt (Sequoia sempervirens) defects noted.

30 Coast Redwood 5.1" Poor Poor Save Moribund tree. Fire scar running along upslope (Sequoia sempervirens) side of tree to ± 1' off grade.

31 Coast Redwood 23.4" Fair Good Save Branches high in canopy due to shading. No (Sequoia sempervirens) overt defects noted.

32 Coast Redwood 25.6" Fair Good Save No overt defects noted. (Sequoia sempervirens)

33 Coast Redwood 13.0" Poor Poor Save Moribund tree with dead and decayed stub at ± (Sequoia sempervirens) 5' off grade.

34 Coast Redwood 7.6" Poor Good Save1 Small, straight tree. Small stems were removed (Sequoia sempervirens) near base, stubs with decay noted. Decay likely

contained due to species characteristics.

35 Coast Redwood 8.4" Poor Good Save1 No overt defects noted. English Ivy growing (Sequoia sempervirens) on trunk.

36 Coast Redwood 10.4" Poor Good Save1 No overt defects noted. English Ivy growing (Sequoia sempervirens) on trunk.

Balcerak Design 5 Tartan Road- Mill Valley January 2, 2015


37 Coast Redwood 20.0" Good/Fair Good Save1 Straight trunk which bifurcates at ± 1' off (Sequoia sempervirens) grade, one trunk has been removed. Remaining

trunk has no overt defects. Lower limbs dead from shading.

38 Coast Redwood 24.9" Good/Fair Good Save Limbs high in canopy due to shading. No overt (Sequoia sempervirens) defects noted.

39 Coast Redwood 115" Poor Good Save Moribund tree. (Sequoia sempervirens)

40 Coast Redwood 275 Good/Fair Good Save Trunk bifurcates into tree #41 at± 2' off grade. (Sequoia sempervirens) Lower branches dead from shading.

41 Coast Redwood 13.6" Poor Poor Save Moribund tree. (Sequoia sempervirens)

42 Coast Redwood 132" Fair/Poor Fair/Poor Save Trunk bifurcates at± 2' off grade, one stem (Sequoia sempervirens) removed with decay noted, sprouts noted at

stub. Decay likely contained due to species characteristics.

43 California Bay 13.8" Fair/Poor Fair Save Trunk bifurcates at base, ± 1' decayed stub (Umbellularia califomica) remaining on one side.

44 California Bay 12.6" Fair/Poor Good Save Upper canopy leans northwest to sunlight. (Umbellularia califomica) Trees #43 and #44 cross and touch at ± 25' off

grade. No overt defects noted.

45 California Bay 6.8" Poor Poor Save Decay pocket with callus tissue noted at± 25' (Umbellularia califomica) off grade, decay pathogen did not appear

active. Leans to northwest to sunlight.

46 Coast Redwood 22.1"@ 24" Fair/Poor Good/Fair Save Trunk bifurcates at± 25' off grade with (Sequoia sempervirens) offgrade narrow angle of attachment. This could affect

stability of branch attachment as branches grow.



47 Coast Redwood 12.1" Poor Good/Fair Save1 Trunk bifurcates at :t: 2' off grade. One stem (Sequoia sempervirens) removed and callused over with hollow, but no

active decay noted.

48 Coast Redwood 163" Fair /Poor Good Save1 Branches high in canopy due to shading. No (Sequoia sempervirens) overt defects noted.

49 Coast Redwood 145" Fair/Poor Good Save1 Suppressed tree. Appears to have had a second (Sequoia sempervirens) trunk at :t: 25' off grade, removed and fully

callused over. No overt defects noted.

50 California Bay 12.1 II , 10.7", Poor Poor Remove Eleven trunks with a lot of basal decay noted. (Umbellularia califomica) 11.1 II, 10.8" J Decay has compromised the structural integrity

125"' 13.0"' of the tree. Trunks covered with English Ivy. 10.2"' 9.8"'

10.1 ", 10.2", 12.1"

51 California Bay 85" Poor Poor Remove Suppressed tree. Strong lean northwest into ( Umbellularia califomica) building envelope. Cavity noted at base.

Supported by tree #52.

52 California Bay 17.8"@ 16" Fair /Poor Fair Save1 Strong lean northwest into building envelope. (Umbellularia califomica) offgrade Trunk bifurcates at :t: 2' off grade. Limbs

growing into and touching other trees. Supported by tree #55.

53 Coast Redwood 7.9" Fair/Poor Poor Save Suppressed tree. Trunk bifurcates at :t: 3' off (Sequoia sempervirens) grade. One trunk has been removed, hollow

decayed stub remaining. Decay likely contained due to species characteristics.

54 Coast Redwood 18.8" Fair/Poor Poor Save1 Trunk bifurcates at :t: 15' off grade with narrow (Sequoia sempervirens) angle of attachment and possible included

bark, structurally unsound union. Codominate stems may be prone to split out as they grow.

Balcerak Design 5 Tartan Road- Mill Valley January 2. 2015


55 California Bay 115'', 123" Fair Fair/Poor Remove Leans northwest into building envelope. (Umbellularia califomica) Trunks crossing and leaning on tree #52.

Suppressed tree.

56 Coast Redwood 103" Fair/Poor Good Save1 Straight trunk. Suppressed tree. No overt (Sequoia sempervirens) defects noted.

57 Coast Redwood ±13" Fair Fair Save Off site tree, observations made from subject (Sequoia sempervirens) property. Decay column noted at site of

removed branch at approx. 6' off grade. Suppressed tree. Decay likely contained due to species characteristics.

58 Coast Redwood ± 13" Poor Good Save1 Off site tree, observations made from subject (Sequoia sempervirens) property. Straight trunk until ± 30' off grade

where it bends northwest to sunlight. Suppressed tree.

59 Coast Redwood 27.1",± 16" Good Fair Save1 Boundary tree, observations made from subject (Sequoia sempervirens) property. Originally with three trunks, one

removed at ± 25' off grade with decay column noted in remaining stub. Decay likely contained due to species characteristics.

60* Coast Redwood ±31", 17", Good/Fair Fair Save1 Off site tree, observations made from subject (Sequoia sempervirens) 25" property. Three trunks growing, with a fourth

trunk in center that has died, now a decayed stub. Decay likely contained due to species characteristics.

61 Plum ±7" Poor Fair Save Off site tree, observations made from subject (Prunus domestica) property. In severe decline, likely a moribund

tree. Trunk bifurcates at± 45', one codominate appears dead.

Balcerak Design 5 Tartan Road- Mill Valley January 2, 2015


62 Plum ± 13" Good Fair Save Off site tree, observations made from subject (Prunus domestica) property. Many limbs arise at same point on

tree, structurally unsound union. No overt defects noted.

Tree identification numbers designated with * are of a diameter to be deemed Heritage Trees.

NOTES ON TREE STATUS: Save1

: Tree to remain, but will be impacted by the proposed development. Exercise care while working in the root zone of the tree. See the General Notes on Tree Preservation in this Report as well as the Tree Protection & Removal Plan for more information.

Balcerak Design 5 Tanan Road- Mill Valley January 2, 2015

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5 TARTAN ROAD - TREE EXHIBIT

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Dermition of Terms

Abiotic: nonliving Adventitious: appearing in abnormal or unusual position or place. Aerobic: living or acting only in the presence of air (oxygen). Allelopathy: the chemical process by which a plant suppresses competing plants Anaerobic: living or acting only in the absence of air (oxygen). Arborescent: having the nature or habit of a tree.

Bifurcation: natural division of a branch or stem into two or more stems or parts. Biotic: pertaining to living organisms. Boundary tree: said of a tree when a property line crosses through the trunk. Branch bark ridge: swelling of bark tissue on the upper side of the branch junction; normal pattern

of development (contrast with embedded and included bark). Branch collar: wood that forms around a branch attachment, frequently more pronounced below the

branch. Buttress root: a large woody root located at the base of the trunk (the root crown), which helps to

support the tree.

Cambium: a layer several cells thick between the wood and the bark. This is the tissue that gives trunks the ability to grow in circumference.

Canker: a necrotic lesion in the bark of the stem or root; also, the scar left after shedding of bark tissues killed by localized disease or environmental injury.

Chlorosis: lacking in chlorophyll, typically yellow in color. Codominate: equal in size and relative importance, usually associated with either the trunks/stems

or scaffold limbs/branches in the crown; in the context of crown class, trees whose crowns form the bulk of the upper layer of the canopy but which are crowded by adjacent trees.

Compartmentalization: physiological process which creates the chemical and mechanical boundaries that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms.

Conk: fruiting or spore producing body of a group of fungi. Crotch: the point (or angle) at which two branches (or branch and the leader) meet. Crown: parts of the tree above the trunk, including leaves, and branches.

DBH: diameter of the trunk, measured at breast height (54 inches above the ground). Drip line: the width of the crown, as measured by the lateral extent of the foliage.

Epicormic: shoots, which result from adventitious or latent buds. Excurrent: crown form where a strong central leader is present (contrast with decurrent) to the top

of the tree. Exotic: introduced from another place or region; non-native. Exudate: bleeding or oozing.

Flush cut: pruning cut where the branch collar is removed, causing unnecessary injury to the trunk or parent stem.

Frass: fecal material and/or wood shavings produced by insects.

Gall: a plants response to irritation from an insect, fungus, or a virus on the foliage, branches, or roots; producing growth, which isolates the irritation.

Girdling root: root that encircles all or part of the trunk, or other roots, which constricts the vascular tissue and inhibits secondary growth and the movement of materials.

Habit: the general characteristic appearance of a plant. Heading: pruning technique where the cut is made to a bud, weak lateral branch not large enough to

assume the role as a leader, or stub. Herbaceous: a perennial plant that is not woody. Hybrid: the offspring of two plants of different varieties, species, or genera.

Included bark: pattern of development at branch junctions where bark is turned inward rather than pushed out.

Inflorescence: the part of the plant responsible for the flowers. Internode: the space between two nodes.

Latent bud: a bud that is more than one year old, which has grown enough to be located just below the surface of the bark.

Lenticel: a small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gasses between the tree and the air.

Mechanical damage: injury caused by human activities as opposed to natural forces like wind, snow, or ice loads.

Moribund: nearly dead; having lost all vitality.

Necrotic: dead Node: the often swollen or modified part of the stem that normally bears a bud.

Odoriferous: giving off an odor or scent or fragrance.

Parasite: an organism that grows in or on a host, getting all or part of its nutrients from the host. Pathogen: any agent that causes disease, usually refers to microorganisms. Pollarding: pruning technique where young trees or branches are initially headed, then re-headed

on an annual (or regular) basis without disturbing the callus knob (knuckle).

Reaction wood: specialized secondary wood, which develops in response to a lean or similar mechanical stress, attempting to restore the stem to the vertical.

Saprophyte: an organism that gets nourishment from dead or decaying matter. Scaffold limb: primary structural branch of the crown. Structural Root: the large lateral roots that are responsible for anchoring the tree into the ground

and allowing it to remain upright; these roots also store materials for the tree's later use. Suppressed: trees which have been overtopped and whose crown development is restricted from

above by the canopies of adjacent trees.

Watersprout: upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the soil. Wetwood: a clear, watery liquid that originates from infections of the heartwood and inner

sapwood by common soil-inhabiting bacteria. It normally flows to the wounded bark surface where it changes to brown, slimy ooze as a result of feeding by fungi, bacteria, and insects. Wetwood infected wood is resistant to decay by fungi.

Woundwood: lignified, partially differentiated tissue that develops from the callus associated with wounds.

Xylem: tissue produced by the cambium that functions to transport and store water and mineral elements, as well as provide support; wood.

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