Social Science Learning Lab is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Educational department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence.

WRITERS Christianne Ellison Ronald H. Green Michele C. Guerrini Charrie South

ILLUSTRATIONSAlberto Pieruz

SCIENCE CONSULTANT Raquel Macarrón

EDITORS Sara J. Checa Sally Frazer

EXECUTIVE EDITOR Peter Barton

BILINGUAL PROJECT COORDINATION Margarita España

Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.

Social Science5

Contents

Let's explore! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Let's travel in time! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

The world of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Key vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Read about it! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

1 The Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 The Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3 The population of Spain and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4 The institutions of Spain and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

5 Spain in the Middle Ages . . . . . . 72

6 Spain in the Modern Age . . . . . . 88

Learning Lab game . . . . . . . . . . . 104

four

UNIT CONTENTS

1

The Universe• What are stars?• What is a galaxy?• What is the Solar System? • Are there other objects in the Solar

System?

• What causes night and day?• How does the Earth's tilt cause

the seasons?• How does the Moon affect the Earth?

2

The Earth• What are the four spheres of the Earth?• How does the Earth sustain life?• Where on Earth are you?• What is climate?

• What is the climate of Spain like?• What is the Mediterranean climate

like?• What are the other climates in Spain

like?

REVIEW Learning Lab game

3

The population of Spain and Europe

• Are there a lot of people in Spain? • How old will you be? • Where do most people in Spain live? • Where do we all come from?

• Values education: Who moves to Spain?

• Values education: Who lives in Europe?

• Where do most Europeans live?

4

The institutions of Spain and Europe

• How is Spanish territory organised?• What is the Spanish Constitution?• Who is the Head of State?• What are the institutions of Spain?

• What are the aims of the EU?• What are the institutions of the EU?• What is the eurozone?

REVIEW Learning Lab game

5

Spain in the Middle Ages

• How was life for the Visigoth kings?• What language did the Visigoths

speak?• Where were the Muslims from?• Who resisted the Muslims?• How did Christian kingdoms grow?• What is the Muslim legacy?

• Values education: How many religions were there?

• Where did people study in the Middle Ages?

• Where did people live in the Middle Ages?

• Why was Santiago de Compostela so popular?

6

Spain in the Modern Age

• Why was America named America?• How old was Carlos I when he became

king?• When did Madrid become the capital?• How did rich people live?• Who ruled Spain in the 17th century?

• How did people have fun in the 17th century?

• When did Gibraltar become British?• How was life for ordinary people?• What improvements were made?• Who was the best scientist in Spain?

REVIEW Learning Lab game

READ ABOUT IT!

KEY VOCABULARY

4

five

MINI LAB / BE A... FINAL TASK

• Compare the sizes of the planets• Simulate the rotation of the Earth• Be an astronomer! What do you know about eclipses?

• TaskBuild a star projectorValues educationPair and group work

• Record a biosphere voiceover • Be a geographer! How do we use coordinates?

• TaskInvestigate climate change Values educationPair and group work / conservation awareness

• Compare the life expectancy of men and women in Spain • Calculate population density• Investigate a European city with a high population• Be a statistician! How do you read pie charts and

population pyramids?

• TaskCreate a population pyramid photocall Values educationPair and group work

• Make a class constitution• Investigate an EU flag• Be a social scientist! How are euros different?

TaskMake a constitution for a school clubValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

• Create a timeline of the Christian Reconquest• Write your name in medieval style• Be a historian! How do historians identify the age

of buildings?

TaskCreate a medieval job advertisementValues educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

• Create a Modern Age fact file • Be a historian! How do we analyse a painting?

TaskOrganise an exhibition of paintings from the Modern Age Values educationPair and group work / cultural awareness

5

The population of Spain and Europe

Where do people live in Spain?

1 Observe  Look at the photos. Talk to a partner.•  Where do the people in the photos live?•  Which photo shows a city on the coast?•  Which shows an inland town?•  What differences can you see in the photos?

3

You already know!

•  Population is the total number of people who live in a country.

•  More than 700 million people live in Europe.

•  Immigrants are people from other countries that live in Spain.

A

C

B

D

They live in a city.

Where do the people in photo A live?

38 thirty-eight

They count people because they need to provide services, like schools.

How do governments count people?Governments use a special survey called a census to count the residents in a country and study their characteristics. The census gives information about gender, age, civil status (married, single, etc.), level of studies and jobs. People who can work are the active population. These people are divided into two groups. People who have a job are employed. People who do not have a job are unemployed.People who cannot work are the inactive population.Countries do a census every ten years because the population changes.The answers help the government to predict future needs. They use questionnaires to get information. Cities and towns have a municipal register. It includes the names of the people who live there.

2 Observe  Look at the table. Write the answers in your notebook.•  What three areas are included in the table?•  What is the total population of

Farmingville?

• Which age group is the largest?• How many people have jobs?• How many people are in your age group?

3 Think about it  Why do governments need to count people? Talk to a partner.

Final task

Create a population pyramid photocall

Census 2019: town of Farmingville

Gender Age group Activity

Male 57 0 to 15 years old 21 Employed 26

Female 71 16 to 65 years old 48 Unemployed 102

Over 65 years old 59

In Spain, censuses are carried out by Instituto Nacional de Estadística, whose office is in Madrid.

39thirty-nine

forty

Are there a lot of people in Spain?The census is important because the total population of a place changes over time. Social scientists study demography, the changes in population.The population increases when babies are born, or new people arrive. The population decreases when people move or decease. Two important changes are births and deaths.•  The birth rate is the number of babies

that are born per thousand people.•  The death rate is the number of people

that died per thousand people.

Key words• emigration• immigration

•  Natural growth is the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths.

•  Emigration occurs when people leave their country for another place.•  Immigration occurs when people come to a new country to live. This information helps the government plan for the future.

1 Listen and write the year and the number of births or deaths.

2 Compare  Look at the table. Talk to a partner. a. What was the birth rate in 2011?b. In which year is the birth rate higher, 2012 or

2017?c. Which year has the highest death rate?d. How is the birth rate changing?

3 Think about it  Is your family growing? Do you have the same number of brothers, sisters or cousins as three years ago? Tell your partner.

Spain 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Number of births per 1,000 people 10.07 9.69 9.11 9.17 9.02 8.80 8.37

Number of deaths per 1,000 people 8.26 8.57 8.34 8.47 9.05 8.78 9.05

Population factsIn 1981 the average age to have a baby in Spain was 25. In 2017 the age was 31.

• Why do you think people now have children when they are older?

40

How old will you be?Life expectancy is the number of years a person will probably live. Life expectancy in Spain is high. The birth rate is low and people live longer than they did in the past. For this reason, Spain has an ageing population. There are more elderly people than younger people.

Compare the life expectancy of men and women in SpainSocial scientists often use bar graphs to present information.

1  Look at the bar graph. Answer the questions in your notebook. •  What is the title of the bar graph?•  Look at the key. What do the two colours mean?•  Look at the vertical axis. What does it show?•  Look at the horizontal axis. What does it show?•  Who lives longer? Men or woman?•  In general, has male and female life expectancy increased or decreased

between 1910 and 2017?

2  What conditions help increase life expectancy? Talk to a partner.

Mini Lab

SPAIN: LIFE EXPECTANCY BY AGE AND SEX 1900 – 2030

I think being healthy increases life expectanty.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Source: INE, 2017

0

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2017

Male

Female

942913_02_p27_h01_esperanza_vida_barras

Years

Age

3

41forty-one

Where do most people in Spain live?

1 Copy and complete the text in your notebook with less or more.

Farmingville has an area of two km² and a population of 35 people. Miningville has an area of two km² and a population of 25 people. Factoryville has an area of two km² and a population of 28. Farmingville is ... densely populated than Miningville. Miningville is ... densely populated than Factoryville.

2 Think about it  What are the positives and negatives of living in a city or a rural area? Write ideas in your notebook. Compare with a partner.

 The positives of living in a city are…

Population density is the number of people in an area per square kilometre (km2).

When many people live in an area the area is densely populated.

Cities are densely populated. Rural areas are sparsely populated.

When a small number of people live in an area the area is sparsely populated.

42 forty-two

3 Copy and correct the sentences in your notebook.a. In general, the population density of Spain

is high.b. The population distribution of Spain is

even.4 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the Spanish

population map and tables. Which two autonomous communities have the highest populations? In those autonomous communities, which provinces have the densest populations? Which are the sparsest? Talk to a partner.

5 USE YOUR ATLAS. Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook. Then, listen and check.• The population of Spain is denser in three

areas. The areas are…• The areas that are sparsely populated are… • The Comunidad de Madrid is an exception

because…

Which autonomous communities have the highest populations?

Key words• average• densely• sparsely• distribution• population density

Spain, in general, has a moderate population density. The average is 92 people per km². This means that the population density of Spain is not the same in all parts of the country. The population distribution is uneven.The population is denser along the coastline and on the islands.

The province with the densest population is…

The province of Teruel in Aragón has a population density of nine people per km2.

The province of Zaragoza in Aragón has a population density of 55 people per km2.

Valencia is a large coastal city.

Within each province, most of the population lives in cities. Of every 100 Spaniards, 80 live in cities.

3

43forty-three

Calculate population density

Mini Lab You need• a calculator

To calculate population density, use this formula.

Divide the number of people living in an area by the surface area. The density is the number of people per km2.

1  USE YOUR ATLAS. Find your province on the Spanish population map. Answer the questions in your notebook.•  Is your province densely populated

or sparsely populated?•  Which provinces have a low

population density? Which have a high population density?

2  USE YOUR ATLAS. Find provinces with similar population densities to yours. Use the map. What do they have in common? Copy and complete the table.

3  Calculate the population density of your province. •  Search the internet to find the

population and km2 for your province. •  Use the formula to calculate

the population density. •  Write the answer in your notebook.

4  USE YOUR ATLAS. Calculate the population density of your city. •  Find the page for your autonomous

community in the Atlas.•  Find the population of your city on the

page or search the internet for it.•  Use the formula to calculate the

population density of your city. •  Write the answer in your notebook.

5  Think about it  Is the population density of your province similar to the population density of your city? Is it very different? Why? Talk to a partner.

Provinces with similar population densities

Province Common characteristics

… …

Population density = number of people

surface area (km2)

forty-four44

Where do we all come from?Migration is the permament movement of people from one place to another.

Many people from rural areas of Spain moved to cities to find work. This is called the rural exodus. From the beginning of the 20th century many people in Spain moved to cities.

In the past, many people also emigrated to countries in America or Europe to find work. Today, it is still common for young people to move to other countries to find work.

1 Complete the definitions in your notebook.

• An … is a person who comes to a country from another country.

• An … is a person who moves within a country or to a new country.

2 Think about it  Was there a rural exodus where you live? Where did people go? Answer in your notebook.

3 Think about it  Would you emigrate to another country? Which one? Would life in a new country be easy or difficult? Why? Answer in your notebook.

Immigrants are people who come to a country from another country.

Emigrants are people who move to different country.

Net migration is the difference between the number of people who leave a country and the number who come to that country.

Key words• emigrant• immigrant• migration• rural exodus

emigrant immigrant

3

45forty-five

Who moves to Spain?Immigrants come to Spain from many different countries. There are differences in where the most immigrants come from between provinces.

1 Observe  Look at the map. Which provinces have the most immigrants from each country? What do you know about the language, foods and traditions of these countries? Talk to a partner.

2 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the Spanish population map and tables. Answer in your notebook.• Which autonomous communities have

the highest populations of immigrants? • Where are the people from?

Key words• multicultural

A T L A N T I CO C E A N

M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Ca ntabr ian Sea

PO

RT

UG

AL

F R A N C E

MOROCCOSource: INE, 2017

LEÓN

JAÉN

BADAJOZ

CÁCERES CUENCA

TERUEL

HUESCA

TOLEDO

SEVILLA

LLEIDA

LUGO

SORIA

BURGOS

ZARAGOZA

ALBACETECIUDAD REAL

CÓRDOBA

ÁVILA

HUELVA

CÁDIZ

GRANADA

ZAMORA

VALENCIA/VALÈNCIA

ALMERÍA

SALAMANCA

PALENCIA

MÁLAGA

GUADALAJARA

OURENSE

SEGOVIA

GIRONA

A CORUÑA

BARCELONAVALLADOLID

ALICANTE/ALACANT

ARABA/ÁLAVA

CASTELLÓN/CASTELLÓ

TARRAGONA

PONTEVEDRA

BIZKAIA GIPUZKOA

ILLES BALEARS

LAS PALMAS

SANTA CRUZDE TENERIFE

MURCIA

MADRID

ASTURIASCANTABRIA

LA RIOJA

NAVARRA

Ceuta

Melilla

942973_02_p32_h01_provincias_espana

A T L A N T I C O C E A N

N

S

EOW

Which provinces have the most inmigrants from Portugal?

942973_02_p32_h01_leyenda_provincias_espana

Venezuela

Morocco

Romania

Ecuador

Colombia

France

Portugal

United Kingdom

Bulgaria

Lifestyle

Spain receives many immigrants. They work and help to make the economy strong.Immigrants adapt to life in Spain. They also contribute new languages, foods, traditions and ideas. Spain is now multicultural!

Immigrants are also often young adults who might have children. These families help to make the population younger.•  Why is a younger population a good thing?

forty-six46

How do you read pie charts and population pyramids?Social scientists use pie charts and population pyramids to visually represent population characteristics. A population pyramid is a type of bar graph. It shows the population of an area grouped by age and gender.

Pie charts show information in a circle divided into segments. The circle represents the Spanish population. It is divided into two segments for men and women. Each segment represents a percentage of the whole population.

Look at the pyramid

1 Talk to a partner.• What colour is used for each gender?• Which age group is the largest for men?• Which three age groups have the largest

population?• Which age groups have the smallest

population?• Who lives longer in each age group, men

or women?

Look at the pie chart

2 What percentage of the population is male? What percentage is female?

3 Compare the pyramid and the pie chart. Which can show more detailed information?

Be a statistician!

Key words• axis• pie chart

•  population pyramid

The … can show more detailed information because…

SPAIN POPULATION 2017 (in millions)

100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-145-90-4

3 2 321 10Millions of people

Age groups

0

942973_02_p33_h01_piramide_espana_2017

Male Female

Source: INE, 2017

Female50,96

Male49,03

942973_02_p33_h02_gra�co_poblacion_espanola_sexo

Source: INE, 2017

Lorem ipsum

Information about men is on the left.

The horizontal axis shows the population in each age group.

The bars show the number of people in each age group.

The vertical axis shows the age groups.

Information about women is on the right.

The title shows the place and the year.

3

47forty-seven

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Europe was a continent of emigrants. Now, it is a continent of immigrants, many from Africa and Asia. When immigrants create families, the population of Europe increases.Many immigrants come to work. This increases the active population. Some come to study. Others come to have a better standard of life. Some come to escape war or disasters. Immigrants contribute different customs, religions and ways of thinking. This makes Europe a multicultural continent.

Who lives in Europe?More than 740 million people live in Europe today, but it is an ageing population.• The birthrate is low.• Life expectancy is high. In Eastern Europe, the situation is more serious. The birth rate is lower than the death rate. The population is decreasing.

1 Immigrants come to Europe for different reasons. Listen and match.

2 Think about it  What difficulties might immigrants to Europe have? Talk to a partner.

A B C

Immigrants to Europe might have difficulty learning a new language.

Yes, and they might have difficulty...

Lifestyle

48 forty-eight

Where do most Europeans live?Europe is a small continent with a large population. It is densely populated in some areas and sparsely populated in others. The population distribution is uneven.

1 Listen and say true or false.

2 USE YOUR ATLAS. Look at the European population density map. Answer the questions in your notebook. • Which parts of Europe are the most

densely populated?• In general, which parts are sparsely

populated?• Why do you think Northern Europe is so

sparsely populated?

3 Compare  Is the population distribution of Spain and Europe similar? Talk to a partner.

Investigate a European city with a high population

1 USE YOUR ATLAS. Choose a European city with a population of over two million inhabitants.

2 Use the internet to investigate the city.• How many inhabitants does the city

have and what is its surface area?• Calculate the population density

of the city.• Are there a lot of immigrants in the

city? Where are they from?• What are the customs of the immigrant

groups in the city?

3 Make a leaflet to tell your classmates about the city you chose.

Mini Lab

They are similar because…

The population density of the European Union is 116 people per km2. The majority of Europeans live in cities. Ten of those cities have a population of more than two million inhabitants.

Berlin, Germany, has a population of about five million inhabitants.

Rome, Italy, has a population of about four million inhabitants.

Key words• densely• density• distribution• sparsely

3

49forty-nine

Check your progressVocabulary

1 In your notebook, identify the sections of the population pyramid.

Concepts

4 Do the activities in your notebook.• What kind of graph is this?• What does the height of each bar represent?• Make sentences about the graph.

Use numbers and nationalities.

Most immigrants are from … and… About … immigrants are from…

5 Look at the graph. Copy the sentence that describes what it shows in your notebook.

a. People in Spain live longer than before.b. There are more elderly people in Spain

than younger people.

2 Copy the definitions and write the word they define in your notebook.• the number of people per km2

• how long a person will probably live• the difference between the number of

births and deaths• the difference between the number of

emigrants and immigrants

3 Think about what makes Spain and Europe multicultural? Copy and complete the list in your notebook.

women

horizontal axis

title

men vertical axis

SPAIN POPULATION 2017 (in millions)

100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-1910-145-90-4

3 2 321 10Millions of people

Age groups

0

942973_02_p33_h01_piramide_espana_2017

Male Female

Source: INE, 2017

1,000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Fran

ce

Thousands of people

Rom

ania

Mor

occo

Ecua

tor

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom Ita

ly

Chi

na

Ger

man

y

Col

ombi

a

Bul

garia

942973_02_p36_h02_inmigrantes_espana

Source: INE, 2017

90858075706560555045403530

1910

Men Women

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Years

Age

Source: INE

Multicultural

different food

…

50 fifty

Apply what you know

6 Copy and complete the table. Calculate the population density. Use a calculator.

YES NO NOT SURE•  I can describe the population distribution of Spain. … … …

• I know how to read different types of charts and graphs. … … …

• I can describe the characteristics of the population of Europe. … … …

My progress Think about your work in this unit. Copy and complete.

multicultural low

ageing population

high life expectancy

decreasing population

The majority live in...

high number of immigrants

Population density = number of people

surface area (km2)

7 Why does a population age? What problems does this cause? How can we improve this situation? Answer in your notebook.

8 Compare the populations of Spain and Europe. Copy and complete the chart.

Province Population Area Population density

Soria 90,040 10,306km2 …

Valencia 2,544,000 10,807km2 …

Madrid 6,477,000 8,030km2 …

Málaga 1,629,000 7,308km2 …

Spain both Europe

3

51fifty-one

Create a population pyramid photocall

Final task

1 Think about it. • What information does a population

pyramid give you?• What are the different sections of the

pyramid? • What information does each section give?

3 Investigate.• What information do you need about each

person?• How will you get that information?• Where will you write down

the information?• How will you calculate the length

of the bars on the population pyramid?

Age Male/Female

Grandmother 72 female

Brother 14 male

Neighbour 46 female

2 Make a decision.To make a population pyramid you need to choose a population. In a group, discuss which population you will investigate for your population pyramid.• Will you only investigate you and your

families?• Will you also investigate friends

and neighbours?• How many people will you include in

total?Make sure t0 include different ages and genders in your population!

You need• notebook• coloured pencils• paper• card• ruler• posterboard

52 fifty-two

4 Prepare your population pyramid.Include: • a title. • separate sections for males and females.• the age groups on the vertical axis with

5-year intervals.• colours for the bars.• information about the size of the

population on the horizontal axis.

5 Prepare a photocall background.Prepare a background on posterboard for your population pyramid photocall. Include:• drawings or photos of the people

in your population.

Presentation time!

6 Present your population pyramid to the class. • Choose a place in your classroom

where everyone can see you.• Put up your photocall background.

Stand in front of it.• Explain your pyramid and photocall

background to the class. • Identify the youngest person and

the oldest person in your population.• Answer questions from your

classmates about your pyramid. For example, why did you choose this population?

• Take a picture of your population pyramid and your group in front of your photocall background.

7 Compare your work with other groups. • What differences are there

in the populations?• How do these differences affect

the shape of the pyramid?

Population of Farmingville 2019

3

53 fifty-three

1

2

3

4

5

6

You need

•  one counter per player

• a dice

• a scoresheet

Learning Lab game

SCORESHEET1 2 3 4 5 6purple ✓

yellow ✓greenblueorange

3 The winner is the first player to get to 50 points and to have answered two squares of each colour.

a. emigrantsb. immigrantsc. birth rate

1 Copy the scoresheet in your notebook.

Roll the dice. Go to a square in the row of the

number you roll. Score the same number of points

on your dice if you answer correctly. Look at the

colour of the space and follow the instruction.

Answer the

question.

What's the

question?

Name or say.

What's in the

square?Find the odd one out and say why.

A set of principles that guides how a

country operates.

This institution runs the country

and makes political and

economic decisions.

What are the main institutions

of Europe?

This institution controls the finances of

the EU.2 Fill in your

scoresheet when you get a question correct.

68 sixty-eight

one hundred and ten

3K E Y V O C A B U L A R Y

The population of Spain and Europe

average the result of adding two or more numbers together, then dividing the total by the quantity of numbers you have added.

axis a line that shows measurements on a graph.

bar graph a graph made up of vertical or horizontal bars.

decrease to reduce or go down.dense something that contains a lot of things

or people in a small area.density the number of things or people

contained in an area.distribution the way things or people are

arranged in an area.emigrant a person who has left their own

country to live in another country.emigration moving from your own country

to another country to live.gender personal identification as female, male,

a combination of the two, or neither.immigrant a person who has come to live

in a country from their own country.immigration coming into a country to live. increase to go up in size, level or quantity.majority more than half.

migration the movement of people from a country or area to another.

multicultural including people from different countries, who have different cultures.

pie chart a circle divided into parts that show relative quantities between the parts.

population density the quantity of people living in a unit of the Earth. It is calculated by dividing the number of people by the surface area (km2).

population pyramid a pyramid-shaped graph that shows the age and gender of a population.

questionnaire a list of questions that a group of people answer as part of an investigation.

rural exodus when many people leave a rural area at the same time.

sparse something that contains few things or people in a large area.

survey finding information about people, usually by using a questionnaire.

110

GEOGRAPHY MAGAZINE

Read about it!

Our planet is crowded. One hundred years ago, the world's

population was less than two billion. Today, the world's population is over seven billion. It is growing by 200,000 people every day.

The continent with the biggest population is Asia, followed by Africa and Europe. Antarctica is the continent with the smallest population. The most populated country is China, followed by India. Iceland, Andorra,

Monaco and Vatican City are among the least populated countries in the world. Istanbul, Moscow and London are the most populated cities in Europe.

An increasing population can cause many problems. One big problem of overpopulation is that we do not have enough natural resources. Scientists are looking for solutions.

A growing population

Unit 3

116 one hundred and sixteen

1 Read the text and answer the questions in your notebook.a. Is the world's population growing? Explain. b. Which are the three most populated continents in the world?c. Which is the least populated continent in the world? d. What are the most populated cities in Europe?e. Why can overpopulation be a problem?

2 Use the internet to find out more about the populations of Istanbul, Moscow and London. • How many people live in each city?• How has the population changed over time?

3 Talk to a partner about the population of your town or city. • How many people live in your town or city?• How has the population changed over time?• Has the population increased or decreased? Why do you think this is?