5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)
-
Upload
rene-lee -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
198 -
download
2
Transcript of 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)
![Page 1: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 5
Sensation
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
![Page 2: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sensation
Sensation a process by which our sensory
receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
Perception a process of organizing and
interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
![Page 3: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sensation Our
sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex processes
![Page 4: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sensation
Bottom-Up Processing analysis that begins with the sense
receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Top-Down Processing information processing guided by
higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions
drawing on our experience and expectations
![Page 5: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sensation- Basic Principles
Psychophysics study of the relationship between
physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness
![Page 6: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect
a particular stimulus 50% of the time Difference Threshold
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
just noticeable difference (JND)
![Page 7: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds Signal Detection Theory
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
detection depends partly on person’s experience expectations motivation level of fatigue
![Page 8: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Subliminal When stimuli
are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
0
25
50
75
100
Low Absolutethreshold
Medium
Intensity of stimulus
Percentageof correctdetections
Subliminal stimuli
![Page 9: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Weber’s Law- to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3%
Sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
![Page 10: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina
![Page 11: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vision
Transduction conversion of one form of energy
to another in sensation, transforming of
stimulus energies into neural impulses
Wavelength the distance from the peak of one
wave to the peak of the next
![Page 12: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vision
Hue dimension of color determined by
wavelength of light Intensity
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness
![Page 13: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The spectrum of electromagnetic energy
![Page 14: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vision- Physical Properties of Waves
Short wavelength=high frequency(bluish colors, high-pitched sounds)
Long wavelength=low frequency(reddish colors, low-pitched sounds)
Great amplitude(bright colors, loud sounds)
Small amplitude(dull colors, soft sounds)
![Page 15: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vision
Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the eye
Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
![Page 16: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vision
![Page 17: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Vision
Accommodation- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
Retina- the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
![Page 19: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Vision
Acuity- the sharpness of vision Nearsightedness- condition in which
nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects in front of retina
Farsightedness- condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina
![Page 20: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vision
Normal Nearsighted Farsighted Vision Vision Vision
![Page 21: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors
Rods peripheral retina detect black, white and gray twilight or low light
Cones near center of retina fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit conditions
![Page 22: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Retina’s Reaction to Light
Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there
Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
![Page 23: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vision- Receptors
Receptors in the Human Eye
Cones Rods
Number
Location in retina
Sensitivity in dim light
Color sensitive? Yes
Low
Center
6 million
No
High
Periphery
120 million
![Page 25: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex
![Page 26: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Feature Detectors nerve cells in the
brain that respond to specific features
shape angle movement
Stimulus
Cell’s responses
![Page 27: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How the Brain Perceives
![Page 29: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Illusory Contours
![Page 30: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of several
aspects of a problem simultaneously
![Page 31: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Trichromatic (three color) Theory Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors
red green blue
![Page 33: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Color-Deficient Vision
People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design
![Page 34: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision
“ON” “OFF”red greengreen red blue yellow yellow blue black whitewhite black
![Page 35: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
![Page 36: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Color Constancy Perceiving familiar objects as
having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
![Page 37: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Audition
Audition the sense of hearing
Frequency the number of complete
wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Pitch a tone’s highness or lowness depends on frequency
![Page 38: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Intensity of Some Common Sounds
![Page 39: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Audition- The Ear Middle Ear
chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
Inner Ear innermost part of the ear, contining the
cochlea, semicurcular canals, and vestibular sacs
Cochlea coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner
ear through which
![Page 41: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Audition
Place Theory the theory that links the pitch we hear
with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Frequency Theory the theory that the rate of nerve
impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
![Page 42: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
How We Locate Sounds
![Page 43: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Audition
Conduction Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the
mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Nerve Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
![Page 44: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Audition Older people tend to hear low frequencies well
but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies
1time
10times
100times
1000times
32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384
Frequency of tone in waves per second
Low Pitch High
Amplitude required forperception relative to 20-29 year-old group
![Page 45: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Touch
Skin Sensations pressure
only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
warmth cold pain
![Page 46: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pain Gate-Control Theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
![Page 47: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Taste Taste Sensations
sweet sour salty bitter
Sensory Interaction the principle that one sense may
influence another as when the smell of food influences its
taste
![Page 48: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Smell
Receptor cells inolfactory membrane
Nasal passage
Olfactorybulb
Olfactorynerve
![Page 49: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Women
Men
10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99Age Group
4
3
2
0
Numberof correct
answers
Women and young adults have best sense of smell
![Page 50: 5 sensationenhanced (1) (1)](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062513/555ebbb0d8b42a74708b478a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Body Position and Movement
Kinesthesis the system for sensing the position
and movement of individual body parts
Vestibular Sense the sense of body movement and
position including the sense of balance