5 Research Ethics

7/31/2019 5 Research Ethics

1/25

Research ETHICSFTSL-5098

Metodologi penelitian


2/25

What is Ethics ?

o synonyms for morally correct or justified - setof justified moral principles of obligation, rights,

and idealso particular beliefs or attitudes concerning

morality

o area of study or inquiry an activity ofunderstanding moral values, resolving moralissues, and justifying moral judgments


3/25

Is there Ethics in Research

o Theres no such thing as perfectly ethicalresearch

Research inherently unethical (in some degree)

o Theres no such thing as totally harmlessresearch

Research will somehow, at some degree influence itssubject


4/25

Ethics: General Terms

o Ethics critical reflection on what one does andwhy one does it.

o Morality social conventions about right andwrong conduct.

o Ethics is a guide to personal conduct of a

professional engineero Most of the technical societies have a written

code of ethics for their members


5/25

Engineering Ethics

Engineering ethics is the study of the moralvalues, issues, and decisions involved in

engineering practice. responsibilities

ideals

character traits social policies

relationships desirable from individuals and

corporations engaged in engineering.


6/25

Ethical vs. Moral

Ethical butimmoral

Ethical andmorally

accepted

Unethicaland immoral

Unethical butmorally

accepted

unacceptable by

legal standard acceptable by

legal standard

acceptable by

social norms

unacceptable by

social norms

copyright, patentstealing

Talking while eating


7/25

Ethical Issues in Research Project

B

efore

Research

D

uringResearch

AfterResearch

Participants:

Voluntary participation

Informed consent Self-determination

Participants:

Anonymity and

confidentiality

Participants:

No deception

No harming (physicaland psychological)

Data:

No falsification

No fabrication

No plagiarism

Publications:

No falsification of data

No fabrication of data

No plagiarism

Proper credits

IPR, copyrights,

patents


8/25

Ethics in science

Science has a great ethical responsibility: toprovide knowledge. Ethics without knowledge is

as effective as a geographical exploration withouta compass. . In simple words, therole of ethics begins where science and technologyhave opened possibilities.

Dr. Edward Teller

(Source: Hargittai, I. 2005 The Tragedy of Edward Teller. Hungarian Academy ofSciences)


9/25

GOOD SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE (1/2)1) Scientific practice must be performed with high

integrity, meticulousness and accuracy (inconducting research, in recording and presenting

results, and in judging research and its results)2) Transparency ethically sustainable data-collection, research and evaluation methods(variation by research discipline) and openness inpublishing

3) Fairness taking due account of other researcherswork and achievements

4) Accountability planning, conducting andreporting according to standards set for scientificknowledge


10/25

Good Scientific Practice (2/2)5) Accountability & Fairness status, rights, co-

authorship, liabilities and obligations of theresearch team are determined

ownership of data storage of material

recording matters agreed

before starting research/recruiting reasercher

6) Accountability & Openness sources of fundingand other associations are made known to thoseparticipating in research and to public

7) Good management practices goodadministrative practice and personnel and financial

management


11/25

Who is Responsible for Maintaining Good

Scientific Practices?

o NOT ONLY the researcher him/herself, but also:

research team collectively

supervisor as aresearchdirector

head of research unit/organisation

learned societies and publication media (as

mediators of research data and as promotersof science)

funding organisations as research policymakers


12/25

Violation of Good Scientific Practices

There are two types of bad sciencepractices

1. Misconduct in science

2. Fraud in science


13/25

Misconduct in Science Practices

Some examples:

unjustified authorship understatement of otherresearchers contribution to a publication, or GhostWriter

negligence in referringto earlier findings

careless and misleading reportingof researchfindings and the methods used

negligence in recording and preserving results

publication of the same results several times as new

misleading the research community about ones ownresearch


14/25

Fraud in Science Practices Fabrication

Presentation of fabricated data or results to the research community

fabricated data have not been obtained in the manner or by the methods described inthe report

presenting fabricated results in a research report

Misrepresentation (falsification)Intentional alteration or presentation of original findings in a way which distorts the result scientifically unjustified alteration or selection of data or results misrepresentation to omit results or data pertinent to conclusions

PlagiarismPresenting someone elses research plan, manuscript, article or text, or parts thereof, asones own

Misappropriation

A researcher illicitly presents or uses in his/her own name an original research idea, plan

or finding disclosed to him/her in confidence.


15/25

Effects and Bias in Experimental Research

Effects Remarks

History EffectsAny effect that is produced whenever uncontrolled event alters participants

responses

Maturity Effects

Maturity of participants influence their responses (for long lasting experiment

wiser, knowledgeable. Contrary to being mature boredom, fatigue,emotional

Testing EffectsChanges in response caused by measuring (more than once) the dependent

variables

Instrumentation Effects Changes in the manner in which the dependent variables are measured

Statistical RegressionEffects Effect that occurs when extreme values are observed or measured

outliers

Selection Effects Effects caused by the manner in which the participants were recruited

Mortality Effects Caused by the loss or participant during experiment

Participant Bias Any intentional effort on the part of participants to alter their response

Experimental Bias Researchers / experimenters differential treatment on experimental groups


16/25

Why does such behavior occur?

o career pressuremoney and fame (pride)

o peer pressure (fame) competition between

researchers

o financial problems competition betweenresearchers

o target pressure (greed)

o sponsored research

o alienation from basic rules: do not lie, do not steal


17/25

Problems of Sponsored Research Conflicting interest:

Research may serve the interests of the sponsor

more than the participant / community Sponsors may not be sensitive to local customs,

practice or legal requirements

Risk and Benefit to others

Participants / communities may be disillusioned bylack of follow up

Injury may not be adequately compensated


18/25

Role of Ethics in Research

Ethics plays important role in preserving good qualityand integrity of scientific practices (including research)

Ethics aims to protect participants from harm and topromote their welfare

Ethics also promotes good science as participants whofeel respected may:

actively engage with research requests

answer truthfully

provide critical & honest feedback

return to continue for follow up

increasing the quality of the data

Research ethics refers to the moral principles guiding research, from itsinception through to its completion and publication of results and beyond

ESRC (2005)


19/25

What makes research ethical?

The requirements for ethical research:

1. Community Participation

2. Social value3. Scientific validity

4. Fair selection of participants

5. Favorable risk / benefit ratio

6. Independent review

7. Adequate informed consent

8. Ongoing respect for dignity


20/25

What are the key principles in research ethics?o Non-Maleficence:

Do no harm Researchers are obligated not to deliberately harmparticipants

o

Beneficence:Researchers should take active and positive steps to reduce possibleharms to a minimum and to maximize anticipated benefits of theresearch

o Respect for Autonomy:Self Rule Researchers must respect rights of participants who

can make decisions to do so, and must take special measures toprotect vulnerable participants whose freedom to make choices islimited, or those with no capacity to choose

o Justice:Fair balance of risks and benefits Researchers must assure fairshare burden of research (risk and benefit) to any individual orgroup


21/25

Protecting Your Works

In any circumstances you need the world to know your work (and

results!) It is part of your duties and obligations as a scientist

Protecting your work the balance of risk and benefit

Full disclosureIts in your dissertation/thesis. The use of your

dissertation is under your approval ( transfer of authority/permit forusage)

Partial disclosure seminar, scientific publications, limited

abstract, extended abstract ( transfer of ownership)

IPR copyrights, patents! problem with ownership


22/25

How things work around ITB?

o Although there is no single body formallyassigned to handle matters related to research

and/or scientific ethics, cases can be processedthrough:

Academic Senate Commissions

Rectors student discipline commission

In the case of cases involving graduate works:

Faculty/Schools Graduate Program Commission (KPPS)

Graduate School Commission (KSPS)


23/25

Research Ethics in ActionIt is nearly the end of your study at a prestigious university. After workinghard for a quite sometimes in the laboratory, your research finally comeup with some astonishing results, that no one in Indonesia has been ableto produce. You are about to prove that a certain condition pertinent to

locality does have impact to a certain result. Your advisor is asking you todraft a paper for possible publication in an international journal, whileyour are working toward finishing your thesis. However, during thepreparation of the draft after a period of time, when you examine thelaboratory results more closely not all data will be fit with yourconclusion. In fact a small group of data behaved differently from the rest.You decided to omit that particular group from the paper, but write up the

draft as if all data is conformed.

Points to discuss:

Will you tell your advisor?

What will you do with your laboratory work and thesis?

Can you assume those data as noise? If so, what conditions might it be OK?


24/25

Research Ethics in ActionSupposed you are a fellow student researchers working in the same laboratory

under the same supervisor, who just happened to know what is going on with your

colleagues work.

Points to discuss:

What will you do?


25/25

end of this section

5 Research Ethics

Documents

Transcript of 5 Research Ethics