5 major reservoirs
description
Transcript of 5 major reservoirs
![Page 1: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
5 major reservoirs
![Page 2: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
5 major reservoirs: atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, oceans (and ocean critters), sediments, earth’s interior
![Page 3: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Short term cycle (days->years) Residence time=(Storage)/(Flux)Long term cycle (millions of years)
![Page 4: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Earth’s long term climate history: Is any of this due to the long-term, geologic CO2 cycle?
![Page 5: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Can mountains change the global climate?
![Page 6: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
More recent (Pleistocene, Holocene) Climate
• in last 1.8 million years (Pleistocene) repeated glacial cycles.
![Page 7: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Glacial Consequences• Sea level – Ice ages cause sea level to rise and
fall. – Sea level was ~ 100 m lower during the most
recent Ice age– If ice sheets melted, coastal regions would be
flooded.
![Page 8: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Causes of Glaciation (Climate Change)• Long-term causes (millions of years) – Set the
stage for ice ages.– Plate tectonics – Controls factors that influence
glaciation.• Distribution of continents toward high latitudes.• Sea-level flux by mid-ocean-ridge volume changes.• Oceanic currents.
– Atmospheric chemistry.• Changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
– Carbon dioxide (CO2).– Methane (CH4).
![Page 9: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Long-Term Climate Change What causes long-term climate changes?
Volcanic gases trap heat, promote global warming.Mid-Cretaceous rifting and expanded mid-ocean ridges.
Orogenic uplift consumes CO2 in rock weathering.Leads to overall climatic cooling.Uplift of the Himalayas attended Cenozoic cooling.
![Page 10: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Causes of Climate Change• Short-term causes (10’s to 100’s ka) – Govern
advances and retreats. – Milankovitch Cycles changes in Earth’s orbit
![Page 11: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Causes of Climate Change Milankovitch cycles – Climate variation over 10’s to 100’s
Ka predicted by cyclic changes in orbital geometry.• These variations lead to excess warming or
cooling.• Ice ages result when cooling effects coincide.
![Page 12: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Causes of Climate Change• Short-term causes, con’t – Govern advances and
retreats. – Changes in albedo (reflectivity).– Volcanic Activity– Sunspot activity– Oceanic thermohaline circulation changes.– atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
![Page 13: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Methods of Study.
Paleoclimates – Investigations of past climatic variation. Computer simulations – Modeling past and future changes.
![Page 14: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Paleoclimates – Past climates are indicated by datable
Earth materials that are climate sensitive. Stratigraphic records – Sequences of rock strata.
Depositional environments are often climate-sensitive. Coral reefs – Tropical marine. Glacial tills – Cold and continental.
![Page 15: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Paleoclimatic evidence:
Paleontological – Faunal assemblages reflect climate.Assemblage changes record climatic shifts.
Pollen in pond sediments.o Spruce (colder) vs. hemlock (warmer).o Trees (colder, drier) vs. grasses (warmer, wetter).
![Page 16: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Paleoclimates:
Oxygen isotopes – Two isotopes: 16O and 18O. 16O water evaporates faster than 18O water. During ice ages…
16O in seawater evaporates faster. This water is trapped on land as ice. Seas become 16O depleted, 18O enriched. 18O/16O increases in remaining seawater. Shells grown in this sea will reflect the altered 18O/16O ratio.
![Page 17: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Paleoclimates:
16O water evaporates faster than18O water. During interglacials…Melting ice returns water to oceans. 16O returns to oceans. 18O/16O decreases.Reflected in shells.
400 Ka of 18O/16O data are archived in polar-region ice cores.
![Page 18: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Paleoclimates:
Oxygen isotope ratios are preserved in carbonate shells.The oxygen in CaCO3 shells mirrors
oceanic 18O/16O.Sea floor sediments preserve ocean
chemistry changes.
![Page 19: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Global Climate Change Paleoclimates:
Growth rings – Tree rings can easily be dated.Ring thickness reflects climatic changes.
Wetter, warmer = thicker; drier, colder = thinner.Ring widths form time sequences.Overlapping sequences yield a time scale.
![Page 20: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Humans
1. Overview of ClimateWhat Causes the Climate to Vary?
Plate Tectonics
Volcanic Activity
Sun
![Page 21: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Anthropogenic Changes Global warming – Human GHG additions alter climate.
CO2 in the atmosphere has steadily climbed since 1958. In 1958, CO2 was ~ 315 ppm; in 2000, CO2 was ~ 370 ppm.
Human additions of CO2 and CH4 outstrip natural removals.Fossil fuel combustion (CO2).Rice-paddy decay (CH4).Cow flatulence (CH4).
![Page 22: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Th & FridayDr. Susan Kaspari (climate scientist)
![Page 23: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Exam #6 Thursday, 8:00 am This Room Will cover and readings and lectures on:
Groundwater Glaciers Earth System/Climate Change
![Page 24: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Glacial Sediment Transport Glaciers carry sediment of all sizes – lots of it!
Some sediment falls onto the ice from adjacent cliffs.
Some sediment is entrained from erosion of the substrate.
When glacial ice melts, this material is dropped.
![Page 25: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Sediment Transport on Ice Moraines – Unsorted debris
dumped by a glacier. Lateral – Forms along the flank
of a valley glacier. Medial – Mid-ice moraine from
merging lateral moraines.
![Page 26: 5 major reservoirs](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/568166b0550346895ddaaad4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Essentials of Geology, 3rd edition, by Stephen Marshak Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
Depositional Landforms
End moraines form at the stable toe of a glacier.