5. General Thermodynamics Relations. General...General Thermodynamics Relations Title Microsoft...

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General Thermodynamics Relations

Transcript of 5. General Thermodynamics Relations. General...General Thermodynamics Relations Title Microsoft...

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General Thermodynamics Relations

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Content

• Partial Derivatives• Maxwell Relations• Thermodynamic relations between measurable and non‐measurable properties

• Bridgman tables

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Partial Derivatives

• Let

where

and

• It deriving M with respect to y and N with respect to x, you get

and

• Therefore

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Maxwell Relations

• They are the equations that relate the partial derivatives of the properties p, v, T and s of a simple compressible system.

• They are obtained from the four Gibbs equations, exploiting the accuracy of the derived thermodynamic properties.

• Gibbs equations:

HelmholtzFunction ⇒ GibbsFunction ⇒

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Maxwell Relations

• Simplifying the above equations:

• Since u, h, and g are thermodynamic properties, its total differential are accurate. Therefore, the Maxwell equations are:

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Maxwell Relations

• Other relationships derived from the above equations are:

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Maxwell Relations

• Equating equations we get:

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Specific Heat

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Specific Heat

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Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy

• General expressions to determine the differences in internal energy, enthalpy and entropy for a pure substance.

• Internal Energy

• Enthalpy

• Entropy

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Bridgeman Equations

• The methodology used for previously submitted relations is by no means the only one that can be followed.

• Looking at the eight independent properties p, v, T, u, h, s, and g, it is possible to develop 168 independent partial derivatives.

• Tables developed by Bridgeman allow direct assessment of any relationship that involves p, v, T, u, h, s, and g, in terms of p, v, T, v/p)T, v/T)p, cp and s.

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Bridgeman Equations

• Bridgeman tables ‐ University of Tennessee, Department of Chemical Engineering. http://utkstair.org/clausius/docs/che330/text/bridgman_table.html

• For a given pressure, cp, use Table 1• For a given pressure and cv, use Table 2• For a given volume and cp, use Table 3• For a given volume, cv, make your own tables.• Example use of the tables, example.

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Examples (textbook)

EXAMPLE 12–1 Approximating Differential Quantities by DifferencesThe cp of ideal gases depends on temperature only, and it is expressed as  / . Determine the cp of air at 300 K, using the enthalpy data from Table A–17, and compare it to the value listed in Table A–2b.

≅∆∆

300K305K 295K305 295 K

305.22 295.17 kJ/kg305 295 K

. /

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Examples (textbook)

EXAMPLE 12–2 Total Differential versus Partial DifferentialConsider air at 300 K and 0.86 m3/kg. The state of air changes to 302 K and 0.87 m3/kg as a result of some disturbance. Using Eq. 12–3, estimate the change in the pressure of air.

Data: Air,  = 300 K,  = 0.86 m3/kg,  = 302 K,  = 0.87 m3/kg,  = ?

; constant 0.287kPam3/kgK ⇒ ,

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Examples (textbook)

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Examples (textbook)≅ ∆ 302 300 K 2K

≅300 302 K

2 301K

≅ ∆ 0.87 0.86 m3/kg 0.01m3/kg

≅ ̅0.86 0.87 m3/kg

2 0.865m3/kg

0.287kPam3/kgK2K

0.865m3/kg301K 0.01m3/kg0.865m3/kg

.

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Examples (textbook)

EXAMPLE 12–4 Verification of the Maxwell RelationsVerify the validity of the last Maxwell relation (Eq. 12–19) for steam at 250°C and 300 kPa.

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Examples (textbook)

≅ΔΔ °

@ . @ . 400 200 kPa °

7.3804 7.7100 kJ/kgK400 200 kPa . /

°

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Examples (textbook)

°

≅ΔΔ

@ ° @ °300 200 K .

0.87535 0.71643 m3/kg300 200 K . /

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Examples (textbook)

0.00165kJ

kgKkPa ≅ 0.00159m3

kgK

0.00165kJ

kgKkPa1kPam3

1kJ ≅ 0.00159m3

kgK

. ≅ .

% error  %

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Homework 5

Problems from the textbook (Thermodynamics, Yunus, 8th ed.):• Answer the following conceptual problems:

• Chapter 12, problems: 1‐4, 31

• Choose 5 problems and answer them (those who you consider to provide better understanding to the subject seen in this section)• Chapter 12, problems: 5‐18, 32‐51

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General Thermodynamics Relations