5 Fire Protection

8/2/2019 5 Fire Protection

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KEY ELEMENTS OF FIRE

PROTECTION

Early detection and alarm system

Means of egress Compartmentation

Smoke control

Fire-suppression systems Emergency power


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Fire hazards triangle

Responsible for Death and propertiesloss

The first 5 minutes of a fire are moreimportant than the next 5 hours.

fire can spread at the rate of 15 feetper second (4.6 m/s)

The National Fire ProtectionAssociation (NFPA) generatesstandards covering all aspects of firecontrol.


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SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTION


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Smoke and Fire Detection Sensors

Manual Pull Down

Heat Detector Smoke Detector

Ionization Detector

Gas Detector

Water-flow Switch
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Heat Detector

AdvantageLeast expensive detector

Disadvantage

Late in response


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Ionization Detector

DisadvantageMost expensive detector

Advantage

Fast in response

Application

fires arising from electricaloverloadopen-flame fires from loosesheets of paper
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Smoke Detector

DisadvantageIt produces a false-alarm conditionscreated by insects, dust, or otherairborne particulate

AdvantageMedium response

Application

Where the anticipated fireproduce large volume of smokebefore temperature increase.Offices and apartment buildings


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Water Flow Switch

Application

Buildings with complete or partialsprinkler coverage


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firea

larmco

ntrolpa

nel


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Alarm Indicators

Light Signal

Sound Signal


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Annunciation

Electrical Supervision

Emergency Power


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Personal Emergency Response

System


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MEANS OF EGRESS


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MEANS OF EGRESS

Transportation

Class I Class II

Stairs (A) Ramp (A) Elevator (B) Escalator (A) Dumbwaiter

(A) Used in normal and emergency conditions.

(B) Used in normal condition only.


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Egresses and Dead Ends


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Egress and Door Widths

=55 =55


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Problem

Design egress path of your faculty

starting from the door of yourclassroom to the main egress dooron the ground floor


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Elevators

Elevator shaft should be provided with

smoke vent at its top. elevator codes require that elevator is

provided with an automatic fire recall(capture) system.


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Security

requirements


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COMPARTMENTATION


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COMPARTMENTATION

Compartmentation means dividing a building

or large spaceinto two or more separateenclosures.

Confining the fire, heat, smoke, and toxicgases to the area of origin.

providing areas of refuge

The suggested size of each compartment isno greater than 5,000 to 7,500 ft2 (460 to 700

m2

)


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Refuge Areas

If everyone will not be able to get out of abuilding during a fire, safe

refuge areas mustbe provided.

They can normally serve as libraries,conference rooms, restrooms, or similar

spaces. for wheelchair-bound persons in any

multistory building.

In hospitals.


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SMOKE CONTROL


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Dangers of Smoke

Cause people death.

Lingering physical effect and lose of memory. Property damage.

Blocking people's efforts to escape and

Impeding firefighters.


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Factors considered in material risk

assessment

Ease of ignition

Rate of flame spread Rate of heat release

Rate of smoke release

Toxicity of combustion products Rate of carbon monoxide production

Ability to be extinguished


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Passive Smoke Control

Passive Control

Compartmentation Smoke Vent Fire Shaft


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Automatic Fire Vents
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Active Smoke Control Principles

1. Airflow by itself can control smokemovement if the average air velocity issufficiently large.

2. Air pressure differences across barriers cancontrol smoke movement.


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Pressure difference across a

barrier


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Smoke backflow


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High air velocity through an open

doorway

P i i


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PressurizingStairwells

Pressurized Fan

Single Injection SystemMulti Injection System

System Types

The system operatesin the case of fire only

Exhaust Fan


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Fire Dampers
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Fire_and_smoke_dampers_1_of_3.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/FireDamper.png


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FIRE SUPPRESSION


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High-Rise Buildings

1. is too high for fire departments to reach allfloors from the ground,

2. requires an inordinate length of time toevacuate, and

3. is capable of creating a stack effect

internally.

The Egyptian Code of Fire Fighting states that any building higher than

30m must include dry standpipe.


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Fire Triangle


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Automatic Sprinklers


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Sprinkler Head


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Sprinkler Head

Video


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Sprinkler system

Video


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Occupancy Hazard Classification

Sprinklersystem

LightHazard OrdinaryHazard ExtraHazard


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Light Hazard Applications

apartments,

auditoriums,

churches, hospitals,

hotels,

libraries,

museums,

nursing homes,

office buildings,

restaurants,

schools,

theaters

The protection area allottedper sprinkler may not

exceed 200 ft2

(I8 m2

), with the maximum allowable

distance of 15 feet (4.6 m)between supply lines andbetween sprinklers on eachline.

The sprinklers do not needto be staggered.


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Ordinary Hazard Applications

automotive garages,

bakeries,

boiler houses,

electric-generating stations,

feed mills,

grain elevators,

laundries,

machine shops, manufacturing facilities,

paper mills,

printing and publishingestablishments,

warehouses, and other industrial ro erties.

The protection area allottedper sprinkler may not

exceed 130 ft2 (12 m2

) for anoncombustible ceiling

The maximum allowabledistance between sprinklerlines and between sprinklerson a line is 15 feet (4.6 m).

Sprinklers must bestaggered if the distancebetween heads exceeds 12feet (3.7 m).


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Extra Hazard Applications

aircraft hangars,

chemical works,

explosives plants,

linoleum manufacturing,

linseed oil mills,

oil refineries,

paint shops,

shade cloth manufacturing, solvent extracting,

varnish works, and

other operations involving theprocessing, mixing, storing, ordispensing of volatile flammablematerials.

The protection area allottedper sprinkler may not exceed

90 ft2

(8.4 m2

) ofnoncombustible ceiling

The maximum allowabledistance between lines andbetween sprinklers on a line is12 feet (3.7 m).

Sprinklers on alternate linesmust be staggered if thedistance between sprinklers onlines exceeds 8 feet (2.4 m).


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basic types of automatic water

sprinkler systems

Types

wet pipe dry pipe

pre-

action deluge


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Wet-Pipe Systems


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Anti-Freeze System


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Dry-Pipe Systems


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Pre-action Systems

Additional ComponentsSmoke and/or heat detection Sensors.

Pre-action deluge valve operated byintegrated fire alarm system consistingof heat or/and smoke detection devices

installed throughout the same area thepre-action system protects.


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Deluge Systems

The deluge system is identical to pre-actionsystem except none of the sprinklers haveoperating components or caps.


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Special Systems

Systems

carbon

dioxide FM-200

high-

expansionfoam dry chemical


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Flooding Gas Extinguishing Systems


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Cylinder Sizes


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Calculated CO2 Loss Rate


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Based on1lb/min.ft3


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Carbon dioxide Cylinder


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High-Expansion Foam Systems


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High Expansion Foam Systems


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Manual Fire Fighting

Dry PowderFire Cabinet

5 Fire Protection

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