5 Embodiment Guidelines 2013

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    MP

    PETUNJUK UMUM

    PERANCANGANPRODUK

    MODUL 5

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    MP Market/ Need/ Problem Potential/ Goal of company

    Product planning/Task setting

    Design/ Development

    Production/ Assembly/ Test

    Marketing/ Consulting/ Sales

    Use/ Consumption/ Maintenance

    Energy/ recovery Recycling

    Disposal / Environment

    Productlifecyclem

    anagement

    Requireme

    nt,Goals

    LIFE CYCLE OF A PRODUCT

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    MP Setiap Produk Mempunyai satu siklus umur produk

    Dipandang dari ekonomi dari suatu produk: pergantian( turnover ), keuntungan (profit ), dan kerugiannya ( loss ). bila suatu produk mencapai pada fase jenuh (saturation ), pembuatan produk baru dapat dimulai. Analisis siklus hidup dapatdipergunakan untuk langkah-langkah diversifikasi, yaitu pengembangan danpenjualan bertahap berbagai produk yang berbeda.

    Perencanaan ProdukAnalisis Situasi

    Pertumbuhan Penjenuhan PenurunanPengenalanPasar

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    MP

    (Quelle: "Lexikon der Betriebswirtschaft", dtv-Taschenbuchverlag, Mnchen)

    Product Life Plan

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    MP Sarang Lebah (Bee hive)

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    MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design

    1. Design Against Corrosion Damage ( fig. 7.90 )

    2. Design for Ergonomics

    3. Design for Aesthetics

    4. Design for Production5. Design for ease of Assembly

    6. Design for Standard

    7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling

    9. Design for Minimum Risk

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    MP 1. Design Against Corrosion Damage

    It often happens that corrosion can only bereduced, not completely avoided

    moreover the use of corrosion-proof materialsmay not be economic

    J enis dan terjadinya karat :

    1. Cause and Effects of Corrosion

    2. Free Surface Corrosion

    3. Contact Corrosion4. Stress Corrosion

    5. Selective Corrosion within a Material

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    MP Free Surface Corrosion

    Uniform Corrosion ( umum ) Karat yang ditimbulkan oleh embun dan lingkungan

    sekitar

    Indentation Corrosion ( takikan )

    Karat yang ditimbulkan karena aliran, karena bentukdesign, karena material yang tidak homogen

    Cavity Corrosion ( rongga ) Kasusnya sama dengan Indentation Corrosion tetapi

    lebih terlokalisir

    Crevice Corrosion ( celah ) Karat ini terjadi karena simpanan oksigen dalam

    ruang sempit dimana terdapat permukaan yang tidakrata ( sambungan sliding fit, las )

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    MP Contact Corrosion

    Bimetallic Corrosion Sambungan antara housing dengan tutup

    yang berlainan material

    Deposit Corrosion Terjadi pada tanki

    konstruksi baja,

    Konstruksi lubang drainase

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    MP Stress Corrosion

    Fatigue Corrosion Beban berlebihanmaterial lelah

    Kekuatan berkuran

    Memperpendek usia komponen

    Stress Corrosion

    Terjadi material yang mempunyai susunan

    cristal ( atom ) kelihatan sekali bila terjadibeban lebih kemudian timbul crackterjadilah karat

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    MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design

    1. Design Against Corrosion Damage2. Design for Ergonomics ( fig. 7.98 )

    3. Design for Aesthetics

    4. Design for Production5. Design for ease of Assembly

    6. Design for Standard

    7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling

    9. Design for Minimum Risk

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    TASK

    HUMANERGONOMICS

    HARDWARECHARACTERISTICS

    DESIGN

    SOLUTION

    2. Design for Ergonomics

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    Ergonomics deals with the characteristic,ability and need of human and, in particular,

    the interfaces between human and technicalproducts. A knowledge of the ergonomicscan lead to an embodi-ment that :Adapts technical products to human; and

    matches human to products or activities byselection based on education and experience

    2. Design for Ergonomics

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    Pengertian dan Pentingnya Ergonomi

    Ergonomi berasal dari dua kata dalam bahasa Yunani, yaitu : Ergos = kerja

    dan Nomos = hukum alam (Natural Law). Banyak sekali definisi

    ergonomi yang telah diberikan orang. Uraian yang paling jelas

    mengenai ilmu Ergonomi itu terdapat dalam buku karanganSutalaksana yang judulnya Tehnik Tata Cara Kerja.

    Sutalaksana menyebutkan Ergonomi adalah suatu cabang ilmu yang

    mempe-lajari perancangan pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan olehmanusia , sistem orang dan mesin, peralatan yang dipakai manusia

    agar dapat dija-lankan dengan cara yang paling efektif termasuk alat-

    alat peragaan untuk memberi informasi kepada manusia.

    2. Design for Ergonomics

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    Di dalam perancangan alat, perhatian utama ergonomi adalah pada efisiensi yang

    diukur berdasarkan pada kecepatan dan ketelitian performance manusia dalampenggunaan alat.

    Menurut Wesley E Woodson, faktor keamanan dan kenyamanan bagi pekerja telah

    tercakup didalam pengertian efisiensi tersebut.

    Dengan menerapkan Ergonomi secara tepat pada perusahaan, akan menghasilkan

    beberapa manfaat sebagai berikut :

    1. Meningkatkan unjuk kerja, seperti : menambah kecepatan kerja, ketepatan,

    keselamatan kerja, mengurangi energi serta kelelahan yang berlebihan.

    2. Mengurangi waktu, biaya pelatihan dan pendidikan.

    3. Mengoptimalkan pendayagunaan sumber daya menusia melalui peningkatanketrampilan yang diperlukan.

    4. Mengurangi waktu yang terbuang sia-sia dan meminimalkan kerusakan

    peralatan yang disebabkan kesalahan manusia.

    5. Meningkatkan kenyamanan karyawan dalam bekerja

    2. Design for Ergonomics

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    Bila kelima kondisi tersebut di atas benar-benar dapat tercapai, maka efisiensidan produktivitas tenaga kerja perusahaan akan meningkat. Paling tidak

    dengan situasi dan kondisi yang nyaman baik secara fisik maupun psikis,

    pekerja akan dapat bekerja dengan baik dan memberikan hasil yang

    optimal yang memuaskan perusahaan.

    Berkaitan dengan kondisi dan suasana kerja ini, tentu tidak terlepas dari

    adanya peran manusia. Karakteristik, sifat, tingkah laku dan

    pembawaannya yang kompleks turut berpengaruh. Karena itu, dalam

    mempelajari pekerja tidak cukup ditinjau dari satu disiplin ilmu saja.

    Dengan kata lain, pengembangan ergonomi perlu ditunjang oleh berbagai

    macam disiplin ilmu (multidisiplinary approach) antara lain : Psikologi,antropologi, faal kerja, biologi, sosiologi perencanaan kerja, fisika dan

    sebagainya. Masing-masing disiplin ilmu berfungsi sebagai pemberi

    informasi, kemudian kita meramu (mengolah)nya untuk dipakai merancang

    fasilitas sedemikian rupa sehingga mencapai kegunaan yang optimal

    2. Design for Ergonomics

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    MP Petunjuk identifikasi kebutuhan ergonomi

    Karakteristik Contoh

    Fungsi Pembagian fungsi, tipe fungsi, tipe aktivitas

    Prinsip kerja Tipe dan intensitas efek fisika dan kimia, konskuensi dan akibat

    yang ditimbulkan misalnya, vibrasi, bising, radiasi, rambatan panas

    Embodiment

    - Tipe Tipe dari elemen / komponen, konfigurasi, tipe operasional

    - Bentuk Estetika bentuk keseluruhan dan komponen, dasar pembagiannya

    pada letak kesimetrian, proporsional, estetikanya memuaskan

    - Posisi Konfigurasi, tataletak, jarak, arah dan petunjuk informasi

    - Dimensi Ukuran keseluruhan, area kerja, area kontak permukaan

    - J umlah J umlah komponen, pembagian komponen

    Energi Variasi beban, variasi arah, resistensi, tekanan, temperatur,

    kelembaban

    Material Warna dan finishing, keamanan terhadap sentuhan, ramah untuk

    dipegang

    Signal Label, text, simbol, operation manual

    Keamanan aman ( bebas dari bahaya ), hindari sebagai sumber dan titikbahaya menghalangi pergerakan bahaya, ukuran yang bersifat

    melindungi

    2. Design for Ergonomics

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    MP Body Positioning

    1. Monitor screen is at eye level (+ or - 10)2. Elbows rest at the side3. Elbows are bent between 60 degrees to 90 degrees4. Wrists are in a neutral (straight) position5. Wrists rest on a rounded table top edge6. Knees are level with or slightly lower than hips7. Soft seat edge (by knees)8. Feet rest on the floor or on a footrest9. Low and middle back support is provided10. Seat width 45,5 cm11. Seat depth 38 cm 43 cm

    Proper desk / chair height relationship based on an individuals

    height

    Height

    [cm]

    Table heigh t (13)

    [cm]

    Chair height ( 12 )

    [cm]

    150,00 58,50 38,00

    162,50 61,00 40,50

    167,50 63,50 43,00

    175,00 66,00 45,50

    188,00 71,00 51,00

    The Indiana Hand Center

    (800) 888-HAND.

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    1. Tujuan

    Produk-produk teknik seharusnya tidak hanya memenuhi kebutuhan

    fungsi teknik yang didefinisikan pada struktur fungsi, tetapi juga bisa

    memberikan pemenuhan pengguna dari segi estetikanya.

    Suatu perubahan pantas dipertimbangkan telah terjadi baru-baru ini,

    harapan pengguna bahwa proses produksi telah diperhatikan.

    (customer satisfaction )

    Petunjuk VDI 2224 memfokuskan pada estetika produk.

    Diawali dengan teknik pemecahan masalah ( solusi ), petunjuk yang

    menyediakan aturan untuk bentukan luar misalnya: kompak, jelas,

    sederhana, menyatu, sesuai dengan fungsi, kompatibel dengan

    material dan proses produksi.

    Bentukan yang dipilih dapat memberikan kesan kalem, bisa memberi

    kesan ringan, mudah diangkat, seakan-akan mengambang

    3. Design for Aesthetics

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    MP 3. Design for Aesthetics

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    MP 3. Design for Aesthetics

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    MP

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    MP 2. Informasi Visual

    Information about Market and User Information about Purpose

    Information about Operation

    Information about manufacturing and Distributor

    3. Petunjuk Menghasilkan Estetika Yang Baik Select an Expression

    Structure the Overall Form

    Unity Form

    Support using Color

    Complement with Graphics

    Design for Aesthetics

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    MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design

    1. Design Against Corrosion Damage2. Design for Ergonomics

    3. Design for Aesthetics

    4. Design for Production ( fig. 7.110 7.120 )5. Design for ease of Assembly

    6. Design for Standard

    7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling

    9. Design for Minimum Risk

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    MP Kinds of Production Processes

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    MP The Designing Engineers Production Knowledge

    Selection of Production Processes: Basic

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    MPSelection of Production Processes: Basic

    Questions

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    MP Selection of Production Procedure

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    MP Production Influencing the Embodiment

    The kind of production procedure has a great impact on the

    embodiment of the product

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    MP 1. Relation between Design and Production

    - 2. Appropriate Overall Layout Design

    -

    3. Appropriate Form design of Components

    -

    4. Appropriate Selection of Material and of semi Finished

    materials

    -

    5. Appropriate use of Standard and Bought- Out Components

    -

    4. Design for Production

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    MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design

    1. Design Against Corrosion Damage2. Design for Ergonomics

    3. Design for Aesthetics

    4. Design for Production5. Design for ease of Assembly (fig. 7.124 7.126 )

    6. Design for Standard

    7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling

    9. Design for Minimum Risk

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    MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly

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    MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly

    The design for assembly is influenced strongly

    by the product structure, i.e. the division of a

    product into sub-assemblies and components

    The product structure determines

    the accessibil ity of the location of the joining

    operation

    the possibility of carrying out more than onejoining operation in parallel

    the number of mounting operations

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    MP Design for Ease of Assembly

    Example 1 of Product Structure

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    MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly

    Example 2 of Product Structure

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    MP Design for Ease of Assembly

    Example of Product Structure

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    MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly

    When carrying out a design for ease of

    assembly, it has to be determined in advance,

    if the assembly will be carried out

    manually (MA), or

    automatically (AA)

    Measures for ease of assembly essentially contain the

    following points:

    Reducing the number of mounting operations

    Standardizing the mounting operations Simplifying mounting operations

    Structuring the mounting operations (building

    structure)

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    MPDesign for Ease of Assembly

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    MPDesign for Ease of Assembly

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    MPDesign for Ease of Assembly

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    Design for Ease of Assembly

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    MPDesign for Ease of Assembly

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    MPDesign for Ease of Assembly

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    MP Design for Ease of Measurement and Inspection

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    MP Design for Ease of Measurement and Inspection

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    MP Design for Ease of Measurement and Inspection

    Duties of the design department:

    Specification of

    what has to be measured whatprecision is needed to whatextent the inspection has to be carried out(generally, only measure as much as necessary)

    Ensuring, that a measurement can be carried out: dimensioning suitable to measurement accessibility clear inspection points

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    MP Design for Ease of Maintenance

    Why maintenance?

    wear abrasion

    time-dependent materialcharacteristics (ozone,exposureto UV, aging)

    reduction of

    service life accidents economic loss

    Problem:divergence from the actual state to the desired stateis often not obviously discernible (membeli mobi lbekas)

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    MP Design for Ease of Maintenance

    Measure to maintain the intended

    condition

    Measure to monitor and assess the actualcondition

    Measure to recover the intended condition

    Service:

    Inspection:

    Repair:

    MP

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    MP Design for Ease of Maintenance

    Consider:

    Service, inspection and repair locations have to be easily

    accessible

    Working environment has to comply with safety and

    ergonomic requirements and regulations

    The discernibili ty of faults has to be ensured

    Functional processes and supporting measures have

    to be clear

    Damage localization has to be possible

    Exchange (disassembly and reassembly) of components

    has to be easy in case of repair measures

    MP

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    MP Design for Ease of Maintenance

    Prefer self-balancing and self-adjusting solutions

    Aim at a simple design with few components

    Use standard components to ensure spare parts

    supply Allow easy access

    Provide for easy disassembly

    Employ a modular structure with simple interfaces

    Use few and identical additional substances/materials

    Measures:

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    MP D i f R li

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    MP Design for Recycling

    Possibili ties for Recycling

    MP D i f R li

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    MP Design for Recycling

    Types of Recycling:

    Product life cycle

    - Recycling within the production process: material recycling

    - Recycling during the product life: product recycling

    Types of usage

    - Reuse

    - Reprocessing

    MP R li T d P

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    MP Recycling Types and Processes

    MP D i f R li

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    MP Design for Recycling

    Recycling process

    Main problem

    - Purity of materials

    - Compatibility of materials (Cu, e.g. from windings from

    electric motors and P, e.g. from cast parts are detrimental)

    Material separation

    -automatic processes: shredding plants, scrap shears , flamecutter

    - Disassembly

    MP O ti P i i l i Sh ddi Pl t

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    MP Operating Principles in a Shredding Plant