5 Embodiment Guidelines 2013
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Transcript of 5 Embodiment Guidelines 2013
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MP
PETUNJUK UMUM
PERANCANGANPRODUK
MODUL 5
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MP Market/ Need/ Problem Potential/ Goal of company
Product planning/Task setting
Design/ Development
Production/ Assembly/ Test
Marketing/ Consulting/ Sales
Use/ Consumption/ Maintenance
Energy/ recovery Recycling
Disposal / Environment
Productlifecyclem
anagement
Requireme
nt,Goals
LIFE CYCLE OF A PRODUCT
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MP Setiap Produk Mempunyai satu siklus umur produk
Dipandang dari ekonomi dari suatu produk: pergantian( turnover ), keuntungan (profit ), dan kerugiannya ( loss ). bila suatu produk mencapai pada fase jenuh (saturation ), pembuatan produk baru dapat dimulai. Analisis siklus hidup dapatdipergunakan untuk langkah-langkah diversifikasi, yaitu pengembangan danpenjualan bertahap berbagai produk yang berbeda.
Perencanaan ProdukAnalisis Situasi
Pertumbuhan Penjenuhan PenurunanPengenalanPasar
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(Quelle: "Lexikon der Betriebswirtschaft", dtv-Taschenbuchverlag, Mnchen)
Product Life Plan
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MP Sarang Lebah (Bee hive)
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MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design
1. Design Against Corrosion Damage ( fig. 7.90 )
2. Design for Ergonomics
3. Design for Aesthetics
4. Design for Production5. Design for ease of Assembly
6. Design for Standard
7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling
9. Design for Minimum Risk
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MP 1. Design Against Corrosion Damage
It often happens that corrosion can only bereduced, not completely avoided
moreover the use of corrosion-proof materialsmay not be economic
J enis dan terjadinya karat :
1. Cause and Effects of Corrosion
2. Free Surface Corrosion
3. Contact Corrosion4. Stress Corrosion
5. Selective Corrosion within a Material
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MP Free Surface Corrosion
Uniform Corrosion ( umum ) Karat yang ditimbulkan oleh embun dan lingkungan
sekitar
Indentation Corrosion ( takikan )
Karat yang ditimbulkan karena aliran, karena bentukdesign, karena material yang tidak homogen
Cavity Corrosion ( rongga ) Kasusnya sama dengan Indentation Corrosion tetapi
lebih terlokalisir
Crevice Corrosion ( celah ) Karat ini terjadi karena simpanan oksigen dalam
ruang sempit dimana terdapat permukaan yang tidakrata ( sambungan sliding fit, las )
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MP Contact Corrosion
Bimetallic Corrosion Sambungan antara housing dengan tutup
yang berlainan material
Deposit Corrosion Terjadi pada tanki
konstruksi baja,
Konstruksi lubang drainase
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MP Stress Corrosion
Fatigue Corrosion Beban berlebihanmaterial lelah
Kekuatan berkuran
Memperpendek usia komponen
Stress Corrosion
Terjadi material yang mempunyai susunan
cristal ( atom ) kelihatan sekali bila terjadibeban lebih kemudian timbul crackterjadilah karat
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MP
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MP
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MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design
1. Design Against Corrosion Damage2. Design for Ergonomics ( fig. 7.98 )
3. Design for Aesthetics
4. Design for Production5. Design for ease of Assembly
6. Design for Standard
7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling
9. Design for Minimum Risk
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MP
TASK
HUMANERGONOMICS
HARDWARECHARACTERISTICS
DESIGN
SOLUTION
2. Design for Ergonomics
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Ergonomics deals with the characteristic,ability and need of human and, in particular,
the interfaces between human and technicalproducts. A knowledge of the ergonomicscan lead to an embodi-ment that :Adapts technical products to human; and
matches human to products or activities byselection based on education and experience
2. Design for Ergonomics
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Pengertian dan Pentingnya Ergonomi
Ergonomi berasal dari dua kata dalam bahasa Yunani, yaitu : Ergos = kerja
dan Nomos = hukum alam (Natural Law). Banyak sekali definisi
ergonomi yang telah diberikan orang. Uraian yang paling jelas
mengenai ilmu Ergonomi itu terdapat dalam buku karanganSutalaksana yang judulnya Tehnik Tata Cara Kerja.
Sutalaksana menyebutkan Ergonomi adalah suatu cabang ilmu yang
mempe-lajari perancangan pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan olehmanusia , sistem orang dan mesin, peralatan yang dipakai manusia
agar dapat dija-lankan dengan cara yang paling efektif termasuk alat-
alat peragaan untuk memberi informasi kepada manusia.
2. Design for Ergonomics
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Di dalam perancangan alat, perhatian utama ergonomi adalah pada efisiensi yang
diukur berdasarkan pada kecepatan dan ketelitian performance manusia dalampenggunaan alat.
Menurut Wesley E Woodson, faktor keamanan dan kenyamanan bagi pekerja telah
tercakup didalam pengertian efisiensi tersebut.
Dengan menerapkan Ergonomi secara tepat pada perusahaan, akan menghasilkan
beberapa manfaat sebagai berikut :
1. Meningkatkan unjuk kerja, seperti : menambah kecepatan kerja, ketepatan,
keselamatan kerja, mengurangi energi serta kelelahan yang berlebihan.
2. Mengurangi waktu, biaya pelatihan dan pendidikan.
3. Mengoptimalkan pendayagunaan sumber daya menusia melalui peningkatanketrampilan yang diperlukan.
4. Mengurangi waktu yang terbuang sia-sia dan meminimalkan kerusakan
peralatan yang disebabkan kesalahan manusia.
5. Meningkatkan kenyamanan karyawan dalam bekerja
2. Design for Ergonomics
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Bila kelima kondisi tersebut di atas benar-benar dapat tercapai, maka efisiensidan produktivitas tenaga kerja perusahaan akan meningkat. Paling tidak
dengan situasi dan kondisi yang nyaman baik secara fisik maupun psikis,
pekerja akan dapat bekerja dengan baik dan memberikan hasil yang
optimal yang memuaskan perusahaan.
Berkaitan dengan kondisi dan suasana kerja ini, tentu tidak terlepas dari
adanya peran manusia. Karakteristik, sifat, tingkah laku dan
pembawaannya yang kompleks turut berpengaruh. Karena itu, dalam
mempelajari pekerja tidak cukup ditinjau dari satu disiplin ilmu saja.
Dengan kata lain, pengembangan ergonomi perlu ditunjang oleh berbagai
macam disiplin ilmu (multidisiplinary approach) antara lain : Psikologi,antropologi, faal kerja, biologi, sosiologi perencanaan kerja, fisika dan
sebagainya. Masing-masing disiplin ilmu berfungsi sebagai pemberi
informasi, kemudian kita meramu (mengolah)nya untuk dipakai merancang
fasilitas sedemikian rupa sehingga mencapai kegunaan yang optimal
2. Design for Ergonomics
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MP Petunjuk identifikasi kebutuhan ergonomi
Karakteristik Contoh
Fungsi Pembagian fungsi, tipe fungsi, tipe aktivitas
Prinsip kerja Tipe dan intensitas efek fisika dan kimia, konskuensi dan akibat
yang ditimbulkan misalnya, vibrasi, bising, radiasi, rambatan panas
Embodiment
- Tipe Tipe dari elemen / komponen, konfigurasi, tipe operasional
- Bentuk Estetika bentuk keseluruhan dan komponen, dasar pembagiannya
pada letak kesimetrian, proporsional, estetikanya memuaskan
- Posisi Konfigurasi, tataletak, jarak, arah dan petunjuk informasi
- Dimensi Ukuran keseluruhan, area kerja, area kontak permukaan
- J umlah J umlah komponen, pembagian komponen
Energi Variasi beban, variasi arah, resistensi, tekanan, temperatur,
kelembaban
Material Warna dan finishing, keamanan terhadap sentuhan, ramah untuk
dipegang
Signal Label, text, simbol, operation manual
Keamanan aman ( bebas dari bahaya ), hindari sebagai sumber dan titikbahaya menghalangi pergerakan bahaya, ukuran yang bersifat
melindungi
2. Design for Ergonomics
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MP Body Positioning
1. Monitor screen is at eye level (+ or - 10)2. Elbows rest at the side3. Elbows are bent between 60 degrees to 90 degrees4. Wrists are in a neutral (straight) position5. Wrists rest on a rounded table top edge6. Knees are level with or slightly lower than hips7. Soft seat edge (by knees)8. Feet rest on the floor or on a footrest9. Low and middle back support is provided10. Seat width 45,5 cm11. Seat depth 38 cm 43 cm
Proper desk / chair height relationship based on an individuals
height
Height
[cm]
Table heigh t (13)
[cm]
Chair height ( 12 )
[cm]
150,00 58,50 38,00
162,50 61,00 40,50
167,50 63,50 43,00
175,00 66,00 45,50
188,00 71,00 51,00
The Indiana Hand Center
(800) 888-HAND.
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1. Tujuan
Produk-produk teknik seharusnya tidak hanya memenuhi kebutuhan
fungsi teknik yang didefinisikan pada struktur fungsi, tetapi juga bisa
memberikan pemenuhan pengguna dari segi estetikanya.
Suatu perubahan pantas dipertimbangkan telah terjadi baru-baru ini,
harapan pengguna bahwa proses produksi telah diperhatikan.
(customer satisfaction )
Petunjuk VDI 2224 memfokuskan pada estetika produk.
Diawali dengan teknik pemecahan masalah ( solusi ), petunjuk yang
menyediakan aturan untuk bentukan luar misalnya: kompak, jelas,
sederhana, menyatu, sesuai dengan fungsi, kompatibel dengan
material dan proses produksi.
Bentukan yang dipilih dapat memberikan kesan kalem, bisa memberi
kesan ringan, mudah diangkat, seakan-akan mengambang
3. Design for Aesthetics
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MP 3. Design for Aesthetics
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MP 3. Design for Aesthetics
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MP
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MP 2. Informasi Visual
Information about Market and User Information about Purpose
Information about Operation
Information about manufacturing and Distributor
3. Petunjuk Menghasilkan Estetika Yang Baik Select an Expression
Structure the Overall Form
Unity Form
Support using Color
Complement with Graphics
Design for Aesthetics
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MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design
1. Design Against Corrosion Damage2. Design for Ergonomics
3. Design for Aesthetics
4. Design for Production ( fig. 7.110 7.120 )5. Design for ease of Assembly
6. Design for Standard
7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling
9. Design for Minimum Risk
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MP Kinds of Production Processes
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MP The Designing Engineers Production Knowledge
Selection of Production Processes: Basic
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MPSelection of Production Processes: Basic
Questions
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MP Selection of Production Procedure
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MP Production Influencing the Embodiment
The kind of production procedure has a great impact on the
embodiment of the product
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MP 1. Relation between Design and Production
- 2. Appropriate Overall Layout Design
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3. Appropriate Form design of Components
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4. Appropriate Selection of Material and of semi Finished
materials
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5. Appropriate use of Standard and Bought- Out Components
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4. Design for Production
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MP Guidelines for Embodiment Design
1. Design Against Corrosion Damage2. Design for Ergonomics
3. Design for Aesthetics
4. Design for Production5. Design for ease of Assembly (fig. 7.124 7.126 )
6. Design for Standard
7. Design for ease of Maintenance8. Design for Recycling
9. Design for Minimum Risk
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MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly
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MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly
The design for assembly is influenced strongly
by the product structure, i.e. the division of a
product into sub-assemblies and components
The product structure determines
the accessibil ity of the location of the joining
operation
the possibility of carrying out more than onejoining operation in parallel
the number of mounting operations
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MP Design for Ease of Assembly
Example 1 of Product Structure
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MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly
Example 2 of Product Structure
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MP Design for Ease of Assembly
Example of Product Structure
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MP 5. Design for Ease of Assembly
When carrying out a design for ease of
assembly, it has to be determined in advance,
if the assembly will be carried out
manually (MA), or
automatically (AA)
Measures for ease of assembly essentially contain the
following points:
Reducing the number of mounting operations
Standardizing the mounting operations Simplifying mounting operations
Structuring the mounting operations (building
structure)
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MPDesign for Ease of Assembly
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MPDesign for Ease of Assembly
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MPDesign for Ease of Assembly
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Design for Ease of Assembly
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MPDesign for Ease of Assembly
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MPDesign for Ease of Assembly
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MP Design for Ease of Measurement and Inspection
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MP Design for Ease of Measurement and Inspection
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MP Design for Ease of Measurement and Inspection
Duties of the design department:
Specification of
what has to be measured whatprecision is needed to whatextent the inspection has to be carried out(generally, only measure as much as necessary)
Ensuring, that a measurement can be carried out: dimensioning suitable to measurement accessibility clear inspection points
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MP Design for Ease of Maintenance
Why maintenance?
wear abrasion
time-dependent materialcharacteristics (ozone,exposureto UV, aging)
reduction of
service life accidents economic loss
Problem:divergence from the actual state to the desired stateis often not obviously discernible (membeli mobi lbekas)
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MP Design for Ease of Maintenance
Measure to maintain the intended
condition
Measure to monitor and assess the actualcondition
Measure to recover the intended condition
Service:
Inspection:
Repair:
MP
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MP Design for Ease of Maintenance
Consider:
Service, inspection and repair locations have to be easily
accessible
Working environment has to comply with safety and
ergonomic requirements and regulations
The discernibili ty of faults has to be ensured
Functional processes and supporting measures have
to be clear
Damage localization has to be possible
Exchange (disassembly and reassembly) of components
has to be easy in case of repair measures
MP
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MP Design for Ease of Maintenance
Prefer self-balancing and self-adjusting solutions
Aim at a simple design with few components
Use standard components to ensure spare parts
supply Allow easy access
Provide for easy disassembly
Employ a modular structure with simple interfaces
Use few and identical additional substances/materials
Measures:
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MP D i f R li
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MP Design for Recycling
Possibili ties for Recycling
MP D i f R li
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MP Design for Recycling
Types of Recycling:
Product life cycle
- Recycling within the production process: material recycling
- Recycling during the product life: product recycling
Types of usage
- Reuse
- Reprocessing
MP R li T d P
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MP Recycling Types and Processes
MP D i f R li
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MP Design for Recycling
Recycling process
Main problem
- Purity of materials
- Compatibility of materials (Cu, e.g. from windings from
electric motors and P, e.g. from cast parts are detrimental)
Material separation
-automatic processes: shredding plants, scrap shears , flamecutter
- Disassembly
MP O ti P i i l i Sh ddi Pl t
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MP Operating Principles in a Shredding Plant