5º Congresso Value Investing Brasil · Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The...

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www.cvib.com.br 5º Congresso Value Investing Brasil 13 de junho de 2012 Finanças Comportamentais e o investimento em valor Marcelo Sá Earp | First Value Capital

Transcript of 5º Congresso Value Investing Brasil · Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The...

Page 1: 5º Congresso Value Investing Brasil · Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, Dan Ariely John Neff on Investing, John Neff

www.cvib.com.br

5º Congresso Value Investing Brasil13 de junho de 2012

Finanças Comportamentais e o investimento em valor

Marcelo Sá Earp | First Value Capital

Page 2: 5º Congresso Value Investing Brasil · Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, Dan Ariely John Neff on Investing, John Neff

Finanças Comportamentais e o Investimento em Valor

Congresso Value Investing Brasil 2012

Marcelo Sá Earp Marcelo Gerbassi

Philipe Biolchini, CFA

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Introdução: Finanças Comportamentais e o Investimento em Valor

Finanças Comportamentais

Investimento em Valor

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História das Finanças Comportamentais e a Hipótese de Eficiência de Mercado

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Psychology of the Stock Markets – G.C. Selden - 1912

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Security Analysis – Benjamin Graham and David Dodd - 1934

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Introdução: Finanças Comportamentais e o Investimento em Valor

“The investor’s chief problem – and even worst enemy – is likely to be himself.” Benjamin Graham

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Finanças Comportamentais: História

Daniel Kahneman Nobel 2002

Amos Tversky

1970

1980

1990

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Ilusão de ótica

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Teoria Prospectiva

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Finanças Comportamentais: História

Daniel Kahneman Nobel 2002

Amos Tversky

Robert Shiller Richard Thaler

Eugene Fama

Devido a limitações de arbitragem e aos efeitos psicológicos nos processos de tomada de decisão em sistemas complexos, alguns mercados não são eficientes e faz sentido fazer gestão ativa.

1970

1980

1990

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Os Mercados são Eficientes?

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02

“I  should  have  computed  the  historic  covariances of the asset classes

and drawn an efficient frontier. Instead, ... I split my contributions

fifty-fifty  between  bonds  and  equities”  (Zweig, 1998)

Nobel laureate Harry Markowitz

When asked about how he allocated his retirement investments in his TIAA-CREF account, Nobel laureate Harry

Markowitz, one of the founders of modern portfolio theory

CAPM? MPT?

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Investimento em Valor, uma das “anomalias”  de  mercado?

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Lakonishok, Shleifer e Vishny

1990

2000

2010

Finanças Comportamentais: História

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Investimento em Valor funciona

0,00%

2,00%

4,00%

6,00%

8,00%

10,00%

12,00%

14,00%

16,00%

18,00%

20,00%

1

17,80%

15,20%

12,40%

15,10%

Tota

l Ret

urn

(1

Yea

r)

Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny, "Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation and Risk", Journal of Finance 1994

Lakonishok, Shleifer, and Vishny 19941968 - 1990 - Price/Earnings

Low P/E Middle P/E High P/E Market

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12/08/2011

0,00%

5,00%

10,00%

15,00%

20,00%

25,00%

1

20,50%

16,10%

10,20%

15,90%

Tota

l Ret

urn

(1Ye

ar)

E.Fama and K.French, "The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns" Journal of Finance 1992

Fama & French 19921963 - 1990 - Price/Book Value

Low P/B Middle P/B High P/B Market

Investimento em Valor funciona

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12/08/2011

Investimento em Valor funciona

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Se o Investimetno em Valor gera resultados excelentes, e não é uma anomalia, por que

poucos praticam de forma eficiente?

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Por causa dos mesmos vieses que causam ineficiências no mercado.

Valor Intrínseco Margem de Segurança

Diversificação Horizonte de Investimento

Preço x Valor

Vieses: Padrões de comportamento previsíveis, causados pelo uso de regras de bolso, ou heurísticas, no processo de decisão em sistemas complexos.

Vieses de Comportamento

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Lakonishok, Shleifer e Vishny

1990

2000

2010

James Montier

Finanças Comportamentais: História

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Heurísticas e Vieses de Comportamento : James Montier

James Montier

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Heurísticas e Vieses de Comportamento : James Montier

“Even  the  intelligent  investor  is  likely  to  need  considerable  willpower  to  keep  from  following  the  crowd.” Benjamin Graham

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Precificação das ações em Bolsa funciona como um sistema de páreo:

1,5 : 1 3:1 4:1 6:1

Empresas  “perfeitas”,  o  preço está correto?

Empresas “pangarés”,  Value traps?

10:1 100:1

Empresas fora de moda, o preço está correto? Sub-avaliadas?

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Surpresas negativas

-12,00%

-10,00%

-8,00%

-6,00%

-4,00%

-2,00%

0,00%

2,00%

Surprise Quarter Full Year

-0,70% -0,10%

-2,80%

-5,00%-4,30%

-8,90%

Mar

ket

Ad

just

ed R

etu

rns

(%)

0% = Market Return (3,6% Quartely, 15,6% annually) 1976 - 1996 - David Dreman , Contrarian Investment Strategies, 1998

Price/Earnings Negative Surprises

Low P/E Quintile Middle Quinties High P/E Quintile

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0,00%

1,00%

2,00%

3,00%

4,00%

5,00%

6,00%

7,00%

8,00%

9,00%

10,00%

Surprise Quarter Full Year

3,60%

8,10%

2,30%

3,10%

1,70%1,20%

Mar

ket A

dju

sted

Ret

urn

s (%

)

0% = Market Return (3,6% Quartely, 15,6% annually) 1976 - 1996 -David Dreman , Contrarian Investment Strategies, 1998

Price/Earnings Positive Surprises

Low P/E Quintile Middle Quinties High P/E Quintile

Surpresas positivas

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James Montier

Heurísticas e Vieses de Comportamento : James Montier

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Aversão e propensão à risco

Você recebe R$1,000 para entrar num jogo Deve escolher entre duas opções de aposta: A) +R$1,000, 50% de chance B) +R$500, 100% de chance

Você recebe R$2,000 para entrar num jogo Deve escolher entre duas opções de aposta: C) -R$1,000, 50% de chance D) -R$500, 100% de chance

84% escolhem B = Aversão a risco no ganho. Preferem o ganho certo, menor, do que apostar

70% escolhem C = Propensão a risco na perda. Preferem apostar do que a perda certa

Mesmo que a riqueza final esperada seja igual, as pessoas tendem a focar mais no caminho do que no resultado, e sofrem 2x mais na perda

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Frequência de observação e horizonte de investimento

Considerando retorno de 10%a.a., desvio padrão de 20.5%, distribuição normal de retornosUtil idade = probabilidade de alta de preços - probabilidade de queda X 2

Horizonte de tempo RetornoDesvio Padrão

Probabilidade de retorno

positivoUtil idade

1 hora 0,01% 0,48% 50,40% (0,488) 1 dia 0,04% 1,27% 51,20% (0,464) 1 semana 0,18% 2,84% 53,19% (0,404) 1 mês 0,80% 5,92% 56,36% (0,309) 1 ano 10% 20,50% 72,60% 0,177 10 anos 159,40% 64,80% 99,90% 0,997 100 anos 1377961% 205% 100% 1,000 Fonte: M auboussin, M ore than you know

Frequência de observação e horizonte de investimento

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James Montier

Heurísticas e Vieses de Comportamento : James Montier

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Excesso de Auto-Confiança: Gestores de Fundos

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Excesso de Auto-Confiança e Otimismo: Economistas

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Duke University/CFO Golbal Business Outlook Survey - www.cfosurvey.org Março de 2012

Excesso de Auto-Confiança e Otimismo: CFOs

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Processo de Investimento bem definido minimiza impacto dos vieses

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Finanças comportamentais independente do process

Value Value

Filosofia igual. Processo diferente.

Portfolio

Proteção de Capital

Valor Intrínseco

Margem de

Segurança

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Valor Intrínseco Margem de Segurança

Diversificação

Horizonte de Investimento

Preço x Valor

Vieses de Comportamento

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Lições que nós aprendemos

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Aversão e propensão à risco

1ª Lição – Alguns mercados não são eficientes por questões ligadas ao comportamento dos agentes e às limitações de arbitragem 2ª Lição – Investimento em Valor funciona, se feito de forma disciplinada e com processo, por causa das mesmas limitações e vícios de comportamento que tornam os mercados ineficientes 3ª Lição – O aprendizado sobre Finanças Comportamentais pode nos ajudar tanto no processo de busca de oportunidades de investimento como no processo de gestão do portfolio. 4ª Lição – Todos nós temos vieses. Independente da filosofia de investimento, da maneira de investir, cada um de nós pode tentar entender quais vieses mais nos afetam, quais melhor compreendemos e tentar explorá-los de forma consciente.

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Obrigado!

“Have the courage of your convictions once you have made a decision.” Walter Schloss

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Bibliografia e referências

Behavioural Investing: A Practitioners Guide to Applying Behavioural Finance (The Wiley Finance Series), James Montier Value Investing: Tools and Techniques for Intelligent Investment , James Montier Value Investing: From Graham to Buffett and Beyond (Wiley Finance) , Bruce C. N. Greenwald, Judd Kahn, Paul D. Sonkin, Michael van Biema The Rediscovered Benjamin Graham: Selected Writings of the Wall Street Legend, Janet Lowe Pioneering Portfolio Management: An Unconventional Approach to Institutional Investment, Fully Revised and Updated, David F. Swensen Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness , Richard H. Thaler, Cass R. Sunstein Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions, Dan Ariely John Neff on Investing, John Neff Winning the Loser's Game, Fifth Edition: Timeless Strategies for Successful Investing, Charles Ellis The Little Book That Still Beats the Market , Joel Greenblatt The Little Book of Common Sense Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns, John C. Bogle Contrarian Investment Strategies: The Psychological Edge , David Dreman Your Money & Your Brain, Jason Zweig What Works on Wall Street, Fourth Edition: The Classic Guide to the Best-Performing  Investment  Strategies  of  All  Time  ,  James  O’Shaughnessy Fooled by Randomness, Nassim Nicholas Taleb Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits, Philip A. Fisher Irrational Exuberance, Robert J. Shiller The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business , Charles Duhigg

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Bibliografia e referências

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3 , 430-454. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5 , 207-232. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80 , 237-25l. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185 , 1124-1131. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47 , 263-291. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453-458. Lakonishok, Josef, Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert W., Contrarian Investment, Extrapolation, and Risk (May 1993). NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w4360, pp. -, 1993. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=227016 Kahneman, Daniel, Jack Knetsch and Richard H. Thaler. "The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5(1), (1991):193-206. Thaler, Richard H., "Judgment and Decision Making Under Uncertainty: What Economists Can Learn from Psychology." Risk Analysis in Agriculture: Research and Educational Developments. Presented at a seminar sponsored by the Western Regional Research Project W-149, Tucson, Arizona, June 1980. De Bondt, Werner F.M. and Richard H. Thaler, "Does the Stock Market Overreact?" Journal of Finance, 40 (1985): 793-805. Bernartzi, Shlomo and Richard H. Thaler, "Myopic Loss Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle." Quarterly Journal of Economics CX, (1995): 73-92. Thaler, Richard H., "From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens." Journal of Economics Perspectives 14, (2000):133-141. Do Stock Prices Move Too Much to be Justified by Subsequent Changes in Dividends?", American Economic Review (June 1981), 71(3): 421–436. Reprinted in Paul Whitely, ed., Economic Policy, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1996, and in The History of Management Thought, Aldershot Hants, UK: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1997. "Market Volatility and Investor Behavior," American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings (1990), 80(2): 58–62. "Valuation Ratios and the Long-Run Stock Market Outlook" (with John Y. Campbell), Journal of Portfolio Management (Winter 1998), 24(2):11–26. "From Efficient Markets Theory to Behavioral Finance," Journal of Economic Perspectives (2003), 17(1) [CFP 1055] Shleifer, A., and R. Vishny (1997),  “The  limits  of  arbitrage”,  Journal  of  Finance  52:35−55. Grinblatt, M., and T. Moskowitz (1999),  “The  cross-section of expected returns and its relation to past returns”,  Working  Paper  (University  of  Chicago). Hong,  H.,  T.  Lim  and  J.  Stein  (2000),  “Bad  news  travels  slowly:  size,  analyst  coverage,  and  the  profitability of  momentum  strategies”,  Journal  of  Finance  55:265−295.

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Bibliografia e referências

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