5 CO2 Emission & Control.pdf
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Transcript of 5 CO2 Emission & Control.pdf
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CO2EMISSION & CONTROL
Dr. K C Vora
Dy Director & Head, ARAI Academy, ARAI
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What is greenhouse effect?
The Greenhouse Effect is an extremely
vital process where INFRARED (IR) rays
from the sun come into the Earth
atmosphere.
The atmosphere then traps these rays
after they have come in (like the glass
in a greenhouse) keeping the Earth
warm.
CO2 (carbon dioxide), NO(nitrous oxide)
and CH4(methane) are destroying the
atmosphere, causing more INFRARED
(IR) rays to reflect on Earth.
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3
The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect causes Global Warming. It generates an
increase of 1 or more Celsius degrees in a period of 100-200 years.Over the course of a single century, an increase of even 0.4degrees Celsius would be significant.
According to global warming, increasing temperatures are theresult of a strengthening greenhouse effect caused primarily byman-made increases in carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases caughtin the atmosphere,
primarily CO2, increase
the retention of heat that
has been radiated by theearth. Thus global
temperatures increase.
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Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming
Having more infrared rays reflected on Earthmakes the Earth warmer.
As temperatures on Earth rise, so does the
ocean water level and the ice caps begin tomelt.
The worst possible problem would be mass
flooding in low lying areas of the Earth
including many islands in the ocean whichwould basically disappear.
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Ozone Layer The ozone layer is part of the
atmosphere of the Earth. Like
most natural things it depends on
a healthy balance of chemicals so
that it can maintain the
protection from the sun which it
has always given before.
Unfortunately the balance of the
ozone layer has been upset by
man-made chemicals called CFCsthat are robbing the atmosphere
of ozone gas which makes up the
ozone.
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EFFECTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Transport a significant contributor:
More than 30% of CO2
Growing evidence that carbon soot also a
significant contributor:
absorbs sun and heat
diesel a major source
Transport contribution likely to grow with rapid
motorization.
Source: Health Effects Institute
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Air Quality Concerns : India India is the 6thlargest and 2ndfastest growing
emitter of Green House Gases (GHGs)
Source: USEPA
in 106kg/year/1ox1ogrid
Annual Black Carbon Emissions
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SECTORIAL COMPARISON OF COST/EFFICIENCY
(EUROPE, UE 15)
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CO2EMISSION
A look At Per Capita Consumption
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TRENDS IN CO2EMISSIONSFrom Energy use in the Leading Automotive Markets (World), 2002
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KEY TO EARLIER SLIDE Size of the bubble is determined by the total CO2 emissions from
energy use in different sectors of the respective nations. The bigger
the size of the bubble, the greater the CO2 emisions from a country.
Includes the CO2 emissions from energy use in different sectors and
the trasportation sector is one of the major constituents of this
segment for the year 2002. Motor vehicle penetration is per 1,000 people for the year 2002.
Percent share refers to the individual share of a country in the total
global demand for motor vehicels in 2002.
The transportation sector accounts for 30% of CO2 emissions in the
industrialized economics of the OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation & Development) and about 20% worldwide.
Source : OECD, IMF and Frost & Sull ivan
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GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION
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Agreement with EU and ACEA on Fleet Average
140
120
185
165
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
ACEA
140 g/km in 2008
25 % reduction f rom 1995
Target in 2003
165-170 g/km- M1 Vehicles
Target in 2012
120 g/km
ACEA Fleet Average till 1995
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RECENT CARBON CONTENT INITIATIVES(WORLD), 2005-15
Country /
Region
Initiatives
EU Voluntary commitment from the automotive industry to reduce CO2emissions in passenger cars by 25.0 percent relative to 1995 levelsby 2008.
Emission rates are expected to be brought down to a level of 140 gCO2/ km traveled (or 39 mpg)
Depending on early progress, ACEA (European Automobile
Manufactures Association) may extend the target to 120 g CO2 / km(or 46 mpg) by 2012
Japan Fuel economy improvements in passenger cars to the extent of 23.0% relative to 1995 levels by 2010
Specific targets vary with vehicle weight but extend to 125 g CO2 /km (or 44 mpg)
Canada The government has proposed a target for improving vehicle fueleffic iency by 25.0 % by 2010
Australia Voluntary commitment to improve fuel economy by 18.0 % by 2010
UnitedStates(California)
California Air Resources Board (CARB) intends to bring down theGHG emissions from the light-duty vehicle fleet by 17.0% in 2020and by 25.0% in 2030
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CO2 Reduction Time Table & Target ACEA Agreement signed with EC in 1998 for CO2targets.
2003 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 170 g/km
2008 target 140 g/km 2012 target 120 g/km
JAMA Agreement with EC
2003 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 175 g/km
2009 target 140 g/km
2015 target 125 g/km
KAMA Agreement with EC
2004 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 175 g/km
2009 target 140 g/km.
New Target Proposed in 2007 in European Parliament
Year 2015 125 g/km
Year 2020 95 g/km
Year 2025 70 g/km
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CO2 Global Review
Europe & Japan continue to lead the world with the moststringent passenger vehicle GHG & FE standards.
Japan standards are expected to lead to the lowest fleet averageGHG emissions in the world (125g CO2 /km by 2015).
California passenger vehicle regulations are expected to achievethe greatest overall reduction in GHG emission in the world.
U.S. passenger vehicle standards continue to lag behind othernations but could move ahead of Canada, Australia, South Korea,
& California by 2020 with passage of U.S. senate bill.
South Korea is the only nation in the world with standard in placethat is expected to have rising GHG emissions from passengervehicles.
CO E i i V/ E i T
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CO2 Emission V/s Engine Types
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POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING GHGsFrom Vehicles Technology / Biofuels / Mobility
CO EMISSIONS
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CO2EMISSIONSConventional & Alternative Technology
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Generation
33%
Transmission
94%
Plug-to-Wheels
76%
Refining
82%
Transmission
98%
Pump-to-Wheels
16%
23%
13%
31%
80%
31% 76% = 23%
Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels
80% 16% = 13%Source: http://www.nesea.org
Well to Wheel Comparison
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Conventional ICE
Advanced Gasoline ICE
Advanced Diesel
Gasoline Hybrid
Diesel Hybrid
Fuel Cell (Gasoline)
Fuel Cell (H2 from Natural Resources)
Fuel Cell (H2 from Renewable Resources)
100
70
55
48
40
55
48
3
WELL TO WHEEL CARBON EMISSIONS
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DEVELOPMENT OF LOW CARBONTECHNOLOGIES
(WORLD), 2005-15
N d f I t t d A h
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Need for an Integrated Approach
Involving All Stakeholders
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NEED FOR PUBLIC i.e. FISCAL EFFORTS
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LOOKING AHEAD:
TRENDS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR CONTROL
In reducing the health effects from vehicle emissions,
one fact is clear:
Even if the emissions from each vehicle and its
fuel are reduced, the use of vehicles will increase,
vehicles will age and need maintenance..
This can offset, in whole or in part, the pollutionreductions and health benefits if careful
planning is not done.
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