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5. civil engineering textile
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Textiles in Civil Engineering (Geotextile)
Granch Berhe2015
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Definition The word ‘Geotextiles’ is a combination of two words. The word ‘Geo’ comes from the Greek word, meaning ‘Earth’, and textiles
“permeable textiles used in conjunction with soil, foundation, rock, earth or any geotechnical engineering-related material”
“Any permeable textile material used for filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement and stabilisation purposes as an integral part of civil engineering structures of earth, rock or other constructional materials”
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History Geotextiles can be made from either natural or synthetic fibres
The exploitation of the use of natural fibres in construction can be traced back to the fifth and fourth millennia BC as described in the Bible (Exodus chapter 5, verse 6–9)
Babylonians 3000 years ago constructed this Ziggurat using reeds in the form of woven mats and plaited ropes as reinforcements
The Great Wall of China, completed circa 200 BC, utilised tamarisk branches to reinforce mixtures of clay and gravel 3
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Any permeable textile natural or synthetic, used with foundation soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering related material.
What is a Geotextile?
Geosynthetics are manufactured (not naturally occurring) materials that are used to withstand and/or enhance the forces of the in-place earth.
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Method of production Process Form of fibre Polymer
PP/PE bi-componentContinuous filament PP
Heat-bondedStaple fibre
PPPP/PE mix
NonwovensPP
PETStaple fibre HDPE
Needle-punchedContinuous filament PP
PET
Nonwoven Geotextiles
Needle Punched nonwoven Thermally bonded nonwoven5
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Non woven
• More than 75% of the market utilises geotextiles made from various nonwoven fabrics, chiefly staple-fibre needlepunched and continuous-filament spunbonded nonwovens.
• Nonwoven materials are normally 25–30% cheaper than woven materials
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Method of production Process Form of fibre Polymer
Slit-flat tape PP (HDPE)Wide loom (beam) Fibrillated yarn PP
Wide loom (creel) Multi-filament yarn PET (PA)Woven
<3.8m loom (beam) Medium mono filament with yarn PP
HDPEPA
Woven Geotextiles
film tape extruded tape PET multifilamentMonofil7
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Woven • They have a surprisingly wide range of applications and
they are used in lighter weight form as soil separators, filters and erosion control textiles.
• In heavy weights, they are used for soil reinforcement in steep embankments and vertical soil walls; the heavier weight products also tend to be used for the support of embankments built over soft soils
• Advantage - stress can be absorbed by the warp and weft yarns and hence by fibres, without much mechanical elongation
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Method of production Process Form of fibre Polymer
Stitched-bonded Nonwoven base with multi-filament stitch yarn
PP or PET nonwoven PET stitching
Knitted Weft insertion filament yarn PET
Warp knitted Multi-filament yarn PET
Knitted Geotextiles
Knitted base Upper surface 9
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The mode of operation of a geotextile in any application can be defined by the following functions:
Functions of Geotextile :
Separator Reinforcement Drainage
Filter Energy absorberContainer
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Functions of geotextiles
Filtration – liching of water Drainage - collects and redirects liquid or gas
Separation – layer between fine soil and coarse material
Reinforcement - when the stability of the weak subgrade or soil is complemented by higher tensile strength of fabric.
Container - when it holds or protects the materials such as sand, rocks, fresh concrete12
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Applications 1. River bank protection.2. Seabed protection.3. Sea coastal protection.4. Coastal protection/sea defences.5. Drainage.6. Perpendicular versus in-plane water flow applications.7. Reservoirs and lakes.8. Concrete mattresses.9. Vertical screens.10. Geobags.
11. Reclaimed land.12. Anchoring.13. Paved and unpaved road subgrade separation.14. Embankments.15. Reinforced earth.16. Reflective cracking.17. Railways.18. Landfills.19. Slit fences.
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Applications of Geotextile :
Reservoirs, damsReservoirs, dams
Liquid wasteLiquid waste Solid wasteSolid waste
RoadsRoads RailroadsRailroads
Erosion protectionErosion protection
Retaining wallsRetaining walls
Drainage systemsDrainage systems
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1. Physical properties:a) specific gravityb) weightc) thicknessd) stiffnesse) density .
2. Mechanical properties:a) tenacityb) tensile strengthc) bursting strengthd) drapabilitye) compatibilityf) flexibilityg) tearing strengthh) frictional resistance
3. Hydraulic properties:a) porosityb) permeabilityc) permittivityd) transitivitye) turbidity /soil retentionf) filtration length etc. 16
4. Degradation properties:a) biodegradationb) hydrolytic degradationc) photo degradationd) chemical degradatione) mechanical degradationf) other degradation occurring due to attack ofrodent, termite etc.
5. Endurance properties:a) elongationb) abrasion resistancec) clogging length and flow etc.
Performance Requirements of Geotextile
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Properties • mechanical responses,
– ability of a textile to perform work in a stressed environment and its ability to resist damage in an arduous environment
– The ability to perform work is fundamentally governed by the stiffness of the textile in tension and its ability to resist creep failure under any given load condition
• filtration ability – function is to hold intact a freshly prepared soil surface, so that water may
exude from the soil surface and through the textile without breaking down that surface
• chemical resistance– use of textiles in contact with highly acidic peat soils, where in tropical
countries, pH values down to 2 have been encountered– Industrialised countries– Ultraviolet light
They are all developed from the combination of the physical form of the polymer fibres, their textile construction and the polymer chemical characteristics
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Fibers usedNatural fibres offer high strength, high modulus, low breaking extension and low elasticity.
Some of the plant fibres that can be used in geotextile manufacture are jute, sisal, flax, hemp, abaca, ramie and coir
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Advantages of natural fibers
• low cost, • robustness, • strength/durability, • availability, • good drapeability • biodegradability/
environment friendly
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Synthetic • Synthetic fibres are the main raw materials for
the manufacture of all types of geotextiles– polypropylene, polyester, polyamide and polyethylene
• polyester widely used– exhibits superior creep resistance and tenacity values – is almost inevitably used when high strengths are
required– applications where the geotextile is subjected to high
stresses and elevated temperatures– susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation in soils
exceeding pH 10.
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• PP– low cost, acceptable tensile properties and
chemical inertness– disadvantages of polypropylene are its sensitivity
to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and high temperature and poor creep and mineral oil resistance
• PA– cost and overall performance render it inferior to
polyester.
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Limitations of synthetic
• Synthetic geotextiles can cost over 10 times as much per unit area as natural ones
• non-biodegradable and may cause soil pollution
• The material composition of geotextiles determines their longevity in the field: natural products last about two to five years, whereas synthetic products last >25 years
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• Erosion control geotextiles are made from natural (jute, coir, sisal, cereal straw and palm leaves) or synthetic (nylon, polypropylene, polyester and polyethylene) materials
• Geotextiles are used for separation of two distinct ground layers, slope stabilization, vegetation management and soil erosion control.
• Geotextiles are widely used to control on-site and off-site soil erosion of human-disturbed lands
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PET Vs PP in Geotextile Applications
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Property PET PP
g/cm3 1.38 0.91- 0.93
Melting Point 265 165
Strain 10 -15 > 100 %
Creep < 2% 5%
Modulus (Gpa) 10 2.8
Breaking Elongation 20-50 % 40 -70 %
Breaking Tenacity (gm/d)
9 6
UV Resistant High Susceptible
Polar solvents Degrade Resistant
pH > 9.5 Hydrolysis
3 -13
Moisture Regain 0.4 0
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Polypropylene Polymer has distinct advantages 1. Resistant to chemical attack2. Stable to pH between 3 and 133. Non-biodegradable4. Resistant to soil-bound chemicals, landfill leaches, mildew and
insects.5. Lightest fibre
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Polymer has :1. Superior Breaking Tenacity (Strength)2. Superior creep characteristics required in some critical
reinforcement materials.
PET must not be used in contact with soils with pH >9.5 For PET made Geotextiles hydrolytic resistance is required to be
observed. For Geotextile application in case of PP Oxidative resistance is
required to be observed.
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Temperature resistancePET is winning with a melting point of 265oC versus the 165oC of PP. This means that for applications which need temperature resistance e.g. resistance to reflective cracking in roads, PET is preferable. Creep PET by far the best choice. Chemical resistance Generally PP is better. PP is preferred for landfills. Alkali resistanceAgain PP is the better choice e.g. in touch with fresh concrete. UV resistance This is a PET domain. PP geotextiles should be improved with carbon black for a better behavior to UV.
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Technical Requirement for use in subsurface drains
• Breaking load not less than 10 kN/m • Minimum Failure strain of 10%• Apparent opening size 0.22mm – 0.43 as soil properties• Allow water flow @ not less than 10lit/sqm/sec• Minimum puncture resistance of 200 N• Minimum tear resistance of 150N
PET is Preferable Than PP
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Technical Requirement for use in Highway Pavement
• Minimum Tensile strength 36.3 Kg• Elongation 50%• Asphalt Retention 10 kg/10sqm• Melting Point 150C• Surface Texture- heat Bonded on one side only
PP is Preferable Than PET
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Technical Requirement for use in Protection Works
• Aperture : Rectangular, square or oval • Colour : Black• Strength : Min 10kN/m• Elongation: Max 15%• Life : Min 8 years
PET is Preferable Than PP
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Silt Fence• Prevents storm water from transporting sediment off-site
• Alternate for hay bales• Low elongation (stretch)
important for more support • Filtration and tensile
strength properties most important
• Commonly light weight woven (higher strength) geotextiles
PET is Preferable Than PP
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Roadway Separation / Stabilization
• Prevents subgrade from intermixing with base course
• Alternate to undercutting
• Low elongation for higher modulus
PET is Preferable Than PP
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PP is Preferable Than PET if pH is >9.533
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PET is Preferable Than PP34
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Geotextiles in Drainage
Geotextile around pipe
Geotextile lining trench
Lining pipes not preferred method
PP is Preferable Than PET
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Filtration
w/ geotextile
w/o geotextile - loss of fines
PP is Preferable Than PET
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Avoid granular material penetration Puncture resistance
PP is Preferable Than PET
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Thank You!
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