March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 1

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

4G Neighborhood Area Networks

Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.11. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.

Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE’s name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.11.

Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures <http:// ieee802.org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws.pdf>, including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair <stuart.kerry@philips.com> as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at <patcom@ieee.org>.

Date: 2005-03-11

Name Company Address Phone emailAuthors:

R. R. Miller AT&T Florham Park, NJ 973-236-6920 rrm@att.com

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 2

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

AbstractCompleting a practical broadband access network alternative comparable to cable or DSL for residence, remote/small business, and public service environments requires the realization of multi-tier diffuse-field wireless networks that functionally-parallel and interwork with their wired multi-tier counterparts. Fortunately, the sophistication and economy of radio systems have at last progressed to permit consideration of multi-tier approaches that can augment the established paradigm of wireless links that extend exclusively from a wired network POP directly to a device. Like wired networks, each component of a multi-tier wireless network must be designed to meet a specific teledensity demand, Shannon envelope, and capital affordability to establish a complete performance- and cost-effective broadband access network supporting Ethernet-like user expectations. Current network paradigms, such as LANs and MANs, already provide means to effectively extend networking toward the backbone from devices, and toward devices from the backbone, respectively. However, a critical segment is missing from a practical, complete tiered structure: Neighborhood Area Networks or NANs. NANs are characterized by outdoor diffuse-field coverage areas smaller than MANs and larger than LANs, hosting fixed or nomadic links from moderate AP heights such as street utility structures. These ~1000 foot-radius, ~100BaseT-equivalent coverage areas can be designed to support increased link predictability and higher teledensities compared to MANs due to reduced multipath, improved propagation predictability, and higher link margins, while encompassing ~100-200 premises for acceptable cost-scaling. The small-cell characteristics optimally-balance throughput/link and premises-passed costs mimicking node “reach” and size of cable, VDSL, or fiber neighborhood-serving facilities. Likewise, NANs cannot optimally address the teledensity, link throughput capabilities, and battery limitations of portable LAN devices, but can connect them to higher tiers without starving. Since NANs are required to complete multi-tier operation with other established tiers, networking architecture, airlink properties, and protocols must integrate wired and wireless standards elements into a single coherent solution. This presentation proposes creation of a study group to formulate a standards framework for the wireless NAN, with companion air interface, protocol, and spectrum use components. It is believed that this standard-setting can leverage knowledge bases and expertise from both Ethernet and wireless standards communities to establish the foundation for new equipment and services while enriching broadband access choices for consumers, businesses, and municipalities worldwide.

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 3

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Preparing for True Broadband Wireless

Shannon Zone

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 4

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

ROM

Use

r Ass

igna

ble

Peak

Thr

ough

put

Fiber to the Neighborhood VDSLBPL

Fiber to the CurbFiber to the Home

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

“Last Mile”“Middle Mile”

Fiber to the Serving AreaFiber to the Serving Area DSL

“Transport”Active Fiber

PON

Cable

DSL

“Premises-Net”“Sub Connect”

VDSLCable

WLANEthernet

T/P

1

CableVDSL

BPL

Cable

PON

Fiber to the Home

Active FiberPON

Active FiberPON

Active FiberPON

Active Fiber

Fiber to the Neighborhood VDSLBPL

Distance from User to Network POP, Miles

Fiber to the Serving Area Street-Level CableFiber to the Serving Area Street-Level Cable

1001,00020,00045,000185,000

SONET

300,000Typical Houses-Passed

1M

10M

100M

1G

PLCWMAN DSL WMAN DSL WMAN

WMAN

A View of Carrier Connectivity Options

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 5

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

What is a Neighborhood Area Network?• New architectural system element for broadband

wireless local distribution applications• Service area smaller than Metropolitan, larger than

Local Area Networks– “Street Level” Distribution– Similar to VDSL wiring radius, cable branch node breakout size– Usually part a of multi-tier distribution architecture– May interface with radio or wired facilities at both ends– Application in residential, campus, public environments– Consistent with community aesthetics

• Extends the distribution network edge to the premises gateway

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 6

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Metropolitan Area Network10,000-30,000 terminationsMacro/Microcell LOS/NLOS• PTMP Fixed and Mobile• Highest Base Stations• Sophisticated Directivity at Terminal• High Point Throughput• Large User Group

802.11 Wi-FiEthernet1 premises (2.3 clients)17000 sq-ft (75’ radius)6-30 Mbps peak350-1700 Kb/sq-ft2.5-13 Mb2.5-13 Mb

802.16 Wi-Max/3.5G CellularFiber/PTP Microwave 10,000 premises (23,000 clients)300,000,000 sq-ft (3 Km radius)70 Mbps peak (6 sectors, 5 MHz, TDD).23 b/sq-ft 7 Kbps3 Kbps

Air InterfaceBackhaulPrems passed#

Cell SizeCell ThruputTeledensityTerminal ECR*Client ECR*

UserRate

EffectiveLinkReach

# Assumes 30,000 sq-ft lot size, 2.3 active users/premises* ECR – Equivalent Circuit Rate with all clients active simultaneously

The NAN: Form Follows Function

+ Derived from Reference 2

WANsPANs

km/mikm/mi

Neighborhood Area NetworkNeighborhood Area Network100-300 terminations100-300 terminationsNanocell LOS/NLOSNanocell LOS/NLOS• PTMP Fixed/NomadicPTMP Fixed/Nomadic• Part of Multi-Tier NetworkPart of Multi-Tier Network• Low Base StationsLow Base Stations• Some Directivity at TerminalSome Directivity at Terminal• High ThroughputHigh Throughput• Limited User GroupLimited User Group

4G Broadband Fiber, PTMP Microwave100 premises (230 clients)315,000 sq-ft (1000’ radius)120 Mbps peak (4 sectors)380 Kb/sq-ft1.2 Mbps500 Kbps

“The MissingArchitecturalElement”

kftkft

Local Area Network1-100 clientsPicocell LOS/NLOS•Lowest Base Stations•Mostly Portable Clients•Little Client Directivity•Very High Throughput•Very Limited User Group•Pedestrian Mobility

ftft

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 7

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

• Radio No Longer Confined to Wired POP-to-Client Link• More Throughput, Higher Quality,, QoS• Parallels to Hierarchy of Wired Networks• Each Layer Demultiplexes Throughput from Layer Above• “Network of Networks” Approach, Like Internet• “Mix and Match” Architectural Elements• TCP/IP Convergence Layer, Software Defined Interfaces

Why the Time is Right for NANs: Multi-Tier Networking

Transport

DeviceConnect

Backbone

Drop/Inside Wire

NLOS Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Backbone

Wireless Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs)

Local Distribution

Wireless Personal Area Networks PANs)

Wireless LocalArea Networks(LANs)

LOS H/SSystems

MetropolitanDistribution H/S Facilities (Coax, Fiber)

L/S Facilities (PON, xDSL, 100BT)

Metallic (T/R, 10BT, 100BT)

Cord (RJ-11.RJ-45)

Metro Fiber

Core Fiber

802.15

802.11 WLAN

Local PTMP

802.16+ PTMP

802.16+, mmWave, FSOC

`

`

`

`

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 8

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Why Formalize the NAN?• Different solution space vis-à-vis existing access

MAN/LAN frameworks:– New small cell outdoor propagation environment, physical plant– New wireless distribution network economic paradigm– New spectrum and resource assignment options– Mix of MAN, LAN, and Ethernet-like network management– LAN-like RF power levels, consistent with small cells, high rates

• Key to new local broadband distribution opportunities• New performance bar: Wireless as good as wired• Next level of access network cell size reduction• Next-generation Ethernet synergies

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 9

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Peer/Peer and Client/Server Small User Population Isolated "Cells" and User Groups Non-Contiguous Coverage Indoor Operation Limited Mobility Mostly Asynchronous Traffic Slower than Ethernet

First-Generation Wireless LANs

F1

F1

F1

Data-Centric Internet/Intranet 10BT Ethernet-Compatible Speeds RF Channel Interference Control

Second-Generation Wireless LANs

F1

F1

F1

F1

F1

F2F3

Quality of Service Cellular-Like Radio Resource Reuse Handoffs

Third-Generation Wireless LANs/MANs

Moving Toward a 4G Broadband Common Air Interface

LAN and NAN Architectural Elements 100BT Ethernet Speeds Seamless Mobility Contiguous Coverage in Dense Areas Organic Growth Model Data, Voice, Multimedia Higher System Utilization/Reuse Enhanced Security Automatic Radio Resource Management

Fourth-Generation BB WirelessCommunications (LAN/NAN/MAN)

F3F1

F4

F1

F1F4 F3

F3F2 F1

F1F4F3

F3F2

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 10

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

1950 1960 1970

Mobile/PortableMaximumPowerOutput

10 Watts

100 Watts

1 Watt

100 mW

Year

MaritimeMobile

HF RadioService

(~300 mi)

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

CellRadius(Feet)

1,000,000

30 mW.01 mi2

2G CellularExpanded

Service(~4 mi)

MetrolinerTrain

Telephone(~15 mi)

1G Macrocellular

Systems(~8 mi)

MJ-MKMobile

Telephone(~60 mi)

1980 1990 2000 2010

PCSMicrocells

(~0.5 -2 mi)

2.5GMicrocells

(~2 mi)

WNAN/LANNanocells

(~.06 -.2mi)

The 2G“Sweet Spot”

Cell-Based Coverage Area Trends• Increased Bandwidth Demand/User• Battery/Dissipation Device Constraints• Moore’s Law Radios• Increased Edge Intelligence• Distributed Control Techniques

The 3G/Wi-Max “Sweet Spot”

The 4G “SweetSpot”

10,000 mi2

700 mi2

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 11

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

10 feet 100 feet 1 mile 10 miles

1

PeakDataRate

Range

Wider Area,More Mobility

10

100

4G Wireless NAN2.4 & 5 GHz

4G H/S Wireless LAN2.4 & 5 GHz Unlicensed

3G/802.16 WirelessVarious Bands

3G/MAN Fixed or Pedestrian

Higher Rate,Less Mobility

Meg

abits

per

Sec

ond/

Use

r

2.5G Mobile/Pedestrian

3G/MAN Mobile.1

Bluetooth

PANs2.4GHz and UWB

Zigbee (Europe)

2/2,5G Wireless800 MHz, 2 GHz

Zigbee

Zigbee (US)

UWB

The Right Tool for the Right Job(in the Shannon Zone)

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 12

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

0.01 0.1 1 10180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

Distance from Base, Km

Path

Los

s, d

B

hb = 5m Base Heighthb = 25m Base Height

Operation beyond transition pointrequires disproportionately higher power to overcome loss and to sustain sufficient fade margin (QoS)

Median path loss, 5mMedian path loss, 25m

Slope transition breakpoint moves in as base height is reduced. (~500’ for 5m pole,3200’ for 80’ tower)

Low antenna height makes 1000’ cells a “sweet spot” for coverage, transmit power, and link predictability/availability.

Typical SuburbanEnvironmentTwo-slope model

Client Antenna Height: 1.8m

A Glimpse at the NAN Propagation Environment

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 13

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

log2

10420 with 8b

b mR b

b m

h hPG Rh h

– The model is extended from work documented in Reference 1– The model consists of two attenuation slopes and a break point for

regeneration of propagation data.– The path gain at the break point is given by:

– The path loss model:

Modeling the “Burbs”

log ( )log ( )

0

0

0 10 0

10

Path gain at reference distanceReference point in metersPath gain at the break point

20 for 10 40 for

b

b

R

b

R b b

PGd

PG

PG d d d RPG PG d R d R

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 14

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Typical Measurement Environments Used for Model

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 15

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

How Well Do Small Cell Models Work?

0.01 0.1 1 10180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

Distance from Base, Km

Path

Los

s, d

B Data set representing measurements taken in particular neighborhood

shown in overlay

Small cells can be modeled with more accuracy, and link predictability can be further enhanced by actual topographic/aerial information.

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 16

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Broadband 4G for The Campus and “The Burbs”: A Vision

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 17

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

What Constitutes a NAN?• Primarily outdoor operation• “Nanocells” (~1000’ radius)• Low base antenna height (~18’)• Mostly nomadic or fixed terminations• Small Termination Group (100-300 typ.)• High per-termination capacity (e.g. 10BT)• Strong QoS, Throughput Grooming/Controls • “Access + Distribution” Mentality• New Layout Paradigms

– Fusion of statistical and ray-traced coverage models– Mix of stereoscopic photography, GPS-aided base placements– Automated network formation– Automated spectrum use– Wired-like Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 18

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

r = 1000’ (308 m),~20% overlap by area

R = 3 km

Inexpensive computing and integrated radios have enabled massively paralleled base stations yielding acceptable cost with network resiliency and higher-quality links.

A View of Small Cell vs. Large Cell Wireless Capital

* Reference 3+ Estimated from FCC spectrum auctions 2000-2003 & Reference 4

There are ~125 NAN cells per 3 km MAN cell

Cost of MAN Equipment, Antennas, Site Access Rights, Backhaul Allocation ($100,000*) + Install ($50,000*) + Spectrum (42 MHz (FDD, 6 sector) 23,000 pops in 3km cell with 30,000 sq-ft lots and 2.3 pops/house x $0.10/MHz / POP ($100,000+) = Total estimated installed cost of 3km cell ($250,000)

$250,000 / 125 is equivalent to $2000 per small cell base station, installed. Based on wireless LAN AP costs with fiber backhaul allocation and unlicensed spectrum, small cell approach vis-a-vis MAN microcell coverage appears economically viable.

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 19

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Tackling the Backhaul Issue: A PON + NAN Hybrid Architecture

R = 3 km

r = 1000’(308 m),~20% overlap by area

300’

300’

Typical Suburban Block/Street Layout

Point of Presence

Local Concentration Point

Network Aggregation Point

Wireless Aggregation PointFuture FTTH Connection

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 20

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Why Isn’t a NAN a Small MAN?• “Tuned” for rate, not reach, in more predictable

nanocell environment• Extreme hardware cost sensitivity• Large-cell capabilities not required:

– Mobility, fast handoffs, rate adaptation robs CAI efficiency– Sophisticated ranging not required (short propagation time)– Slotted operation not required (less multiplexing)– Fewer simultaneous sessions

• Less “statistical”, more “5-9’s” diffuse-field coverage aim

• Cognitive radio, zero-touch self-organization built-in• “Ethernet-extension” rather than “backhaul” view

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 21

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Why Isn’t a NAN a Large LAN?• Primarily outdoor operation, nanocell propagation• Mostly fixed links, directive clients• Multi-tier (a link in a chain of links), not direct from wired POP to

client– Treat penetration loss with separate in-prem LAN– Transparency for Q-Ethernet / wireless-wireless bridging– Supports all-wireless LAN/NAN/MAN multi-tier architecture– Use MANs for backhaul (more efficient use for large cells)

• Mostly point-coordinated with more sophisticated • Carrier-class performance controls• Requires CAI-like system-level (management frame) security• Multimedia service-provider mentality from inception• Scaleability Critical

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 22

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Suggested Scope of a NAN Standard• Spectrum and Management (including new

spectrum opportunities)• PHY (May adopt elements of existing standards)• MAC (May adopt elements of existing standards)• Gateway Interface Transparency and Awareness

Requirements (e.g MAN, LAN, Q-Ethernet)• Automatic Network Organization (e.g. 802.11k,v)• Access Control• QoS/SLA Administration• Security/Encryption• Emergency Provisions (e.g. priority access)

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 23

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Bottom Line

A NAN standard can open new architectural options while leveraging the best of both LAN and MAN technologies --- a solution based on small cells, Moore’s Law radios, and user value. It doesn’t seek to re-invent the wheel, just build a better car for going around the block.

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 24

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Who Might Participate?• Operators/Carriers• Regulation/Spectrum Rulemakers• Local Governments Contemplating Broadband• Infrastructure Equipment Vendors• CPE Gateway Vendors• VLSI Makers• LAN Standards Contributors• MAN Standards Contributors• Enhanced Ethernet Standards Contributors

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 25

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

Suggested Next Steps• Identification of interest group • Formation of Study Group• Discussion and Project Planning• Scope Definition

To join the community of interest, please contact:

R. R. MillerAT&T Labs – Research

Florham Park, NJrrm@att.com

or

H. R. WorstellAT&T Labs – Research

Florham Park, NJhworstell@att.com

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 26

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

BPL Broadband Power LineClient ECR Equivalent Circuit Rate with all clients active simultaneouslyDSL Digital Subscriber LineFSOC Free Space Optic CommunicationGPS Global Positioning SystemHCCA Hybrid Contention-Controlled AccessH/S Facilities High Speed FacilitiesLAN Local Area NetworksLOS Line-of-SightLOS H/S Line-of-Sight High SpeedL/S Facilities Low Speed FacilitiesMAN Metropolitan Area NetworksMoore’s Law The observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, that the number of transistors

per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit wasinvented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the foreseeable future.

NAN Neighborhood Area NetworkNLOS Non-Line of SightPAN Personal Area NetworksPLC Power Line CarrierPON Passive Optical NetworkPOP Point of Presence or Population (used for spectrum evaluation only)Premises Passed Premises in service area awaiting subscriber connectionPTMP Point-to-Multipoint MicrowavePTP Microwave Point-to-Point MicrowaveQ-Ethernet Quality-of-Service [Enabled] EthernetQoS Quality of ServiceShannon A Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude E. ShannonSLA Subscriber Line AgreementSONET Synchronous Optical NetworkT/P Twisted PairUWB Ultra Wide-BandVDSL Very-high-rate Digital Subscriber LineVLSI Very Large Scale IntegrationWAN Wide Area Network

Acronym / Terminology List

March 2005

R. R. Miller, AT&T

Slide 27

doc.: IEEE 802.11-05/0173r0

Submission

References

1. “Urban and Suburban Out-of-Sight Propagation Modeling”, V. Erceg, D.L. Schilling, S. S. Ghassemzadeh, D. Li, M. Taylor, IEEE Communication Magazine, 1992.

2. Broadband Wireless Access with WiMAX/802.16: Current Performance Benchmarks and Future Potential, IEEE Communications Magazine, February 2005

3. “Business Case Models for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access based on WiMAX Technology and the 802.16 Standard, WiMAX Forum, October 10, 2004

4. “Evolution of Spectrum Valuation for Mobile Services Other Countries”, Lemay-Yates Associates Inc., Canada, March 2003

5. WWISE, IEEE 802.11n Document 04/1505r06. WWISE, IEEE 802.11n Proposal-Nov Document 05/0080r07. WWISE, IEEE 802.11n Downselect Document 051591r38. TGnSync IEEE 802.11n Proposal Document 04/15069. TGnSync IEEE 802.11n Complete Proposal (Overview) Document 04/888r810. TGnSync IEEE 802.11n Complete Proposal Jan 05 11. IEEE Standard 802.1612. IEEE 802.16e Document P80216e_D6delta.zip13. IEEE 802.16 Document P80216d