4_Allmon History of Life in the Oceans 2014

8/10/2019 4_Allmon History of Life in the Oceans 2014

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History of Life in the Oceans, or

4 billion years in 50 minutes

Warren Allmon

Paleontological Research Institution

and Dept. of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences

[email protected]

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The Paleontological Research Institution,

the Museum of the Earth,

and Cayuga Nature Center

!Cornell students!!

- volunteers

- paid and unpaid interns- research and classes

[email protected]

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The Geological

Time Scale

The Phanerozoic:The age of visible life

The Precambrian

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Milestones in the history

of Earth & life (in the oceans)

The Cambrian Explosion - 550-544 Ma ?

Origin of skeletons - 550 Ma ?

Origin of animals - 800-600 Ma ? Origin of multicellularity >2 Ga ?

Origin of eukaryotes - > 1.8 Ga (> 2.7 Ga ?)

Oxygenation of atmosphere 3.0-2.5 Ga

Origin of life 4.0 [4.2?]-3.8 Ga

Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga

Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga

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Types of Fossils

Body fossils

Trace Fossils

Chemical fossils

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Isua, Greenland

ca. 3.7 Ga

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Carbon isotope ratios as evidence for early life

!ORGANIC INORGANIC!

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Archaean stromatolite from the

Warrawoona Group, Western Australia

The oldest known (trace) fossils: Stromatolites

1 cm

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Archean stromatolites, South Africa

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Modern Stromatolites

Photos courtesy of A.H. Knoll &https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0608/5b1a8f48c873a/5b1a8f500244f.jpg

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Spirulina, a modern cyanobacterium

Cyanobacteria

(aka blue-green algae)

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http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/seite1.html

The oldest known(body) fossils:Bacterial filaments

Apex Chert (3.465 Ga)Western Australia

Fig Tree Chert (ca. 3.4 Ga)South Africa

http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331arche.html

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Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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Knoll et al., 2006, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 361: 1023

The oldest undisputed

fossil eukaryotes:

Roper Group

Australia

ca 1.6 GA

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More Protero oic E kar otes


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More Proterozoic Eukaryotes

(from Porter, 2004)

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Acritarchs " Vase-shaped microfossils #


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When did the first multicellular

eukaryotes arise?

Body fossils

good fossil evidence at 600-800 Ma

Grypaniaat ca 2 Ga

Molecular clocks

wide variety of dates (600-1500 Ma) most dates focus on 800-1000 Ma

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The oldest known multicellular eukaryote?

Grypania, ca. 2.1 Ga from Michigan

1 cm

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h h i i i l


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When was the origin of animals?

Two sources of data

Molecular clocks

The fossil record

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Oldest known rocks (as of 9/08) 4.28 Ga Origin of the Earth ca. 4.6 Ga



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The Cambrian Explosion:

What is it?

The relatively sudden appearance anddiversification of almost all of the phyla in the earlyCambrian.

Museum of the Earth"

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The Linnean Hierarchy

phylumclass

order

family

genusspecies

Whats a phylum?

!

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Major phyla of the fossil record

Porifera sponges

Cnidaria corals etc

Arthropoda arthropods

Brachiopoda brachiopods

Bryozoa bryozoans

Mollusca mollusks

Echinodermata echinoderms

Chordata vertebrates etc.

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Doushantuo embryos

Bengtson & Zhao 1997, a SEM image depicting a suggested metazoan embryo

possibly Olivooides multisulcatus at approximately the 256-cell stage.http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/fossils0204.html

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Doushantuo

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e acara o a


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Mawsonites

Dickensonia

e acara o a

Tribrachidium

Parvancorina

Cyclomedusa

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Traditional reconstructionsof the Ediacara Biota

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Doushantuo

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i f il


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Neoproterozoic trace fossils

Simple trace fossils on the upper surface of a sandstone

bed. Neoproterozoic, South Australia. Scale bar is 10 mm

A.Archaeonassa sp. White Sea, north-west Russia. BArchaeonassa isp. in the

Ediacara Member, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, reflecting depth of animal

movement within the sediment. Scale bars = 10 mm.

S. Jensen,Integ. Compar. Biol., 43:219228 (2003)

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Doushantuo

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The Chengjiang Fauna

Outcrop in the Qiongzhusi Formation near Chengjiang, Yunnan Province. (c) 1997 by E. Landing

!

Discovered in early 1990s!Early Cambrian (ca 520 Ma)!> 150 taxa described!Burgess-style preservation!Many soft-bodied forms!Many taxa in common w/ Burgess!Shows that many taxa first appear

in Early Cambrian

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Microdictyon an onychophoran

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Canadaspis an arthropod

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Haikouella The oldest known vertebrate??

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Doushantuo

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(1989)

Charles D. Walcott-Discovered theBurgess Shale in 1909

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Wi i


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Wiwaxia- a mollusk?

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Hallucigenia an onychophoran

$

Old reconstruction

New reconstruction "

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Marella an arthropod

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Reconstruction of the Burgess Shale fauna49

What caused the


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Doushantuo

Snowball Earth

Cambrian Explosion?

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More Milestones in the history

of Earth & life

Late Devonian mass extinction 364 Ma

First land vertebrates (tetrapods)

380 Ma First land animals ca 420 Ma?

First land plants ca 440 Ma

Origin of vertebrate jaws 420Ma?

Origin of bone 500 Ma?

End-Ordovician mass extinction 450 Ma

Ordovician Radiations 490 Ma

Cambrian Explosion - 550-544Ma

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Marine Phanerozoic diversity


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(the Sepkoski curve)

From Futuyma (2005) Evolution, after Sepkoski

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Phanero oic Marine Di ersit :


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Sepkoski,Paleobiology, 1981, 7(1): 36

Phanerozoic Marine Diversity:

The Sepkoski Curve

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The


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The

Three

Evolutionary

Faunas

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Cambrianfauna

Paleozoic

fauna

Modernfauna

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The Cambrian Fauna


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The Cambrian Fauna

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The Ordovician Radiations


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The Ordovician Radiations

"Brachiopods"Corals"Bryozoans"Cephalopods"Bivalves

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The Paleozoic Fauna: Ordovicianwww.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/link/images/ hist_img_03_ordo.jpg

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Giant orthocone nautiloids


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PRI

(cephalopods)

Ordovician

Harvard MCZ

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The largest known trilobite

Isotelus rex, Late Ordovician,northern Manitoba

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Devonian seascapes

www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Devonian/ Images/dev16b.jpg

www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/dev15b.gif

www.fallsoftheohio.org/virtualtour/images/FALLS4.JPG

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Odontochile formosa

Phacops rana

Dipleura dekayi

Terataspis

Devonian Trilobites

Greenops

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Devonian Brachiopods

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The Modern Fauna


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e ode au a

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The


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Three

Evolutionary

Faunas

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The Big 5 Mass Extinctions(i h i l )


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(in the marine realm)

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Still more milestones in the historyof Earth & life:

Vertebrates in the sea

Devonian the Age of fishes

Origin of jaws ca 420 Ma

Oldest known bone ca 500 Ma

Marine reptiles

Marine mammals

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Placoderms: 6 orders, 30 families, 100 genera( S C )


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mostly Devonian (U. Sil. To Carb.)

DunkelosteusDevonian,NY, Ohio

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Dunkleosteus

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Dunkleosteusat Museum of the Earth


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Mesozoic Marine Reptiles:Ichthyosaurs


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p y

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Mesozoic Marine Reptiles: Plesiosaurs


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p

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Mesozoic Marine Reptiles:Mosasaurs


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- Jurassic-Cretaceous- marine

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Teleost (Ray-finned fishes (~30,000 living species)

The most diverse group of vertebrates (by far)

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Most Teleosts are marine


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Mil t i th hi t


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of Earth & life (continued)

Northern hemisphere glaciation 3.5 Ma

Evolutionary expansion of plankton and

whales ca 35-20 Ma

Beginning of Antarctic glaciation 35 Ma

End-Cretaceous mass extinction 65 Ma

Mesozoic Marine Revolution ca. 130-70 Ma

End-Triassic mass extinction 200 Ma

Origin of dinosaurs and mammals ca 220 Ma

End-Permian mass extinction 251 Ma

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Meanwhile back on the Reef


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C. Johnson (2002)American Scientist, 90(2): 148

Meanwhile back on the ReefReconstruction of a rudist-dominated reef, Cretaceous period

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Rudistid biostrome, Pyrenees, France


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AMMONITES!!


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http://www.nationalgeographic.com/seamonsters/photogallery/ammonites.html

AMMONITES!!

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Giant

Ammonites

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Reconstructions

of HeteromorphAmmonoids

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Giant heteromorph ammoniteUpper Cretaceous


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Seymour Island, Antarctica

(now in the PRI collection)

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crushing crabs

predatory snails

burrowing clams

predatory bony(ray-finned) fish

burrowing urchins

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Chalk


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http://www.greenelectron-images.co.uk/sem/images/chalk-2_web.jpghttp://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/chalkformationfossils.htm

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Phanerozoic Marine Diversity:


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Sepkoski,Paleobiology, 1981, 7(1): 36

The Sepkoski Curve

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of Earth & life (continued)

Northern hemisphere glaciation 3.5 Ma

Evolutionary expansion of plankton and

whales ca 35-20 Ma

Beginning of Antarctic glaciation 35 Ma

End-Cretaceous mass extinction 65 Ma

Mesozoic Marine Revolution ca. 130-70 Ma

End-Triassic mass extinction 200 Ma

Origin of dinosaurs and mammals ca 220 Ma

End-Permian mass extinction 251 Ma

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Schematic phylogeny of whales


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http://www.archaeocete.org/Barnes%20PhylogenySuborder3.jpg

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Warren Allmon

Paleontological Research Institutionand

Dept. of Earth &Atmospheric Sciences

[email protected]

4_Allmon History of Life in the Oceans 2014

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