TT. Symbol for (1) tritium; (2) tera-; (3) thymine. hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon

atoms by electrolytic reduction at a lead cathode inalcoholic sulfuric acid.2,4,5-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,5-trichlorophenox-

yacetic acid.Tag Closed Cup. See TCC.

2,4,6-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.tagetes meal and extract.Properties: Extracted from the dried ground flowerTa. Symbol for tantalum.petals of the Aztec marigold Tagetes erecta L. Mp:53.5−55.0°. A permissible food additive used to in-tabun. (dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid,crease the yellow color of the skin and eggs ofethyl ester).poultry.CAS: 77-81-6. (CH3)2NP(O)(C2H5O)(CN). A nerve

Use: Food additive.gas.Properties: Liquid. Fp −50C, bp 240C, flash p 172F

tagged atom. A radioactive isotope used in trac-(77.7C), d 1.4250 (20/4C). Readily soluble in organ-ing the behavior of a substance in both biochemicalic solvents; miscible with water but readily hydro-and engineering research, e.g., C-14 or I-131.lyzed; destroyed by bleaching powder, generating

See tracer; label (2).cyanogen chloride. Combustible.Hazard: Very toxic by inhalation, cholinesterase in-

Tagliabue Closed Cup. A standard method ofhibitor, a military nerve gas, fatal dose (man) 0.01determining flash points.mg/kg.

“TAC” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for tested additive Tagliabue Open Cup A standard method ofchemical items, satisfactory for food additives and determining flash points.medical uses.

Tag Open Cup. See Tagliabue Open Cup.tachysterol. C28H44O.Properties: Oil; levorotatory. Insoluble in water; sol- tailings. (1) In flour milling, the product left afteruble in most organic solvents. Protect from air. grinding and bolting middlings. (2) Impurities re-

Use: Medicine, as the dihydrotachysterol. maining after the extraction of useful minerals froman ore. (3) In general, any residue from a mechanical

tackifiers. Refers to compounds used for making refining or separation process.an adhesive stickier.

tailored molecule. A molecule that has beentackiness. (tack). Property of being sticky or modified chemically to give it certain properties.

adhesive.tails. Refers to high-boiling impurities that are

taconite. A low-grade iron ore consisting essen- less volatile than the solvent being distilled.tially of a mixture of hematite and silica. It contains25% iron. Found in the Lake Superior district and talc. (talcum; soapstone; steatite).western states. CAS: 14807-96-6.

Mg3Si4O10(OH)2or 3MgO•4SiO2•H2O. A natural hy-tacrolimus hydrate. drous magnesium silicate. Compact, massive vari-

CAS: 109581-93-3. mf: C44H69NO12•H2O. eties may be called steatite in distinction from theHazard: A poison by ingestion. foliated varieties, which are called talc. Soapstone is

an impure variety of steatite.tacticity. The regularity or symmetry in the mo- Properties: White, apple-green, gray powder; pearly

lecular arrangement or structure of a polymer mole- or greasy luster, greasy feel. Mohs hardness 1–1.5cule. Contrasts with random positioning of substitu- (may be harder when impure), high resistance toent groups along the polymer backbone, or random acids, alkalies and heat; d 2.7–2.8.position with respect to one another of successive Grade: Crude, washed, air-floated, USP, fibrousatoms in the backbone chain of a polymer molecule. (99.5%, 99.95%).

See polymer, stereospecific; isotactic. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2 mg/m3, respira-ble dust; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Tafel rearrangement. Rearrangement of the Use: Ceramics; cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; fillercarbon skeleton of substituted acetoacetic esters to in rubber, paints, soap, putty, plaster, oilcloth;

1202

1203 TANKAGE, GARBAGE

abherent; dusting agent; lubricant; paper; slate pen- “Tamol 850” [Mid South]. TM for carbox-ylic homopolymer.cils and crayons; electrical insulation.

Use: For water treatment, as a scale inhibitor, andSee magnesium silicate.sludge dispersant.

tall oil. (tallol; liquid rosin). A mixture of rosintamuslosin hydrochloride. See r-(−)-5-(2-acids, fatty acids, and other materials obtained by

((2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propyl)-2.acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the dig-esting (pulping) of pine wood; flash p 360F (182C).

“Tanacol CG” [Sybron]. (isopropylbiphe-Combustible.nyl).Derivation: The spent black liquor from the pulpingCAS: 25640-78-2. TM for solvent.process is concentrated until the sodium salts

Use: In carbonless-copy-paper systems, replaces(soaps) of the various acids separate out and arePCB in capacitors, heat transfer fluid.skimmed off. These are acidified by sulfuric acid.

Composition and properties vary widely, but aver-Tanaka, Koichi. (1959– ). Born in Japan, Tana-age 35–40% rosin acids, 50–60% fatty acids.

ka won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2002 for hisGrade: Crude, refined.pioneering work concerning the development ofUse: Paint vehicles, source of rosin, alkyd resins,methods for identification and structure analyses ofsoaps, cutting oils and emulsifiers, driers, flotationbiological macromolecules. Tanaka received a de-agents, oil-well drilling muds, core oils, lubricantsgree in Electrical Engineering from Tohoku Univer-and greases, asphalt derivatives, rubber reclaiming,sity and undertakes his research at the Shimadzusynthesis of cortisone and sex hormones, chemicalCorporation.intermediates.

“Tanak” MRX [Cytec]. TM for melamine-tall oil imidazoline.formaldehyde resin tanning agent used to makeCAS: 61791-36-4.pure-white leather and for bleaching and fillingHazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.chrome leather.

tallow. An animal fat containing C16 to C18. “Tanamer” [Cytec]. TM for sodium polyacry-Properties: The solidifying points of the different late adhesive for use during the drying of leather.tallows are as follows: from 20–45C for horse fat, See acrylate.27–38C for beef tallow, 54–56C for stearin and oleo,32–41C for mutton tallow; d 0.86; refr index 46–49 “Tandem 552” [ACH]. TM for emulsifiers.(40C) (Zeiss); iodine value 193–202; flash p 509F Use: As pan release agents for frozen desserts, ice(265C). Combustible. cream, baked goods; antibrowning agent for fresh-Derivation: Extracted from the solid fat or “suet” of cut fruits, and vegetable.cattle, sheep, or horses by dry or wet rendering.

Chief constituents: Stearin, palmitin, and olein. tandem repeat sequences. Multiple copies ofGrade: Edible; inedible; beef tallow; mutton tallow;the same base sequence on a chromosome; used ashorse fats; acidless; edible, extra.markers in physical mapping.Use: Soap stock, leather dressing, candles, greases,

See physical map.manufacture of stearic and oleic acids, animal feeds,abherent in tire molds. tangerine oil. See citrus peel oil.

tallow oil. See “Peacock” [Pfau]. tankage. (animal tankage; tankage rough am-moniate). The product obtained in abattoir by-prod-

taloximine hydrochloride. uct plants from meat scraps and bones, that areCAS: 20230-77-7. mf: C12H16N4O2•ClH. boiled under pressure and allowed to settle. The

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. grease is removed from the top and the liquor drawnoff. The scrap is then pressed, dried, and sold forfertilizer.“Tamol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for anionic,

Grade: Based on percentage of ammonia and bonepolymer-type dispersing agents. Supplied as light-phosphate. A medium grade has 10% ammonia andcolored powders or aqueous solutions. Effective dis-20% bone phosphate. Concentrated tankage has hadpersant for aqueous suspensions of insoluble dye-the boiled-down tank liquor and press water addedstuffs, polymers, clays, tanning agents, andto it before drying and runs 15–17% ammonia.pigments.

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.Use: Manufacture of dyestuff pastes, textile printingand dyeing, pigment dispersion in textile backings,latex paints and paper coatings, retanning and tankage, garbage. (tankage fertilizer). Gar-bleaching of leather, dye resist in leather dyeing, bage treated with steam under pressure, the waterdispersion of pitch in paper manufacture, prefloc and some of the grease removed by pressing, andprevention in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. further grease removed by solvent extraction. Con-

1204TANNIC ACID

tains 3–4% ammonia, 2–5% phosphoric acid, and In mineral or chrome tanning, the sulfates of chro-mium, aluminum, and zirconium are used (the last0.50–1.00% potash.two for white leather); here the reaction is of aHazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.coordination nature between the carboxyl groups ofUse: Fertilizer.the skin collagen and the metal atom. Syntans arealso used; these are sulfonated phenol or naphtholstannic acid. (gallotannic acid; described as acondensed with formaldehyde. Condensation prod-penta-(m-digalloyl)-glucose).ucts other than phenol having strong hydrogen-CAS: 1401-55-4. C76H52O46. Natural substance wide-bonding power have been developed. Tannage byly found in nutgalls, tree barks, and other plant parts.any method is a time-consuming and exacting pro-Tannins are known to be gallic acid derivatives. Acess, requiring careful control of pH, temperature,solution of tannic acid will precipitate albumin. Tan-humidity, and concentration factors.nins are classified according to their behavior on dryFor further information refer to Tanners’ Council,distillation into two groups, (1) condensed tannins,University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Seewhich yield catechol, and (2) hydrolyzable tannins,leather.which yield pyrogallol; (2) comprises two groups on

the basis of its products of hydrolysis, glucose, andtantalic acid anhydride. See tantalum(a) ellagic acid or (b) gallic acid.

oxide.Properties: Lustrous, faintly yellowish, amorphouspowder, glistening scales, or spongy mass; darkens

tantalic chloride. See tantalum chloride.on exposure to air; odorless; strong, astringent taste.Mp decomposes at 210C. Soluble in water, alcohol,

tantalite. (Fe, Hg)(TaNb)2O6. The most impor-and acetone; almost insoluble in benzene, chloro-tant ore of tantalum, found in Canada, Africa, Brazil,form, and ether. Flash p 390F (198C), autoign tempMalaysia. When niobium content exceeds that of980F (526C). Combustible.tantalum, the ore is called columbite.Derivation: Extraction of powdered nutgalls with

water and alcohol.tantalum.Grade: Technical, CP, NF, fluffy, FCC.

CAS: 7440-25-7. Ta. Element of atomic number 73Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.in group VB of the periodic table, aw 180.9479,Use: Chemicals (tannates, gallic acid, pyrogallicvalences of 2, 3, 5; no stable isotopes.acid, hydrosols of the noble metals); alcohol denatu-

Properties: (1) Black powder. (2) Steel-blue-coloredrant; tanning; textiles (mordant and fixative); elec-metal when unpolished, nearly a platinum-whitetroplating; galvanoplastics (gelatin precipitant);color when polished. D (1) 14.491, (2) 16.6 (workedclarification agent in wine manufacture, brewingmetal), mp 2996C, bp 5425C, tensile strength ofand foods, writing inks; pharmaceuticals; deodori-drawn wire may be as high as 130,000 psi, refr indexzation of crude oil; photography; paper (sizing, mor-2.05, expansion coefficient 8 × 10−6 over rangedant for colored papers); treatment of minor burns.20–1500C. Electrical resistance 13.6 microhm-cm(0C), 32.0 (500C). Soluble in fused alkalies; insolu-tannin. Any of a broad group of plant-derived ble in acids except hydrofluoric and fuming sulfuric

phenolic compounds characterized by their ability acids.to precipitate proteins. Some are more toxic than Occurrence: Canada, Thailand, Malaysia, Brazil.others, depending on their source. Those derived Derivation: From tantalum potassium fluoride byfrom nutgalls are believed to be carcinogens, while heating in an electric furnace, by sodium reduction,those found in tea and coffee may be virtually non- or by fused salt electrolysis. The powdered metal istoxic. converted to a massive metal by sintering in a vacu-

See tannic acid. um. Foot-long crystals can be grown by arc fusion.Corrosion resistance: 99.5% pure tantalum is resis-

tanning. The preservation of hides or skins by use tant to all concentrations of hot and cold sulfuricof a chemical that (1) makes them immune to bacte- acid (except concentrated boiling), hydrochloricrial attack; (2) raises the shrinkage temperature; and acid, nitric and acetic acids, hot and cold dilute(3) prevents the collagen fibers from sticking togeth- sodium hydroxide, all dilutions of hot and cold am-er on drying, so that the material remains porous, monium hydroxide, mine and seawaters, moist sul-soft, and flexible. Vegetable tanning is used mostly furous atmospheres, aqueous solutions of chlorine.for sole and heavy-duty leathers. The chief vegeta- Grade: Powder 99.5% pure, sheet, rods, wire, ultra-ble tannins are water extracts of special types of pure, single crystals.wood or bark, especially quebracho and wattle. The Hazard: Dust or powder may be flammable. Toxicmain active constituent is tannic acid. The tannins by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m3.penetrate the skin or hides after long periods of Use: Capacitors, chemical equipment, dental and sur-soaking, during which the molecular aggregates of gical instruments, rectifiers, vacuum tubes, furnacethe tannin form cross-links between the polypeptide components, high-speed tools, catalyst, getter al-chains of the skin proteins; hydrogen bonding is an loys, sutures and body implants, electronic circuitry,important factor. thin-film components.

1205 TAR CAMPHOR

tantalum alcoholate. (pentaethoxytantalum). tantalum pentachloride. See tantalum chlo-(C2H5O)5Ta. ride.

Use: Catalyst, intermediate for pure tantalates, pre-paring thin dielectric films. tantalum pentoxide. See tantalum oxide.

tantalum carbide. TaC. tantalum pentafluoride. See tantalum fluo-Properties: Hard, heavy, refractory, crystalline sol- ride.id. Mp 3875C, bp 5500C, d 14.5, hardness 1800 kg/sq mm, resistivity 30 microohm-cm (room tempera- tantalum potassium fluoride. (potassiumture). Extremely resistant to chemical action except tantalum fluoride; potassium fluotantalate).at elevated temperature. CAS: 16924-00-8. K2TaF7.

Derivation: Tantalum oxide and carbon heated at Properties: White, silky needles. Slightly soluble inhigh temperatures. cold water; quite soluble in hot water.

Use: Cutting tools and dies, cemented carbide tools. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3.Use: Intermediate in preparation of pure tantalum.

tantalum chloride. (tantalic chloride; tanta-lum pentachloride). tantiron. A ferrous alloy containing 84.8% iron,CAS: 7721-01-9. TaCl5. 13.5% silicon, 1% carbon, 0.4% manganese, 0.18%

Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline powder; highly phosphorus, 0.05% sulfur. It is resistant to acids.reactive. Decomposed by moist air. D 3.7, bp 242C, Use: Chemical equipment.mp 221C. Soluble in alcohol and potassium hydrox-ide solution. Keep well stoppered. tapioca. A product rich in starch, obtained from

Grade: Technical. the tuberous roots of the cassava plant. It is used bothUse: Chlorination of organic substances, intermedi- directly as a food and as a thickening agent in emul-ate, production of pure metal. sions for food products and industrial applications

(lithographic inks). In many uses it is a satisfactorysubstitute for gum arabic.tantalum disulfide. TaS2.

Properties: Black powder or crystals. Mp above3000C. Insoluble in water TAPPI. Abbreviation for Technical Association

Available forms: 40 micron size. of the Pulp and Paper Industry.Use: Solid lubricant.

taq polymerase. A DNA polymerase isolatedfrom the bacterium Thermophilis aquaticus which istantalum fluoride. (tantalum pentafluoride).very stable to high temperatures. It is used in PCRCAS: 7783-71-3. TaF5.procedures and high temperature sequencing.Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 97C, d 4.74.

Soluble in water and nitric acid.Use: Catalyst in organic reactions. tar. See coal tar; cigarette tar; pine tar; tar,

wood.tantalum nitride. TaN.

tar acid. Any mixture of phenols present in tarsProperties: Hexagonal, brown, bronze, or blackor tar distillates and extractable by caustic sodacrystals. D 16.3, mp 3310–3410C. Insoluble in wa-solutions. Usually refers to tar acids from coal tarter; slightly soluble in aqua regia, nitric acid, hydro-and includes phenol, cresols, and xylenols. Whengen fluoride.applied to the products from other tars it should beGrade: Technical, powder.qualified by the appropriate prefix, e.g., wood taracid, lignite tar acid, etc.tantalum oxide. (tantalic acid anhydride;

Properties: Soluble in alcohol and coal tar hydrocar-tantalum pentoxide).bons. Combustible.CAS: 1314-61-0. Ta2O5. Grade: 15–18%, 25–28%, and 50–53% phenol.Properties: Rhombic, crystalline prisms. D 7.6, mp

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin1800C. Insoluble in water and acids except hydro-absorption; strong irritant to tissue.gen fluoride.

Use: Wood preservative, insecticide for cattle andDerivation: From tantalite, by removal of othersheep dipping (dip oils or sheep dip), manufacture ofmetals.disinfectants.Grade: Technical, optical (99.995% pure), single

crystals.tar base. A basic nitrogen compound derivedHazard: TLV: 5 mg/m3.

from coal tar, such as pyridine, picoline, lutidine,Use: Production of tantalum; “rare-element” opticaland quinoline.glass; intermediate in preparation of tantalum car-

bide; piezoelectric, maser, and laser applications;dielectric layers in electronic circuits. tar camphor. See naphthalene.

1206TAR CAMPHOR, CHLORINATED

tar camphor, chlorinated. See chlorona- Use: Paints, waterproofing paper, rubber reclaiming,phthalene. varnishes, stains, ore flotation, cattle dips, insecti-

cides.“Tarcel” [Natrochem]. TM for DLC form of

tar, refined. See tar, dehydrated.“Tarene.”See “Tarene” [Natrochem].

tar sands. See oil sands.tar, dehydrated. (tar, refined).

tar soap. Soap containing juniper tar oil.Properties: Dark-brown, thick, viscid liquid. Com-bustible.

Derivation: Tar from which the water has been driv- tartar, cream of. See potassium bitartrate.en off.

Grade: Technical. tartar emetic. See antimony potassium tar-Hazard: Strong irritant, absorbed by skin. trate.Use: Waterproofing compounds, roads, medicine.

tartaric acid. (dihydroxysuccinic acid).tare. (1) The weight of a container, wrapper, or CAS: 87-69-4. HOOC(CH2O)2COOH.

liner that is deducted in determining the net weight Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white,of a material. (2) A weight used in analytical work to crystalline powder; odorless; acidic taste; stable inoffset the weight of a container. air. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. D 1.76, mp

170C. It has unusual optical properties. The mole-cule has two asymmetric carbon atoms that result in“Tarene” [Natrochem]. TM for mixed navalfour isomeric forms, three of which are the natural D-stores (pine tar type).form and the corresponding L-form, which are opti-Properties: Dark-brown, viscous liquid. Dcally active, and the inactive meso form:0.99–1.02, ash 0.5%. Benzene soluble. Combus-

tible.Use: Plasticizer and softener.

targeted mutagenesis. Deliberate change inthe genetic structure directed at a specific site on thechromosome. Used in research to determine the tar-geted region’s function.

See mutation; polymorphism. The occurrence of some DL-tartaric acid along withnatural D-tartaric acid in the wine industry is explained

Tarmac. Proprietary preparation of blast furnace on the basis of partial racemization. The L-form is theslag, refined tar, and other materials. commercial product.

Use: Road dressing. Derivation: Occurs naturally in wine lees; made syn-thetically from maleic anhydride and hydrogen per-

tarnish. A reaction product that occurs readily at oxide and by an enzymatic reaction with a succinicroom temperature between metallic silver and sulfur acid derivative.in any form. The well-known black film that appears Grade: Technical, CP, crystals, powder, granular,on silverware results from reaction between atmo- NF, FCC.spheric sulfur dioxide and metallic silver, forming Use: Chemicals (cream of tartar, tartar emetic, acetal-silver sulfide. It is easily removable with a cleaning dehyde), sequestrant, tanning, effervescent bever-compound and is not a true form of corrosion. Plat- ages, baking powder, fruit esters, ceramics, galva-ing with a mixture of silver and indium will increase noplastics, photography (printing and developing,tarnish resistance. Gold will also tarnish in the pres- light-sensitive iron salts), textile industry, silveringence of a high concentration of sulfur in the environ- mirrors, coloring metals, acidulant in foods.ment.

tartrazine. (FD&C Yellow No. 5; (3-car-tar oil. See creosote; coal tar. boxy-5-hydroxy)-1-p-sulfophenyl-4-p-sulfopheny-

lazopyrazole trisodium salt; CI 19140).CAS: 1934-21-0. C16H9N4O9S2.tar oil, wood. (pine tar oil).

Properties: Bright orange-yellow powder. SolubleProperties: Almost colorless liquid when freshlyin water.distilled, turns dark reddish-brown; strong odor and

Hazard: An allergen.taste. D 0.862–0.872. Soluble in ether, chloroform,Use: Dye, especially for foods, drugs, and cosmetics.alcohol, and carbon disulfide; flash p 144F (62.2)

(CC). Combustible.Derivation: Obtained by the destructive distillation tar, wood. (tar, hardwood).of the wood of Pinus palustris. Properties: Black, syruplike, viscous fluid.

Method of purification: Rectification. Derivation: A by-product of the destructive distilla-Grade: Technical, rectified, refined. tion of wood.

1207 TCC

Grade: Technical. (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine.Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. See paclitaxel.Use: Hardwood pitch, wood creosote, heavy high-boiling wood oils, wood-preserving oils, paint taxon. Any named group of organisms, not neces-thinners. sarily a clade. A taxon may be designated by a Latin

name or by a letter, number, or any other symbol.taste. See flavor.

taxonomy. The science of naming and classify-ing organisms.TATA box. A sequence found in the promoter

(part of the 5′ flanking region) of many genes. Dele-taxotere.tion of this site (the binding site of transcription

CAS: 114977-28-5. mf: C43H53NO14.factor TFIID) causes a marked reduction in tran-Hazard: A poison. Human systemic effects.scription, and gives rise to heterogeneous transcrip-

tion initiation sites.Tb. Symbol for terbium.

Taube, Henry. (1915–2005). A Canadian-born“TBC” [Reilly]. (tri-n-butyl citrate).chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

CAS: 77-94-1. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-1983 for his pioneering work in inorganic chemistrycal coatings, direct food ingredient.and the study of electron-transfer reactions, particu-

larly of metal complexes. Known as an outstandingTBDMS chloride. See tert-butylchlorodime-teacher, he was admired and respected by students

thylsilane.and colleagues for his work at Stanford University.

TBH. Abbreviation for technical benzene hexa-taurin. See gracilin.chloride.

Use: An insecticide.taurine. (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid).See 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane.CAS: 107-35-7. NH2CH2CH2SO3H. A crystallizable

amino acid found in combination with bile acids; itsTBP. Abbreviation for tributyl phosphate.combination with cholic acid is called taurocholic

acid.TBSM. See p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyreneProperties: Solid. Decomposes at 300C. Soluble in

monomer.water; insoluble in alcohol.Derivation: Isolated from ox bile, organic synthesis.

TBT. Abbreviation for tetrabutyl titanate.Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.Use: Biochemical research, pharmaceuticals, wettingagents. TBTO. Abbreviation for bis(tributyltinoxide).

TC. Abbreviation for trichloroacetic acid or itstaurocholic acid. (cholaic acid; cholyltau-sodium salt.rine).

CAS: 81-24-3. C26H45NO7S. Occurs as sodium salt inbile. It is formed by the combination of the sulfur- Tc. Symbol for technetium.containing amino acid taurine and cholic acid as thesodium salt. It aids in digestion and absorption of TCA cycle. (tricarboxylic acid cycle; Krebsfats. cycle; citric acid cycle). A series of enzymatic

Properties: Crystals. Stable in air. Mp 125C (decom- reactions occurring in living cells of aerobic organ-poses.) Freely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, isms, the net result of which is the conversion ofalmost insoluble in ether and ethyl acetate. pyruvic acid, formed by anaerobic metabolism of

Derivation: Isolation from bile. carbohydrates, into carbon dioxide and water. TheUse: Biochemical research, emulsifying agent in metabolic intermediates are degraded by a combina-foods (not over 0.1%). tion of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation. It is

the major terminal pathway of oxidation in animal,bacterial, and plant cells. Recent research indicatestautomerism. A type of isomerism in which mi-that the TCA cycle may have predated life on earthgration of a hydrogen atom results in two or moreand may have provided the pathway for formation ofstructures, called tautomers. The two tautomers areamino acids.in equilibrium. For example, acetoacetic ester has

the properties of both an unsaturated alcohol and aketone. The tautomers are called enol and keto. TCB. Abbreviation for tetracarboxybutane.

See enol; isomer (1).TCBO. See trichlorobutylene oxide.

“Taxol.” [Bristol-Myers]. TM for 5-�,20-ep-oxy-1,2-�,4,7-�,10-�,13-�-hexahydroxy-tax-11- TCC. Abbreviation for Tagliabue closed cup, aen-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with standard method of determining flash points.

1208TCDD

TCDD. See dioxin. technetium. Tc. Element with atomic number43, group VIIB of the periodic table, aw 98.9062,valences of 4, 5, 6, 7; three radioactive isotopes ofTCEO. See epoxy-1,1,2-trichloroethane.half-life more than 105 years, also several of rela-tively short half-life, some of which are � emitters.TCHH. See cyhexatin.Technetium was first obtained by the deuteron bom-bardment of molybdenum, but since has been foundTCHTH. See cyhexatin.in the fission products of uranium and plutonium.The chemistry of technetium has been studied byTCP. Abbreviation for tricresyl phosphate.tracer techniques and is similar to that of rheniumand manganese. The free metal is obtained fromTCP. See 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine.reactor fission products by solvent extraction fol-lowed by crystallization as ammonium pertechne-TDE. (generic name for 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-tate, which is reduced with hydrogen. The metal ischlorophenyl)ethane; tetrachlorodiphenylethane;silver-gray in appearance, mp 2200C (4000F), dDDD).11.5, slightly magnetic. Compounds of the typesCAS: 72-54-8. (ClC6H4)2CHCHCl2.TcO2, Tc2O7, NH4TcO4, etc. have been prepared. TheProperties: Colorless crystals. Mp 109–110C. Solu-pertechnetate ion has strong anticorrosive proper-ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water; not com-ties. Technetium and its alloys are superconductorspatible with alkalies. Combustible.and can be used to create high-strength magneticDerivation: Chlorination of ethanol and condensa-fields at low temperature. Tc-99 (metastable) is thetion with chlorobenzene.most widely used isotope in nuclear medicine.Grade: Technical.

Use: Metallurgical tracer, cryochemistry, corrosionHazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skinresistance, nuclear medicine.absorption; use restricted in some states.

Use: Dusts, emulsions, and wettable powders forcontact control of leaf rollers and other insects. Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry. (TAPPI). A professionalTDI. Abbreviation for toluene diisocyanate. group of scientists devoted to the interests of pulp

and paper chemistry and technology. Founded inTDP. Abbreviation for 4,4′-thiodiphenol. 1915, it has seven sections, each concerned with a

specific phase of the industry. It also has 11 localTDQP. Abbreviation for trimethyldihydroquino- sections that hold monthly meetings. The associa-

line polymer. tion publishes its own journal, as well as industrydata sheets, bibliographies, technical monographs

Te. Symbol for tellurium. on subjects relating to the paper industry. It estab-lishes standards of quality and testing procedures.

TEA. (1) Abbreviation for triethanolamine. (2) The address is Technical Park, P.O. Box 105113,Abbreviation for triethylaluminum. Atlanta, GA 30348-5113.

Website: http://www.tappi.org.TEAC. Abbreviation for tetraethylammonium

chloride. technology transfer. The process of transfer-ring scientific findings from research laboratories totea catechin. See epigallocatechin 3-gallate.the commercial sector.

tear resistance. The amount of force necessary“Tecto” [MSD Agvet]. TM a flowable SCto cause additional damage, in a cut made in a sam-

fungicide.ple, by force on the sample, where the force is pri-marily normal to the plane of the cut.

“Tedlar” [Du Pont]. TM for polyvinylfluor-tebufenozide. ide film.

CAS: 112410-23-8. mf: C22H28N2O2.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

TEDP. Abbreviation for tetraethyl dithiopyro-skin contact.phosphate.Use: Agricultural chemical.

See sulfotepp.

“TEC” [Reilly]. (triethyl citrate).CAS: 77-93-0. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti- “Tedur” [Bayer]. TM for polysulfidecal coatings. polymers.

Available forms: Glass, mineral, and mineral/glasstechneplex. grades.

CAS: 65454-61-7. mf: C14H17N3O10Tc•Na. Use: Injection molding for high-temperature and per-Hazard: Moderately toxic. formance electronic and automotive parts.

1209 TELLURIUM DISULFIDE

tefestrol. tellurium.CAS: 129407-28-9. CAS: 13494-80-9. Te. A nonmetallic element with

Hazard: A reproductive hazard. many properties similar to selenium and sulfur.Atomic number 52, group VIA of the period table,aw 127.60, valences of 2, 4, 6; eight stable isotopes.“Teflon” [Du Pont]. TM for tetrafluoroethyl-

Properties: Silvery-white, lustrous solid with metalene (TFE) fluorocarbon polymers available ascharacteristics. D 6.24 g/cc (30C), Mohs hardnessmolding and extrusion powders, aqueous disper-2.3, mp 450C, bp 990C. Soluble in sulfuric acid,sion, film, finishes, and multifilament yarn or fiber.nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium cy-The name also applies to fluorinated ethylene-pro-anide solutions; insoluble in water. Imparts garlic-pylene (FEP) resins available in the same forms. Thelike odor to breath, can be depilatory. It is a p-typeno-stick cookware finishes may be of either type.semiconductor and its conductivity is sensitive toFibers are monofilaments made from copolymer oflight exposure.TFE and FEP.

Source: From anode slime produced in electrolyticUse: Packing, bearings, filters, electrical insulation,refining of copper and lead.high-temperature industrial plastics, cooking uten-

Derivation: Reduction of telluric oxide with sulfursils, plumbing sealants, coating glass fiber for archi-dioxide; by dissolving the oxide in a caustic sodatectural structure composites, bonding industrial di-solution and plating out the metal.amonds to metal in the manufacture of grinding

Grade: Powder, sticks, slabs, and tablets, 99.5%wheels.pure, crystals up to 99.999% pure.See fluorocarbon polymer.

Hazard: (Metal and compounds as tellurium) Toxicby inhalation. TLV: 0.1 mg(Te)/m3.“Teflon EFTE” [Thanavala]. TM for a co-

Use: Alloys (tellurium lead, stainless steel, iron cast-polymer of etheylene and tetra flouro-ethylene, alsoings), secondary rubber vulcanizing agent, manu-known as Tefzel.facture of iron and stainless steel castings, coloringUse: Non-stick surfaces.agent in glass and ceramics, thermoelectric devices,catalysts, with lithium in storage batteries for space-

“Teflon FEP” [Thanavala]. TM for non- craft.stick melt and flow system.

Use: During backing to provide non-pourous films. tellurium bromide. See tellurium dibromideand tellurium tetrabromide.

“Teflon PTFE” [Thanavala]. TM for a non-stick double coating (primer, top coat). tellurium chloride. See tellurium dichloride.

Use: Coating for the highest operating temperatures.tellurium dibromide. (tellurium bromide;

TEG. Abbreviation for tetraethylene glycol and tellurous bromide). TeBr2.triethylene glycol. Properties: Blackish-green, crystalline mass or gray

to black needles; very hygroscopic. Mp 210C, bp339C. Decomposed by water; soluble in ether; violet“Tego” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for thin tissuevapor.impregnated with heat-convertible phenol-formal-

Hazard: As for tellurium.dehyde resin, supplied in rolls. Produces waterproofbond with plywood veneers.

tellurium dichloride. (tellurium chloride;Use: Hot-press bonding of furniture veneers, premi-tellurous chloride). TeCl2.um wall paneling.

Properties: Amorphous, black mass, greenish-yel-low when powdered. Decomposed by water. D 6.9,“Tekflame” [Exxon Chemicalbp 327C, mp 209C.International]. TM for a firefighting fuel.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

TEL. Abbreviation for tetraethyl lead. tellurium dioxide. (tellurous acid anhydride).CAS: 7446-07-3. TeO2.telluric acid. (hydrogen tellurate). Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder;

CAS: 7803-68-1. H2TeO4•2H2O or H6TeO6. odorless. D 5.89, mp 733C, bp 1245C. Soluble inProperties: White, heavy crystals. D 3.07, mp 136C. concentrated acids, alkalies; slightly soluble in di-Soluble in hot water and alkalies; slightly soluble in lute acids, water.cold water. Hazard: As for tellurium.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on barium tellu-rate. tellurium disulfide. (tellurium sulfide). TeS2.

Hazard: As for tellurium. Properties: Red powder, turns in time to a dark-Use: Chemical reagent. brown amorphous powder, fuses to gray lustrous

mass. Soluble in alkali sulfides; insoluble in acids,telluric bromide. See tellurium tetrabromide. water.

1210TELLURIUM LEAD

Hazard: As for tellurium. halogen derivatives of cyanogen, such as cyanogenchloride, aldehydes, alcohols, and the like.Radical-forming catalysts, such as organic perox-tellurium lead. See lead; tellurium.ides, hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic azo compoundsof the type of azoisobutyric acid nitrile, and redoxtellurium sulfide. See tellurium disulfide.systems are employed for telomerization reactions.Telomerization reactions are as a rule carried out attellurium tetrabromide. (telluric bromide;an elevated temperature up to 250 degrees. Whentellurium bromide).volatile reactants are used, the reaction is carried outCAS: 10031-27-3. TeBr4.under elevated pressures, i.e., between 20 and 1000Properties: Yellow crystals. D 4.3, mp 363C, bpatmospheres.420C (decomposes into bromine and dibromide).

Soluble in a little water (decomposes in excesswater). “Telone” [Dow]. TM for fumigants containing

Hazard: As for tellurium. 1,3-dichloropropene and related C3 hydrocarbons.

tellurous acid. H2TeO3. “Tel-Tale” [Grace]. TM for silica gel that isProperties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.053, mp impregnated with cobalt chloride and turns from40C (decomposes). Soluble in dilute acids, alkalies; blue to pink as the relative humidity increases.slightly soluble in water, alcohol.

Hazard: As for tellurium. TEM. Abbreviation for triethylene melamine.

tellurous acid anhydride. See tellurium di-temephos. (O,O,O′,O′-tetramethyl-O,O′-thio-oxide.

di-p-phenylene phosphorothionate).CAS: 3383-96-8.tellurous bromide. See tellurium dibromide.

Properties: Mp 30–30.5C.Use: Larvicide for mosquito and blackfly.tellurous chloride. See tellurium dichloride.

“Temfibre” [Borregaard]. TM for woodtelodrin. (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-based chemicals.tetrahydro-4,7-methanonaphthalan).

CAS: 297-78-9.Properties: Vap press 3 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in tempalgin.acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, fuel oil, tol- CAS: 39296-38-3.uene, xylene. mf: C13H17N3O4S•C9H17NO•C7H8O3S•Na.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.telomer. Polymeric products formed from a tel-

omerization reaction. temper. To increase the hardness and strength ofa metal by quenching or heat treatment.

telomerase. The enzyme that directs the replica-tion of telomeres. temperate phage. A phage whose DNA may be

incorporated into the host-cell genome without be-telomere. The end of a chromosome. This spe-ing expressed. Contrast with a virulent phage, whichcialized structure is involved in the replication anddestroys the host cell.stability of linear DNA molecules.

See DNA replication.temperature. The thermal state of a body con-

sidered with reference to its ability to communicatetelomerization reactions. In telomerizationheat to other bodies (J. C. Maxwell). There is areactions, a polymerizable unsaturated compounddistinction between temperature and heat, as is evi-(the taxogen) is reacted under polymerization condi-denced by Helmholtz’s definition of heat as “energytions in the presence of radical-forming catalysts orthat is transferred from one body to another by apromoters with a so-called telogen. During the reac-thermal process,” whereby a thermal process istion, the telogen is split into radicals that attach to themeant radiation, conduction, and/or convection.ends of the polymerizing taxogen and in some in-Temperature is measured by such instruments asstances add on to the double bond of the taxogen andthermometers, pyrometers, thermocouples, etc., andthereby form chains whose terminal groups areby scales such as centigrade (Celsius), Fahrenheit,formed of the radicals formed from the telogen.Rankine, Reaumur, and absolute (Kelvin). SeeOrganic compounds containing an olefinic doubleabsolute temperature; thermodynamics.bond, such as ethylene, propylene, hexene, octene,

or styrene, are normally employed as taxogens.Many different types of compounds can be em- template. A macromolecular pattern for the syn-ployed as telogens, for example, halogenated hydro- thesis of another molecule. For example, DNA is acarbons, such as chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, template for RNA synthesis.

1211 TERBIUM

“Temprite CPVC” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM TEPP. (ethyl pyrophosphate; tetraethyl pyro-phosphate).for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride resins formulatedCAS: 107-49-3. (C2H5)4P2O7.for process piping, valves, tanks, ductwork, and

Properties: Water-white to amber liquid dependingprotective covers.on purity; hygroscopic. D 1.20, refr index 1.420, bpUse: For electrical conductors, residential hot and(pure compound) 135–138C (1 mm Hg). Misciblecold water–supply piping.with water and all organic solvents except aliphatichydrocarbons; hydrolyzed in water with formationtenacity. Strength per unit weight of a fiber orof mono-, di-, and triethyl orthophosphates; waterfilament, expressed as g/denier. It is the rupture loadsolutions attack metals; commercial material con-divided by the linear density of the fiber.tains 40% TEPP.See tensile strength; denier.

Derivation: From phosphorus oxychloride and etha-nol or phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phos-tenderization. (1) Treatment of meats with UVphate.radiation or with certain enzyme preparations to

Grade: 40%.accelerate softening of the collagen fibers and thusHazard: Toxic by skin contact, inhalation, or inges-reduce the time necessary to “hang” the meat. (2)tion; rapidly absorbed through skin; repeated expo-The degradation and mechanical weakening under-sure may, without symptoms, be increasingly haz-gone by textile fibers under excessive wet abrasionardous; cholinesterase inhibitor, use may beduring laundering.restricted. TLV: 0.004 ppm. Toxic by skin absorp-tion.“Tenox” [Eastman]. TM for food-grade anti-

Use: Insecticide for aphids and mites, rodenticide.oxidants containing one or more of the followingingredients: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated

tera-. Prefix meaning 1012units (symbol T), 1 Tg =hydroxytoluene, and/or propyl gallate with or with-1 teragram = 1012 grams.out citric acid. Some formulas are supplied in sol-

vents such as propylene glycol.teratogen. An agent that causes growth abnor-

“Tenox GT-1” [Eastman]. TM for natural malities in embryos, genetic modifications in cells,mixed tocopherols. etc.; ionizing radiation can have this effect.

Use: Antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and ointments.

teratogenic. Substances such as chemicals ortensile strength. The rupture strength (stress- radiation that cause abnormal development of an

strain product at break) per unit area of a material embryo.subjected to a specified dynamic load; it is usually See mutatgen.expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). This defi-nition applies to elastomeric materials and to certain terbacil.metals.

CAS: 5902-51-2. C9H13ClN2O2.See tenacity.Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 175C. Soluble indimethylacetamide and cyclohexanone; partiallytension cracking. See stress cracking. soluble in xylene and butyl acetate.

Use: Herbicide.tenter. A machine used for holding a processed

fabric taut as it is fed into a wind-up or to a cutter. It“Terbec” [Dow]. TM for a wet strength impr-consists of a frame along the inner sides of which

over for soils; based on 4-tert-butylcatechol.travel continuous chains to which gripping devicesare attached at intervals of a few inches; these may

terbia. See terbium oxide.be either hooks or clamps of various kinds. As thefabric moves into the machine, the edges are en-gaged by the grippers and are automatically released terbium. Tb. Atomic number 65, group IIIB ofat the end of the frame. the periodic table, a rare-earth element of the yttrium

subgroup (lanthanide series), aw 158.9254, valencestepa. (generic name for tris(1-aziridi- of 3, 4; no stable isotopes.

nyl)phosphine oxide). Properties: Metallic luster. D 8.332, mp 1356C, bpSee triethylenephosphoramide. 2800C. Reacts slowly with water; soluble in dilute

acids. Salts are colorless, highly reactive, handled in“Tepidone” [Du Pont]. (C4H9)2NC(S)SNa. inert atmosphere or vacuum.

TM for a water solution of sodium dibutyldithiocar- Source: See rare earths.bamate. Derivation: Reduction of fluoride with calcium.

Properties: Amber liquid. D 1.08. Grade: Regular, 99.9+% purity (ingots, lumps), sin-Use: To accelerate vulcanization of natural and syn- gle crystals.thetic rubber and latex compounds. Use: Phosphor activator, dope for solid-state devices.

1212TERBIUM CHLORIDE

terbium chloride, hexahydrate. terephthalic acid. (p-phthalic acid; TPA;TbCl3•6H2O. benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid).

Properties: Transparent, colorless, prismatic crys- CAS: 100-21-0. C6H4(COOH)2.tals. D 4.35, mp (anhydrous) 588C, very hygroscop- Properties: White crystals or powder. D 1.51, sub-ic. Readily soluble in water or alcohol. limes above 300C. Insoluble in water, chloroform,

Derivation: By treatment of carbonate or oxide with ether, acetic acid; slightly soluble in alcohol; solublehydrochloric acid in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen in alkalies. Combustible.chloride. Derivation: (1) Oxidation of p-xylene or of mixed

xylenes and other alkyl aromatics (phthalic anhy-dride). (2) Reacting benzene and potassium carbon-terbium fluoride. TbF3•2H2O.ate over a cadmium catalyst.Properties: Solid. Mp 1172C, bp 2280C. Insoluble

Grade: Commercial, fiber.in water.Use: Production of linear, crystalline polyester res-Hazard: Strong irritant.ins, fibers, and films by combination with glycols;Use: Source of terbium.reagent for alkali in wool; additive to poultry feeds.

terbium nitrate. Tb(NO3)3•6H2O. 2-terephthaloylbenzoic acid.Properties: Colorless, monoclinic needles or white HOOCC6H4COC6H4COOH.powder. Mp 89.3C. Soluble in water. Properties: White to gray powder. Mp 233–237C.

Derivation: By treatment of oxide, carbonate, or Use: Chemical intermediate.hydroxide with nitric acid.

Hazard: Strong oxidant, fire risk in contact with terephthaloyl chloride. (1,4-benzenedicarbo-organic materials. nyl chloride). C6H4(COCl)2.

terbium oxide. (terbia). Tb2O3.Properties: Dark-brown powder. Soluble in diluteacids; slightly hygroscopic, absorbs carbon dioxidefrom air.

Derivation: By ignition of hydroxides or salts ofoxy-acids.

Grade: 98–99%.See rare earth.

terbium sulfate. Tb2(SO4)3•8H2O.Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 82–84C, bpProperties: Colorless crystals. Lose 8H2O at 360C.259C, flash p 356F (180C). Decomposes in waterSoluble in water.and alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant.terbufos. (O,O-diethyl-S-(tert-butyl)methyl Use: Dye manufacture; synthetic fibers, resins, films;phosphorodithioate). UV absorption; pharmaceuticals; rubber chemicals;CAS: 13071-79-9. C9H21O2PS3. An ester of phos- cross-linking agent for polyurethanes and polysul-phoric acid. fides.Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 1.10, bp 70C (0.01mm Hg), fp −29C, flash p 88C (TOC). Soluble in “Tergitol” [Dow]. TM for a series of nonionicalcohol, acetone. and anionic surfactants.Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion. Use: Detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers in waterUse: Soil insecticide. systems, leveling and spreading agents.

terbutol. terminal transferase. An enzyme that cata-CAS: 1918-11-2. mf: C17H27NO2. lyzes the addition of nucleotide residues of a single

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact. kind to the 3′ end of DNA chains. For example,Use: Agricultural chemical. polyA synthetase.

termination codons. XH See stop codons.terebene. A mixture of terpenes, chiefly dipen-tene and terpinene.

termination factors. (release factors). Pro-Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.862–0.866, inac-tein factors of the cytoplasm required in releasing ative optical rotation, Bp 160–172C. Soluble in alco-completed polypeptide chain from a ribosome..hol; insoluble in water.

Derivation: From oil of turpentine.Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by termination sequence. A DNA sequence thatingestion and inhalation. appears at the end of a transcriptional unit and sig-

Use: To impart water and oil resistance to cellulosics. nals the end of transcription.

1213 TERPINEOL

ternary. Descriptive of a solution or alloy having Properties: Polymers of �-pinene, �-pinene, and/orthree components, or of a chemical compound hav- dipentine (FCC III). Mp: 112−118°. Sol in benzene.ing three constituent elements or groups. Use: Food additive.

ternary acid. An acid that contains three differ- terpenoid. See terpene.ent elements. An example would be acetic acid,CH3COOH. 1,3-terphenyl. See m-terphenyl.

ternary diagram. A constitution diagram for a m-terphenyl. (m-diphenylbenzene; isodiphe-ternary alloy system. nylbenzene; 1,3-terphenyl).

CAS: 92-06-8. mf: C18H14.terneplate. (roofing tin). A lead-tin alloy used Properties: Needles. Mw 230.32, mp 86−87C, bp

for coating iron or steel; its composition is 75% lead 379C.and 25% tin. It has a dull finish. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TLV: ceil-

Use: Roofing, deep stamping, gasoline tanks, etc. ing of 0.5 ppm. Combustible.

1,4(8)-terpadiene. See terpinolene. o-terphenyl. (1,2-diphenylbenzene).CAS: 84-15-1. C18H14.

Properties: Prisms from MeOH. Mp 58−59°C, bpterpene. C10H16. An unsaturated hydrocarbon oc-337°C, mw 230.32, flash p >230°F.curring in most essential oils and oleoresins of

Hazard: TLV: CL 0.5 ppm. Combustible.plants. The terpenes are based on the isoprene unit

p-terphenyl. (1,4-diphenylbenzene).CAS: 92-94-4. (C6H5)2C6H4.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.234 (0C), mp 213C, bp405C, flash p 405F (207C). Combustible.

C5H8, and may be either acyclic or cyclic with one or Derivation: From p-dibromobenzene or bromoben-more benzenoid groups. They are classified as mono- zene and sodium.cyclic (dipentene), dicyclic (pinene), or acyclic (myr- Method of purification: Zone-melting.cene), according to the molecular structure. Many ter- Grade: Technical, scintillation.penes exhibit optical activity. Terpene derivatives Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV:(camphor, menthol, terpineol, borneol, geraniol, etc.) ceiling 0.5 ppm.are called terpenoids; many are alcohols. Use: Polymerized with styrene to make a plasticSee polyterpene resin. phosphor. Single crystals used as scintillation

counters.terpene alcohol. A generic name for an alcohol

related to or derived from a terpene hydrocarbon, terpilenol. See terpineol.such as terpineol or borneol.

terpinene. C10H16. A mixture of three isomericterpene hydrochloride. See 2-bornyl chlo- cyclic terpenes, �-, �-, and �-terpinene. �-terpinene

ride. has a bp of 180–182C and d 0.8484 (14C). It is foundin cardamom, marjoram, and coriander oils. �-terpi-

terpeneless oil. An essential oil from which the nene has a bp of 183C and d 0.853 (15C). It is foundterpene components have been removed by extrac- in coriander, lemon, cumin, and ajawan oils.tion and fractionation, either alone or in combina- Use: Synthetic flavors.tion. The optical activity of the oil is thus reduced.The terpeneless grades are much more highly con- terpineol. (�-terpineol; �-terpineol; �-terpi-centrated than the original oil (15–30 times). Re- neol; terpilenol).moval of terpenes is necessary to inhibit spoilage, CAS: (�) 8006-39-1. C10H17OH.particularly of oils derived from citrus sources. On Properties: Colorless liquid or low-melting trans-atmospheric oxidation the specific terpenes form parent crystals; lilac odor. D 0.930–0.936 (25C),compounds that impair the value of the oil; for ex- solidification p 2C, optical rotation between −0 de-ample, d-limonene oxidizes to carvone and �-terpi- grees 10 min and +0 degrees 10 min, boiling rangenene to p-cymene. Terpeneless grades of citrus oils 214 to 224C, 90% within 5C, refr indexare commercially available. 1.4825–1.4850 (20C). Soluble in two volumes of

70% alcohol; slightly soluble in water, glycerol.terpene resin, natural. Combustible.Properties: Extracted from wood. Mp: 155°. Available forms: Mixture of the three isomersUse: Food additive. Derivation: By heating terpin hydrate with phos-

phoric acid and distilling or with dilute sulfuric acid,terpene resin, synthetic. using an azeotropic separation; fractional distilla-

1214“TERPINEOL 318”

tion of pine oil. Occurs naturally in several essential “Tersan” 75 [Du Pont]. TM for a turf fungi-oils. cide containing 75% thiram. “Tersan” OM contains

Grade: Technical, perfumery, extra, prime, FCC. 45% thiram and 10% hydroxymercurichlorophenol.Use: Solvent for hydrocarbon materials, mutual sol- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.vent for resins and cellulose esters and ethers, per-fumes, soaps, disinfectant, antioxidant, flavoring tert-. Abbreviation for tertiary.agent.

dl-tertatalol.“Terpineol 318” [Aqualon]. TM for a highly CAS: 34784-64-0. mf: C16H25NO2S.

refined mixture of tertiary terpene alcohols, pre- Hazard: Human systemic effects.dominantly �-terpineol; 97% total terpene alcohols;colorless liquid; fp below 10C; d 0.937 (15.6/ tertiary. (1) For chemical meaning see primary.15.6C); ASTM distillation range 5–95%, (2) In petroleum extraction technology, the term(216–220C). refers to recovery of petroleum by pumping deter-

gents, high polymers, silicates, etc. into the rockterpin hydrate. (dipentene glycol). structure. These techniques are generally known as

CH3(OH)C6H9C(CH3)2OH•H2O. enhanced oil recovery.Properties: Colorless, lustrous, rhombic, crystalline See chemical flooding; hydraulic fracturing.prisms or white powder; slight characteristic odor;slightly bitter taste. Efflorescent, mp 115–117C, an- tertiary alcohol. An alcohol in which the car-hydrous mp 105C, bp 258C. Soluble in alcohol and bon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached isether; slightly soluble in water. Combustible. also attached to three other carbon atoms.Derivation: From turpentine oil or d-limonene.

Grade: Technical, NF. tertiary amine. An amine in which three carbonUse: Pharmaceuticals, source of terpineol, medicineatoms are attached to the amino nitrogen.(expectorant).

tertiary carbon. Carbon atom that is joined toterpinolene. (1,4(8)-terpadiene).three other carbon atoms.CAS: 586-62-9. C10H16.

Properties: Water-white to pale-amber liquid. Dtertiary structure. The three-dimensional con-0.864 (15.5/15.5C), bp 183–185C, flash p 99F

formation of a protein in its native folded state.(37.2C) (CC), bulk d 7.2 lb/gal (15.5C). Insoluble inwater; soluble in alcohol, ether, glycol.

testing, chemical. Identification of a substanceDerivation: Fractionation of wood turpentine.by means of reagents, chromatography, spectrosco-Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.py, melting and boiling point determination, etc.Use: Solvent for resins, essential oils; manufacture of

See analytical chemistry.synthetic resins, synthetic flavors.

terpinyl acetate. testing, physical. Application of any procedureCAS: 80-26-2. C10H17OOCCH3. whose object is to determine the physical properties

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor suggestive of ber- of a material. There are four major categories ofgamot and lavender. D 0.958–0.968 (15C), refr in- tests: (1) Those that are direct measurements of adex 1.4640–1.4660 (20C), optical rotation varies property, e.g., tensile strength. (2) Those that subjectaround 0 degrees, fp −50C, bp 220C. Soluble in five the material to actual service conditions; these oftenor more volumes of 70% alcohol; slightly soluble in require a long period of time, e.g., shelf life of foodswater and glycerol. Combustible. and corrosion of metals. (3) Accelerated tests, which

Derivation: By heating terpineol with acetic acid or require specially designed equipment that simulatesanhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid and subse- service conditions on an exaggerated scale; in these,quent distillation. only a few hours are necessary to duplicate years of

Grade: Technical, prime, extra, FCC. service life, e.g., oxygen bomb aging of elastomers.Use: Perfumes, flavoring agent. (4) Nondestructive testing by X ray or radiography.

Elaborate standard testing procedures are estab-terpolymer. A polymer made from three mono- lished by the American Society for Testing and

mers, e.g., ABS polymers. Materials. The more common types of tests are asfollows:

“Terramycin” [Pfizer]. Proprietary prepara- abrasion (elastomers, textiles)tion containing oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline adhesion (glues, resins)hydrochloride. aging (elastomers, plastics, leather, food products)

Use: Antibiotic. color stability (pigments, organic dyes) (exposure)corrosion (metals, alloys) (exposure)

“Terra XPS” [DSM China]. TM for fiber dielectric (electrical tapes, plastics, glass)optic coatings. flammability (textiles, fibers, paper, plastics)

1215 TETRA-n-BUTYLAMMONIUM

flash point of combustible liquids (Tag closed cup Use: Mordant in textile printing, fungicide.TCC, Cleveland open cup COC, open cup OChardness (metals, elastomers, plastics) (Brinell, 1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane.Rockwell, Shore penetration) CAS: 10563-26-5. mf: C8H22N4.high temperature (elastomers, adhesives) Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxicimpact strength (composites, glass cement) by ingestion.sun-cracking (paints, varnishes, elastomers) (expo-sure) tetrabromobisphenol A. See 4,4′-(1-methy-tear (paper, rubber, textiles) lethylidene)bis(2,6-dibromophenol).tensile strength (fibers, elastomers, paper, textiles,metals) viscosity (lubricants) (Saybolt, Engler) tetrabromo-m-cresolphthalein sulfone.

See exposure testing; nondestructive testing; CAS: 76-60-8. mf: C21H14Br4O5S.aging. Hazard: Moderately toxic.

testing, physiological. Determination of the tetrabromo-o-cresol.toxicity of a substance or product by administering it CAS: 576-55-6. C7H4Br4O.to laboratory animals in controlled dosages, by Properties: Fine, white crystals. Mp 205C (decom-mouth, skin application, or injection. Materials poses). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol andcommonly subjected to such evaluation are pharma- ether.ceuticals, pesticides, and foods. Extensive testing Derivation: Bromination of o-cresol.programs are required before such products are ap- Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.proved for human use. Use: Fungicide.

See LD50.tetrabromo-m-cresolphthalein sulfone.

testosterone. See bromocresol green.CAS: 58-22-0. C19H28O2.

1,1,1,2-tetrabromoethane.CAS: 630-16-0. mf: C2H2Br4.

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

sym-tetrabromoethane. See acetylene tetra-bromide.

(1r,3s)3[(1′rs)(1′,2′,2′,2′-tetrabromoethyl)]-An androgenic steroid; the male sex hormone pro- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid

duced by the testis. It has six times the androgenic (s)-�-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ester.activity of its metabolic product, androsterone. Use: Food additive; insecticide.Properties: White or slightly cream-white crystals orcrystalline powder; odorless; stable in air. Mp tetrabromoethylene. C2Br4.153–157C. Dextrorotatory in dioxane solution; very Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 55–56C, bpsoluble in chloroform; soluble in alcohol, dioxane, 227C.and vegetable oils; slightly soluble in ether; insolu- Derivation: Bromination of dibromoacetylene.ble in water. Use: Organic synthesis.

Derivation: Isolation from extract of testis, synthesisfrom cholesterol or from the plant steroid diosgenin. tetrabromofluorescein. See eosin.

Grade: NF.Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). tetrabromomethane. See carbon tetrabro-Use: Medicine, biochemical research. mide.See methyltestosterone.

tetrabromophthalic anhydride. C6Br4C2O3.testosterone-17-�-estradiol mixt. Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 280C.

CAS: 8055-33-2. mf: C19H28O2•C18H24O2. Use: Flame-retardant for plastics, paper, and textiles.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A reproductivehazard. 3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalic anhydride.

Use: Hormone. CAS: 632-79-1. mf: C8Br4O3.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

TETD. Abbreviation for tetraethylthiuram disul- skin contact. A mild eye irritant.fide.

tetrabromosilane. See silicon tetrabromide.tetraamminecopper sulfate. N4H12CuSO4.Derivation: Dissolving copper sulfate in ammonia tetra-n-butylammonium chloride.water, with precipitation by alcohol. (C4H9)4NCl.

1216TETRABUTYL DICHLOROSTANNOXANE

Properties: Deliquescent, light-tan powder. Mp 1.486, flash p 170F (76.6C). Decomposes in water;50C. soluble in most organic solvents except ketones.

Use: Substitute in solution for glass-calomel elec- Combustible.trode systems, coagulant for silver iodide solutions, Derivation: Reaction of titanium tetrachloride withstereospecific catalyst. butanol.

Use: Ester exchange reactions; heat-resistant paints(up to 500C); improving adhesion of paints, rubber,tetrabutyl dichlorostannoxane.and plastics to metal surfaces; cross-linking agent;CAS: 10428-19-0. mf: C16H36Cl2OSn2.condensation catalyst.Properties: White crystals from Me2CO. Mp: 112.5°.

Sol in org solvs.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 tetrabutyl urea. (C4H9)2NCON(C4H9)2.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). Properties: Liquid. D 0.880, refr index 1.4535, vap

press below 0.01 mm Hg, bp 305C, fp below −60C,tetra(2-butylisopropyl) orthosilicate. flash p 200F (93.3C). Insoluble in water. Combus-

CAS: 63449-47-8. mf: C28H60O4Si. tible.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact. Use: Plasticizer.A moderate skin and eye irritant.

tetrabutyl zirconate. (C4H9O)4Zr.tetrabutylphosphonium phenylphosphinate. Properties: White solid from reaction of zirconium

See tetra-n-butylphosphonium phenylphosphi- tetrachloride with butanol.nate. Use: Condensation catalyst and cross-linking agent.

tetra-n-butylphosphonium “Tetracaine” [Cetylite]. (2-dimethylamino-phenylphosphinate. ethyl-p-butylaminobenzoate).CAS: 60767-85-3. mf: C16H36P•C6H6O2P. CAS: 94-24-6.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin irri- CH3(CH2)3NHC6H4COOCH2CH2N(CH3)2.tant. Properties: White or light-yellow, waxy solid. Mp41–46C. Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in

tetrabutylthiuram disulfide. alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform.[(C4H9)2NCH]2S2. Grade: USP.

Properties: Amber-colored liquid; slightly sweet Use: Medicine (anesthetic).odor. D 1.03–1.06 (20/20C), solidifies at −30C. Sol-uble in carbon disulfide, benzene, chloroform, and tetracalcium aluminoferrate. An ingredientgasoline; insoluble in water and 10% caustic. Com- of Portland cement.bustible.

Use: Vulcanizing and accelerating agent. tetracarbonylhydrocobalt). See cobalt hy-drocarbonyl.tetrabutylthiuram monosulfide.

[(C4H9)2NCS]2S. 1,2,3,4-tetracarboxybutane. (TCB; 1,2,3,4-Properties: Brown, free-flowing liquid. D 0.99. Sol-butanetetracarboxylic acid).uble in acetone, benzene, gasoline, and ethyleneHOOCCH2CH(COOH)CH(COOH)CH2COOH.dichloride; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Alkyd resins, epoxy curing agent, sequestrant.Use: Rubber accelerator.

tetracene. See naphthacene.tetrabutyltin.CAS: 1461-25-2. (C4H9)4Sn.

1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene.Properties: Colorless or slightly yellow, oily liquid.CAS: 634-66-2. C6H2Cl4.D 1.0572 (20/4C), fp −97C, bp 145C (10 mm Hg),

Properties: White crystals. Mp 46.6, bp 254C. Insol-decomposes at 265C. Insoluble in water; soluble inuble in water. Combustible.most common organic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Component of dielectric fluids, synthesis.Derivation: Reaction of tin tetrachloride with butylmagnesium chloride.

1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene.Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3.CAS: 95-94-3. C6H2Cl4.Use: Stabilizing and rust-inhibiting agent for sili-

Properties: White flakes. Mp 137.5–140C, flash pcones, lubricant and fuel additive, polymerization311F (155C), distillation range 240–246C. Com-catalyst, hydrogen chloride scavenger.bustible.

Use: Intermediate for herbicides and defoliants, in-tetrabutyl titanate. (TBT; butyl titanate; ti-secticide, impregnant for moisture resistance, elec-tanium butylate).trical insulation.CAS: 5593-70-4. Ti(OC4H9)4.

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Bp310–314C, forms a glass −55C, d 0.996, refr index tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone. See chloranil.

1217 2,4,5,6-TETRACHLOROPHENOL

tetrachlorobisphenol. (C6H2Cl2OH)2C(CH3)2. removers, varnishes, lacquers, photographic film,A monomer for flame-retardant epoxy, polyester, resins and waxes, extraction of oils and fats, alcoholand polycarbonate resins. denaturant, organic synthesis, insecticides, weed

killer, fumigant, intermediate in manufacture of oth-tetrachlorocyclopentane. er chlorinated hydrocarbons.

CAS: 59808-78-5. mf: C5H6Cl4.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, skin contact, tetrachloroethylene. See perchloroethylene.and inhalation. A moderate eye irritant.

cis-n-[1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)thio]-4-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. See cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide. (“Difola-

dioxin. tan”;“captafol”).CAS: 2425-06-1. C10H9Cl4NO2S.

1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane. (halo- Properties: White solid. Mp 160C. Slightly solublecarbon 112a; refrigerant 112a). in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.CAS: 76-11-9. CCl2CF2Cl. Hazard: Absorbed by skin. TLV: 0.1 mg/m3; not

Properties: Colorless, liquid or solid; slight ether classifiable as a human carcinogen.odor. Mw 202.83, mp 40.56C, bp 91.67C, vap press Use: Fungicide.40 torr (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in ether,chloroform, and alcohol. Noncombustible. n-((tetrachloro-2-fluoroethyl)thio)methane-

Hazard: TLV: 500 ppm. sulfoanilide. See n-(2-fluoro-1,1,2,2-tetra-Use: Refrigerant. chloroethylthio).

sym-tetrachlorodifluoroethane. (1,2-difluo- tetrachloroisophthalonitrile. (1,3-dicyano-ro-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; freon 112). 2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene). C8Cl4N2.CAS: 76-12-0. CCl2FCCl2F. Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 245C, bp 350C, d

Properties: White solid or colorless liquid; slightly 1.70, insoluble in water, almost insoluble in organiccamphorlike odor when concentrated. Bp 92.8C, mp solvents.26C, critical temp 278C, d 1.6447 (25C), refr index Use: Bactericide, nematocide.1.413 (25C), bulk d 13.8 lb/gal. Insoluble in water;soluble in alcohol. Nonflammable. tetrachloromethane. See carbon tetrachlo-

Grade: Purified, solvent. ride.Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 500 ppm.Use: Degreasing solvent. tetrachloronaphthalene. (Halowax).

CAS: 1335-88-2. C10H4Cl4.tetrachlorodinitroethane. O2NCCl2CCl2NO2. Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow solid; aromaticProperties: White crystals. Decomposes at 130C to odor. Mw 265.96, sp g 1.59–1.65, mp 115C, bpnitrogen peroxide. 311.5–360C, flash p 410F. Insoluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong Hazard: Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and skinirritant. contact. TLV: 2 mg/m3.

Use: Electrical insulating materials; in resins andtetrachlorodiphenylethane. See TDE. polymers for coating textiles, wood, and paper; ad-

ditive in cutting oils.2′,3,4,6′-tetrachlorodiphenyl ether. See See chlorinated naphthalene.

1,3-dichloro-2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)benzene.2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol.

tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfone. See tetradifon. CAS: 58-90-2. C6HCl4OH.Properties: Brown flakes or sublimed mass; strongodor. Mp 69–70C, bp 164C (23 mm Hg), d 1.839sym-tetrachloroethane. (acetylene tetrachlo-(25/4C). Soluble in acetone, benzene, ether, andride).alcohol. Nonflammable.CAS: 79-34-5. CHCl2CHCl2.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strongProperties: Heavy, colorless, corrosive liquid; chlo-irritant.roform-like odor. D 1.593 (25/25C), bp 146.5C, fp

Use: Fungicide.−43C, bulk d 13.25 lb/gal (25C), refr index 1.4918(25C), flash p none. Soluble in alcohol and ether;slightly soluble in water. Nonflammable. 2,4,5,6-tetrachlorophenol.

Derivation: Reaction of acetylene and chlorine and CAS: 58-90-2. C6HCl4OH.subsequent distillation. Properties: Brown solid; phenol odor. D 1.65 (60/

Grade: Technical. 4C), mp above 50C. Soluble in sodium hydroxideHazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp- solutions and most organic solvents; insoluble intion. TLV: 1 ppm; not classifiable as a human car- water.cinogen. Toxic by skin absorption. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Use: Solvent, cleansing and degreasing metals, paint irritant.

1218TETRACHLOROPHTHALIC ACID

Use: Fungicide, wood preservative. benzene and low molecular weight hydrocarbons;viscosity unaffected by temperature. Combustible.

Use: Silicone oils, foam inhibitor in lubricating oils.tetrachlorophthalic acid. C6Cl4(CO2H)2.Properties: Colorless, crystalline plates. Soluble inhot water; sparingly soluble in cold water. tetracosane. C24H50 or CH3(CH2)22CH3.

Derivation: By passing a stream of chlorine through Properties: Crystals. D 0.779 (51/4C), bp 324.1C,a mixture of phthalic anhydride and antimony penta- mp 51.5C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.chloride. Combustible.

Use: Dyes, intermediates. Use: Organic synthesis.

tetrachlorophthalic anhydride. n-tetracosanoic acid. See lignoceric acid.CAS: 117-08-8. C6Cl4(CO)2O.

Properties: White, odorless, free-flowing, nonhyg- tetracyanoethylene.roscopic powder. Mp 254–255C, bp 371C. Slightly CAS: 670-54-2. (CN)2C:C(CN)2. The first membersoluble in water. of a class of compounds called cyanocarbons.

Use: Intermediate in dyes, pharmaceuticals, plasti- Properties: Colorless crystals. Sublimes abovecizers, and other organic materials; flame-retardant 120C, mp 198–200C, bp 223C, high thermal stabili-in epoxy resins. ty. Burns in oxygen with a hotter flame than acety-

lene.tetrachloroquinone. See chloranil. Hazard: Hydrolyzes in moist air to hydrogen cya-

nide.Use: Organic synthesis, dyes, to make colored solu-tetrachlorosalicylanilide. C13H7Cl4NO2.tions with aromatics.Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 160C. Insoluble in

water; soluble in common organic solvents and alka-line solutions. tetradecamethylhexasiloxane. C14H42O5Si6.

Use: Bacteriostat; preservative (textile finishes, cut- Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 140C (20 mm Hg),ting oils, plastics); use in foods, drugs, and cosmet- fp below −100C, d 0.89, refr index 1.4, flash p 118C.ics may be restricted. Viscosity unaffected by temperature. Soluble in

benzene and low molecular weight hydrocarbons;tetrachlorosilane. See silicon tetrachloride. slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Silicone oil base, foam inhibitor in lubricatingoils.3,3,4,4-tetrachlorotetrahydrothiophene-1,1-

dioxide.CAS: 3737-41-5. mf: C4H4Cl4O2S. n-tetradecane.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. CAS: 629-59-4. C14H30 or CH3(CH2)12CH3.Moderately toxic by inhalation. A severe skin irri- Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7653 (20/4C), mptant. 5.5C, bp 253.5C, refr index 1.4302 (20C), flash p

212F (100C), autoign temp 396F (202C). Soluble inalcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.tetrachlorothiophene.

Grade: 95%, 99%.CAS: 6012-97-1.Hazard: A fire hazard. Lower flammable limit in air0.5%.C

❘ClCClCClCCl

❘S.

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent standardized hydro-Properties: Liquid. Mp 29–30, bp 104C (10 mmcarbon, distillation chaser.Hg). Soluble in benzene, hexane, alcohols, chloro-

carbons.tetradecanoic acid. See myristic acid.Use: Agricultural chemicals, lubricants.

tetradecanol. See myristyl alcohol; 7-ethyl-2-tetrachlorvinphos.methyl-4-undecanol.CAS: 961-11-5. C10H9Cl4O4P.

Properties: Powder. Mp 97C. Partially soluble inchloroform; slightly soluble in water. 9-tetradecenal, (z)-.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. CAS: 53939-27-8. mf: C14H26O.Use: Insecticide. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Source: Natural product.tetracine. See tetrazene.

11-tetradecenal, (e)-.tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane. CAS: 35746-21-5. mf: C14H26O.

C24H72O10Si11. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, andProperties: Colorless liquid. Bp 200C (5 mm Hg), d skin contact.0.924, refr index 1.399, flash p 188C. Soluble in Source: Natural product.

1219 TETRA-(2-ETHYLBUTYL)

1-tetradecene. (�-tetradecylene). Soluble in chloroform and aromatic hydrocarbons;CH2:CH(CH2)11CH3. insoluble in water.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.775 (20/4C), fp Use: Insecticide, acaricide, ovicide.−12C, bp 256C, flash p 230F (110C). Insoluble inwater; very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. tetra(diphenylphosphito)pentaerythritol.Combustible. See pentaerythritol tetrakis(diphenyl phos-

Use: Solvent in perfumes, flavors, medicines, dyes, phite).oils, resins.

tetradotoxin. A highly toxic venom found incis-tetradec-9-enoic acid. See myristoleic pufferlike fish.

acid.tetraethanolammonium hydroxide.

(z)-9-tetradecenol acetate. CAS: 77-98-5. (HOCH2CH2)4NOH.CAS: 16725-53-4. mf: C16H30O2. Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 123C, vap

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C). Completely solubleSource: Natural product. in water. A strong base, approaching sodium hy-

droxide in alkalinity. Aqueous solutions are stable atroom temperature but decomposes on heating totetradecylamine. C14H29NH2.weakly basic polyethanolamines.Properties: White solid; odor of ammonia. Mp 37C,

Grade: Commercial grade is a 40% water solution.bp 291.2C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol andHazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.ether. Combustible.Use: Alkaline catalyst, solvent for certain types ofGrade: 90% purity.dyes, metal-plating solutions.Use: Intermediate for manufacture of cationic sur-

face-active agents, germicides.2,4,6,8-tetraethenyl-2,4,6,8-tetra-

methylcyclotetrasiloxane.tetradecylbenzyldimethylammoniumCAS: 2554-06-5. mf: C12H24O4Si4.chloride monohydrate.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation.[C14H29N(CH3)2CH2C6H5]Cl•H2O. A quaternaryammonium salt.

Properties: (50% solution in aqueous isopropanol) tetraethylammonium perfluoro-1-Viscous liquid that may gelatinize on standing. D octanesulfonate.0.978 (16C). Miscible with water, alcohol, glycerol CAS: 56773-42-3. mf: C8H20N•C8F17O3S.and acetone; pH of a 10% solution in distilled water Hazard: A poison by ingestion.7–8.

Grade: 50% solution in aqueous isopropanol. 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane.Use: Production of bacteriostatic and fungistatic CAS: 122-31-6. [(C2H5O)2CH]2CH2.paper. Properties: Liquid. Bp 105C, refr index 1.410 (20C),

d 0.920 (20/20C), flash p 190F (87.7C). Slightlytetradecyl chloride. (myristyl chloride). soluble in water; soluble in ether and alcohol. Com-

CH3(CH2)13Cl. bustible.Properties: Water-white distilled liquid; mild odor. Use: Organic synthesis.D 0.8590, fp −0.2C, bp 154–155C (15 mm Hg),15.2% chloride, subject to mild hydrolysis on tetraethylammonium chloride. (TEAC;standing. TEA chloride). (C2H5)4NCl.

Grade: 97% min. Properties: (Anhydrous) Colorless, crystals;odorless. D 1.080. Hygroscopic; freely soluble in

�-tetradecylene. See 1-tetradecene. water, alcohol, chloroform, acetone; slightly solublein benzene and ether. (Tetrahydrate)(C2H5)4NCl•4H2O. Crystals. Mp 37.5C, d 1.084.tetradecyl thiol. (myristyl mercaptan).

Use: Medicine (nerve-blocking agent).CH3(CH2)13SH.Properties: Liquid; strong odor. Mp 6.5C, bp176–180C (22 mm Hg), d 0.8398 (25/4C), refr index tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate.1.4612 (20C). Combustible. (C2H5)4NPF6.

Grade: 95% (min) purity. Properties: Solid. Mp 255C. Nonhygroscopic butHazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. soluble in water; stable to heat, can be stored inUse: Organic intermediate, synthetic rubber pro- solution without decomposition of the PF6 ion.cessing. Hazard: Irritant to skin.

Use: Maintenance of fluoride atmospheres; prepara-tion of bactericides and fungicides.tetradifon. (chlorophenyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl

sulfone; 2,4,4′,5-tetrachlorodiphenylsulfone).CAS: 116-29-0. Cl3C6H2SO2C6H4Cl. tetra-(2-ethylbutyl) silicate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 147C. [(C2H5)C4H8O]4Si.

1220TETRAETHYL DITHIOPYRO

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8920–0.9018 (20/ tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate.20C), fp −100C, bp 238C (50 mm Hg). Insoluble in [C4H9CH(C2H5)CH2O]4Si.water; slightly soluble in methanol; miscible with Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8838, bpmost organic solvents. 350–370C, fp −90C, flash p 390F (198C). Solubility

Use: Heat-transfer medium, hydraulic fluid, wide- in water below 0.01, 7.4 lb/gal. Combustible.temperature-range lubricant. Use: Synthetic lubricants and functional fluids.

tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) titanate. (tetrakis(2-eth-tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate. (TEDP).ylhexyl)titanate). [C4H9CH(C2H5)CH2O]4Ti.See sulfotepp.

Properties: Light-yellow, viscous liquid from thetransesterification of isopropyl titanate with 2-ethyl-tetraethylene glycol. (TEG).hexanol. Combustible.HO(C2H4O)3C2H4OH.

Use: Cross-linking agent, condensation catalyst, ad-Properties: Colorless liquid; hygroscopic. D 1.1248hesion promoter, water repellents.(20/20C), fp −4C, bp 327.3C, vap press above 0.001

mm Hg (20C), refr index 1.4577 (20C), flash p 345Ftetraethyl lead. (TEL).(174C), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal (20C). Soluble in water;

CAS: 78-00-2. Pb(C2H5)4.insoluble in benzene, toluene, or gasoline. Combus-Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; pleasant odor. Dtible.1.65, bp 198–202C, 75–85C (13–14 mm Hg), fpUse: Solvent for nitrocellulose, plasticizer, lacquers,−136C, decomposes slowly at room temperature,coating compositions.rapidly at 125–150C. Soluble in all organic solvents;insoluble in water and dilute acids or alkalies. Com-tetraethylene glycol dibutyl ether. Seebustible.dibutoxytetraglycol.

Derivation: (1) Alkylation of lead-sodium alloy withethyl chloride; (2) electrolysis of an ethyl Grignardtetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate. reagent with an anode of lead pellets.Properties: Water-white to pale-straw liquid. Bp Grade: One grade only, about 98% pure.200C (1 mm Hg), d 1.075 (20/20C), refr index Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin1.4620 (20C), viscosity 12 cP. Insoluble in water; absorption. TLV: 0.1 mg(Pb)/m3.soluble in styrene, many esters, and aromatics; limit- Use: Antiknock agent. Leaded gasoline contains 1.10ed solubility in aliphatic hydrocarbons. Combus- g lead per gallon. TEL has been largely replaced bytible. MBTE.Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.

Use: Plasticizer. tetraethyl orthosilicate. See ethyl silicate.

tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether. See tetraethyl pyrophosphate. Legal label namedimethoxytetraglycol. for tepp.

tetraethylene glycol distearate. tetraethylthiuram disulfide. (disulfiram;(C17H35COOCH2CH2OCH2CH2)2O. TTD; TETD; bis[diethylthiocarbamyl] disulfide).

Properties: Liquid. Mp 32–33C. Insoluble in water. CAS: 97-77-8. [(C2H5)2NCS]2S2.Combustible. Properties: Light-gray powder; slight odor. D 1.27,

Use: Plasticizer. melting range 65–70C. Soluble in carbon disulfide,benzene, and chloroform; insoluble in water.

tetraethylene glycol monostearate. Hazard: Toxic symptoms when ingested with alco-C17H35COO(CH2CH2O)4H. hol; animal teratogen. TLV: 2 mg/m3; not classifia-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.971, mp 30–31C. Insoluble ble as a human carcinogen.in water. Combustible. Use: Fungicide, ultraaccelerator for rubber.

Use: Plasticizer.tetraethylthiuram sulfide. [bis-(diethylthio-

carbamyl)sulfide]. [(C2H5)2NCS]2S.tetraethylenepentamine.Properties: Dark-brown powder; slight odor. D 1.12CAS: 112-57-2. NH2(CH2CH2NH)3CH2CH2NH2.(20/20C), boiling range 225–240C (3 mm Hg).Properties: Viscous, hygroscopic liquid. D 0.9980

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.(20/20C), fp −30C, bp 333C, vap press above 0.01Use: Pharmaceutical ointments, fungicide, insecti-mm Hg (20C), bulk d 8.3 lb/gal (20C), flash p 325Fcide.(162.7C). Soluble in most organic solvents and wa-

ter. Combustible.Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin. tetraethyltin.Use: Solvent for sulfur, acid gases, and various resins CAS: 597-64-8. Sn(C2H5)4.and dyes; saponifying agent for acidic materials; Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.187 (23C), bpmanufacture of synthetic rubber; dispersant in mo- 181C, fp −112C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-tor oils; intermediate for oil additives. hol and ether.

1221 TETRAHYDROFURAN

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3. tetraglycol dichloride.(ClCH2CH2OCH2CH2)2O.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.186, bp 114 (2 mmtetrafluorodichloroethane. See dichlorotet-Hg). Slightly soluble in water. Combustible.rafluoroethane.

Use: High-boiling solvent and extractant for oils,fats, waxes, and greases; chemical intermediate.tetrafluoroethylene. (perfluoroethylene;

TFE).tetraglyme. See dimethoxytetraglycol.CAS: 116-14-3. F2C:CF2.

Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −142C, bp −78.4C.1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde. Legal labelInsoluble in water; much heavier than air.

name for 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde.Derivation: By passing chlorodifluoromethanethrough a hot tube.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzene. See cyclo-Use: Monomer for polytetrafluoroethylene hexene.polymers.

tetrahydrobiopterin. The fully reduced coen-tetrafluoroethylene epoxide. (TFEO). zyme form of biopterin.

tetrahydrocannibol. C21H30O2. The active prin-ciple of marijuana, a hallucinatory drug. It has beensynthesized and is available in laboratory quantities,subject to legal restrictions. Animal tests have indi-Derivation: Oxidation of tetrafluoroethylene atcated that it can retard cancer growth and also may120C with UV light; reaction proceeds by free-radi-promote the acceptance of organ transplants in thecal mechanism.human body.Use: Monomer for products ranging from dimers to

polymers of dp 35.1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-(10,11-dihydro-See “FreonE”; “Krytox.”

dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-yl)-1-methyl-as-triazine hydrobromide.tetrafluorohydrazine.CAS: 22187-44-6. mf: C19H21N3•BrH.CAS: 13847-65-9. F2NNF2. Hazard: A poison.Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid or colorless gas.

Bp (calc) −73C, heat of vaporization 3170 cal/mole,�-(tetrahydro-4,6-dioxo-2-thioxo-critical temp 36C.

5(2h)pyrimidinylidene)-o-toluic acid.Hazard: Explodes on contact with reducing agentsCAS: 73909-20-3. mf: C12H8N2O4S.and at high pressures. Irritant.

Hazard: A poison.Use: Organic synthesis; oxidizer in fuels for rockets,missiles, etc.

3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-(�-ethoxybenzyl)-5-ethyl-5-methylpyrimidine.tetrafluoromethane. (fluorocarbon 14; car-CAS: 33236-07-6. mf: C16H24N2O.bon tetrafluoride).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.CAS: 75-73-0. CF4.Properties: Colorless gas. D (liquid) 1.96 (−184C),

tetrahydrofolate. The reduced, active coen-sp vol 4.4 cu ft/lb (70F), fp −184C, bp −128C.zyme form of the vitamin folate which functions asSlightly soluble in water. Nonflammable.an antioxidant.Grade: 95% min purity.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.tetrahydrofuran. (THF).Use: Refrigerant, gaseous insulator.

CAS: 109-99-9.3-(4,6-(tetrafluoromethoxy)pyrimidin-2-yl)-

1-((2-methoxycarbonyl)phenyl- C❘H2CH2CH2CH2

❘O.

sulfonyl)urea. Properties: Water-white liquid; ethereal odor. DCAS: 86209-51-0. mf: C15H12F4N4O7S. 0.888 (20C), refr index 1.4070 (20C), fp −65C, bp

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox- 66C, flash p 5F (−15C) (OC), autoign temp 610Ficity by ingestion. (321C). Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Derivation: (1) Catalytic hydrogenation of furantetrafluorosilane. See silicon tetrafluoride. with nickel catalyst. (2) Acid-catalyzed dehydration

of 1,4-butanediol.tetraformaltrisazine. See octahydro- Grade: Technical, spectrophotometric.

(1,2,4,5)tetrazino(1,2-a)(1,2,4,5)tetrazine. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Flammablelimits in air 2–11.8%. Toxic by ingestion and inhala-

tetragastrin. See gastrin tetrapeptide amide. tion. TLV: 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm.

1222TETRAHYDRO-3-FURAN

Use: Solvent for natural and synthetic resins (particu- Use: Chemical intermediate, fine-grain photographiclarly vinyls), in top-coating solutions, polymer coat- development, vulcanization accelerator.ing, cellophane, protective coatings, adhesives,magnetic tapes, printing inks, etc. Grignard reac- tetrahydrofurfuryl benzoate.tions, lithium aluminum hydride reductions, and C4H7OCH2OOCC6H5.polymerizations; chemical intermediate and mo- Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.137 (20/0C), bpnomer. 300–302C, 138–140C (2 mm Hg). Insoluble in wa-

ter; soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Com-tetrahydro-3-furancarboxaldehyde. See 3- bustible.

formyltetrahydrofuran. Derivation: Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and benzoicacid by esterification.

Use: Chemical intermediate.2,5-tetrahydrofurandimethanol. (2,5-bis[hydroxymethyl]tetrahydrofuran). C6H12O3.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.154, mp below tetrahydrofurfuryl laurate.−50C, bp 265C, refr index 1.47. Soluble in water, C4H7OCH2OOCCC11H23.alcohol, acetone, benzene; hygroscopic. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.930 (25C). Insolu-

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. ble in water. Combustible.Use: Organic synthesis, humectant, solvent. Use: Plasticizer.

(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)methyl 2-propenoate. tetrahydrofurfuryl levulinate.See tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate. CH3CO(CH2)2COOCH2C4H7O.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 59–62C. Soluble inwater. Combustible.tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate.

Use: Plasticizer.C4H7OCH2OOCCH3.Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.061 (20/0C), bp194–195C (753 mm Hg). Soluble in water, alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl oleate.ether, and chloroform. Combustible. C17H33COOCH2C4H7O.

Derivation: By treatment of tetrahydrofurfuryl alco- Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.923 (25C), bphol with acetic anhydride. 240C (5 mm Hg), fp −30C, flash p 329F (165C).

Use: Flavoring. Insoluble in water. Combustible.Use: Plasticizer.

tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.CAS: 2399-48-6. mf: C8H12O3. tetrahydrofurfuryl phthalate.

Hazard: A moderate skin irritant. C6H4(COOCH2C4H7O)2.Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.194 (25C), mp be-low 15C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. (tetrahydrofuryl

Use: Plasticizer.carbinol).CAS: 97-99-4. C4H7OCH2OH.

tetrahydrofuryl carbinol. See tetrahydrofur-furyl alcohol.

3-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil. See5-fluoro-3-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)uracil.

tetrahydrogeraniol. See 3,7-dimethyl-1-oc-Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor; hygroscop-tanol.ic. D 1.0543 (20/20C), bp 178C, refr index 1.4520

(20C), flash p 167F (75C) (OC), viscosity 5.49 cP4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2h-(25C), autoign temp 540F (282C). Miscible with

1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2-water. Combustible.naphthalenyl)benzonitrile.Derivation: Catalytic hydrogenation of furfural.CAS: 90035-01-1. mf: C26H19NO3.Grade: Commercial, industrial (80%).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.Use: Solvent for vinyl resins; dyes for leather; chlori-Use: Agricultural chemical.nated rubber; cellulose esters; solvent softener for

nylon; vegetable oils; coupling agent; organic syn-thesis. 4′-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-

2h-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2-tetrahydrofurfurylamine. naphthalenyl)(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-

CAS: 4795-29-3. C4H7OCH2NH2. carbonitrile, cis-.Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Refr CAS: 90034-98-3. mf: C32H23NO3.index 1.4520–1.4535 (25C), distilling range Hazard: A poison by ingestion.150–156C, d 0.977 (20C/20C). Combustible. Use: Agricultural chemical.

1223 1,2,5,6-TETRAHYDRO

4′-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo- odor. Mp 33C. Soluble in 2 parts of 80% alcohol.2h-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2- Combustible.naphthalenyl)(1,1′-biphenyl)-4- Use: Perfumery.carbonitrile, trans-.

tetrahydronaphthalene.CAS: 90034-97-2. mf: C32H23NO3.CAS: 119-64-2. C10H12.Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

4-((4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2h-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2-naphthalenyl)phenoxy)benzonitrile.CAS: 90035-05-5. mf: C32H23NO4. Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D 0.981Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(13C), bp 206C, refr index 1.540–1.547, flash pUse: Agricultural chemical.160F (71.1C), fp −25C, moisture content none, resi-due on evaporation none, acidity neutral, bulk d 8 lb/4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3- gal, autoign temp 723F (384C). Miscible with mostol. solvents; compatible with natural and synthetic ve-CAS: 64603-91-4. mf: C6H8N2O2. hicles; insoluble in water. Combustible.Hazard: A poison. Derivation: Hydrogenation of naphthalene in thepresence of a catalyst at 150C.

tetrahydrolinalool. (3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol). Grade: Technical.CAS: 78-69-3. C10H21OH. Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin; narcotic in high

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D concentration.0.832–0.837, optically inactive. Combustible. Use: Chemical intermediate; solvent for greases, fats,

Use: Perfumery, flavoring. oils, waxes; substitute for turpentine.

1-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(4-(4-(2- tetrahydrophthalic anhydride.methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-7-me CAS: 85-43-8. C6H8(CO)2O.thyl-2,4-dioxo-3-phenylpyrido(2,3- Properties: White, crystalline powder. Solidifica-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)carbonyl)pyrrolidine. tion p 99–101C, d 1.20 (105C), flash p 315F (157C)CAS: 272774-82-0. mf: C34H40N6O4. (OC). Slightly soluble in petroleum ether and ethyl

Hazard: A poison. ether; soluble in benzene. Combustible.Derivation: Diels-Alder reaction of butadiene and

1-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3- maleic anhydride.phenyl-1-(4-(4-phenyl-1-pipera zinyl) Use: Chemical intermediate for light-colored alkyds,butyl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5- polyesters, plasticizers, and adhesives; intermediateyl)carbonyl)yrrolidine. for pesticides; hardener for resins.CAS: 272774-79-5. mf: C33H38N6O3.

Hazard: A poison. (+)-(4ar,10br)-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-

1-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methyl-1-(4-(4- oxazin-9-ol.methyl-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-2,4-di oxo-3- CAS: 123671-92-1. mf: C14H19NO3.phenylpyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5- Hazard: A poison.yl)carbonyl)pyrrolidine.CAS: 272774-83-1. mf: C28H36N6O3. tetrahydropyran-2-methanol.

Hazard: A poison. CAS: 100-72-1.

1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-(�- O❘CH2CH2CH2CH2

❘CHCH2OH.

methylphenethyl)-as-triazine Properties: Liquid. D 1.0272 (20C), bp 187.2C, fphydrochloride. sets to glass below −70C, flash p 200F (93.3C) (OC).CAS: 21038-21-1. mf: C12H17N3•ClH. Miscible with water. Combustible.

Hazard: A poison. Use: Chemical intermediate.

1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4- 1,2,3,3-tetrahydro-3h-pyrano-(3,2-f)phenylpyridine. quinoline-8(7h)-one.CAS: 28289-54-5. mf: C12H15N. CAS: 128202-32-4. mf: C12H11NO2.

Hazard: A poison. A reproductive hazard. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methylquinoline. 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine. C5H9N.C10H13N. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.912–0.914 (20/

Properties: Yellowish crystals; strong, civetlike 4C), fp −44C, bp 115.5–120.0C. Combustible.

1224TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENE

Grade: 96% min. tetraisopropylstannane. See tetraisopro-Use: Organic intermediate. pyltin.

tetraisopropylthiuram disulfide.tetrahydrothiophene. (thiophane).[(CH3CH3CH)2NCS]S2.CAS: 110-01-0.

Properties: Tan powder; amine odor. D 1.12 (20/20C), melting range 95–99C. Soluble in benzene,C

❘H2CH2CH2CH2

❘S. chloroform, gasoline; insoluble in water, 10% caus-Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.00 (15.6/ tic, carbon disulfide.15.6C), boiling range 115–124.4C. Combustible. Use: Rubber accelerator.Use: Solvent, intermediate, fuel gas odorant.

tetraisopropyltin.tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide. See sul- CAS: 2949-42-0. mf: C12H28Sn.

folane. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-10-((2,3,6- tetraisopropyl titanate. (TPT; titanium iso-trideoxy-3-(2,3-dihydro-1h-pyrrol-1-yl)- propylate; isopropyl titanate). Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4.�lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-, (8s,10s)-5,12- Properties: Light-yellow liquid that fumes in moistnaphthacenedione. air. Bp 102–104C (10 mm Hg), mp 14.8C, d 0.954,CAS: 175795-76-3. mf: C31H33NO11. refr index 1.46, apparent viscosity 2.11 cP (25C).

Hazard: A poison. Decomposes rapidly in water; soluble in most or-ganic solvents.

tetrahydroxybutane. See erythritol. Derivation: Reaction of titanium tetrachloride withisopropanol

Use: Ester exchange reactions; adhesion of paints,tetrahydroxydiphenyl. See diresorcinol.rubber, and plastics to metals; condensation cata-lyst.tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine.

[N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-(2-hydroxyeth-tetraisopropyl zirconate. Zr[OCH(CH3)2]4.yl)ethylenediamine].Properties: White solid. Decomposes before(HOCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CH2OH)2.melting.Properties: Clear, viscous liquid. Good heat stabili-

Derivation: By reaction of zirconium tetrachloridety. Combustible.with isopropanol.Use: Organic intermediate, cross-linking of rigid

Use: Condensation catalyst, cross-linking agent.polyurethane foams, chelating agent, humectant,gas absorbent, resin formation, detergent pro-

tetrakis(2-chloroethyl) ethylenecessing.diphosphate.CAS: 33125-86-9. mf: C10H20Cl4O8P2.3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.CAS: 491-70-3. mf: C15H10O6.Hazard: A poison.

tetrakis(dimethylamino)silane. See octame-thylsilanetetramine.2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid. See

saccharic acid. tetrakis(1,1-dimethylpentyl) silicate. Seetetra(2-butylisopropyl) orthosilicate.2,3,9,10-tetrahydroxyprotoberberine.

CAS: 162854-37-7. mf: C17H14NO4. tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphoniumHazard: A poison by ingestion. chloride. (THPC). (HOCH2)4PCl. A crystal-

line compound made by the reaction of phosphine,tetrahydroxysilane. See silicic acid (ortho). formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid.

Use: Flame-retarding agent for cotton fabrics. Maytetraiodoethylene. (iodoethylene). I2C:CI2. be used in combination with triethylolamine andProperties: Light-yellow, crystals; odorless; turns urea (Roxel process) or with triethanolamine andbrown on exposure to light. Mp 187C, d 2.98. Insol- tris(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.uble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

Derivation: Iodine on diiodoacetylene obtained N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)from calcium carbide and iodine. ethylenediamine. (ethylenedinitrilotetra-2-

Use: Surgical dusting powder, antiseptic ointment, propanol). [−CH2N(CH2CH2OCH3)2]2.fungicide. Properties: Viscous, water-white liquid. Miscible

with water; soluble in ethanol, toluene, ethylenetetraiodofluorescein. See iodeosin. glycol, and perchloroethylene. Combustible.

1225 TETRAMETHYLDIAMINOBENZO

Use: Cross-linking agent and catalyst in urethane tetramethylammonium chlorodibromide.foams, epoxy resin curing, metal complexes, inter- (CH3)4NClBr2.mediate. Properties: Powder. Mp 118–126C. Soluble in water

and other polar solvents.Hazard: Evolves bromine on contact with water.tetrakis(p-phenoxyphenyl)tin.Use: Dry brominating agent, ingredient in formula-CAS: 6452-62-6. mf: C48H36O4Sn.tion of sanitizers.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).tetramethylammonium hydroxide.

CAS: 75-59-2. (CH3)4NOH.“Tetralin” [Du Pont]. TM for tetrahydrona-Properties: A strong base available in 10% solution.phthalene.Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

tetralite. See tetryl.1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene. See isodurene.

“Tetralol” [Millenium]. TM for an additive.sym-tetramethylbenzene. See durene.Use: In floral fragrances and soap perfumes to import

fresh floral and citrus aroma.N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine.

CH3CHN(CH3)2CH2CH2N(CH3)2.1-tetralone.Properties: Colorless, stable liquid. Fp −100C, bp165.0C, d 0.8020 (20/20C), vap press 1.64 mm Hg

C❘HCHCHCHC

❘

❘CCH2CH2CH2C

❘O. (20C), miscible with water, viscosity 1.0 cP (20C),

flash p 114F (45.5C) (TOC). Combustible.A ketone of tetrahydronaphthalene. Use: Catalyst for polyurethane foams and epoxy res-

Properties: Liquid. D 1.090–1.095 (20/20C), bp ins; high-energy fuels.120–125C (10 mm Hg), vap press 0.02 mm Hg(20C), mp 5.3–6.0C, flash p 265F (129.5C). Insolu- n,n′,o,o′-tetramethylcurinium diiodide.ble in water. Combustible. CAS: 16240-52-1. mf: C40H48N2O6•2I.

Grade: Solvent and intermediate. Hazard: A poison.

tetram. (O,O-diethyl-S-(�-diethylamino)-ethyl 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol.phosphorothioate hydrogen oxalate). (CH3)4C4H2(OH)2.CAS: 78-53-5. (C2H5O)2POSCH3CH2N(C2H5)2. Properties: White solid. Mp 124–135C, bp

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. Use may be re- 220–225C, isomer composition 50% cis, 50% trans,stricted. flash p 125F (51.6C).

Use: Insecticide. Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant.Use: Chemical intermediate, lubricants.

tetramer. An oligomer whose molecule is com-posed of four molecules of the same chemical com- tetramethyldiamidophosphoric fluoride.position. See dimefox.

See polymer.tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol.

1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane. (tetramethyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol; Mi-[(CH3O)2CH]2CH2. chler’s hydrol; hydrol).

Properties: Liquid. Bp 183C, refr index 1.408 (20C), (CH3)2NC6H4CH(OH)C6H4N(CH3)2.d 0.995 (20/20C). Soluble in water, hexane, ether, Properties: Colorless prisms. Forms a colorless so-and alcohol. Combustible. lution in ether or benzene and a blue solution in

Use: Organic synthesis. alcohol or acetic acid.. Mp 96C. Soluble in alcohol,ether, benzene, and acetic acid Combustible.

tetramethoxy silane. See methyl silicate. Derivation: Reaction of tetramethyldiamino-diphenylmethane, hydrochloric acid, and glacial

3,3′,4,4′-tetramethoxystilbene. acetic acid; oxidized with lead peroxide.CAS: 18513-98-9. mf: C18H20O4. Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use: Dye intermediate, organic synthesis.

tetramethylammonium chloride. tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone. (Mi-(CH3)4NCl. A quaternary ammonium compound. chler’s ketone; 4,4’-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 1.1690 (20/ bis[dimethylamino]benzophenone).4C), mp (decomposes). Soluble in water and alco- CAS: 90-94-8. CO[C6H4N(CH3)2]2.hol; insoluble in ether, also available as a 50% solu- Properties: Crystalline leaflets. Mp 172C, bp de-tion. composes at 360C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

Use: Chemical intermediate, catalyst, inhibitor. water. Combustible.

12264,4′-TETRAMETHYLDIAMINODI

Derivation: From dimethylaniline by reaction with tetramethylethylenediamine. (TMEDA;phosgene. N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine).

Use: Synthesis of dyestuffs, especially auramine de- CAS: 110-18-9. (CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2.rivatives. Properties: Colorless liquid; slight ammoniacal

odor. Bp 121–122C, d 0.7765 (20/4C), refr index1.4170 (25C), fp −55.1C. Soluble in water and most4,4′-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane.organic solvents. Combustible.(tetra base).

Grade: Anhydrous (100%), aqueous (65%).CAS: 101-61-1. H2C[C6H4N(CH3)2]2.Use: Preparation of epoxy curing agents, polyure-Properties: Yellowish leaflets or glistening plates.thane formation, corrosion inhibitor, textile finish-Mp 90–91C, sublimes with decomposition, bping agents, intermediate for quaternary ammonium390C. Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, ether,compounds.carbon disulfide, and acids.

Derivation: By heating dimethylaniline with hydro-tetramethylguanidine.chloric acid and formaldehyde.

(CH3)2NC(NH)N(CH3)2.Use: Dye intermediate.Properties: Liquid; slight ammoniacal odor. Bp159–160C. Soluble in both water and organic sol-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylsulfone. (4,4′-vents. A strong base. Combustible.bis(dimethylamino)diphenylsulfone).

[(CH3)2NC6H4]2SO2.2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane. See phy-Properties: Solid. Mp 259–260C. Combustible.

tane.Grade: Technical, reagent.Use: Intermediate in making dyestuffs and medicinalchemicals; analytical reagent for lead. tetramethyl lead. (TML).

CAS: 75-74-1. (CH3)4Pb.Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.995, fp −27.5C, bp1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisilazane.110C (10 mm Hg), flash p 100F (37.7C). InsolubleCAS: 7691-02-3. mf: C8H19NSi2.in water; slightly soluble in benzene, petroleumHazard: A poison by ingestion.ether, alcohol.

Derivation: As for tetraethyl lead. Methyl reagentssym-tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane.used instead of ethyl.CAS: 2627-95-4. mf: C8H18OSi2. Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic byHazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation.ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Lowerexplosion level 1.8%. TLV: 0.15 mg(Pb)/m3. Toxictetramethylene. See cyclobutane. by skin absorption.

tetramethylenediamine. tetramethylmethane. See neopentane.CAS: 110-60-1. H2N(CH2)4NH2.

Properties: Colorless crystals; strong odor. Mp 27C, 3,3′-tetramethylnonyl thiodipropionate.bp 158–159C. Soluble in water with strongly basicSee ditridecyl thiodipropionate.reaction. Combustible.

Use: Chemical intermediate, complexing agent, cata-tetramethyl phosphonosuccinate. Seelyst in resin technology, synthesis of quaternary

phosphonosuccinic acid tetramethyl ester.ammonium compounds.

tetramethylsilane.tetramethylene dichloride. See 1,4-dichlo-CAS: 75-76-3. (CH3)4Si.robutane.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid. Bp 26.5C, d0.646 (20/4C), flash p 0F (−17.7C). Insoluble in3,3′-(tetramethylenedioxy)bis(propylamine). water and cold concentrated sulfuric acid; soluble in

See 1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane. most organic solvents.Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

tetramethylene glycol. See 1,4-butylene chloride and methylmagnesium chloride.glycol. Grade: Technical, purified.

Hazard: Flammable, high fire risk.tetramethylene sulfone. See sulfolane. Use: Aviation fuel, internal standard for NMR ana-

lytical instruments.1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-ethyl-7-acetyl-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydronaphthalene. C18H26O. A poly- tetramethyl succinonitrile. (TMSM).cyclic musk. CAS: 3333-52-6. C8H12N2.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 45C, bp 130C (2 Properties: Colorless, solid; odorless. Mw 136.19,mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. sp g 1.070, mp 170.5C, bp (sublimes). Insoluble in

Use: Perfumes, cosmetics, soaps. water.

1227 TETRA-n-PROPYL DITHIONOPYRO

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV: tetraphene. See benz(a)anthracene.0.5 ppm.

Use: Blowing agent for vinyl foam production. 1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutadiene. (TPB).(C6H5)2C:CHCH:C(C6H5)2.

Properties: White crystals. Two forms, mptetramethylthiourea.CAS: 2782-91-4. mf: C5H12N2S. 194–196C and mp 202–204C. Insoluble in water;

Properties: Crystals from H2O. Mp: 79−80°, bp: soluble in most organic solvents. Combustible.245°. Grade: Purified.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use: Primary fluor or wavelength shifter in solubleUse: As a drug. scintillators.

1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea. See tetrame- tetraphenylresorcinol diphosphate. Seethylthiourea. resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate).

tetraphenylsilane. (C6H5)4Si.tetramethylthiuram disulfide. See thiram.Properties: White solid. Mp 237C, bp 428C. Verystable and inert. Combustible.tetramethylthiuram monosulfide. (bisdi-

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-methylthiocarbamyl sulfide).chloride and phenylmagnesium chloride.CAS: 97-74-5. [(CH3)2NCH]2S.

Grade: Technical.Properties: Yellow powder. D 1.40, mp 104–107C.Use: Heat-transfer medium, polymers.Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-

ride; insoluble in water and gasoline. Combustible.tetraphenyltin. (C6H5)4Sn.Use: Ultraaccelerator for rubber, fungicide, insecti-Properties: White powder. D 1.490, mp 225–228C,cide.bp above 420C. Insoluble in water; soluble in hotbenzene, toluene, xylene.tetramethylurea.

Derivation: Reaction of tin tetrachloride with phe-CAS: 632-22-4. C5H12N2O.nylmagnesium bromide.Properties: Liquid. Bp 176C, flash p 75C (167F), d

Hazard: Skin irritant.1.45. Soluble in water and organic solvents.Use: Stabilizer in chlorinated transformer oils, moth-Use: Solvent, analytical reagent.proofing agent, scavenger in dielectric fluids, inter-mediate.tetranitroaniline. (TNA).

CAS: 3698-54-2. C6H(NO2)4NH2. A nitration prod-tetraphosphoric acid. See polyphosphoricuct of aniline.

acid.Properties: Mp 170C; explodes at 237C.Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk.

tetraphosphorus heptasulfide. See phos-Use: Manufacture of detonators and primers.phorus heptasulfide.

tetranitromethane.tetraphosphorus hexasulfide. See phospho-CAS: 509-14-8. C(NO2)4.

rus trisulfide.

tetraphosphorus trisulfide. See phosphorussesquisulfide.

tetrapotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate.Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Bp See ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (note).125.7C, mp 12.5C, d 1.650 (13C). Miscible withalcohol and ether; insoluble in water; decomposed tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. (TKPP).by alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. Pow- See potassium pyrophosphate.erful oxidizing agent.

Derivation: By action of fuming nitric acid on ben- tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride. See do-zene, acetic anhydride, or acetylene. decenylsuccinic anhydride. Many isomers are

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk. Toxic by possible.ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption. TLV: 0.005ppm; animal carcinogen. tetra-n-propyl dithionopyrophosphate.

Use: Rocket fuel, as an oxidant or monopropellant; CAS: 3244-90-4. (C3H7O)2P(S)OP(S)(OC3H7)2.qualitative test for unsaturated compounds; diesel Properties: Amber liquid. Bp 148C (2 mm Hg).fuel booster; organic reagent. Miscible with most organic solvents; insoluble in

water.tetra(octylene glycol) titanate. See octyl- Hazard: Highly toxic.

ene glycol titanate. Use: Insecticide, acaricide.

1228TETRAPROPYLENE

tetrapropylene. (dodecene; propylene tetra- tetrasodium pyrophosphate. See sodiummer). pyrophosphate; sodium polyphosphate.CAS: 6842-15-5. C12H24. A mixture of C12 monoo-lefins. tetrastearyl titanate. Organic intermediate,

Properties: Liquid. D 0.770 (20/20C), boiling range adhesion promoter, pigment dispersant.183–218C, bulk d 6.44 lb/gal (15.5). Combustible.

Derivation: Olefin fraction obtained from catalytic tetrathiin. See oxidimethiin.polymerization of propylene.

Use: Detergents (dodecylbenzene), lubricant addi- tetrazene. (4-amidino-1-[nitrosamino-amidino]-tives, plasticizers. 1-tetrazene).

CAS: 109-27-3.tetrapropylenepentamine. H2NC(:NH)NHNHN:NC(:NH)NHNHNO.

CAS: 13274-42-5. mf: C12H31N5. Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow, fluffy solid.Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A Apparent d 0.45 but yields a pellet of d 1.05 undermoderate skin and severe eye irritant. pressure of 3000 psi. Practically insoluble in water,

alcohol, ether, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride;slightly hygroscopic.tetrapropylthiuram disulfide.

Derivation: Interaction of an aminoguanidine salt[(C3H7)2NCS]2S2.with sodium nitrite in the absence of free mineralProperties: Light-cream color; musty odor. D 1.13acid.(20/20C), melting range 49–51.5C. Soluble in car-

Use: Initiating explosive.bon disulfide, benzene, chloroform, and gasoline;insoluble in water and 10% caustic soda. Combus-

1h-tetrazol-5-amine. See aminotetrazole.tible.

tetrazolium chloride. (tetrazolium salt;tetrasilane. Si4H10. TTC; 2,4,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride).Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −93.5C, bp 109C, dCN4Cl(C6H5)3.0.825 (0C).

Properties: White to pale-yellow crystalline powderHazard: Severe fire and explosion risk, can ignite orthat darkens on exposure to light. Mp (with decom-explode in air.position) 245C. Readily soluble in water.

Use: In germination and viability tests. Viable partstetrasodium diphosphate. See sodium py- of seed are stained red by deposition of red insolublerophosphate; sodium polyphosphate. triphenyl formazan.

tetrasodium EDTA. (ethylenediaminetetraa- tetrazolium nitro blue. See p-nitro bluecetic acid; tetrasodium salt; EDTA Na4; sodium tetrazolium chloride.edetate).CAS: 64-02-8. C10H12N2Na4O8 anhydrous or 2H2O. tet resistance. See: Antibiotic resistance.

Properties: White powder. Freely soluble in water.Use: General-purpose chelating agent. tetrol. See furan.

“Tetrone” A [Du Pont]. TM for dipentame-thylenethiuram tetrasulfide rubber accelerator.

“Tetronic” [BASF]. TM for a nonionic tetra-functional series of polyether block polymers rang-ing in physical form from liquids through pastes toflakable solids. They are polyoxyalkylene deriva-

See ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (note). tives of ethylenediamine. Physical state varies withmolecular weight and oxyethylene content, 100%

tetrasodium hydrogen 2-phosphonato- active.butane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate. Use: Low-foaming detergent formulations; defoam-CAS: 66669-53-2. mf: C7H7O9P•4Na. ing agents; flexible and rigid polyurethane foams;

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- emulsifying and demulsifying agents; textile pro-tact. cessing.

tetrasodium monopotassium tetryl. (tetralite and nitramine are commontripolyphosphate. Na4KP3O10. commercial names for trinitrophenylmethylnitra-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 580–600C, mine).d 2.55. Solubility in water 30 g/100 mL (26C). CAS: 479-45-8. (NO2)3C6H2N(NO2)CH3.

Use: Sequestrant. Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 130–132C, d 1.57

1229 THALLIUM HYDROXIDE

(19C), explodes at 187C. Insoluble in water; soluble Hazard: Forms toxic compounds on contact withmoisture; keep from skin contact. TLV: (solublein alcohol, ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid.salts) 0.1 mg(Tl)/m3.Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk. Skin

Use: Thallium salts, mercury alloys, low-meltingirritant, absorbed by skin. TLV: 1.5 mg/m3.glasses, rodenticides, photoelectric applications,Use: Detonating agent for less-sensitive high explo-electrodes in dissolved oxygen analyzers.sives, indicator (colorless at pH 10.8, dull red at pH

13.0).thallium acetate. (thallous acetate).

textile oil. Any of various specially compounded CAS: 563-68-8. TlOCOCH3.oils used to condition raw fibers, yarns, or fabric for Properties: White, deliquescent crystals. Mp 131, dmanufacturing, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing op- 3.68. Soluble in water and alcohol.erations. Derivation: Interaction of acetic acid and thallium

carbonate.“Textone” [Vulcan]. TM for sodium chlorite. Hazard: As for thallium.Available forms: Liquid solutions and powder. Use: High specific gravity solutions used to separateUse: Used for water disinfection, as a bleaching agent ore constituents by flotation.for textiles, and for algae control.

thallium amalgam.textryl. Generic name for nonwoven structuresProperties: Reported to have fp −60C (30C belowthat may be manufactured by wet-processing fromthat of mercury).staple fibers and fibrid binder.

Hazard: As for thallium.Use: Substitute for mercury in electrical switches,texture. The physical structure of a solid or semi-thermometers, etc. for extremely low-temperaturesolid material that results from the shape, arrange-service.ment, and proportions of its components. The term is

used in the textile industry to characterize fabrics ofthallium bromide. (thallous bromide).various types and in the food industry to describe

CAS: 7789-40-4. TlBr.quality characteristics of bakery products, marga-Properties: Yellowish-white, crystalline powder. Drines, meats, spun proteins, etc. It is also regarded by7.557, bp 815C, mp 460C. Soluble in alcohol.geologists as a property of rocks and soils.Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in acetone.See protein, textured.

Hazard: As for thallium.Use: Mixed crystals with thallium iodide for infraredtextured protein. See protein, textured.radiation transmitters used in military detection de-vices.TFE. Abbreviation for tetrafluoroethylene.

See polytetrafluorethylene.thallium carbonate. (thallous carbonate).

TFEO. Abbreviation for tetrafluoroethylene ep- CAS: 6533-73-9. Tl2CO3.oxide. Properties: Heavy, shiny, colorless or white crystals.D 7, mp 272C. Highly refractive, melts to dark gray

TGA. Abbreviation for (1) triglycollamic acid; mass, slightly alkaline taste. Soluble in water; insol-(2) thermogravimetric analysis. uble in alcohol.

See thermogravimetric analysis; nitrilotriacetic acid. Hazard: As for thallium.Use: Analysis (testing for carbon disulfide), artificial

TGDR. See thioguanine deoxyriboside. diamonds.

Th. Symbol for thorium.thallium chloride. (thallous chloride).

CAS: 7791-12-0. TlCl.thallium.Properties: White, crystalline powder; becomes vio-CAS: 7440-28-0. Tl. Metallic element of atomiclet on exposure to light. D 7.004 (30/4C), mp 430C,number 81, group IIIA of the periodic table, awbp 720C. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in204.37, valences = 1, 3; two stable isotopes.alcohol, ammonium hydroxide.Properties: Bluish-white, leadlike metal. D 11.85,

Hazard: As for thallium.mp 302C, bp 1457C, oxidizes in air at room temper-Use: Catalyst (chlorination), suntan lamp monitors.ature. Soluble in nitric and sulfuric acids; insoluble

in water but readily forms soluble compounds whenexposed to air or water. thallium hydroxide. (thallous hydroxide).

Derivation: Flue dusts from lead and zinc smelting. TlOH•H2O.The thallium compounds recovered are treated to Properties: Yellow needles. Bp (dehydrated) 139C,obtain the metal by electrolysis, precipitation, or (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol, water.reduction. Hazard: As for thallium.

Grade: Technical, high purity. Use: Analysis, indicator.

1230THALLIUM IODIDE

thallium iodide. (thallous iodide). ble in mineral acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, orCAS: 7790-30-9. TlI. ether.

Properties: Yellow powder. D 7.09, bp 824C, mp Hazard: As for thallium.440C, becomes red at 170C. Insoluble in alcohol; Use: Infrared-sensitive photocells.slightly soluble in water; soluble in aqua regia.

Hazard: As for thallium. thallous compound. See corresponding thal-Use: Mixed crystals with thallium bromide for inf- lium compound.rared radiation transmitters.

thalrugosamine. See homoaromoline.thallium monoxide. (thallium oxide; thallous

THAM. Seeoxide).tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.CAS: 1314-32-5. Tl2O.

Properties: Black powder. Mp 300C, bp 1080C, dthebaine. (p-morphine).9.52 (16C). Soluble in alcohol, water (decomposes).

CAS: 115-37-7. C19H21NO3.Oxidizes when exposed to air, keep well stoppered.Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid. Mp 193C, dHazard: As for thallium.1.30. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcoholUse: Analysis (testing for ozone), artificial gem, opti-and ether. It is extracted from poppies of a differentcal glass of high refractive index.species from morphine-producing opium poppies.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, may induce addiction.thallium nitrate. (thallous nitrate).CAS: 10102-45-1. TlNO3. theca. General term for any stiff outer covering ofProperties: Colorless crystals. D 5.5, mp 206C (soli-

a unicellular protist, and usually made up of inter-difies to a glasslike solid), decomposes at 450C.locking plates. Dinoflagellates and diatoms are ex-Soluble in hot water; insoluble in alcohol.amples of protists with thecae.Grade: Technical.

Hazard: A poison. Strong oxidizing agent, fire andtheine. See caffeine.explosion risk. TLV: 0.1 mg(Tl)/m3. Toxic by skin

absorption.Thenard’s blue. See cobalt blue.Use: Analysis, pyrotechnics (green fire).

The National Dendrimer andthallium(III) nitrate.Nanotechnology Center. (NDNC). ServesCAS: 13746-98-0. mf: N3O9Tl.as a catalyst for new dendrimer-based researchProperties: IDLH 15 mg/m3 (as Tl).yielding a growing body of valuable intellectualHazard: A poison by skin contact.property. Working cooperatively on a broad rangeof research projects. Located at 625 Denison Drive,thallium oxide. (thallous oxide). Mount Pleasant, MI 48858.CAS: 1314-12-1. Tl2O. Website: http://www.dendrimercenter.org/researchProperties: Finely divided black solid. Mp about .html.300C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Oxidizes when

exposed to air. thenyl alcohol. (2-thienylmethanol; 2-hydrox-Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. ymethylthiophene; 2-thiophenecarbinol).Use: Optical glass, synthetic gemstones. C4H4SCH2OH.Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 207C. Insoluble in

thallium sesquichloride. (thallo-thallic chlo- water; soluble in alcohol and ether.ride). TlCl3•3TlCl or Tl2Cl3. Derivation: A heterocyclic alcohol made by reaction

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. D 5.9, mp of 2-thienylmagnesium iodide and formaldehyde.400–500C. Slightly soluble in water. Use: No commercially developed applications. d’s

Hazard: As for thallium.

thenyldiamine. (coined name for 2-[2-di-thallium sulfate. (thallous sulfate). methylaminoethyl]-3-thenylaminopyridine).

CAS: 7446-18-6. Tl2SO4. CAS: 91-79-2.Properties: Colorless crystals. D 6.77, mp 632C. (C4H3SCH2)N(C5H4N)CH2CH2N(CH3)2.Soluble in water. Properties: Liquid. Bp 169–172C (1.0 mm Hg).

Grade: Technical, 99%. Derivation: Condensing N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-Hazard: As for thallium. �-aminopyridine with 3-thenyl bromide.Use: Analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of Use: Medicine (as base for various salts, especiallychlorine), ozonometry, rodenticides, pesticide. the hydrochloride).

thallium sulfide. (thallous sulfide). Tl2S. theobroma oil. (cacao butter; cocoa butter).Properties: Blue-black, lustrous, microscopic crys- Properties: Yellowish-white solid; chocolate-liketals or amorphous powder. D 8.46, mp 448C. Solu- taste and odor. D 0.858–0.864 (100/25C), mp

1231 THERMITE

30–35C, refr index 1.4537–1.4585 (40C), saponifi- “Therabloat” [Pfizer]. (poloxalene).cation number 188–195, iodine number 35–43. In- CAS: 9003-11-6.soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble mf: HO(CH2CH2O)n[CH(CH3)in boiling dehydrated alcohol; freely soluble in ether CH2O]n(CH2CH2O)nHand chloroform. Combustible. Properties: Liquid nonionic surfactant polymer. TM

Derivation: From the cacao bean, by expression, for a veterinary drug used to treat bloat.decoction, or extraction by solvent. Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

Chief constituents: Glycerides of stearic, palmitic,and lauric acids. therm. A unit of heat equal to 100,000 Btu. It has

Grade: Crude, refined, USP. also been used to mean one Btu or one small calorie,Use: Confectionery, suppositories and pharmaceuti- but these uses have been abandoned in the U.S.cals, soaps, cosmetics.

thermal black. Carbon black made from natu-ral gas by the thermatomic process or by pyrolysis of

theobromine. (3,7-dimethylxanthine). bituminous coal. It is no longer widely used.CAS: 83-67-0. C7H8N4O2. The alkaloid found incocoa and chocolate products. A purine base closely thermal cracking. See cracking.related to caffeine. Also occurs in tea and cola nuts.

thermal decomposition. See decomposition(6); pyrolysis.

thermal expansion coefficient. The changein volume per unit volume per degree change intemperature (cubical coefficient). For isotropic sol-ids the expansion is equal in all directions, and thecubical coefficient is about three times the linearHazard: Toxic by ingestion. coefficient of expansion. These coefficients varywith temperature, but for gases at constant pressurethe coefficient of volume expansion is nearly con-theophylline. (1,3-dimethylxanthine).stant and equals 0.00367 for each degree Celsius atCAS: 58-55-9. C7H8N4O2. any temperature.

thermal neutron. A slow neutron.See neutron.

thermal pollution. Heat introduced into riversor estuaries by power plants or other industrial cool-ing waters or chemical wastes, which has adverseeffects on estuarine ecology.Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; odorless; bit-

See water pollution.ter taste. Mp 270–274C. Slightly soluble in waterand alcohol; more soluble in hot water; soluble in

thermatomic process. Methane or natural gasalkaline solutions.is cracked over hot bricks at 870C to form amor-Derivation: (1) By extraction from tea leaves, (2)phous carbon (carbon black) and hydrogen.synthetically from ethyl cyanoacetate.

See thermal black; carbon black.Grade: Technical, NF.Use: Medicine (diuretic, muscle relaxant).

“Therm-Chek” [Ferro]. TM for heat stabi-lizers.

theoretical plate. Any contacting device in a“Therminol” FR [Solutia]. TM for a familyfractionating column, such as packing, grids, or

of heat-transfer fluids thermally stable to 400C.screens, that effects the same degree of separation ofvapor from liquid as one simple distillation. A col-umn that gives the same separation as 10 successive thermite. A mixture of ferric oxide and powderedsimple distillations is considered to have 10 theoreti- aluminum, usually enclosed in a metal cylinder andcal plates. The effectiveness of a fractionating col- used as an incendiary bomb, invented by the Ger-umn is measured in terms of theoretical plates. As man chemist Hans Goldschmidt around 1900. Onmany as 100 theoretical plates are used in laboratory ignition by a ribbon of magnesium, the reactionand industrial operations. The total column height produces a temperature of 2200C, that is sufficientdivided by the number of theoretical plates is known to soften steel. This is typical of some oxide/metalas HETP (height equivalent to a theoretical plate). reactions which provide their own oxygen supplyThis concept is also used in chromatographic tech- and thus are very difficult to stop.niques. Hazard: Dangerous fire risk.

1232THERMOCHEMISTRY

thermochemistry. That branch of chemistry by assigning fixed numerical values to the measur-comprising the measurement and interpretation of able attributes of the system. These attributes mayheat changes that accompany changes of state and be wholly reproduced as soon as a fraction of themchemical reactions. It is closely related to chemical has been reproduced. In this case the fractional num-thermodynamics. The heat of formation of a com- ber of attributes determines the state, and is referredpound is the heat absorbed when it is formed from its to as the number of variables of state or the numberelements in their standard states. An exothermic of degrees of freedom of the system.reaction evolves heat, an endothermic reaction re- The concept of temperature can be evolved as soonquires heat for initiation. as a means is available for determining when a bodyApplication of thermochemical principles to gener- is “hotter” or “colder.” Such means might involveation of hydrogen by water splitting is being exten- the measurement of a physical parameter such as thesively researched. The advantage of this method volume of a given mass of the body. When a “hotter”over electrolysis is its greater net efficiency. Many body, A, is placed in contact with a “colder” body, B,techniques have been explored, but only a few have it is observed that A becomes “colder” and B “hot-practical potential. One of the more promising is the ter.” When no further changes occur, and the jointS-I cycle under study at Lawrence Livermore Labo- system involving the two bodies has come to equi-ratory. The heat for this would be obtained from librium, the two bodies are said to have the sameeither solar receivers or nuclear reactors. The reac- temperature. Thus temperature can only be mea-tions involved are sured at equilibrium. Therefore thermodynamics is a2H2O + SO2 + I2 → H2SO4 + 2HI science of equilibrium, and a thermodynamic state isH2SO4 → H2O + SO2 + 1/2O2 necessarily an equilibrium state. Thermodynamics2HI → H2+ I2 See hydrogen (note 2). is a macroscopic discipline, dealing only with the

properties of matter and energy in bulk, and does notrecognize atomic and molecular structure. Althoughthermocouple. (thermoelectric thermometer).severely limited in this respect, it has the advantageAn instrument composed of two wires made of dis-of being completely insensitive to any change in oursimilar metals or semiconducting materials that areideas concerning molecular phenomena, so that itsjoined at one end (the measuring junction), the otherlaws have broad and permanent generality. Its chiefend being the reference junction, which is main-service is to provide mathematical relations amongtained at a known temperature (usually 0C). Thethe measurable parameters of a system in equilibri-difference in temperature between the measuringum so that, for example, a variable like pressure mayjunction and the reference junction generates anbe computed when the temperature is known, andelectromotive force that is proportional to the tem-vice versa.perature difference. Thermocouples are applicable

over a range of −200C to 1800C. The most suitableconducting materials are iron-constantan, platinum- thermodynamics, chemical. See chemicalplatinum-rhodium, copper-constantan, and Chro- thermodynamics.mel-Alumel; graphite-silicon carbide is used in themetallurgical field. Thermocouples are essential for thermoelectricity. Electricity produced directlydeterminations of extreme temperatures that are be- by applying a temperature difference to variousyond the range of liquid-in-glass thermometers. parts of electrically conducting or semiconductingTheir industrial applications include molten metals, materials. Usually two dissimilar materials are used,fuel beds, ceramic kilns, furnaces, etc.; in laborato- and the points of contact are kept at different temper-ries they are used for both high-temperature and atures (Peltier effect). Many temperature-measuringcryogenic research. They are also applicable to in- devices (thermocouples, thermopiles) work on thistermediate temperatures in cases where convention- principle, since the voltage is proportional to theal thermometers are impracticable. temperature difference. Metallic conductors are

See thermoelectricity. usually used for these “thermometers,” which pro-duce a rather small current. A newer use for the

thermodynamic potential. See Nernst po- effect is as a source of electrical energy, i.e., a meanstential. of direct conversion of heat into electricity (or vice

versa) without the use of a generator (or motor). Thematerials used for these thermoelectric couples arethermodynamics. A rigorously mathematicalsemiconductors (e.g., tellurium; zinc antimonide;analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, tem-lead, bismuth, and germanium tellurides; samariumperature, and equilibrium), the principles of whichsulfide) or thermoelectric alloys, all of which pro-were first elaborated by J. Willard Gibbs in the mid-duce relatively large currents. Several of these19th century. It describes systems whose states are“cells” are then hooked in series much like the cellsdetermined by thermal parameters, such as tempera-of a battery.ture, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic

parameters. A system is a geometric section of theuniverse, whose boundaries may be fixed or varied, “Thermoflex” A [Du Pont]. TM for a rub-and that may contain matter or energy or both. The ber antioxidant containing 25% di-p-methoxydiphe-state of a system is a reproducible condition, defined nylamine (CH3OC6H4)2NH; 25% diphenyl-p-phe-

1233 THIABENDAZOLE

nylenediamine C6H4(NHC6H5)2; and 50% phenyl-�- or the volume at constant pressure measure the tem-naphthylamine C10H7NHC6H5. perature; these are used for extremely accurate ther-

modynamic determinations. The gases used are heli-Properties: Dark-gray pellets. D 1.21, fp above 67C.um, nitrogen, and hydrogen. (2) Bimetallic, in whichUse: Tire carcasses, transmission belts, etc., to pro-the sensing element consists of two strips of metalsmote resistance to flexing at operating temperatures.having different expansion coefficients; its range isSee antioxidant.from −185 to 425C. (3) Thermoelectric (thermocou-ple), in which measurement is made by the electro-thermofor. A heat-transfer medium.motive force generated by two dissimilar metals; itsSee coolant.range is from −200 to 1800C. (4) Resistance, inwhich temperature is measured by change in thethermoforming. (1) See reforming. (2) Formingelectrical resistance of a metal, usually platinum; itsor shaping a thermoplastic sheet by heating the sheetrange is from −163 to 660C. (5) An optical fiberabove its melting point, fitting it along the contoursthermometer developed by NBS Center for Chemi-of a mold with pressure supplied by vacuum or othercal Engineering has a range of up to 2000C. It isforce, and removing it from the mold after coolingmade from a single crystalline sapphire and is muchbelow its softening point. The method is applied tomore accurate than the existing standard. Based onpolystyrenes, acrylics, vinyls, polyolefins, cellulo-fundamental radiation principles, it measures ther-sics, etc.modynamic temperatures directly. See thermo-couple; bimetal.thermofor process. A moving-bed catalytic

cracking process in which petroleum vapor is passedup through a reactor countercurrent to a flow of thermonuclear reaction. See fusion.small beads or catalyst. The deactivated catalystthen passes through a regenerator and is recircu- thermoplastic. A high polymer that softenslated. when exposed to heat and returns to its original

condition when cooled to room temperature. Naturalthermogravimetric analysis. (TGA). The substances that exhibit this behavior are crude rub-

weight of a substance heated or cooled at a con- ber and a number of waxes; however, the term istrolled rate, in thermogravimetry, which is recorded usually applied to synthetics such as polyvinyl chlo-as a function of time or temperature. Frequently the ride, nylons, fluorocarbons, linear polyethylene,rate of weight change also is measured electronical- polyurethane prepolymer, polystyrene, polypropyl-ly by taking the first derivative of the weight change ene, and cellulosic and acrylic resins.with time. See thermoset.

“Thermoguard” [ATOTECH]. TM for anti- thermoset. A high polymer that solidifies ormony-based materials for incorporation in PVC and “sets” irreversibly when heated. This property isother chlorine-containing plastics for flameproofing usually associated with a cross-linking reaction ofproperties. the molecular constituents induced by heat or radia-

tion, as with proteins, and in the baking of doughs. Inthermometer. An instrument for measuring many cases, it is necessary to add “curing” agentstemperature. The liquid-in-glass thermometer con- such as organic peroxides or (in the case of rubber)sists of a graduated glass tube and a bulb containing sulfur. For example, linear polyethylene can bea suitable liquid whose expansion and contraction cross-linked to a thermosetting material by eitherindicate the temperature. Its range is from −130 to radiation or chemical reaction. Phenolics, alkyds,600C. For scientific purposes the most widely used amino resins, polyesters, epoxides, and silicones areliquid is mercury down to its freezing point at −40C; usually considered to be thermosetting, but the termbelow this, alcohol gives readings to −100C and also applies to materials in which additive-inducedpentane to −130C. Colored alcohol is generally used cross-linking is possible, e.g., natural rubber.in household thermometers. Mercury thermometersranging up to 600C are available; the mercury is THF. Abbreviation for tetrahydrofuran.prevented from vaporizing by a pressurized inert gasinserted above the mercury column. Metal protec-

thia-. Prefix indicating the presence of sulfur in ation tubes for stem and bulb are necessary. Theheterocyclic ring.softening point of the glass is of primary impor-

tance; borosilicate glasses are satisfactory up to500C, but Jena glass is required for higher tempera- thiabendazole. (4-[2-benzimidazolyl]thiazole).tures. Minimum and maximum thermometers are so CAS: 148-79-8. C10H7N3S.made as to retain their lowest and highest readings Properties: White to tan crystals. Mp 304C. Slightlyindefinitely; the latter are used for oil-well and other soluble in water, alcohols, and chlorinated hydro-geothermal measurements. carbons; soluble in dimethylformamide.There are several other types of thermometers: (1) Use: Fungicide effective on citrus fruits, anthel-Gas in which either the pressure at constant volume mintic.

1234THIACLOPRID

thiacloprid. See (3-((6-chloro-3-pyridi- example is primuline, CI 49000.nyl)methyl)-2. See thiazole.

3-(n-2-thiazolylformimidoyl)indole.thiamine. (3-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidyl-5-CAS: 22394-38-3. mf: C12H9N3S.methyl)-4-methyl-5, �-hydroxy-ethylthiazolium

Hazard: A poison.chloride; vitamin B1). C12H17ClN4OS. The antineu-ritic vitamin, essential for growth and the prevention

thiazophyr.of beriberi. It functions in intermediate carbohydrateCAS: 117718-60-2. mf: C16H17F5N2O2S.metabolism in coenzyme form in the decarboxyla-

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.tion of �-keto acids. Deficiency symptoms: emo-Use: Agricultural chemical.tional hypersensitivity, loss of appetite, susceptibili-

ty to fatigue, muscular weakness, and polyneuritis.2-thiazylamine. See 2-aminothiazole.

thickened oil. See blown oil.

thickener. A circular or cylindrical tankequipped with revolving rakes or plows so designedas to increase the concentration of solids in a suspen-sion. The slurry enters through a feed trough or well,which distributes it uniformly around the circumfer-

Source: Enriched and whole-grain cereals, milk, le- ence of the tank; the rakes move the thickened sedi-gumes, meats, yeast. Most of the thiamine commer- ment toward the center where it is dischargedcially available is synthetic. through a collecting cone. Thickeners are applicable

Use: Medicine, nutrition, enriched flours. Isolated to the metallurgical and food industries, ore flota-usually as the chloride (see formula above). Avail- tion, and municipal water treatment.able as thiamine hydrochloride and thiamine mono- See clarification.nitrate.

thickening agent. Any of a variety of hydro-philic substances used to increase the viscosity ofthiamine pyrophosphate. The active coen-liquid mixtures and solutions and to aid in maintain-zyme form of vitamin B1 which functions in alde-ing stability by their emulsifying properties. Fourhyde transfer reactions.classifications are recognized: (1) starches, gums,casein, gelatin, and phycocolloids; (2) semisynthet-1,4-thiazane.ic cellulose derivatives (carboxymethyl-cellulose,etc.); (3) polyvinyl alcohol and carboxy-vinylatesC

❘H2SCH2CHNH

❘CH2. (synthetic); and (4) bentonite, silicates, and colloi-Properties: Colorless liquid; pyridine-like odor. Bp dal silica. The first group is widely used in the food169C (758 mm Hg). Fumes in air. Absorbs carbon industries, especially in ice creams, confectionery,dioxide from the air. Soluble in alcohol, benzene, gravies, etc.; other major consumers are the paper,ether, water. Combustible. adhesives, textiles, and detergent fields.Derivation: Interaction of alcoholic ammonia and See emulsion; colloid, protective; gel.dichlorodiethyl sulfide.

Grade: Technical. Thiele reaction. Formation of triacetoxy aro-Use: Organic synthesis.matic compounds by the reaction of quinones withacetic anhydride catalyzed by sulfuric acid or boronthiazole. trifluoride.

CAS: 288-47-1.

(thienyl)hydrazine.S❘CH:NCH:

❘CH. CAS: 64059-33-2. mf: C4H6N2S.

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow liquid; odor Hazard: A poison.resembles that of pyridine. D 1.18, bp 116.8C. Solu-ble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. thimerosal. (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicy-

Use: Organic synthesis of fungicides, dyes, and rub- late; ethylmercurithiosalicylic acid, sodium salt).ber accelerators. CAS: 54-64-8. NaOOCC6H4SHgC2H5.

Properties: Light-cream-colored, crystalline pow-thiazole dye. A dye whose molecular structure der; slight characteristic odor. Affected by light.

contains the thiazole ring. The chromophore groups Soluble in water and alcohol; almost insoluble inare ==C==N−, −S−C==, but the conjugated double ether and benzene; pH (1% solution) 6.7,.bonds are also of importance. The members of the Derivation: Reaction between ethylmercuric chlo-class are mainly used as direct or developed dyes for ride and thiosalicylic acid in alcoholic sodium hy-cotton, though some find use as union dyes. One droxide.

1235 2,2′-THIOBIS(CHLOROPHENOL)

Grade: NF. thioacetamide.CAS: 62-55-5. CH3CSNH2.Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation.

Properties: Colorless leaflets. Mp 115C. Stable inUse: Medicine, bacteriostat, fungistat.solution. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene.Combustible.thin. A nontechnical word used by scientists with

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, a carcin-a variety of meanings. (1) In electronic metallurgy, aogen (OSHA).thin film is a vapor-deposited coating having a

Use: To replace gaseous hydrogen sulfide in qualita-thickness of only a single atom; such monatomictive analysis.films, e.g., thorium on tungsten, are used in electron-

ic devices such as cathodes. (2) A coating or film of afatty acid on water that is one molecule thick (about thioacetic acid. (thiacetic acid; ethanethiolic200 A) is called a monomolecular film. (3) In thin- acid).layer chromatography the term applies to a specially CAS: 507-09-5. CH3COSH.prepared mixture of adsorbents spread on a glass Properties: Clear, yellow liquid; strong unpleasantslide to a thickness of 1/100 inch. (4) The word is odor. D 1.05 (25C), fp −17C, bp 81.8C (630 mmalso used in the sense of a liquid of low viscosity, as Hg). Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combus-in paint thinner and thin-boiling starch. tible.

Derivation: By heating glacial acetic acid and phos-phorus pentasulfide, with subsequent distillation.thin-boiling starch. See starch, modified;

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.thin.Use: Chemical reagent, lachrymator.

thin film. In electronic engineering a film havinga “thickness” of a single atom and consisting of a thioallyl ether. See allyl sulfide.metal deposited on a metallic substrate either exter-nally by vapor deposition or internally by diffusion. thioanisole. C6H5CH3.The base metal is usually tungsten (for a cathode), Properties: Colorless liquid; strong unpleasant odor.the film being any of a number of other metals D 1.053 (25C), fp −15.5C, bp 188C, refr index(thorium, cesium, zirconium, barium, or cerium). 1.5842 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in most“The greatest benefit is obtained when the films are organic solvents. Combustible.of a monatomic nature; in the case of thorium on Use: Intermediate, solvent for polymeric systems.tungsten, the optimum coverage is 0.67 monatomiclayer, i.e., the thorium atoms do not completely

thiobenzoic acid. C6H5COSH.cover the tungsten surface. Such films are very tight-Properties: Yellow oil or crystals. D 1.1825–1.1835ly bound to the base metal by atomic forces” (W. H.(20/4C), mp 24C, bp 77.5C (5 mm Hg), 122C (30Kohl).mm Hg), refr index 1.602–1.604 (20C). Insoluble inSee thin; film.water; miscible with organic solvents. Combustible.

Grade: 95% min.thin-layer chromatography. (TLC). A mi- Use: Organic intermediate.cro type of chromatography. The thin layer (0.01inch) is the adsorbent, usually a special silica gel

2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)-dione.spread on glass or incorporated in a plastic film.CAS: 10021-35-9. mf: C8H5NO2S.Single drops of the solutions to be investigated are

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.placed along one edge of the glass plate, and thisUse: Agricultural chemical.edge then dipped into a solvent. The solvent carries

the constituents of the original test drops up the thinlayer in a selective separation, so that a comparison 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).with known standards and various identifying tests CAS: 96-69-5.may be made on the spots formed. Properties: Light-gray to tan powder. Mp 150C min,

See thin. d 1.10 (25C).Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 10 mg/m3; notclassifiable as a human carcinogen.thinner. A hydrocarbon (naphtha) or oleoresi-

Use: Protection of light-colored rubber from oxida-nous solvent (turpentine) used to reduce the viscosi-tion and of nonstaining neoprene compoundsty of paints to appropriate working consistency, usu-against deterioration.ally just before application. In this sense a thinner is

a liquid diluent, except that it has active solventpower on the dissolved resin. 2,2′-thiobis(chlorophenol).

CAS: 97-18-7. [ClC6H3(OH)]2S.thio-. A prefix used in chemical nomenclature to Properties: White, crystalline solid; odorless. Mp

indicate the presence of sulfur in a compound, usual- 175.8–186.8C. Insoluble in water.ly as a substitute for oxygen. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

See thiol. Use: Bacteriostat for cosmetics, fungicide.

12362,2′-THIOBIS(4,6-DI-sec

2,2′-thiobis(4,6-di-sec-amylphenol). (2,2′- Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 128C. Soluble inwater and alcohol. Combustible.thiobis[4,6-bis-(1-methylbutyl)phenol]).

Use: Analytical reagent.[(CH3[CH2]2CH[CH3])2OHC6:H2]2S.Properties: A dark, viscous liquid. Softening p 0C, d0.99 (50C). 4,4′-thiodiphenol. (TDP). (C6H5OH)2S.

Use: Rubber antioxidant. Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp above151C, 99.5% pure.

thiocarbamide. See thiourea. Use: Intermediate, flame-retardant, antioxidant, en-gineering plastics.

thiocarbanil. See phenyl mustard oil.

thiodiphenylamine. See phenothiazine.thiocarbanilide. (N,N′-diphenylthiourea; sul-

focarbanilide). thiodipropionic acid.CAS: 102-08-9. CS(NHC6H5)2. CAS: 111-17-1. HOOCCH2CH2•S•CH2CH2COOH.Properties: Gray powder. Mp 148C, d 1.32. SolubleA dicarboxylic acid.in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Combus- Properties: Leaflets. Mp 135. Soluble in water andtible.alcohol.Derivation: Interaction of aniline and carbon disul- Hazard: Use in foods restricted to 0.02% of fat andfide and alcohol in the presence of sulfur.oil content, including essential oils.Use: Intermediates, dyes (sulfur colors, indigo, meth- Use: Antioxidant in food packaging, soaps, plasticiz-yl indigo), vulcanization accelerator, synthetic or-ers, lubricants, fats, and oils.ganic pharmaceuticals, flotation agent, acid inhib-

itor.�,�-thiodipropionitrile.

CAS: 111-97-7. S(CH2CH2CN)2.thiocarbonyl chloride. See thiophosgene.Properties: White crystals or light-yellow liquid. D1.1095 (30C), mp 28.65C. Slightly soluble in water4-thiochromanyl-o,o-dimethyland alcohol; soluble in acetone, chloroform, anddithiophosphate.benzene.CAS: 41219-25-4. mf: C11H15O2PS3. Use: Preservative, selective solvent, chromatog-Hazard: A poison by ingestion.raphy.Use: Agricultural chemical.

thio-1,3-dithio[4,5-b]quinoxaline. See thio-thioctic acid. See dl-�-lipoic acid.quinox.

thiocyanic acid, phenyl ester.CAS: 5285-87-0. mf: C7H5NS. thioester. An ester of a carboxylic acid with a

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. thiol instead of an alcohol.

thiocyanic acid, trimethylstannyl ester. thioethanolamine. See 2-aminoethanethiol.See trimethyltin thiocyanate.

thioflavine T. (CI 49005).thiodiethylene glycol. See thiodigylcol.CH3C6H3N(HCl)SCC6H4N(CH3)2).

Properties: A yellow basic dye of the thiazole class,,thiodiglycol. (thiodiethylene glycol; �-bis-hy-fluoresces yellow to yellowish-green when exciteddroxyethyl sulfide; dihydroxyethyl sulfide).by UV.(CH2CH2OH)2S.

Derivation: By heating p-toluidine with sulfur in theProperties: Syrupy, colorless liquid; characteristicpresence of lead oxide.odor. D 1.1852 (20C), bp 283C, fp −10C, viscosity

Use: Textile dyeing, fluorescent sign paints, in com-0.652 cP (20C), flash p 320F (160C), bulk d 9.85 lb/bination with green or blue pigments to producegal, refr index 1.5217 (20C). Soluble in acetone,brilliant greens, phosphotungstic pigments.alcohol, chloroform, water; slightly soluble in ben-

zene, carbon tetrachloride, and ether. Combustible.thiofuran. See thiophene.Derivation: Hydrolysis of dichloroethyl sulfide, in-

teraction of ethylene chlorohydrin and sodium sul-fide. 1-thioglycerol.

Hazard: Do not use with hydrochloric acid. CAS: 96-27-5. CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2SH.Use: Intermediate for elastomers and antioxidants; Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 118C (5 mmsolvent for dyes in textile printing. Hg), d 1.295 (14.4C). Soluble in water, alcohol, and

ether. Combustible.thiodiglycolic acid. Use: Reducing agent for cystine molecule in human

CAS: 123-93-3. HOOCCH2SCH2COOH. A dicar- hair and wool, for stabilization of acrylonitrile poly-boxylic acid. mers, medicine.

1237 THIOPHENE

thioglycolic acid. (mercaptoacetic acid). Mp 149–150C. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetone,CAS: 68-11-1. HSCH2COOH. and ether; slightly soluble in benzene. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong unpleasant odor. Use: Biochemical research, intermediate, rust inhibi-D 1.325, fp −16.5C, bp 123C (29 mm Hg). Miscible tor, antidarkening agent for crepe rubber, tackifierwith water, alcohol, or ether. Combustible. for synthetic rubber.

Derivation: Heating chloracetic acid with potassiumhydrogen sulfide. thiomerin.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong CAS: 20223-84-1. mf: C16H25HgNO6S•2H.irritant to tissue. TLV: 1 ppm. Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m3 (as Hg).

Use: Reagent for iron, manufacture of thioglycolates, Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.01. STEL 0.03 mg/m3

permanent-wave solutions and depilatories, vinyl (skin).stabilizer, manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

thionazin. (generic name for O,O-diethyl-O-2-thioguanine deoxyriboside. pyrazinyl phosphorothioate).

CAS: 789-61-7. mf: C10H13N5O3S. CAS: 297-97-2.Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.

N❘CHCHNCH

❘COPS(C2H5O)2.2-thiohydantoin. (glycolylthiourea).

Properties: Amber liquid. Mp −1.7C, bp 80C (.001NHC(S)NHC(O)CH2. mm Hg). Slightly soluble in water; miscible withProperties: Crystals or tan powder. Mp 230C.most organic solvents.Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohols and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skinethers.absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor.Grade: 99% min.

Use: Insecticide, fungicide, nematocide.Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, rubber accel-erators, copper-plating brighteners, and dyestuffs.

“Thionex” [Du Pont]. TM for tetramethylthi-uram monosulfide.2-thio-4-keto-thiazolidine. See rhodanine.

thionyl chloride. (sulfurous oxychloride; sul--thiol. (mercaptan). Suffix indicating that a sub-fur oxychloride).stance belongs to the group of organic compoundsCAS: 7719-09-7. SOCl2.resembling alcohols but having the oxygen of the

Properties: Pale-yellow to red liquid; suffocatinghydroxyl group replaced by sulfur, as in ethanethiolodor. D 1.638, fp −105C, bp 79C, decomposes at(C2H5SH). Many thiols are characterized by strong140C, decomposes (fumes) in water. Soluble in ben-and repulsive odors.zene, carbon tetrachloride.Hazard: Aliphatic thiols are flammable. Toxic by

Grade: 93%, 97.5%.inhalation.Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: ceil-Use: Warning agents in fuel gas lines, chemical inter-ing 1 ppm.mediates. Note: Adoption of the name thiol to re-

Use: Pesticides, engineering plastics, chlorinatingplace mercaptan has been officially approved asagent, catalyst.more consistent with the molecular constitution of

these compounds. The older term, which literallymeans “mercury seizing,” is inappropriate. thiopental sodium. (“Pentothal”; “Sodium

Pentothal”; sodium-5-ethyl-5(1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbiturate). (C11H17N2O2SNa). A rapidly actingthiolactic acid. (2-mercaptopropionic acid).barbiturate administered intravenously for generalCAS: 79-42-5. CH3CH(SH)COOH.anesthesia and hypnosis. Commonly known asProperties: Oily liquid; unpleasant odor. Becomes“truth serum.”crystalline at 10C, d 1.22, bp 116C (16 mm Hg), refr

Hazard: May cause respiratory failure; use only withindex 1.482. Soluble in water, alcohol, and acetone.physician in attendance.Readily forms salts with numerous metals that have

quite different properties.Derivation: Reaction of sodium sulfide, sulfur, and thiophane. See tetrahydrothiophene.bromopropionic acid.

Use: Depilatory, hair-waving preparations. thiophene. (thiofuran).CAS: 110-02-1.

thiol protease inhibitor.CAS: 66701-25-5. mf: C15H27N5O5.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

thiomalic acid. (mercaptosuccinic acid).CAS: 70-49-5. HOOCCH(SH)CH2COOH. Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.5285

Properties: White crystals or powder; sulfuric odor. (20C), d 1.0644 (20/4C), fp −38.5C, bp 84C, flash p

1238�-THIOPHENEALDEHYDE

30F (−1.1C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.in water. Use: Fungicide, acaricide.

Derivation: From coal tar (benzene fraction) andpetroleum, synthetically from heating sodium succi- thioridazine. (USAN for 2-methylthio-10-[2-nate with phosphorus trisulfide. (N-methyl-2-piperidyl)-ethyl]phenothiazine).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. CAS: 50-52-2. C21H26N2S2.Use: Organic synthesis (condenses with phenol and Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 158C. Soluble informaldehyde, copolymerizes with maleic anhy- water and alcohol.dride), solvent, dye, and pharmaceutical manufac- Grade: ND (as the hydrochloride).ture. Use: Medicine (tranquilizer).

�-thiophenealdehyde. (2-thiophenecarboxal-thiosalicylic acid. (2-mercaptobenzoic acid).dehyde). C4H3SCHO.

CAS: 147-93-3. HOOCC6H4SH.Properties: Oily liquid; almondlike odor. Bp 198C,Properties: Yellow solid. Mp 164–165C, sublimes.90C (20 mm Hg), d 1.210–1.220. Very soluble inSlightly soluble in hot water; soluble in alcohol,alcohol, benzene, ether; slightly soluble in water.ether, and acetic acid. Combustible.Combustible.

Grade: Reagent, technical 80%, pharmaceutical.Grade: 95%.Use: Dyes, reagent for iron determination, interme-Use: Thiophene derivatives, introducing thenyldiate.group into organic compounds.

thiophenol. (phenyl mercaptan). thiosemicarbazide. (aminothiourea).CAS: 108-98-5. C6H5SH. CAS: 79-19-6. NH2CSNHNH2.

Properties: Water-white liquid; repulsive odor. Bp Properties: White, crystalline powder; no odor. Mp168.3C, bp 71C (15 mm Hg), refr index 1.5891, d 180–184C. Soluble in water and alcohol.1.075 (25/25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alco- Derivation: From potassium thiocyanate and hydra-hol and ether. Combustible. zine salts.

Derivation: Reduction of benzenesulfonyl chloride Grade: Technical and pure.with zinc dust in sulfuric acid. Use: Reagent for ketones and certain metals, photog-

Grade: 99%. raphy, rodenticide.Hazard: Skin irritant.Use: Pharmaceutical synthesis. thiosinamine. See allyl thiourea.

thiophosgene. (thiocarbonyl chloride).thiosorbitol. CH2OH(CH2O)4CH2SH.CAS: 463-71-8. CSCl2. Properties: Colorless, nonhygroscopic crystals. MpProperties: Reddish liquid. D 1.5085 (15C), bp

92C, strong reducing agent. Soluble in water, ethyl-73.5C. Decomposes in water and alcohol; soluble inene glycol, and formamide; insoluble in benzene,ether.carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide.Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Corrosion protection in pickling and platingUse: Organic synthesis.baths.

thiophosphoryl chloride.CAS: 3982-91-0. PSCl3. “Thiostat-B” [Uniroyal]. TM for 40% aque-

Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating odor. D ous solution of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate.1.635, bp 126C, fp −35C, decomposed by water, Use: Bactericide in oil-well water flooding, paperflash p none. Soluble in carbon disulfide, carbon slimicide, specialty bactericide.tetrachloride. Nonflammable.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. “Thiostop” [Uniroyal]. TM for aqueous solu-tions of the sodium and potassium salts of dimethyl

thiophosphoryl chlorodifluoride. See thio- dithiocarbamate.phosphoryl difluoride monochloride. Properties: Clear, yellow to amber liquid. D

1.18–1.23, good storage stability, potassium saltthiophosphoryl difluoride monochloride. will crystallize out at −6.6C and the sodium salt at

CAS: 2524-02-9. mf: ClF2PS. 0C. Avoid long storage in partially filled containers.Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation. Use: Short stop in SBR polymerization.

thioquinox. (generic name for 2,3-quinoxali-thiotepa. USP name for triethylenethiophospho-nedithiol cyclic trithiocarbonate). C6H4N2C2S2CS

ramide.(tricyclic).Properties: Yellow solid. Mp 180C. Insoluble inwater; slightly soluble in acetone, kerosene, and thiourea. (thiocarbamide).alcohol. CAS: 62-56-6. (NH2)2CS.

1239 THORIN

thixotropy. The ability of certain colloidal gelsto liquefy when agitated (as by shaking or ultrasonicvibration) and to return to the gel form when at rest.This is observed in some clays, paints, and printinginks that flow freely on application of slight pres-Properties: White, lustrous crystals; bitter taste. Dsure, as by brushing or rolling. Suspensions of ben-1.406, mp 180–182C, bp sublimes in vacuo attonite clay in water display this property, which is150–160C. Soluble in cold water, ammonium thioc-desirable in oil-well drilling fluids.yanate solution, and alcohol, nearly insoluble in

See rheology; dilatancy.ether.Derivation: (1) By heating dry ammonium thiocya-nate, extraction with a concentrated solution of am- “Thompson’s Concrete Care Cleaner andmonium thiocyanate, with subsequent crystalliza- Degreaser” [Thompson]. TM for a liquidtion; (2) action of hydrogen sulfide on cyanamide. concrete cleaner.

Grade: Technical, reagent. Use: To remove oil, dirt, algae, and mildew.Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). May not be used infood products (FDA); skin irritant (allergenic). “Thompson’s Water Seal Maximum Deck

Use: Photography and photocopying papers, organic Stripper” [Thompson]. TM for a liquidsynthesis (intermediate, dyes, drugs, hair prepara- deck stripper.tions), rubber accelerator, analytical reagent, amino Use: To remove oil and latex-based solid and semi-resins, mold inhibitor. transparent stains and waterproofers from decks and

other surfaces.“Thioxin” [Morton]. TM for a series of rubber-

to-metal bonding adhesives. Available in water- and “Thompson’s Water Seal No Drip Gelsolvent-based formulations for bonding a wide vari- Stain” [Thompson]. TM for a gel woodety of elastomers and rubbers to metal and engi- stain.neered plastics. Use: A gel stain for outdoor furniture and shutters

Use: Antivibration components, transmission seals, without the mess of ordinary stain.hoses, bushings, automotive weatherstrip, solidtires, storage tanks, and bridge bearing pads. Thomson, J. J., Sr. (1856–1940). A native of

England, Thomson entered Cambridge Universitythioxylenol. (mixed isomers). C6H3(CH3)2SH. in 1876 and remained there permanently as a profes-Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.03 (15.6/15.6C), bp sor of physics, especially in the field of electrical122–133C (50 mm Hg). Oxidizes on exposure to air, phenomena. His observations and calculations ofsupplied under nitrogen atmosphere. Combustible. cathode ray experiments led to proof of the existenceUse: Chemical intermediate, peptizer for natural and of the electron as the lightest particle of matterSBR rubbers. (1896). This proof was announced at the Royal Insti-tution in the following year. This was the keystonethiram. (tetramethylthiuram disulfide; bis-(di- of the theory of atomic structure and one of the mostmethylthiocarbamyl)disulfide; thiuram; TMTD). notable discoveries in the history of science.CAS: 137-26-8. [(CH3)2NCH]2S2. See Rutherford, Sir Ernest.Properties: White, crystalline powder; characteristic

odor. D 1.29 (20C), melting range 155–156C. Solu-thomsonite. (NaCa2Al5(SiO4)5•6H2O). A miner-ble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, carbon disul-

al, one of the zeolites.fide; insoluble in water, dilute alkali, gasoline.Grade: 75% wettable powder, 95% technical pow-

thonzylamine hydrochloride. (2-[(2-di-me-der, ND.thylaminoethyl)(p-methoxybenzyl)amino]-pyrimi-Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant todinehydrochloride).skin and eyes. TLV: 1 mg/m3; not classifiable as aCAS: 63-56-9. C16H22N4O•HCl.human carcinogen.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; faint odor.Use: Vulcanizing agent for rubber, especially forMp 173–176. Very soluble in water; freely solublesteam hose and other heat-resistant uses; fungicide;in alcohol and chloroform; practically insoluble ininsecticide; seed disinfectant; lubricating oil addi-ether and benzene; pH 5.0–6.0 (2% solution).tive; bacteriostat; animal repellent.

Grade: NF.Use: Medicine (antihistamine).“Thiramad” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a 75%

thiram formulation. A turf fungicide.thoria. See thorium dioxide.Hazard: See thiram.

thiuram. A compound containing the group thorin. HOC10H4(SO3H)2NNC6H4AsO3H2. A re-R2NCS. Most are disulfides. The most common mo- agent for the colorimetric determination of micro-nosulfide is tetramethylthiuram monosulfide. gram quantities of thorium.

See thiram. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

1240THORITE

thorite. ThSiO4. A natural thorium silicate, usual- thorium decay series. The series of radioac-ly impure, found in pegmatites. tive elements produced as successive intermediate

Properties: Black to orange color, vitreous to resin- products when thorium undergoes spontaneous nat-ous luster. Mohs hardness 4.5–5, d 4.4–5.2. Ra- ural radioactive disintegration into lead. Many ofdioactive. these are severe radioactive poisons when ingested

Occurrence: Norway, Ceylon. or inhaled as thorium dust particles.Use: Source of thorium.

thorium dioxide. (thorium anhydride; thori-thorium. um oxide; thoria). ThO2.

CAS: 7440-29-1. Th. Metallic element of atomic Properties: Heavy white powder. D 9.7, mp 3300Cnumber 90, a member of the actinide series (group (highest of all oxides), bp 4400C, Mohs hardnessIIIB of periodic table), aw 232.0381, valence of 4; 6.5, very refractory. Soluble in sulfuric acid; insolu-radioactive, no stable isotopes. ble in water.

Properties: Soft metal with bright silvery luster Derivation: Reduction of thorium nitrate.when freshly cut, similar to lead in hardness when Grade: Technical and purities to 99.8% ThO2; granu-pure. Can be cold-rolled, extruded, drawn, and lar particles; crystals.welded. D about 11.7, mp 1700C, bp 4500C. Solu- Use: Ceramics (high temperature), gas mantles, nu-ble in acids; insoluble in alkalies and water. Some clear fuel, flame spraying, crucibles, medicine, non-alloys may ignite spontaneously, the metal in mas- silica optical glass, catalyst, thoriated tungsten fila-sive form is not flammable. ments.

Source: Monazite, thorite. It is about as abundant aslead. thorium disulfide. ThS2.Derivation: (1) Reduction of thorium dioxide with Properties: Dark-brown crystals. D 7.30 (25/4C),calcium; (2) fused salt electrolysis of the double mp 1875–1975C (in vacuo). Insoluble in water.fluoride ThF4•KF. The product of both processes is Use: Solid lubricant.thorium powder, fabricated into the metal by pow-der metallurgy techniques. Hot surface decomposi-

thorium fluoride. ThF4.tion of the iodide produces crystal bar thorium.Properties: White powder. Dehydrated between 200Available forms: Powder, unsintered bars, sinteredand 300C. D (anhydrous) 6.32 (24C), mp 1111C,bars, sheets.above 500C reacts with atmospheric moisture toHazard: Flammable and explosive in powder form.form thorium oxyfluoride, ThOF2, and finally theDusts of thorium have very low ignition points andoxide, ThO2. Forms a series of compounds withmay ignite at room temperature. Radioactive decayother metallic fluorides such as NaF and KF.isotopes are dangerous when ingested.

Grade: 79–80% ThO2.Use: Nuclear fuel (thorium-232 is converted to urani-Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3.um-233 on neutron bombardment after several de-Use: Production of thorium metal and magnesium-cay steps), sun lamps, photoelectric cells, target inthorium alloys, high temperature ceramics. ThOF2 isX-ray tubes, alloys.used as a protective coating on reflective surfaces.

thorium acetylacetonate.thorium nitrate.Th[OC(CH3):CHCOCH3]4.

CAS: 13823-29-5. Th(NO3)4•4H2O.Properties: Crystalline powder. Slightly soluble inProperties: White, crystalline mass. Mp 500C (de-water; resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating, nonioniz-composes). Soluble in water and alcohol.ing compound.

Grade: Technical, CP.Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contactthorium anhydride. See thorium dioxide.with organic materials, strong oxidizing agent. Ra-dioactive.thorium carbide. ThC2. Use: Reagent for determination of fluorine, thoriatedProperties: Yellow solid. D 8.96 (18C), mp tungsten filaments.2630–2680C, bp 5000C. Decomposes in water.

Use: Nuclear fuel.thorium oxalate. Th(C2O4)2•2H2O.Properties: White powder. D (anhydrous) 4.637thorium chloride. (thorium tetrachloride).(16C). Insoluble in water and most acids. Soluble inCAS: 10026-08-1. ThCl4. solutions of alkali and of ammonium oxalates.Properties: Colorless or white, lustrous needlesAbove 300–400C decomposes to thorium oxide,(light-yellow color caused by iron trace); hygro-ThO2.scopic; partially volatile; crystallizes with variable

Grade: Purities to 99.9%; as 59% ThO2.water of crystallization. D 4.59, bp 928C (decom-Use: Ceramics.poses), mp 820C. Soluble in alcohol, water.

Grade: Technical; as 50% ThO2.Use: Incandescent lighting. thorium oxide. See thorium dioxide.

1241 THUJONE

thorium sulfate. (thorium sulfate, normal). See air pollution; American Conference of Govern-Th(SO4)2•8H2O. mental Industrial Hygienists.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.8, mploses 4H2O at 42C, remainder at 400C. Slightly thrombin. A proteolytic enzyme that catalyzessoluble in water; soluble in ice water. the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and thus is

Grade: As 43% ThO2. essential in the clotting mechanism of blood. It ispresent in the blood in the form of prothrombinunder normal conditions; when bleeding begins, thethorium tetrachloride. See thorium chlo-prothrombin is converted to thrombin, which in turnride.activates the formation of fibrin.

Thorpe reaction. Base-catalyzed condensationthrombocyte. See platelet.of two molecules of nitrile to yield imines that tau-

tomerize to enamines.thromboxane. See prostaglandin.

thortveitite. An ore containing 37–42% scandi-throwing oil. An oil applied to prepare raw silkum oxide. A basic material in the production of

and filament rayon for “throwing,” the operation byscandium.which the filaments are twisted into threads. Ap-plied by a bath, the oils condition the filaments andTHPC. See tetrak-yarns for subsequent weaving or knitting. Usuallyis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride.compounded to be self-emulsifying and may con-tain a sizing agent such as dextrin, gelatin, etc.Thr. Abbreviation of threonine. See slashing compound.

3′ end. The end of a nucleic acid that lacks a throwing power. A term denoting the effec-nucleotide bound at the 3′ position of the terminal tiveness of an electrolytic cell for depositing metalresidue. uniformly over a surface being electroplated, partic-

ularly in irregular and recessed areas. The throwingthree-phase equilibrium. The state of equi- power is the weight of deposition per unit distance

librium of vapor, liquid, and solid phases of a pure between the electrodes.substance at a definite pressure and temperature.

thuja oil. (arbor vitae oil).threonine. (�-amino-�-hydroxybutyric acid). CAS: 8007-20-3.

CAS: 72-19-5. CH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COOH. An Properties: Pale-yellow essential oil; camphorlikeessential amino acid. odor. D 0.910–0.920, refr index 1.459 (20C), optical

Properties: Colorless crystals. (dl-threonine) Mp rotation −10 to −13 degrees in 100 mm tube. Soluble228–229C with decomposition; (l(−)-threonine) in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, fixed(naturally occurring) mp 255–257C with decompo- oils, and mineral oil. Combustible. Chief knownsition; (dl-allo-threonine), mp 250–252C. Soluble in constituents: Dextro-pinene, levofenchone, thujone,water. Optically active. should contain more than 60% ketones calculated as

Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein (casein), organic thujone.synthesis. Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of the white

Use: Nutrition and biochemical research, dietary sup- cedar, Thuja occidentalis.plement. Grade: Technical, FCC (as cedarleaf oil).

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.threshold energy. The energy limit for an inci-

dent particle or photon below which a particular �-thujaplicin.endothermic reaction will not occur. CAS: 1946-74-3.

Properties: A minor component of Thujopsis dola-brata. SIEB. et ZUCC. var. hondai MAKINO mf:Threshold Limit Value. (TLV). A set ofC10H12O2.standards established by the American Conference

Hazard: A poison.of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for concen-trations of airborne substances in workroom air.They are time-weighted averages based on condi- thujone.tions that it is believed that workers may be repeat- CAS: 546-80-5. C10H16O. A terpene-type ketoneedly exposed to day after day without adverse ef- contained in thuja oil and the oils of sage, tansy, andfects. The TLV values are revised annually and wormwood.provide the basis for the safety regulations of Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.915–0.919 (20/OSHA. They are intended to serve as guides in 20C), bp 203C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-control of health hazards rather than definitive hol. Combustible.marks between safe and dangerous concentration. In Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.this book, these are indicated by TLV. Use: Solvent.

1242THULIA

thulia. See thulium oxide. rotatory in solution; soluble in water, methanol, hotethanol, hot acetone, and hot ethyl acetate; sparingly

thulium. Tm. Atomic number 69, group IIIB of soluble in hot chloroform; soluble in pyridine andthe periodic table, a rare-earth element of the lan- glacial acetic acid.thanide groups, aw 168.9342, valence of 3; no stable Use: Biochemical research. Also available as tritylisotopes. thymidine and as tritiated thymidine in a radioactive

Properties: Metallic luster. D 9.318, mp 1550C, bp form.1727C. Reacts slowly with water; soluble in diluteacids. Salts colored green. thymidylic acid. The nucleotide of thymine,

Derivation: Isolated by reduction of the fluoride with i.e., the phosphate ester of thymidine.calcium.

Grade: Regular high purity (ingots, lumps). thymine. (5-methyluracil; 5-methyl-2,4-dioxy-Hazard: Fire risk in form of dust. pyrimidine; T).Use: Ferrites, X-ray source. CAS: 65-71-4.See rare earth.

CH3C❘C(O)NHC(O)NH

❘CH. One of the pyrimidinethulium-170. Radioactive thulium of mass num-

bases of living matter.ber 170.Properties: White, crystalline powder. DecomposesUse: X-ray source in portable units.at 335–337C. Slightly soluble in hot water; insolu-ble in cold water, alcohol; sparingly soluble in ether;thulium chloride. TmCl3•7H2O.readily soluble in alkalies.Properties: Green, deliquescent crystals. Mp 824C,

Derivation: Hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid,bp 1440C. Very soluble in water and alcohol.from methylcyanoacetylurea by catalytic reduction.

Use: Biochemical research.thulium nitrate.See base pair; nucleotide.CAS: 14985-19-4. mf: N3O9•Tm.

Hazard: A poison.thymine-2-deoxyriboside. See thymidine.

thulium oxalate. Tm2(C2O4)3•6H2O.Properties: Greenish-white precipitate, loses H2O at thymine dimer. See pyrimidine dimer.50C. Soluble in aqueous alkali oxalates.

Derivation: Precipitation of a solution containing a thymol. (isopropyl-m-cresol; thyme camphor;thulium salt and a mineral acid by addition of oxalic thymic acid).acid. CAS: 89-83-8. (CH3)2CHC6H3(CH3)OH.

Use: Analytical separation of thulium (and other rare-earth metals) from the common metals.

thulium oxide. (thulia). Tm2O3.Properties: Dense white powder with greenish tinge,slightly hygroscopic. Absorbs water and carbon di-oxide from the air. D 8.6. Exhibits a reddish in-candescence on heating, changing to yellow andthen white on prolonged heating. Slowly soluble instrong acids. Properties: White crystals; aromatic odor and taste.Derivation: By ignition of thulium oxalate, salt of D 0.979, mp 48–51, bp 233C. Soluble in alcohol,other oxyacids, or hydroxide. carbon disulfide, chloroform, glacial acetic acid,Grade: 99–99.9%. ether, and fixed or volatile oils; slightly soluble inUse: Source of thulium metal. water and glycerol. Combustible.

Derivation: From thyme oil or other oils, syntheti-thylakoid. Closed cisterna, or disc, formed by the cally from m-cresol and isopropyl chloride by thepigment-bearing internal membranes of chloro- Friedel-Crafts method at −10C.plasts. Grade: Technical, NF, reagent.Use: Perfumery, mold and mildew preventive, mi-“Thylate” [Du Pont]. TM for a wettable off- croscopy, preservative, antioxidant, flavoring, labo-

white powder containing 65% thiram. ratory reagent, synthetic menthol.

thymic acid. See thymol.thymol blue. (thymolsulfonphthalein).

CAS: 76-61-9.thymidine. (thymine-2-deoxyriboside).CAS: 50-89-5. C10H14N2O5. The nucleoside (deoxy-riboside) of thymine. Occurs in DNA. C

❘

6H4SO2O❘

C[C6H2(CH3)(OH)CH(CH3)2]2.Properties: Crystalline needles. Mp 185C. Dextro- Properties: Brown-green powder or crystals. Mp

1243 TIGLIUM OIL

223C (decomposes). Insoluble in water; soluble in thyroxine. (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine).alcohol or dilute alkali. CAS: 51-48-9.

Use: Acid-base indicator in pH range 1.5 (pink) to HOC6H2I2OC6H2I2CH2CH(NH2)COOH.2.8–8 (yellow) to 9.6 (blue).

See indicator.

thymol iodide. [C6H2(CH3)(OI)(C3H7)]2. Princi-pally dithymol diiodide.

Properties: Red-brown powder or crystals; slightaromatic odor; affected by light. Soluble in ether, The hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is anchloroform, and fixed or volatile oils; slightly solu- amino acid and a derivative of tyrosine. It increases theble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible. metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of animalDerivation: Interaction of thymol and potassium in tissues.alkaline solution. Properties: Optically active, the l-isomer is the natu-Grade: Technical. ral and physiologically active form. (dl-thyroxine)Use: Feed additive, antifungal agent. Needles. Decomposes at 231–233C. Insoluble in

water, alcohol, and the common organic solvents;thymolphthalein. soluble in alcohol in the presence of mineral acids oralkalies. (l-thyroxine) Crystals. Decomposes at

C❘

6H4COO❘

C[C6H2(CH3)(OH)CH(CH3)2]2. 235–236C. (d-thyroxine) Crystals. Decomposes atProperties: White powder. Mp 245C. Insoluble in 237C.water; soluble in alcohol and acetone, and dilute Derivation: Obtained from the thyroid glands ofalkali and acids. animals; also made synthetically.

Use: Acid-base indicator in pH range 9.3 (colorless) Use: Medicine (hormone), biochemical research.to 10.5 (blue). See triiodothyronine.

See indicator.Ti. Symbol of titanium.

thymolsulfonphthalein. See thymol blue.TIBAL. Abbreviation for triisobutylaluminum.

p-thymoquinone. (2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-quinone). “TIC Pretested Guarcel 302” [TIC]. TMCAS: 490-91-5. C6H2O2(CH3)CH(CH3)2. for a powder developed with bland guar gum.

Properties: Bright-yellow crystals; penetrating Use: For dairy-based dry mix beverages.odor. Mp 45.5C, bp 232C. Slightly soluble in water;soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. “TIC Pretested Nutriloid Arabic” [TIC].

Derivation: From diazonium salt of aminothymol TM for a sprayable dry powder food additive.and nitrous acid. Use: As a mouthfeel aid providing a creamy texture

Use: Fungicide. without viscosity.

thyrocalcitonin. A thyroid hormone having sig- Tiemann rearrangement. Rearrangement ofnificant effect on the calcium content of bone and amide oximes (available from nitriles and hydroxyl-blood. It can retard bone damage and may be in- amine) to monosubstituted ureas by treatment withvolved in the incidence of dental caries and the form benzenesulfonyl chloride and water.of dental calculus known as tartar.

Tiffeneau-Demjanov ring expansion. Re-thyroid. See thyroxine. arrangement of �-amino alcohols on diazotization

with nitrous acid to give ring-expanded carbonylcompounds.thyronine. (desiodothyroxine).

HOC6H4OC6H4CH2CH(NH2)COOH. The p-hy-droxyphenyl ether of tyrosine. Thyronine and its tiglic acid. (methylcrotonic acid; crotonoliciodinated derivatives are used in biochemical re- acid; trans-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid).search on the thyroid gland and its activity. CAS: 80-59-1. CH3CH:C(CH3)COOH. The trans

isomer of angelic acid.Properties: Thick, syrupy liquid or colorless crys-thyrotropic hormone. (TSH; thyrotropin). Atals; spicy odor. D 0.9641, mp 65C, bp 198.5C.hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pitu-Soluble in alcohol, ether, hot water. Combustible.itary gland. It increases the rate of removal of iodine

Derivation: From croton oil. Also occurs in Englishfrom the blood by the thyroid gland, synthesis of thechamomile oil.thyroid hormone, and its release into the blood-

Use: Perfumes, flavors, emulsion breakers.stream. The thyrotropic hormone is a protein with alow molecular weight (about 10,000) that containssome carbohydrate. tiglium oil. See croton oil.

1244TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE

time-weighted average. (TWA). tin anhydride. See stannic oxide.The average concentration of an air contaminant fora conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work- tin ash. See stannic oxide.work.

See Threshold Limit Value. tin bis(diethyldithiocarbamate).CAS: 16248-90-1. mf: C10H20N2S4•Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m3.timolol. C13H24N4O3S. Use: Agricultural chemical.

tin bisulfide. See stannic sulfide.

tin bronze. See stannic sulfide.

tincal. See borax.

tincture. An alcoholic or aqueous alcoholic solu-Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 72C.tion of an animal or vegetable drug or a chemicalUse: Adrenergic blocker used in treatment of hyper-substance. The tincture of potent drugs is essentiallytension, glaucoma, and for reducing risk of seconda 10% solution. Tinctures are more dilute than fluidheart attack. FDA approved.extracts and less volatile than spirits.

tin dibutylditrifluoroacetate. Seetin. (stannum).bis(trifluoroacetoxy)dibutyltin.CAS: 7440-31-5. Sn. Metallic element of atomic

number 50, group IVA of the periodic system, awtin, dichlorodidodecyl-. See didodecyltin di-118.69, valences of 2, 4; 10 isotopes.

chloride.Properties: Silver-white, ductile solid (� form). D7.29 (20C), mp 232C, bp 2260C. Changes to brittle,

tin, dioctyldiphenyl-. See dioctyldiphenyltin.gray (�) tin at temperature of 18C, but the transitionis normally very slow. Soluble in acids and hot

“Tinopal” [Novartis]. TM for a group of fluor-potassium hydroxide solution; insoluble in water.escent whitening agents, which absorb UV light inElemental tin has low toxicity, but most of its com-the near visible range and reemit the energy as visi-pounds are toxic.ble light.Derivation: By roasting the ore (cassiterite) to oxi-

Use: Heavy-duty detergents to whiten fabrics, paper,dize sulfates and to remove arsine, then reducingplastics, fibers, coatings, waxes, etc.with coal in a reverberatory furnace or by smelting

in an electric furnace; secondary recovery from tintin oxide. See stannous oxide.plate.

Occurrence: Malaysia (called Straits tin), Indonesia,tin perchloride. See stannic chloride.Thailand, Bolivia.

Grade: By percentage purity; spectrographic gradetin plating. The process of covering steel, iron,is 99.9999%; block tin is a common designation for

or other metal with a layer of tin by dipping it in thepure tin.molten metal, by electroplating, or by immersion inAvailable forms: Sheet, wire, tape, pipe, bar, ingot,solutions that deposit tin by chemical action of theirpowder, single crystals.components. Ingredients for the chemical processHazard: All organic tin compounds are toxic. TLV:are cream of tartar and stannous chloride. The metal(inorganic compounds except SnH4 and SnO2 as Sn)being plated also takes part in the process. The ob-2 mg/m3; (organic compounds as Sn) 0.1 mg/m3.jective is to utilize the superior corrosion resistanceUse: Tin plate, terneplate, Babbitt metal, pewter,of tin and in some cases to improve appearance.bronze, corrosion-resistant coatings, collapsible

See terneplate.tubes, anodes for electrotin plating, hot-dipped coat-ings, cladding, solders, low-melting alloys for fire

tin protochloride. See stannous chloride.control, organ pipes, dental amalgams, diecasting.White, type, and casting metal. Manufacture of

tin protosulfide. See stannous sulfide.chemicals, tinned wire (all copper wire that is to berubber covered). Block tin is used to coat copper

tin protoxide. See stannous oxide.cooking utensils and lead sheet, or to line lead pipefor distilled water, beer, carbonated beverages, and

tin resinate. See soap (2).some chemicals. Note: In speaking of fabricatedarticles, “tin” is often used when tinplate (thin sheets

tin salt. See stannous chloride.of steel coated with tin) is meant, e.g., “a tin can.” Todistinguish, articles (such as condenser coils) madeof solid tin are said to be made of “block tin.” tin spirits. Solutions of tin salts used in dyeing.

1245 TITANIUM ACETYLACETONATE

tin stearate. See stannous stearate. titanellow. See titanium trioxide (not to be con-fused with titan yellow, an organic dye containingno titanium).tin tetrabromide. See stannic bromide.

titania. See titanium dioxide.tin tetrachloride. Legal label name (Rail) forstannic chloride.

titanic acid. (titanic hydroxide; metatitanictintometer. A device for comparison of colors of acid). H2TiO3 or Ti(OH)4. Water content variable.

solutions. Properties: White powder. Insoluble in mineralacids and alkalies except when freshly precipitated;insoluble in water.“Tinuvin” [Novartis]. TM for a group of UV

Derivation: From hydrochloric acid solution of tita-absorbers, substituted hydroxyphenyl benzotria-nates by treating with ammonia and then drying overzoles, e.g., 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphe-concentrated sulfuric acid or by boiling titaniumnyl)benzotriazole.sulfate solution.

Grade: Technical.tiocarbazil.Use: Mordant.CAS: 36756-79-3. mf: C16H25NOS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-titanium.icity by ingestion.

CAS: 7440-32-6. Ti. Metallic element of atomicUse: Agricultural chemical.number 22, group IVB of the periodic table, aw47.90, valences of 2, 3, 4; five isotopes.“Tipersul” [Du Pont]. TM for fibrous potas-

Properties: Silvery solid or dark-gray, amorphoussium titanate, crystalline fibers 1 micron in diameterpowder. D 4.6 (20C), mp 1675C, bp 3260C, sp heatmelting at 1371C, useful to 1204C.0.13 Btu/lb/F, thermal conductivity 105 Btu/ft2/F/Available forms: Lumps, blocks, and loose fibers.hour, as strong as steel but 45% lighter, VickersUse: High-temperature thermal, acoustical, and elec-hardness 80–100, excellent resistance to atmospher-trical insulation; filter media.ic and seawater corrosion and to corrosion by chlo-rine, chlorinated solvents, and sulfur compounds;“Tiron” [LaMotte]. TM for disodium-1,2-dih- reactive when hot or molten. Insoluble in water,ydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate. inert to nitric acid but attacked by concentrated sul-Use: Colorimetric determination of ferric iron, titani- furic acid and hydrochloric acid. Unaffected byum, or molybdenum. strong alkalies.

Source: Ilmenite, rutile, titanite, titanium slag fromTiselius, Arne W. K. (1902–1971). A Swed- certain iron ores.

ish biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemis- Derivation: (1) Reduction of titanium tetrachloridetry in 1948. Renowned for research in separation with magnesium (Kroll process) or sodium (Huntermethods of biochemical matter, in particular elec- process) in an inert atmosphere of helium or argon.trophoresis and chromatography. Work also in- The titanium sponge is consolidated by melting. (2)volved virus isolation and synthesis of blood plas- Electrolysis of titanium tetrachloride in a bath ofma. He earned degrees from the University of fused salts (alkali or alkaline-earth chlorides).Upsala and Princeton University, as well as a multi- Grade: Technical (powder), commercially puretude of honorary degrees. (sheets, bars, tubes, rods, wire, and sponge), single

crystals.Tishchenko reaction. Formation of esters Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

from aldehydes by an oxidation-reduction process risk. (Metal) Ignites in air at 1200C, will burn inin the presence of aluminum or sodium alkoxides. atmosphere of nitrogen. Do not use water or carbon

dioxide to extinguish.Use: Alloys (especially ferrotitanium); as structuraltissue culture. Method by which cells derivedmaterial in aircraft, jet engines, missiles, marinefrom multicellular organisms are grown in liquidequipment, textile machinery, chemical equipmentmedia.(especially as anode in chloride production), desal-ination equipment, surgical instruments, orthopedictissue-specific expression. Gene functionappliances, food-handling equipment; X-ray tubewhich is restricted to a particular tissue or cell type.targets; abrasives; cermets; metal-ceramic brazing,For example, the glycoprotein hormone alpha sub-especially in nickel-cadmium batteries for spaceunit is produced only in certain cell types of thevehicles; electrodeposited and dipped coatings onanterior pituitary and placenta, not in lungs or skin;metals and ceramics; electrodes in chlorine battery.thus, expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-

chain gene is said to be tissue-specific. Tissue spe-cific expression is usually the result of an enhancer titanium acetylacetonate. See titanylacety-which is activated only in the proper cell type. lacetonate.

1246TITANIUM AMMONIUM OXALATE

titanium ammonium oxalate. See ammo- Grade: Technical, of many variations, pure, USP,nium titanium oxalate. single crystals, whiskers.

Hazard: TLV: (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/m3 oftotal dust (when toxic impurities are not present,titanium boride. (titanium diboride). TiB2.e.g., quartz <1%); Not Classifiable as a Human Car-Properties: Extremely hard solid with oxidation re-cinogen.sistance up to 1400C. Mp 2980C, d 4.50, Mohs

Use: White pigment (in paints, paper, rubber, plas-hardness 9+, low electrical resistivity.tics, etc.), opacifying agent, cosmetics, radioactiveUse: Metallurgical additive, high-temperature elec-decontamination of skin, floor coverings, glasswaretrical conductor, refractory, cermet component,and ceramics, enamel frits, delustering syntheticcoatings resistant to attack by molten metals, alumi-fibers, printing inks, welding rods. Single crystalsnum manufacture, super alloys.are high-temperature transducers.

titanium butylate. See tetrabutyl titanate.titanium disilicide. TiSi2.Use: In special alloy applications, as a flame or blasttitanium carbide. TiC.impingement–resistant coating material.Properties: Extremely hard, crystalline solid with

gray metallic color. Mp 3140C, bp 4300C, d 4.93,titanium disulfide. TiS2.resistivity 60 micro-ohm-cm (room temperature).Properties: Yellow solid. D 3.22 (20C). Decom-Insoluble in water; soluble in nitric acid and aquaposed by steam.regia.

Use: Solid lubricant.Use: Additive (with tungsten carbide) in making cut-ting tools and other parts subjected to thermal shock,

titanium ester. A series of titanium compoundsarc-melting electrodes, cermets, coating dies forwhose general formula is Ti(OR)4 where R is a hy-metal extrusion (0.2 mil film by vapor deposition).drocarbon group, e.g., tetraisopropyl titanate.

Use: Adhesion promoters, ester-exchange catalysts,titanium chelate. (HOYO)2Ti(OR)2 orcross-linking agents, heat-resistant paints.(H2NYO)2Ti(OR)2. A series of titanium compounds

See tetrabutyl titanate; tetra(2-ethylhexyl) titanate.where Y and R are hydrocarbon groups, e.g., octyl-ene glycol titanate, triethanolamine titanate.

titanium ferrocene. See titanocene dichlo-Use: Surface-active agents, corrosive inhibitors,ride.cross-linking agents.

titanium hydride. TiH2.titanium diboride. See titanium boride.Properties: Black, metallic powder that dissociatesabove 288C. The evolution of hydrogen is gradualtitanium dichloride.and practically complete at 650C. D 3.8, attacked byCAS: 10049-06-6. TiCl2. strong oxidizing agents.Properties: Black powder. D 3.13. Decomposed by

Derivation: Direct combination of titanium with hy-water; decomposes at 475C in vacuo; hygroscopic.drogen, reduction of titanium oxide with calciumSoluble in alcohol; insoluble in chloroform, ether,hydride in the presence of hydrogen above 600C.carbon disulfide.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, dust mayDerivation: Reduction of titanium tetrachloride withexplode in presence of oxidizing agents.sodium amalgam, dissolving titanium metal in hy-

Use: Powder metallurgy, production of pure hydro-drochloric acid.gen (can contain 1800 cc (STP) H/cc of hydride),Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignites inproduction of foamed metals, solder for metal-glassair, store under water or inert gas.composites, electronic getter, reducing atmospherefor furnaces, hydrogenation agent, refractories.titanium dioxide. (titanic anhydride; titanic

acid anhydride; titanic oxide; titanium white;titanium isopropylate. See tetraisopropyl ti-titania).

tanate.CAS: 13463-67-7. TiO2.Properties: White powder in two crystalline forms,

titanium monoxide. TiO. A weakly basic ox-anatase and rutile. It has the greatest hiding power ofide of titanium, prepared by reduction of the dioxideall white pigments. Noncombustible.at 1500C; it has no important industrial uses.Derivation: From ilmenite or rutile. (1) Ilmenite is

treated with sulfuric acid and the titanium sulfatefurther processed. The product is primarily the ana- titanium nitride. TiN.tase form. (2) Rutile is chlorinated and the titanium Properties: Golden-brown, hard, brittle plates. Mptetrachloride converted to the rutile form by vapor- 2927C, d 5.24, sp heat 8.86 cal/mole at 25C, electri-phase oxidation. Papermakers are using this form to cal resistivity 21.7 micro-ohm-cm.an increasing extent in preference to the anatase Use: High-temperature bodies, cermets, alloys, recti-form. fiers, semiconductor devices.

1247 “TITANOX”

titanium ore. See rutile; ilmenite. Grade: Technical, CP.Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to skinand tissue.titanium oxalate. (titanous oxalate).

Use: Pure titanium and titanium salts, iridescent ef-Ti2(C2O4)3•10H2O.fects in glass, smoke screens, titanium pigments,Properties: Yellow prisms. Soluble in water; insolu-polymerization catalyst.ble in alcohol and ether.

Derivation: Action of oxalic acid on titanous chlo-ride. titanium trichloride. (titanous chloride).

CAS: 7705-07-9. TiCl3.titanium peroxide. See titanium trioxide. Properties: Dark-violet, anhydrous, deliquescent

crystals. D 2.6, decomposes above 440C, decom-titanium potassium fluoride. (potassium ti- poses in air and water with heat evolution. Soluble in

tanium fluoride). TiK2F6. alcohol, acetonitrile, certain amines; slightly solubleProperties: White leaflets. Soluble in hot water. in chloroform; insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons.Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m3. Hazard: Fire risk in the presence of oxidizing materi-Use: Titanic acid, titanium metal. als. Irritant to skin and tissue; open container only in

oxygen-free or inert atmosphere.titanium potassium oxalate. (potassium ti- Use: Reducing agent, organic synthesis, cocatalyst

tanium oxalate). TiO(C2O4K)2•2H2O. for polyolefin polymerization, organometallic syn-Properties: Colorless, lustrous crystals. Soluble in thesis involving titanium, laundry stripping agent.water.

Derivation: By treating titanium hydroxide with po- titanium trioxide. (titanium peroxide; tita-tassium oxalate and oxalic acid. nello; pertitanic acid). TiO3.

Grade: Technical, pure, 22% TiO2 (min). Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in acids.Use: Mordant in cotton and leather dyeing, sensitiza- Use: Dental porcelain and cements, yellow tile.tion of aluminum for photography.

titanocene dichloride. (dicyclopentadienylti-titanium sesquisulfate. See titanous sulfate. tanium dichloride; titanium ferrocene).

(C5H5)2TiCl2.titanium sponge. The metal in crude form as Properties: Red crystals. Mp 287–289C. Moderatelyreduced from the tetrachloride; ingots are made soluble in toluene, chloroform; sparingly soluble infrom it by consumable-electrode refining (arc-melt- ether and water. Stable in dry air, slowly hydrolyzeding). in moist air.

See titanium. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, irritant to skin andmucous membranes.

titanium sulfate. (titanic sulfate; basic titani- Use: Ziegler polymerization catalyst (with aluminumum sulfate; titanyl sulfate). alkyls).CAS: 13825-74-6. Ti(SO4)2•9H2O, also TiO- See metallocene.SO4•H2SO4•8H2O. A commercial material, possiblya mixture. titanous chloride. See titanium trichloride.Properties: White, cakelike solid. Highly acidic,similar to 50% sulfuric acid, typical composition

titanous oxalate. See titanium oxalate.20% TiO2, 50% sulfuric acid, 30% water, hygro-scopic. D 1.47. Soluble in water; solutions hydro-

titanous sulfate. (titanium sesquisulfate).lyze readily unless protected from heat and dilution.Ti2(SO4)3.Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on ilmenite ore.

Properties: Green, crystalline powder. Insoluble inHazard: Irritant to skin and tissue.water, alcohol, concentrated sulfuric acid; soluble inUse: Treatment of chrome yellow and other colors,dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, giving vio-production of titanous sulfate used as reducing agentlet solutions.or stripper for dyes, laundry chemical.

Grade: Commercial grade made and supplied as adark-purple solution containing 15% Ti2(SO4)3.titanium tetrachloride. (titanic chloride).

Use: Textile industry as reducing agent for strippingCAS: 7550-45-0. TiCl4.or discharging colors.Properties: Colorless liquid. Fumes strongly when

exposed to moist air, forming a dense and persistentwhite cloud. (Pure) d 1.7609 (0C), bp 136.4C, fp “Titanox” [Velsicol]. TM of a series of white−30C. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; soluble in pigments comprising titanium dioxide in both ana-water with evolution of heat; concentrated aqueous tase and rutile crystalline forms and also extendedsolutions are stable and corrosive; dilute solutions with calcium sulfate (titanium dioxide–calcium pig-precipitate insoluble basic chlorides. ment). Noncombustible.

Derivation: By heating titanium dioxide or the ores Use: Paints, paper, rubber, plastics, leather and leath-and carbon to redness in a current of chlorine. er finishes, inks, coated textiles, textile delustering,

1248TITANYL ACETYLACETONATE

ceramics, roofing granules, welding rod coatings, TMA. Abbreviation for trimethylamine and tri-and floor coverings. mellitic anhydride.

titanyl acetylacetonate. (titanium acetylace- TMEDA. Abbreviation for tetramethylethylene-tonate). TiO[OC(CH3):CHCOCH3]2. diamine.

Properties: Crystalline powder. Slightly soluble inwater; resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating, nonioniz- TML. Abbreviation for tetramethyllead.ing compound.

Derivation: Reaction of titanium oxychloride with TMSM. See tetramethyl succinonitrile.acetylacetone and sodium carbonate.

Use: Cross-linking agent for cellulosic lacquers. TMTD. Abbreviation for tetramethylthiuram di-sulfide.titanyl sulfate. See titanium sulfate. See thiram.

titer. In solutions (1) the concentration of a dis- TMTU. See tetramethylthiourea.solved substance as determined by titration; (2) theminimum amount or volume needed to bring about a TNA. Abbreviation for tetranitroaniline.given result in titration; or (3) the solidification pointof fatty acids that have been liberated from the fat by

TNB. Abbreviation for trinitrobenzene.hydrolysis.

TNBS. See 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.titration. Any of a number of methods for deter-mining volumetrically the concentration of a desiredsubstance in solution by adding a standard solution TNT. Abbreviation for trinitrotoluene.of known volume and strength until the reaction iscompleted, usually as indicated by a change in color tobacco. Cured leaves of plants of the familydue to an indicator. Organic solvents are used in Solanaceae, genus Nicotiiana; the species N. taba-titrating water-insoluble substances (nonaqueous ti- cum is the most important domestic source. Curingtration). Several types of electrical measurement consists of drying and long aging. The leaves aretechniques are used, among which are amperomet- dehydrated by hanging in warm air to terminal mois-ric, conductometric, and coulometric titration meth- ture content of 20–30%, during which time starchesods, and spectrophotometry is another possible pro- reduce to sugars, the chlorophyll is discharged, andcedure. Titration has been successfully automated, the color darkens. The product is then aged from onethe extent depending on the type of measurement to five years to remove unpleasant odor; cigar tobac-used. co is “fermented” with water, with resulting hydrol-

ysis, deamination, and decarboxylation. Aging fer-titration curve. A plot of the pH versus the mentation and oxidizers improve taste, aroma, and

equivalents of acid or base, added during titration of smoking qualities. Humectants and flavoring agentsa base or an acid. are added to some cigarette blends.

Scores of chemical compounds have been identifiedin unburned tobacco. Basically it is cellulose. TheTKP. Abbreviation for tripotassium phosphate.cured product contains acids (citric, oxalic, formic),See potassium phosphate, tribasic.alkaloids (nicotine, anabasine, myosmine), and car-bohydrates (lignin, pentosans, starch, sucrose), asTKPP. Abbreviation for tetrapotassium pyro-well as tannin, ammonia, glutamine, and microphosphate.amounts of zinc, iodine, copper, manganese, andSee potassium pyrophosphate.polonium-210. See cigarette tar; smoke (4).A nicotine-free tobacco substitute, TM “Cytrel,” hasTl. Symbol for thallium. been developed. See “Cytrel” [Celanese].

Hazard: A carcinogen. Many other deleterious ef-TLV. See Threshold Limit Value. fects from chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke.

Tm. Symbol for thulium. tobacco mosaic virus. The first virus to beobtained in crystalline form (from diseased tobacco

Tm. The melting point for a double-stranded nu- plants). The protein portion of this virus (95% ofcleic acid. Technically, this is defined as the temper- each particle) contains about 2300 peptide chains,ature at which 50% of the strands are in double- each having 150 amino acids and ending with threo-stranded form and 50% are single-stranded, i.e., nine. Molecular weight of each chain is aboutmidway in the melting curve. A primer has a specific 17,000, total molecular weight 40 million. The com-Tm because it is assumed that it will find an opposite plete sequence of the amino acids has been deter-strand of appropriate character. mined.

1249 TODD, SIR ALEXANDER R

tobermorite gel. 3CaO•2SiO2•3H2O. A calci- Properties: Clear yellow, viscous oil. D 0.947–0.958um silicate hydrate; a main cementing ingredient of (25/25C), refr index 1.5030–1.5070 (20C).concrete because of its great surface area. Derivation: Synthetic.

Grade: NF, FCC.Tobias acid. (2-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic Use: Biological antioxidant, meat curing (nitrosa-

acid; 2-amino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid). mine blocker), nutrient, medicine. Also available asthe acetate.

See tocopherol.

tocophersolan. (USAN for d-�-tocopherylpolyethylene glycol 1000 succinate).C29H49O•OOC(CH2)2COO(CH2CH2O)nH. n = 22. Awater-miscible vitamin E.

Properties: White needles. Soluble in hot water. Use: Dietary food supplement, medicine.Derivation: Sulfonation of �-naphthol with chloro-sulfonic acid in nitrobenzene at 0C followed by d-�-tocopheryl acetate.heating the resulting 1-sulfonic acid with ammo-

CAS: 58-95-7. mf: C31H52O3.nium hydrogen sulfite and ammonia at 145–150C.Properties: From vacuum steam distillation andPurification is by precipitation from dilute solutionacetylation of edible vegetable oil products. (FCCof the sodium salt.III) Colorless to yellow oil; odorless. Mp:Use: Azo dye intermediate, optical brighteners.26.5−27.5°, bp: 205° @ 0.02 mm (bath). Insol inwater, sol in alc; misc with acetone, chloroform,TOC. Abbreviation for Tagliabue open cup, aether, vegetable oil.standard method for determining flash points.

Use: Food additive; drug.

tocamphyl. See hepasynthyl.dl-�-tocopheryl acetate.

CAS: 7695-91-2. mf: C31H52O3.tocopherol. (vitamin E). Any of a group ofProperties: From vacuum steam distillation andrelated substances (�-, �-, �-, and �-tocopherol)acetylation of edible vegetable oil products. (FCCthat constitute vitamin E. The �-form (which occursIII) Colorless to yellow oil; odorless. Insol in water;naturally as the d-isomer) is the most potent. Occurssol in alc; misc with acetone, chloroform, ether,naturally in plants, especially wheat germ. All arevegetable oil.derivatives of dihydrobenzo-�-pyran and differ

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.from each other only in the number and position ofUse: Food additive.methyl groups. Vitamin E is required by certain

rodents for normal reproduction. Muscular and cen-dl-�-tocopheryl acid succinate.tral nervous system depletion along with general-

CAS: 4345-03-3. mf: C33H54O5.ized edema are deficiency symptoms in all animals.Properties: From vacuum steam distillation and suc-It is not required as a dietary supplement for humans.cinylation of edible vegetable oil products. (FCCProperties: Viscous oils. Soluble in fats; insoluble inIII) Colorless to white crystalline powder or needleswater. Stable to heat in the absence of oxygen, tofrom pet ether; odorless and tasteless. Mp: 76−77°.strong acids, and to visible light; unstable to UVInsol in water; very sol in chloroform, sol in acetone,light, alkalies, and oxidation.alc, ether, vegetable oil.Use: Medicine, nutrition, antioxidants for fats, ani-

Use: Food additive.mal feed additive.

dl-�-tocopherol. (dl-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2- Todd, Sir Alexander R. (1907–1997). A(4′,8′,12′-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol). British chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chem-CAS: 59-02-9. C29H49OOH. The most important of istry in 1957. His diverse research and accomplish-the vitamin E group. ments involved phosphorylation and mechanisms of

1250“TOFRANIL”

biological reactions concerning phosphates. Many Derivation: Reduction of o-nitrotoluene with zincof his studies concerned the structure of nucleic dust and caustic soda and conversion of the hydrazo-acids, nucleotides, nucleotidic coenzymes, as well toluene by boiling with hydrochloric acid.

Grade: Technical, dry, or paste.as vitamins B1, B12, and E. Work in biological organ-Hazard: TLV: Animal Carcinogen.ic chemistry indicated that hemp plant could be usedUse: Dyes, sensitive reagent for gold (1:10 millionfor production of narcotics. Todd had degreesdetectable) and for free chlorine in water, curingawarded from Oxford, Frankfurt, and Glasgow,agent for urethane resins (also available as the dihy-among others.drochloride).

“Tofranil” [Novartis]. Proprietary preparationof imipramine hydrochloride. Tollens’ reagent. Solution of ammoniacal sil-

Use: Antidepressant. ver nitrate containing free sodium bicarbonate.Hazard: May explode on standing from the forma-

toiletries. Liquid cosmetic preparations usually tion of silver nitride.consisting of an essential oil-alcohol mixture used Use: To test for aldehydes.chiefly for application to hair and scalp, as after-shave lotions, etc. tolnaftate. (USAN for o-2-naphthyl-meta-N-

dimethylthiocarbanilate).“Tok” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for 2,4-dichlo- CAS: 2398-96-1. C10H7OC(S)N(CH3)C6H4CH3.rophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether product. Use: Antifungal treatment (medicine).Use: Herbicide.

tolualdehdye. See tolyl aldehydes.tokamak. A transliterated Russian word for anassembly for producing nuclear fusion. It consists

toluazotoluidine. See o-aminoazotoluene.essentially of a doughnut-shaped evacuated cham-ber called a torus, of 18-inch cross section, throughwhich the plasma moves. Surrounding the torus is an tolu balsam. See balsam.electromagnetic field powerful enough to confinethe energized plasma sufficiently to achieve the re- toluene. (methylbenzene; phenylmethane).quired density of 1014particles/cc/sec and a tempera- CAS: 108-88-3. C6H5CH3.ture well above 44 million centigrade. Up to 74million centigrade has been obtained experimental-ly, but 100 million centigrade will be necessary forpower production. The vacuum chamber and themagnetic field simulate conditions on the sun, i.e.,absence of air and immense gravitational forces.Several experimental tokamaks are in operation inthe U.S., the largest being at Princeton, NJ. It is Properties: Colorless liquid; benzenelike odor. Dutilizing hydrogen and deuturium as a test plasma 0.866 (20/4C), fp −94.5C, bp 110.7C, refr indexand thus can attain temperatures of only 100,000C. 1.497 (20C), aniline equivalent 15, flash p 40FAfter further experimentation and modification, it (4.4C) (CC), autoign temp 997F (536C). Soluble inshould be capable of reaching the 100 million centi- alcohol, benzene, and ether; insoluble in water.grade necessary for power production when tritium Derivation: (1) By catalytic reforming of petroleum.is used. (2) By fractional distillation of coal tar light oil.

See fusion. Method of purification: Rectification.Grade: (Usually defined in terms of boiling ranges)

tokuthion oxon. See ethaphos. Pure, commercial, straw-colored, nitration, scintil-lation, industrial.

tolan. (diphenylacetylene). C6H5C:CC6H5. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. ExplosiveProperties: Monoclinic crystals. Mp 59–61C, bp limits in air 1.27–7%. Toxic by ingestion, inhala-300C, 170C (19 mm Hg), d 0.966 (100/4C). Insolu- tion, and skin absorption. TLV: 50 ppm; not classifi-ble in water; soluble in ether or hot alcohol. able as a human carcinogen.

Grade: Technical, purified. Use: Aviation gasoline and high-octane blendingUse: Organic synthesis, purified grade, primary fluor stock; benzene, phenol, and caprolactam; solventor wavelength shifter in soluble scintillators. for paints and coatings, gums, resins, most oils,

rubber, vinyl organosols; diluent and thinner in ni-o-tolidine. (3,3′-dimethylbenzidine; diaminodi- trocellulose lacquers; adhesive solvent in plastic

tolyl). toys and model airplanes; chemicals (benzoic acid,CAS: 119-93-7. [C6H3(CH3)NH2]2. benzyl and benzoyl derivatives, saccharin, medi-

Properties: Glistening plates, white to reddish. Mp cines, dyes, perfumes); source of toluenediisocya-129–131C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly nates (polyurethane resins); explosives (TNT); tolu-soluble in water. Affected by light. Combustible. ene sulfonates (detergents); scintillation counters.

1251 p-TOLUENESULFONYL

toluene-2,4-diamine. (m-tolylenediamine; o-toluenesulfonamide.MTD; m-toluylenediamine; diaminotoluene). CAS: 88-19-7. CH3C6H4SO2NH2.CAS: 95-80-7. CH3C6H3(NH2)2. Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 156.3C. Soluble

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 99C, bp 280C. in alcohol; slightly soluble in water and ether. Com-Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. bustible.

Derivation: Reduction of m-dinitrotoluene with iron Use: Plasticizer.and hydrochloric acid.

Hazard: A carcinogen. p-toluenesulfonamide. (p-toluenesulfamine;Use: Chain extender and cross-linker, intermediate in PTSA).organic synthesis of dyes, polymers, especially CAS: 70-55-3. CH3C6H4SO2NH2.polyurethanes. Properties: White leaflets. Mp 137C. Soluble in al-

cohol; very slightly soluble in water. Combustible.Derivation: By amination of p-toluene sulfonchlo-toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. (2,4-tolylene dii-ride.socyanate; m-tolylene diisocyanate; TDI).

Use: Organic synthesis, plasticizers and resins, fun-CAS: 584-84-9. CH3C6H3(NCO)2. gicide and mildewicide in paints and coatings.

p-toluenesulfondichloroamide. See dichlo-ramine-T.

o-toluenesulfonic acid. (o-toluenesulfonate).CAS: 104-15-4. C6H4(SO3H)(CH3).

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 67.5C, bp 129C.Soluble in alcohol, water, and ether. Combustible.

Properties: Water-white to pale-yellow liquid; sharp Derivation: By sulfonating toluene with concentra-pungent odor. Bp 251C, 120C (10 mm Hg), flash p ted sulfuric acid at 100C.270F (132C), mp 19.4–21.5C (pure isomer), d 1.22 Grade: Anhydrous, monohydrate, 40% aqueous so-(25/15.5C), vap press 0.01 mm Hg (20C). Reacts lution.with water, producing carbon dioxide; reacts with Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strongcompounds containing active hydrogen (may be vi- irritant to tissue.olent). Soluble in ether, acetone, and other organic Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, acid catalyst.solvents. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of 2,4-diaminotoluene with p-toluenesulfonic acid. (p-toluenesulfonate).phosgene. CAS: 104-15-4. C6H4(SO3H)(CH3).Method of purification: Distillation to remove hy- Properties: Colorless leaflets. Mp 107C, bp 140Cdrogen chloride. (20 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and water.

Grade: 100% 2,4-isomer; 80% and 65% 2,4-isomer Combustible.both mixed with 2,6-isomer. Derivation: By action of chlorosulfonic acid on tolu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong ene at a low temperature.irritant to skin and tissue, especially to eyes. TLV: Grade: Anhydrous, monohydrate; 40% aqueous so-0.005 ppm; STEL 0.02 ppm; not classifiable as a lution.human carcinogen. Hazard: Skin irritant.

Use: Polyurethane foams, elastomers and coatings, Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, organic catalyst.cross-linking agent for nylon 6.

o-toluenesulfonyl chloride. (o-toluenesulfo-chloride; o-toluenesulfonchloride).toluene-2,6-diisocyanate. See toluene-2,4-di-CAS: 98-59-9. H3CC6H4SO2Cl.isocyanate.

Properties: Oily liquid. D 1.3383 (20/4C), mp10.2C, bp 154C (36 mm Hg). Insoluble in water;p-toluenesulfamine. See p-toluenesulfon- soluble in hot alcohol and in ether and benzene.

amide. Combustible.Derivation: Action of chlorosulfonic acid on tol-uene.p-toluenesulfanilide. CH3C6H4SO2C6H4NH2.

Use: Intermediate in the synthesis of saccharin andProperties: White to pink crystalline solid. Mpdyestuffs.103C. Soluble in most lacquer solvents. Combus-

tible.Derivation: p-Toluene sulfonchloride treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. (tosyl chloride;aniline in the presence of lime or carefully regulated p-toluenesulfochloride; p-toluenesulfonchloride).amounts of alkalies. H3CC6H4SO2Cl.

Grade: Technical. Properties: Solid. Mp 71C, bp 145–146C (15 mmUse: Softener for acetylcellulose in proportions up to Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,50%, dyestuff intermediate. and benzene. Combustible.

12524-TOLUENESULFONYL ISOCYANATE

Use: Organic synthesis.

4-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate. See 4-methyl-benzenesulfonyl isocyanate.

Properties: Transparent crystals. Mp 180C, bp275C, ionization constant 4.3 × 10−5. Slightly solublep-toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide.in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.C8H11N3O3S.

Derivation: By treating cymene or turpentine withProperties: Fine, white powder. D 1.428, decom-nitric acid.poses at 440F (226C dry), 415–430F (212–221C

Use: Agricultural chemicals, animal feed supple-compounded).ment.Use: Blowing agent for polyolefins, impact polysty-

rene, polypropylene, ABS, etc.�-toluic aldehyde. See phenylacetaldehyde.

toluenethiol. (thiocresol; tolyl mercaptan).CAS: 100-53-8. CH3C6H4SH. m-toluidine. (m-aminotoluene).

Properties: Cream to white, moist crystals; musty CAS: 108-44-1. CH3C6H4NH2.odor. Bp 195C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alco- Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.980, fp −31.5C, bphol or ether. There are three isomers with different 203.3C, flash p 187F (86.1C). Slightly soluble inboiling points. water; soluble in alcohol or ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant. Derivation: Reduction of m-nitrotoluene.Use: Intermediate, bacteriostat. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbed

by skin. TLV: 2 ppm; not classifiable as a humancarcinogen.�-toluenethiol. See benzyl thiol.

Use: Dyes, manufacture of organic chemicals.

toluene trichloride. See benzotrichloride.o-toluidine. (o-aminotoluene).

CAS: 95-53-4. CH3C6H4NH2.toluene trifluoride. See benzotrifluoride.Properties: Light-yellow liquid, becomes reddish-brown on exposure to air and light. Volatile with

toluhydroquinone. CH3C6H3(OH)2. steam, d 1.008 (20/20C), fp −16C, bp 200C, flash pProperties: Pink to white crystals. Mp 125–127C. 185F (85C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; verySlightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water. Combustible.acetone. Derivation: By the reduction of o-nitrotoluene or

Use: Antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor. obtained mixed with p-toluidine by the reduction ofcrude nitrotoluene.

�-toluic acid. See phenylacetic acid. Grade: Technical.Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbedby skin. TLV: 2 ppm; animal carcinogen.m-toluic acid. (m-toluylic acid; 3-methylben-

Use: Textile printing dyes, vulcanization accelerator,zoic acid). C6H4CH3COOH.organic synthesis.Properties: White to yellowish crystals. D 1.0543,

mp 109C, bp 263C, ionization constant 5.3 × 10−5.Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and p-toluidine. (p-aminotoluene).ether. Combustible. CAS: 106-49-0. CH3C6H4NH2.

Derivation: Oxidation of m-xylene with nitric acid. Properties: White lustrous plates or leaflets. D 1.046Use: Organic synthesis, to form N,N-diethyl-m-to- (20/4C), mp 45C, bp 200.3C, flash p 189F (87.2C).luamide, a broad-spectrum insect repellent. Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in

water. Combustible.Derivation: By the reduction of p-nitrotoluene witho-toluic acid. (o-toluylic acid; 2-methylben-iron and hydrochloric acid.zoic acid). C6H4CH3COOH.

Grade: Technical, flake, or cast.Properties: White crystals. D 1.0621, mpHazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbed103.5–104C, bp 256C, refr index 1.512 (114.6C),by skin. TLV: 2 ppm; animal carcinogen.ionization constant 1.2 × 10−5. Slightly soluble in

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, reagent for lignin, ni-water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform. Combus-trite, chloroglucinol.tible.

Derivation: Oxidation of o-xylene with dilute nitricacid. toluidine maroon. CH3C6H3NO2N2C10H5OH-

Use: Bacteriostat. CONHC6H4NO2. An organic azo pigment obtainedby the azo coupling of m-nitro-p-toluidine with the

p-toluic acid. (p-toluylic acid; 4-methylben- m-nitroanilide of �-hydroxynaphthoic acid.zoic acid). C6H4CH3COOH. Properties: Good lightfastness and weather resis-

1253 p-TOLYL PHENYLACETATE

tance, excellent acid and alkali resistance, poor re- 4-o-tolylazo-o-diacetotoluide. See diacety-sistance to bleeding. laminoazotoluene.

Use: Air-dried and baked enamels, truck body fin-ishes. o-tolyl biguanide. NH2(CNHNH)2C6H4CH3.

Properties: White to off-white powder. Mp 138Ctoluidine red. Any of a class of pigments based (min). Combustible.

on couplings of �-naphthol and m-nitro-p-toluidine. Use: Antioxidant for soaps produced from animal orSee toluidine maroon. vegetable oil.

tolu oil. (tolu balsam oil). p-tolyldiethanolamine. (HOC2H4)2NC6H4CH3.Properties: Yellow liquid; hyacinth-like odor. D Properties: Crystals. Mp 62C, bp 297.1C, vap press0.945–1.09. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, <0.1 (20C), d 1.0723 (20/20C), solubility in waterand carbon disulfide. Chief known constituents: A 1.67% by weight (20C), viscosity 155 cP (20C),terpene, C10H16, and esters of cinnamic and benzoic flash p 385F (196C). Very soluble in acetone, etha-acid. nol, ethyl acetate, benzene. Combustible.

Derivation: From tolu balsam by distillation. Use: Emulsifier, dyestuff intermediate.Grade: Technical.Use: Medicine (expectorant), cough syrups. 2-p-tolyl-5,6-dihydroimidazo(2,1-a)See balsam. isoquinoline.

CAS: 61001-19-2. mf: C18H16N2.toluol. Obsolete name for toluene. Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

toluqinone. (2-methylquinone; p-toluqinone). m-tolylenediamine. See toluene-2,4-diamine.CH3C6H3O2.

Properties: Yellow leaflets or needles. Mp 65–67C. m-tolylenediaminesulfonic acid. [4,6-di-Soluble in hot water; very soluble in alcohol, ether, amino-m-toluenesulfonic acid (SO3H = 1)].acetone, ethyl acetate, and benzene. CH3C6H2(NH2)2SO3H.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in al-“Tolu-Sol” [Shell]. TM for a series of solvents, kalies.

predominantly C7 hydrocarbons, low in naphthenic Derivation: By addition of m-toluylenediamine sul-hydrocarbons and containing 3–50% aromatics, the fate to oleum and heating.balance being essentially paraffinic. Use: Dyes.

Use: Lacquer diluents and gravure ink solvents.Hazard: May be flammable. m-tolylenediisocyanate. See toluene-2,4-dii-

socyanate.toluyl aldehyde. See tolylaldehyde.

2-p-tolylimidazo(2,1-a)isoquinoline.toluylene. See stilbene. CAS: 61001-04-5. mf: C18H14N2.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.m-toluylenediamine. See toluene-2,4-di-

amine. p-tolyl isobutyrate. See p-cresyl isobutyrate.

toluylene red. See neutral red. 2-tolyl isocyanate. See 1-isocyanato-2-me-thylbenzene.

m-, o-, and p-toluylic acid. See corre-sponding toluic acid. 4-tolyl isocyanate. See 1-isocyanato-4-me-

thylbenzene.tolyl acetate. See cresyl acetate.

p-tolyl-1-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid.(tolylperi acid). C17H15NO3S.p-tolylaldehyde. (p-toluylaldehyde; p-tolual-

Properties: Greenish-gray needles. Soluble in alco-dehyde; p-methylbenzaldehyde).hol; rather insoluble in water. Combustible.CAS: 1334-78-7. CH3C6H4CHO.

Derivation: Arylation of 1-naphthylamine-8-sufon-Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.54693ic acid with p-toluidine.(16.6C), d 1.020, bp 204C. Slightly soluble in water;

Grade: Technical, mostly as sodium salt.soluble in alcohol and ether. There are also o- and m-Use: Azo colors.isomers. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, pure.Use: Perfumes, pharmaceutical and dyestuff interme- 4-(p-tolyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine. See 4-(4-diate, flavoring agent. methylphenyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

�-tolylaldehyde dimethylacetal. See phe- p-tolyl phenylacetate. See p-cresyl pheny-nylacetaldehyde dimethylacetal. lacetate.

12543-(p-TOLYLSULFONYL)

3-(p-tolylsulfonyl)acrylonitrile. TOPO. Abbreviation for trioctylphosphinicoxide.CAS: 1424-48-2. mf: C10H9NO2S.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderatetopochemical reaction. Any chemical reac-eye irritant.

tion that is not expressible in stoichiometric relation-ships. Such reactions are characteristic of cellulose;tolyl-p-toluenesulfonate. See cresyl-p-to-they can take place only at certain sites on the mole-luenesulfonate.cule where reactive groups are available, i.e., in theamorphous areas or on the surfaces of the crystallinetomatidine. C27H45NO2. A steroid secondaryareas.amine, the nitrogenous aglycone of tomatine. Isolat-

ed from the roots of the Rutgers tomato plant as thetopoisomerases. Enzymes that introduce posi-hydrochloride, C27H45NO2•HCl.

tive or negative supercoils in closed, circular duplexProperties: Crystals. Decomposes at 275–280C.DNA.

tomatine.“Tordon” [Dow]. TM for picloram.CAS: 17406-45-0. C50H83NO21. A glycosidal alka-

loid prepared from the dried leaves and stems of thetorr. A pressure unit used chiefly in vacuum tech-tomato plant. White crystals used as plant fungicide

nology; it is the pressure required to support 1 mmand as a specific precipitating agent for cholesterolHg at 0C.and other sterols. The crude extract is referred to as

tomatin.torsion balance. A balance having equal arms

and using horizontal steel bands for pivots andtomatine hydrochloride.bearings.CAS: 17605-83-3. mf: C50H83NO21•ClH.

Hazard: A poison. An eye irritant.torula yeast. A yeast that utilizes fermentable

sugar in industrial wastes, such as fruit cannery“Tone” [Dow]. TM for caprolactone-based mo-refuse and sulfite liquor from pulp mills. The driednomers and polymers.yeast is high in protein and vitamin content, en-Use: For high-performance urethane elastomers andabling it to be used for enriching animal feeds. Theadhesives.enzymes present are destroyed during drying. It isnow being made by a new process utilizing petrole-toner. An organic pigment that does not contain um-derived ethanol.

inorganic pigment or inorganic carrying base(ASTM). Important toners are Pigment Green 7, torus. A doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber thatPigment Blue 15, Pigment Yellow 12, and Pigment is an essential part of a nuclear fusion reactor.Blue 19. See tokamak; JET.

See lake.

tosyl. (Ts).tonka. (tonka bean; coumarouna bean; dip- CAS: 302-17-0. CH3C6H4SO2

−. The p-toluenesulfo-teryx). nyl radical. Esters of p-toluenesulfonic acid are

Properties: Black-brownish seeds with wrinkled known as tosylates.surface and brittle shining or fatty skins, aromaticbitterish taste, balsamic vanilla-like odor, efflo- Toth process. A process for production of alu-rences of coumarin often appear on the surface. minum metal that utilizes kaolin and other high-alu-Combustible. mina clays. The clay is chlorinated after calcination,

Use: Production of natural coumarin, flavoring ex- and the aluminum chloride resulting is reacted withtracts, toilet powders. metallic manganese to yield aluminum and manga-

nese chloride. The reaction occurs at the compara-tonka bean camphor. See coumarin. tively low temperature of 260C. The manganese

chloride is recovered as manganese metal and chlo-“Tonox” [Uniroyal]. TM for a blend of aro- rine by oxidation and subsequent reduction, the

matic primary amines, the main component of manganese being recycled. This is a much cheaperwhich is p,p-diaminodiphenylmethane. and more efficient method than the Hall process,

Use: Epoxy and urethane curative. because it requires less energy input and does notutilize imported bauxite.

Topfer’s reagent. Dimethylaminoazobenzene0.5 g in 100 cc 95% ethanol. tourmaline.

Use: To test acidity of stomach contents. (Na,Ca)(Al,Fe)B3Al3(AlSi2O9)(O,OH,F)4. Acomplex borosilicate of aluminum.

topical. A medical term meaning “applied to the Use: Pressure gauges, optical equipment, oscillatorsurface of the skin.” plates, source of boric acid.

1255 TOXIC SUBSTANCES

tower, distillation. A metal cylinder from 6 with protein expression patterns using bioinformat-inches to 20 ft in diameter located between the boiler ics to understand the role of gene-environment inter-

actions in disease and dysfunction.and the condenser in distillation units. The vaporsrise through the tower, some of the liquid conden-sate flowing back down through the tower (reflux). toxicology. The branch of medical science devot-Horizontal plates at intervals of 2 ft are used to ed to the study of poisons, including their mode ofachieve contact between countercurrent liquid and action, effects, detection, and countermeasures. Thethe vapor stream. Vapor passes through the liquid on subject may be subdivided into (1) clinical, (2) envi-the plate through several apertures, each covered by ronmental, (3) forensic, and (4) occupational (indus-a cap, an arrangement called a bubble cap plate. trial). The Institute of Chemical Toxicology wasVarious types of packings are used in smaller col- formed in 1975, its members comprising a numberumns, e.g., metal chains, tubes, glass beads, Raschig of the larger chemical companies.rings, etc. See toxicity; poison (1).See HETP (2).Possibly supplanting distillation towers in the future

toxic substances. The following list includes ais a circular metal drum that rotates at 1800 rpm andnumber of chemical individuals and groups that arecontains conventional packing materials. The cen-generally regarded as having toxic properties bytrifugal force separates the liquid and vapor compo-ingestion, inhalation, or absorption via the skin.nents as they pass through the drum. This novelThere is considerable variation in the degree of tox-distillation technique has been developed by ICI inicity among these, and the listing is by no meansEngland and is called Higee, i.e., high gravity.exhaustive.

See toxicity.toxaphene. (generic name for technical chlo-rinated camphene). Individuals GroupsCAS: 8001-35-2. C10H10Cl8. Formula is approxi-

aniline aldehydesmate, contains 67–69% chlorine.asbestos (carcinogen) alkaloidsProperties: Amber, waxy solid; mild odor of chlo-benzidine (carcin- allyl compoundsrine and camphor. Melting range 65–90C, d 1.66

ogen)(27C). Soluble in common organic solvents.benzpyrene (carcin- arsenic and compoundsHazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-

ogen)tion; most uses prohibited. TLV: 0.5 mg/m3; STEL 1carbon monoxide barium and solublemg/m3); animal carcinogen.chlorine compoundscoal tar pitch (carcin- barbituratestoxicity. The ability of a substance to cause dam-

ogen)age to living tissue, impairment of the central ner-cresol beryllium and solublevous system, severe illness, or, in extreme cases,hydrogen peroxide compoundsdeath when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by thehydrogen sulfide chlorinated hydrocarbonsskin. The amounts required to produce these resultsmethanol chromium (hexavalentvary widely with the nature of the substance and thenickel carbonyl carcinogenic compounds)time of exposure to it. “Acute” toxicity refers toosmium tetroxide corrosive materialsexposure of short duration, i.e., a single brief expo-oxalic acid cyanidessure; “chronic” toxicity refers to exposure of longozone cadmium and compoundsduration, i.e., repeated or prolonged exposures.phenol fluorine and compoundsThe toxicity hazard of a material may depend on itspyrene lead compoundsphysical state and on its solubility in water and acids.pyridine mercury and compoundsSome metals that are harmless in solid or bulk formphosphine organic phosphate estersare quite toxic as fume, powder, or dust. Many sub-stibine radioactive substancesstances that are intensely poisonous are actuallysulfur dioxide selenium and compoundsbeneficial when administered in micro amounts, asvinyl chloride mono- thallium and compoundsin prescription drugs, e.g., strychnine.

mer (carcinogen)Toxicity is objectively evaluated on the basis of testtin (organic compounds)dosages made on experimental animals under con-

trolled conditions. Most important of these are the The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) passedLD50 (lethal dose, 50%) and the LC50 (lethal concen- by the U.S. Congress in 1976 provides the legaltration, 50%) tests, which include exposure of the basis for regulations concerning all aspects of theanimal to oral ingestion and inhalation of the materi- manufacture of such products. Establishment andal under test. A substance having an LD50 of less than enforcement of such regulations are carried out by400 mg/kg of body weight is considered very toxic. the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The

American Conference of Governmental Industrialtoxicogenomics. The study of how genomes re- Hygienists issues a periodically revised list of

spond to environmental stressors or toxicants. Com- Threshold Limit Values for substances in workroombines expression profiling of genome-wide mRNA air, upon which the industrial safety standards of the

1256TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL

Occupational Safety and Health Administration tracer. A chemical entity (almost invariably ra-(OSHA) are based. The Food and Drug Administra- dioactive and usually an isotope) added to the react-tion (FDA) is responsible for the enforcement of the ing elements or compounds in a chemical process,Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Decisions made by which can be traced through the process by appro-these agencies are arrived at only after extensive priate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Com-testing by both manufacturers and independent pounds containing tracers are often said to begroups. Effective control of toxic materials has as- “tagged” or “labeled.” Carbon-14 is a commonlysumed increasing importance in recent years and used tracer, and radioactive forms of iodine andmay be expected to become still more rigorous. sodium are also used. Many complex biochemical

See poison (1); NIOSH. reactions have been examined in this way (e.g.,A Toxicology Data Bank (TDB) has been estab- photosynthesis). Nonradioactive deuterium (hydro-lished by the National Library of Medicine of NIH. gen isotope) is sometimes used, the detection beingThe data are set up in a computer-based on-line file by molecular weight determination. Radioactive en-available for public use. Extensive physical data are zymes are also available for tracer studies, e.g.,included. ribonuclease, pepsin, trypsin, and others.Additional information can be found in Dangerous See labeling (2).Properties of Industrial Materials, 11th Edition,Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Editor, published by John “Tra-Cide” [Nalco]. TM for testing service.Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book contains 25,000 en- Use: To determine biocide toxicity and microbiologi-tries, each of which gives physical, chemical, and cal activity in industrial process waters.toxicological data about potentially hazardous ma-terials. trademark. (TM). A word, symbol, or insignia

designating one or more proprietary products or theToxic Substances Control Act. (TSCA). manufacturer of such products, that has been offi-See toxic substances; Environmental Protection cially registered with the government trademarkAgency. agency. The accepted designation is a superior capi-

tal R enclosed in a circle; however, quotation markstoxins. Proteins produced by some organisms and may also be used, as in this dictionary. The termtoxic to some other species. trade name, though widely used, is not applicable to

such products; according to the U.S. Trade MarkTPA. Abbreviation for terephthalic acid. Association, a trade name is the name under which acompany does business, e.g., the Blank ChemicalTPB. Abbreviation for tetraphenylbutadiene. Company. Use of a trademark without proper indi-cation of its proprietary nature places the name in

TPG. Abbreviation for triphenylguanidine. jeopardy; a number of trademarks have been invali-dated as a result of this practice.

TPN. Abbreviation for triphosphopyridine nucle-otide. trade name. See trademark.See nicontinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

trade sales. In the paint industry this term isTPO rubber. Abbreviation for thermoplasticapplied to paints intended for sales to the generalpolyolefin rubber.public, as in hardware stores and similar outlets.See elastomer.

Tpp. (1) Abbreviation for triphenyl phosphate. (2) tragacanth gum.Abbreviation for thiamine pyrophosphate. CAS: 9000-65-1.

See cocarboxylase. Properties: Dull white, translucent plates or yellow-ish powder. Soluble in alkaline solutions, aqueous

TPT. (1) Abbreviation for triphenyltetrazolium hydrogen peroxide solution; strongly hydrophilic;chloride. insoluble in alcohol. Combustible.

See tetrazolium chloride. (2) Abbreviation for tetrai- Chief constituents: Polysaccharides of galactose,sopropyl titanate. fructose, xylose, and arabinose with glucuronic

acid.trace element. (micronutrient). An element es- Occurrence: Southwestern Europe, Greece, Turkey,

sential to plant and animal nutrition in trace concen- Iran.tration, i.e., minute fractions of 1% (1000 ppm or Grade: USP, FCC, No. 1, 2, 3.less). Plants require iron, copper, boron, zinc, man- Use: Pharmacy (emulsions), adhesives, leather dress-ganese, potassium, molybdenum, sodium, and chlo- ing, textile printing and sizing, thickener and emul-rine. Animals require iron, copper, iron, manganese, sifier, dyes, food products (ice cream, desserts),cobalt, selenium, and potassium. Such elements are toothpastes, coating soap chips and powders, hair-also called micronutrients. Do not confuse with wave preparations, confectionery, printing inks, tab-tracer. let binder.

1257 TRANSGENIC MOUSE

tranquilizer. See psychotropic drug transesterification. See ester interchange.

transfection. The introduction of foreign DNAtrans-. See cis-.into a host cell.

See cloning vector; gene therapy.transalkylation. A type of disproportionationreaction by which toluene is hydrogenated to ben-

transferase. An enzyme whose activity causes azene and mixed xylene isomers free from ethylben-transfer of a radical from one molecule to another.zene, avoiding the formation of methane resultingExamples are transaminases, transacetylases, andfrom the conventional hydrodealkylation process.transmethylases, which effect the transfer of amino,Transalkylation of toluene to benzene involves theacetyl, and methyl groups respectively.use of a catalyst; the yield is claimed to be 97%,

See enzyme.based on toluene feed.

transference number. That portion of the totaltransaminase. (aminopherase). An enzyme thatcurrent carried by any species of ion in an electrolytefacilitates the reversible transfer of an amino groupin the fluid state. The symbol t+ is usually used for afrom an �-amino acid to an �-keto acid.positive ion and t− for a negative ion.See aminotransferases.

transfermium element. An elements with antransamination. The use of nitrogen of one ami-atomic number greater than 100, the atomic numberno acid for synthesizing another amino acid in vivo.of fermium.

See periodic table; atomic number.transcription. The enzymatic process wherebythe genetic information contained in one strand of transfer mold. A chamber in which a thermo-DNA is synthesized into a complementary sequence

setting plastic is softened by heat and pressure andof bases in an mRNA chain.from which it is forced by high pressure through asuitable orifice into a closed mold for final curing.transcriptional control. The regulation of the

rate of a protein’s synthesis by regulation of the transferrin. A 90 kDa protein responsible for theformation of its mRNA. transport of iron and uptake by the liver.

transcription factor. A protein which is in- transfer RNA. See ribonucleic acid.volved in the transcription of genes. These usuallybind to DNA as part of their function (but not neces- transformation. A process by which the geneticsarily). A transcription factor may be general (i.e., material carried by an individual cell is altered byacting on many or all genes in all tissues) or tissue- incorporation of exogenous DNA into its genome.specific (i.e., present only in a particular cell typeand activating the genes restricted to that cell type). transformer oil. A liquid having the property ofIts activity may be constitutive or may depend on the insulating the coils of transformers, both electricallypresence of some stimulus; for example, the gluco- and thermally. There are two broad classes, (1) natu-corticoid receptor is a transcription factor which is ral and (2) synthetic. The natural type includes re-active only when glucocorticoids are present. fined mineral oils (petroleum fractions), which have

low viscosities and high chemical and oxidativetranscription unit. The sequence from the stability. The synthetic types are (1) chlorinated

transcriptional start site to the site of termination, aromatics (chlorinated biphenyls and trichloroben-inclusive of introns. zene) known collectively as askarels; (2) silicone

oils; and (3) ester liquids such as dibutyl sebacate.transcriptome. The full complement of activa- All these types are nonflammable but combustible.

ted genes, mRNAs, or transcripts in a particular Flash points are 250–300F (121–148C).tissue at a particular time See dielectric.

Note: Use of PCB (chlorinated biphenyls) has beentransduction. (1) The conversion of energy from discontinued because of their ecologically damag-

one form to another (ATP synthesis by a chemios- ing effects.motic mechanism). (2) The conversion of informa-tion from one form to another (epinephrine outside a transgenic. An organism that has genes fromliver cell causing cAMP inside the cell). (3) The another organism incorporated within its genome astransfer of genetic information from one cell to an- a result of recombinant DNA procedures.other by means of a viral vector.

transgenic mouse. A mouse which carries ex-trans effect. Bond holding a group trans to the perimentally introduced DNA. The procedure by

more electronegative or other labilizing group is which one makes a transgenic mouse involves theweakened. injection of DNA into a fertilized embryo at the pro-

1258TRANSIENT TRANSFECTION

nuclear stage. The DNA is generally cloned and may perform the synthesis, and tRNA to bring in thebe experimentally altered. It will become incorpo- amino acids.rated into the genome of the embryo. That embryo isimplanted into a foster mother, who gives birth to an translational control. The regulation of theanimal carrying the new gene. Various experiments rate of a protein’s synthesis by regulation of the rateare then carried out to test the functionality of the of translocation of the ribosome.inserted DNA.

translational repressor. A repressor thattransient transfection. When DNA is trans- blocks translation of a mRNA.

fected into cultured cells, it is able to stay in thosecells for about 2-3 days, but then it will be lost unless transmix. See 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-steps are taken to ensure that it is retained—see dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic.stable transfection). During those 2-3 days, the DNAis functional and any functional genes it contains

transmutation. The natural or artificial transfor-will be expressed. Investigators take advantage ofmation of atoms of one element into atoms of athis transient expression period to test gene function.different element as the result of a nuclear reaction.The reaction may be one in which two nuclei inter-“Transist AR” [Mallinckrodt]. A grade ofact, as in the formation of oxygen from nitrogen andreagent-quality chemicals, specially controlled forhelium nuclei (�-particles), or one in which a nu-use in the manufacture of semiconductors and othercleus reacts with an elementary particle such as aelectronic devices and precision instruments.neutron or proton. Thus a sodium atom and a protonform a magnesium atom. Radioactive decay, e.g., oftransition element. (transition metal). Any ofuranium, can be regarded as a type of transmutation.a number of elements in which the filling of theThe first transmutation was performed by the En-outermost shell to eight electrons within a period isglish physicist Rutherford in 1919.interrupted to bring the penultimate shell from 8 to

18 or 32 electrons. Only these elements can usetranspiration. Passage of water from the roots ofpenultimate shell orbitals as well as outermost shell

a plant to the atmosphere via the vascular system andorbitals in bonding. All other elements, called “ma-the stomata of the leaves.jor group” elements, can use only outermost shell

orbitals in bonding. Transition elements include ele-transposable element. A class of DNA se-ments 21 through 29 (scandium through copper), 39

quences that can move from one chromosomal sitethrough 47 (yttbrium through silver), 57 through 79to another.(lanthanum through gold), and all known elements

See transposon.from 89 (actinium) on. All are metals. Many arenoted for exhibiting a variety of oxidation states andforming numerous complex ions, as well as possess- transposition. The movement of a gene or set ofing extremely valuable properties in the metallic genes (transposon) from one site in the genome tostate. another.

See orbital theory.transportation label. See label (1).

transition point The temperature at which twocrystalline forms of a polymorphic substance are in transporters. Proteins that span a membrane andequilibrium. transport specific molecules across the membrane.

transition state. An activated form of a mole- “Transport-Plus” [Nalco]. TM for boiler wa-cule in which the molecule has undergone a partialter treatment program.chemical reaction and has bond characteristics of

both reactant and product.transposon. (transposable element). A segment

of DNA that can move from one position in thetransition state theory. (TSS). Gives ap-genome to another.proximate descriptions of chemical reaction rates

based on the on the properties of two potential wellstransuranic element. An element of higherand a transition state between them.

atomic number than uranium, not found naturally,and produced by nuclear bombardment. The highesttransition-type system. See peritecticdiscovered are 105 and 106. They are all radioactive.system.

See actinide; periodic table.translation. The process of decoding a strand of

mRNA, thereby producing a protein based on the “Trasar” [Nalco]. TM for technology that usescode. This process requires ribosomes (which are information from a chemical trace to enhance pro-composed of rRNA along with various proteins) to gram value such as automation and diagnostics.

1259 TRIALLYL PHOSPHITE

Traube purine synthesis. Preparation of an triacontanoic acid. See melissic acid.appropriate 4,5-diaminopyrimidine by introductionof the amino group into the 5 position of 4-amino-6- 1-triacontanol. CH3(CH2)28CH2OH. A 30-car-hydroxy- or 4,6-diaminopyrimidines by nitrosation bon, straight-chain fatty alcohol.and ammonium sulfide reduction, followed by ring Properties: Colorless needles from ether. Mpclosure with formic acid or chlorocarbonic ester. 85−88C, d at mp 0.777. Soluble in most organic

solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.Traube’s rule. The adsorption from aqueous Occurrence: Beeswax, carnauba wax, leaf wax.

solution on carbon increases with increase in molec- Use: Biochemical research, growth promoter, fertil-ular weight of a homologous series of fatty acids. izer supplement.

tremolite.triacyiglycerol. An ester of glycerol with threeCAS: 1332-21-4. Ca2Mg5Si8(OH)2. A variety of as-

molecules of fatty acid; also called a triglyceride orbestos. Some tremolite is sold as “fibrous talc.”neutral fat.Properties: White to light-green color, vitreous to

silky luster. Mohs hardness 5–6, d 3.0–3.3, resistant“Triadine” [Olin]. TM for industrial bacteri-to acids. Noncombustible.

cide/fungicide.Occurrence: New York, California, Maryland,Use: As a preservative in inhibiting growth of bacte-South Africa.ria and fungi in aqueous-based metal working fluids,Hazard: Inhalation of dust or fine particles is danger-aqueous analytical and diagnostic reagents.ous. Carcinogenic.

Use: As asbestos, particularly in acid-resisting appli-cations, ceramics, paint. trialkyl boranes. R3B. (where R = alkyl radi-

cal).tremorine dichlorohydrate. See tributylborane; triethylborane.

CAS: 300-68-5. mf: C12H20N2•2ClH.Hazard: A poison. trialkylsilanol. An alcohol derivative of silane.

Hazard: May be flammable.treemoss concrete. Use: Short-stopping agent for silicone polymers.CAS: 68648-41-9.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

triallylamine.A mild skin irritant.CAS: 102-70-5. (H2C:CHCH2)3N.Source: Natural product.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.800 (20/4C), fp −70C, bp150–151C, refr index 1.4501 (20C), flash p 103Ftrenbolone. mf: C18H22O2.(39.4C) (TOC).Properties: Crystals. Mp: 186°.

Hazard: Fire risk. Irritant.Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.Use: Intermediate.

“Trendcheck” [Nalco]. TM for real-time sta-tistical process control system. triallyl cyanurate.

CAS: 101-37-1. (CH2:CHCH2OC)3N3.tretamine. (generic name for 2,4,6-tris(1-azir- Properties: Colorless liquid or solid. Mp 27.32C,

idinyl)-s-triazine). flash p above 176F (80C) (TOC), d 1.1133 (30C),See triethylenemelamine. refr index 1.5049 (25C). Miscible with acetone, ben-

zene, chloroform, dioxane, ethyl acetate, ethanol,triacetate fiber. See acetate fiber. and xylene. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.triacetin. (glyceryl triacetate). Use: Polymers as monomer and modifier, organic

CAS: 102-76-1. C3H5(OCOCH3)3. intermediate.Properties: Colorless liquid; slight fatty odor; bittertaste. D 1.160 (20C), bp 258–260C, sets to a glass at triallyl cyanurate coagent. See “Perkalink”−37C, refr index 1.4312 (20C), flash p 300F (149C), [Akzo].bulk d 9.7 lb/gal. Slightly soluble in water; verysoluble in alcohol, ether, and other organic solvents.

triallyl phosphate. (CH2:CHCH2O)3PO.Combustible.Properties: Water-white liquid. Fp −50C, bp 80CDerivation: Action of acetic acid on glycerol.(0.5 mm Hg), refr index 1.448 (25C), d 1.064 (25/Method of purification: Vacuum distillation.15C). Combustible.Grade: Technical, CP, ND, FCC.

Use: Intermediate.Use: Plasticizer, fixative in perfumery, manufactureof cosmetics, specialty solvent, to remove carbondioxide from natural gas, medicine (topical anti- triallyl phosphite. See phosphorous acid, tri-fungal). allyl ester.

1260TRIAMCINOLENE

triamcinolene. (�-fluoro-16(�)-hydroxypredni- 180F (82.2C). Soluble in alcohol and ether. Com-solone). bustible.CAS: 124-94-7. C21H27FO6. Derivation: direct heating of boric acid and amyl

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp alcohol.264–268C. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in Use: Varnishes.usual organic solvents; soluble in dimethylform-amide. tri-p-tert-amylphenyl phosphate.

Grade: ND. (C5H11C6H4)3PO.Use: Medicine. Also available as the acetonide. Properties: White solid; odorless. Liquid. Boiling

range 305–345C (5 mm Hg), mp 62–63C. Insolublein water. Combustible.1,3,5-triaminobenzene.

Use: Plasticizer.CAS: 108-72-5. C6H3(NH2)3.Properties: Solid. Mp (anhydrous) 129C, (hydrate)

triarylmethane dye. Any of a group of dyes84–86C (1.5 moles water). Soluble in water, ace-whose molecular structure involves a central carbontone, and alcohol; insoluble in ether, cold benzene,atom joined to three aromatic nuclei. CI numberscarbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether. Combus-range from 42000 to 44999. The color is due in parttible.to the aromatic rings and to the chromophore groupsUse: Ion-exchange resin intermediate, wetting and==C==NH and ==C==N−. The members of this classfrothing agents, photographic developers, organicfunction as basic dyes for cotton, using tannin as areactions.mordant, or if they contain sulfonic acid groups, asacid dyes for wool and silk. Examples are malachite2,4,6-triaminotoluene trihydrochloride.green and methyl violet.C6H2(NH2HCl)3CH3•H2O.

See triphenylmethane dye.Properties: Light-tan to cream crystals. Mp 119C(free base). Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

s-triazine derivatives. See ammelide;and acetone; insoluble in benzene.ammeline; melamine.Use: Nongelatin photographic emulsion with ethyl-

enediamine for fixation, ion-exchange resins, wet-s-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)dione riboside. Seeting and frothing agents, photographic developers,

6-azauridine.intermediate for varnishes and rubber chemicals.

s-triazine-2,4,6-triol. See cyanuric acid.2,4,6-triamino-sym-triazine. See melamine.

triazole. C2H3N3. A five-membered ring com-s-triaminotrinitrobenzene. See 2,4,6-trini-pound containing three nitrogens in the ring.tro-1,3,5-benzenetriamine. Use: Suggested as photoconductors in copyingsystems.

triamminetrinitratatorhodium (III).CAS: 41762-18-9. mf: H9N6O9Rh. (1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine.

Properties: IDLH 100 mg/m3 (as Rh). CAS: 275-02-5. mf: C5H4N4.Hazard: A poison. TWA 1 mg(Rh)/m3. Not Classifi- Hazard: A poison.able as a human carcinogen.

(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)pyrimidine.triamylamine. (C5H11)3N. CAS: 274-98-6. mf: C5H4N4.Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D 0.79–0.80 Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(20C), triamylamine content at least 98.0%, 95%boils between 225 and 260C, flash p 215F (101.6C), (1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)quinoline.refr index 1.4374 (18C). Insoluble in water; soluble CAS: 235-06-3. mf: C10H7N3.in gasoline. Combustible. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Derivation: Reaction of amyl chloride and ammonia.Hazard: Irritant. (1h-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-yl)tricyclo-Use: Corrosion inhibitor, insecticidal preparations. hexylstannane.

CAS: 41083-11-8. mf: C20H35N3Sn.triamylbenzene. (C5H11)3C6H3. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic byProperties: Colorless liquid; odor faintly aromatic. skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2D 0.87 (20C), boiling range 300–320C, flash p 270F mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).(132.2C). Combustible.

Use: Chemical intermediate. triazone resin. One of a class of amino resinsproduced from urea, formaldehyde, and a primary

triamyl borate. (C5H11)3BO3. amine.Properties: Colorless liquid; odor faintly alcoholic. Use: Textile and fabric treatment.D 0.845 (20C), boiling range 220–280C, flash p See dimethylolethyltriazone.

1261 TRI-n-BUTYLAMINE

tribasic. See monobasic. 1,1,1-tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol.CBr3C(CH3)2OH.

Properties: Fine, white crystals. Mp 176–177C. Sol-tribenzoside. See ethyl-3,5,6-tri-o-benzyl-d-uble in water, methanol, ether. Combustible.glucofuranoside.

Use: Organic synthesis.tribenzylchlorostannane. See chlorotriben-

tribromonitromethane. See bromopicrin.zylstannane.

tribromophenol. See bromol.tribenzyltin chloride. See chlorotribenzyl-stannane.

1,2,3-tribromopropane. (allyl tribromide).CAS: 96-11-7. BrCH2CHBrCH2Br.tribenzyltin formate. See formyloxytriben-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.43, mp 16C, bpzylstannane.220C, refr index 1.584. Soluble in alcohol and ether;insoluble in water.tribrominated polystyrene. See ethenylben- Derivation: Gamma-ray initiated reaction of bromo-zene tribromo deriv. homopolymer. trichloromethane with allyl bromide.

Use: Nematocide.tribromoacetaldehyde. (bromal). CBr3CHO.Properties: Oily, yellowish liquid. D 2.66, bp 174C. 3,4′,5-tribromosalicylanilide. (tribromasa-Soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. Combustible. lan).

Derivation: (1) By adding bromine to a solution of CAS: 87-10-5. Br2C6H2(OH)C(O)NHC6H4Br. Anparaldehyde in ethylacetate. (2) By adding bromine active antiseptic.to absolute alcohol, fractionating, treating the frac- Use: Soaps.tion boiling at 165C with water, and distilling. Hazard: A suspected carcinogen. Use in cosmetics

Hazard: As for bromine. prohibited (FDA).Use: Organic synthesis.

tributoxyethyl phosphate.tribromoacetic acid. CBr3COOH. [CH3(CH2)3O(CH2)2O]3PO.Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 135C, bp Properties: Slightly yellow, oily liquid. D 1.020245–250C. Soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. Com- (20C), fp −70C (viscous liquid), boiling rangebustible. 215–228C (4 mm Hg), flash p 435F (223C), refr

Derivation: By oxidizing tribromoacetaldehyde index 1.434 (25C). Insoluble or limited solubility inwith nitric acid. glycerol, glycols, and certain amines; soluble in

Hazard: As for bromine. most organic liquids. Combustible.Use: Organic synthesis. Use: Primary plasticizer for most resins and elasto-

mers, floor finishes and waxes, flame-retardingtribromo-tert-butyl alcohol. (acetone-bro- agent.

moform). CBr3C(CH3)2OH.Properties: Fine, white, prismatic crystals; camphor tri-n-butyl aconitate. C3H3(COOC4H9)3.odor and taste. Mp 176C. Slightly soluble in water; Properties: Colorless, odorless liquid. D 1.018soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. (20C), refr index 1.4500–1.4530 (25C), bp 190C (3

Derivation: Reaction of acetone and bromoform mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in organic sol-with solid potassium hydroxide. vents. Combustible.

Hazard: As for bromine. Use: Plasticizer-stabilizer for vinylidene chlorideUse: Vinyl chloride polymerization. polymers, synthetic rubbers and cellulosic lacquers,

insecticides.tribromoethanol. (1,1,1-tribromoethyl alco-

hol). tri-n-butylaluminum. (CH3CH2CH2CH2)3Al.CAS: 75-80-9. CBr3CH2OH. Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. Bulk d

Properties: White crystals or powder; slight aromat- 0.823 g/mL (20C), fp −26.7C.ic odor and taste. Mp 79–82C, bp 94C (11 mm Hg), Derivation: Exchange reaction of butene-1 and iso-unstable in air and light. Slightly soluble in water; butyl aluminum.soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, and amylene hy- Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ig-drate; aqueous and alcoholic solutions decompose nites spontaneously.on exposure to light. Combustible. Use: Production of organo-tin compounds.

Grade: NF.Derivation: By reduction of tribromoacetaldehyde tri-n-butylamine.with aluminum isopropylate. CAS: 102-82-9. (C4H9)3N.

Use: Medicine (basal anesthetic). Properties: Pale-yellow liquid; amine odor. Bp214C, fp −70C, d 0.8 (20/20C), bulk d 6.5 lb/gal, refr

tribromomethane. See bromoform. index 1.4297 (20C), flash p 185F (85C) (OC).

1262TRI-n-BUTYLBORANE

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic tributyl(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)phosphoniumsolvents. Combustible. chloride.

Derivation: By reaction of butanol or butyl chloride CAS: 115-78-6. Cl2C6H3CH2P(C4H9)3Cl.with ammonia. Properties: White, crystalline solid; mild aromatic

Grade: Technical. odor. Technical grade melts at 114–120C. Soluble inHazard: Skin irritant, CNS stimulant. water, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol and hot ben-Use: Solvent, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, interme- zene; insoluble in hexane and ether.diate. Use: Growth retardant for ornamental plants.

tri-n-butylborane. (tri-n-butylborine). tributyl(glycoloyloxy)tin. See (glycoloylox-(CH3CH2CH2CH2)3B. y)tributylstannane.

Properties: Colorless pyrophoric fluid. Fp −34C, bp170C (222 mm Hg), d 0.747 (25C), vap press 0.1 tributyliosocyanatostannane.mm Hg (20C), refr index 1.4285 (20C), flash p −32F CAS: 681-99-2. mf: C13H27NOSn.(−35.5C). Insoluble in water; soluble in most organ- Hazard: A poison. Flammable liquid. TWA 0.1ic solvents. mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, store anduse in inert atmosphere, ignites spontaneously in air. tributyl(methacryloxy)stannane.

Use: Petrochemical industry, organic reactions, cata- CAS: 2155-70-6. mf: C16H32O2Sn.lyst. Hazard: A poison by ingestion and intravenous

routes. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3

tributyl borate. (butyl borate). (C4H9)3BO3. (skin).Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.8550–0.8570,bp 232.4C, distillation range, 85% distills between tributyl(oleoyloxy)stannane.135C and 140C (40 mm Hg), refr index 1.4071 CAS: 3090-35-5. mf: C30H60O2Sn.(25C), fp below −70C, viscosity 1.601 cP (25C), Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/flash p 200F (93.3C) (OC). Hydrolyzes rapidly; m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).miscible with common organic liquids. Combus-tible. 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol.

Derivation: From butanol and boric acid. [(CH3)3C]3C6H2OH.Use: Welding fluxes, intermediate in preparation of Properties: Solid. Mp 131C. Insoluble in water; sol-borohydrides, flame retardant for textiles (with bo- uble in most organic solvents. Combustible.ric acid). Use: Permissible antioxidant for aviation gasolines

(when mixed with other butylphenols) (ASTM).tri-n-butylborine. See tri-n-butylborane.

tributyl-o-phenylphenoxytin. See (2-biphe-tributylchlorostannane. See chlorotributyl- nyloxy)tributyltin.

stannane.

tri-p-tert-butylphenyl phosphate.tri-n-butylchlorostannate. See tributyltin [(CH3)3CC6H4O]3PO.

chloride. Properties: Solid. Bp 320C (5 mm Hg), mp102–105C, flash p 545F (285C). Insoluble in water.

tributyl citrate. (butyl citrate). Combustible.C3H5O(COOC4H9)3. Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow, stable,odorless, nonvolatile liquid. Fp −20C, bp 233.5C tributyl phosphate. (TBP).(22.5 mm Hg), flash p 315F (157C) (COC), refr CAS: 126-73-8. (C4H9)3PO4.index 1.4453 (20C), d 1.042 (25/25C), bulk d 8.7 lb/ Properties: Stable, colorless liquid; odorless. Refrgal at 20C, pour p viscosity 31.9 cP (25C). Practical- index 1.4226 (25C), bp 292C, latent heat of vapor-ly insoluble in water. Combustible. ization 55.1 cal/g (289C), fp below −80C, flash p

Grade: Technical. 295F (146C) (COC), Saybolt viscosity 38.6 sec atUse: Plasticizer, antifoam agent, solvent for nitrocel- 29.4C, bulk d 8.19 lb/gal, d 0.978 (20/20C). Misci-lulose. ble with most solvents and diluents; soluble in wa-

ter. Combustible.tri-n-butyl citrate. See tributyl citrate; “Ci- Grade: Technical.

troflex 4” [Reilly]; “TBC” [Reilly]. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant toskin. TLV: 0.2 ppm.

n,n,n-tributyl-2,4-dichlorobenzenemetha- Use: Heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction ofnaminium chloride. metal ions from solution of reactor products, solventCAS: 3278-43-1. mf: C19H32Cl2N•Cl. for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, plasticizer, pig-

Hazard: A severe eye irritant. ment grinding assistant, antifoam agent, dielectric.

1263 TRIBUTYLTIN-�-CHLORO

tri-n-butyl phosphine. (CH3CH2CH2CH2)3P. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Properties: Colorless liquid; garlic odor. D 0.8100

(min at 25/4C), fp −60 to −65C, bp 240C, flash ptri-n-butylstannane hydride.104F (40C), autoign temp 392F (200C), refr index

CAS: 688-73-3. mf: C12H28Sn.1.463 (20C). Almost insoluble in water; miscibleProperties: A liquid. D: 1.103 @ 20°, bp:with ether, methanol, ethanol, benzene. An organic112.5−113.5° @ 8 mm.base and strong reducing agent. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. TWA 0.1Use: Polymerization cross-linking catalyst, organicmg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).intermediate, fuels.

tributylstannic hydride. See tri-n-butylstan-tributyl phosphite.nane hydride.CAS: 102-85-2. (C4H9O)3P.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 120C (8 mmtributyl thiophosphate. See tributyl phos-Hg), d 0.911 (25C), refr index 1.4301 (25C), flash p

phorothioate.250F (121C). Decomposes in water; soluble in com-mon organic solvents. Combustible.

tributyltin-p-acetamidobenzoate.Use: Additive for greases and extreme-pressure lu-CAS: 2857-03-6. mf: C21H35NO3Sn.bricants, stabilizer for fuel oils and polyamides, gas-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2oline additive.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

O,O,O-tributyl phosphorothioate. (tributyltributyltin acetate.thiophosphate). (C4H9O)3PS.

CAS: 56-36-0. (C4H9)3SnOOCCH3.Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. BpProperties: White, crystalline solid.142–145C (4.5 mm Hg), d 0.987, flash p 295FDerivation: Reaction of sodium acetate with tribu-(146C) (COC). Insoluble in water; soluble in mosttyltin chloride.organic solvents. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3.Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor.Use: Fungicide and bactericide.Use: Plasticizer, lubricant additive, antifoam agent,

hydraulic fluid, intermediate.tributyltin benzoate. See benzoyloxytribu-

tylstannane.S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate.(“DEF”) [Bayer].

tri-n-butyltin bromide.CAS: 78-48-8. (C4H9S)3PO.CAS: 1461-23-0. mf: C12H27Sn•Br.Properties: Liquid. Bp 150C (0.3 mm Hg). Insoluble

Properties: Liquid. D: 1.3365, bp: 163°/12 mm, refrin water; soluble in aliphatic, aromatic, and chlori-index: 1.5000.nated hydrocarbons.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic byHazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.skin contact and inhalation. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3;Use: Cotton defoliant.STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

tributylphosphorotrithioite. tributyltin chloride. (tri-n-butylchlorostan-CAS: 150-50-5. (C4H9S)3P. nate). (C4H9)3SnCl.Properties: Nearly colorless liquid. Bp 115–134C Properties: Colorless liquid.. D 1.20 (20/4C); refr(0.08 mm Hg), d 1.02 (20C), refr index 1.542 (25C). index 1.4903 (25C); bp 145–147C (5 mm Hg). Solu-Insoluble in water; soluble in a variety of organic ble in the common organic solvents; including alco-solvents. hol, heptane, benzene, and toluene; insoluble in coldDerivation: Reaction of butyl mercaptan with phos- water, but hydrolyzes in hot waterphorus trichloride. Derivation: Reaction of tetrabutyltin with dibutyltinHazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. chloride.Use: Cotton defoliant. Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3.

Use: Rodenticide, intermediate, rodent-repellent ca-n-(tributylplumbyl)benzimidazole. ble coatings.

CAS: 23188-89-8. mf: C19H32N2Pb.Hazard: A poison. tributyltin chloroacetate.

CAS: 5847-52-9. mf: C14H29ClO2Sn.tributyl(8-quinolinolato)tin. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

CAS: 5488-45-9. mf: C21H33NOSn. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). tributyltin-�-chlorobutyrate.

CAS: 33550-22-0. mf: C16H33ClO2Sn.tributylstannanecarbonitrile. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

CAS: 2179-92-2. mf: C13H27NSn. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

1264TRIBUTYLTIN CYANATE

tributyltin cyanate. See cyanatotributylstan- tributyltin laurate.nane. CAS: 3090-36-6. mf: C24H50O2Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).tri-n-butyltin cyanide. See tributylstannane-

carbonitrile.tributyl tin linoleate. See (linoleoylox-

y)tributylstannane.tributyltin cyclohexanecarboxylate.CAS: 2669-35-4. mf: C19H38O2Sn.

tributyltin methacrylate. See tribu-Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2tyl(methacryloxy)stannane.mg/m3 (skin)

tri-n-butyltin methanesulfonate.tributyltin-s,s′-dibutyldithiocarbamate.CAS: 13302-06-2. mf: C13H30O3SSn.See 2,2-dibutyl-1,3,2-oxathiastannolane.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).tributyltin dimethyldithiocarbamate.

CAS: 20369-63-5. mf: C15H33NS2Sn.tributyltin neodecanoate.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

CAS: 28801-69-6. mf: C22H46O2Sn.mg/m3 (skin)Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).tributyltin-2-ethylhexanoate.

CAS: 5035-67-6. mf: C20H42O2Sn. tributyltin nonanoate.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1CAS: 4027-14-9. mf: C21H44O2Sn.mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).tributyltin hydroxide.

CAS: 1067-97-6. mf: C12H28OSn. tri-n-butyltin oleate. See tribu-Properties: Waxy solid or oil. Mp: 15−16°. tyl(oleoyloxy)stannane.Hazard: Moderately toxic. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3;STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). tributyltin-o-phenylphenoxide. See (2-bi-Use: Agricultural chemical. phenyloxy)tributyltin.

tri-n-butyltin iodide. See iodotributylstan- tributyltin salicylate. See salicyloyloxytribu-nane. tylstannane.

tributyltin iodoacetate. tributyltin sulfide. See 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexabutyl-CAS: 73927-91-0. mf: C14H29IO2Sn. distannthiane.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). tri-n-butyltin undecylate. See tribu-

tyl(undecanoyloxy)stannane.tributyltin-o-iodobenzoate.

CAS: 73927-93-2. mf: C19H31IO2Sn. tributyltin-�-(2,4,5-trichloro-Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 phenoxy)propionate.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). CAS: 73940-89-3. mf: C21H33Cl3O3Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2tributyltin-p-iodobenzoate. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

CAS: 73940-88-2. mf: C19H31IO2Sn.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 tri-n-butyl tricarballylate.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). (C4H9OCOCH2)2CHCOOC4H9.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.004 (24C), refr index 1.4388tributyltin-�-iodopropionate. (26.5C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 73927-95-4. mf: C15H31IO2Sn. Use: Plasticizer.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). tributyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)tin.

CAS: 73927-98-7. mf: C18H29Cl3OSn.tributyltin isopropylsuccinate. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

CAS: 53404-82-3. mf: C19H38O4Sn. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg/m3 (skin) tributyl(undecanoyloxy)stannane.

CAS: 69226-47-7. mf: C23H48O2Sn.tributyltin isothiocyanate. See tributyliso- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

cyanatostannane. m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

1265 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE

tributyrin. See glyceryl tributyrate. irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 1 ppm; not classifia-ble as a human carcinogen.

Use: Organic synthesis, reagent for detection of albu-tricalcium aluminate. See calcium alumi-min, medicine, pharmacy, herbicides.nate.

trichloroacetic acid tripropylstannyl ester.tricalcium citrate. See calcium citrate.See tripropyltin trichloroacetate.

tricalcium orthoarsenate. See calcium arse-nate. trichloroacetonitrile.

CAS: 545-06-2. CCl3CN.Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 85C, d 1.44, refrtricalcium orthophosphate. See calciumindex 1.440.phosphate, tribasic.

Derivation: Reaction of methylnitrile, hydrochloricacid, and chlorine.tricalcium phosphate. See calcium phos-

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.phate, tribasic.Use: Insecticide.

tricalcium silicate.trichloroacetyl chloride. CCl3COCl.Use: Anticaking agent in foods (up to 2%).Properties: Liquid. D 1.654 (0/4C), bp 118C. De-See cement, Portland.composes in water; soluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strongtricamba. (3,5,6-trichloro-o-anisic acid).irritant to skin and tissue.CAS: 2307-49-5. C6HCl3(COOH)(OCH3).

Properties: Crystals. Mp 137–139C. Very slightlysoluble in water; moderately soluble in xylene; free- S-2,3,3-trichloroallyl-N,N-diiso-ly soluble in alcohol. propylthiolcarbamate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. CAS: 2303-17-5.Use: Herbicide. [(CH3)2CH]2NC(O)SCH2CCl:CCl2.

Properties: Oily liquid. Bp 148–149C (9 mm Hg),mp 29–30C. Practically insoluble in water; solubletricarbimide. See cyanuric acid.in alcohol, acetone, ether, and heptane. Combus-tible.tricarboxylic acid cycle. See TCA cycle.

Use: Herbicide.trichlohexyltin hydroxide. See cyhexatin.

trichloro-o-anisic acid. See tricamba.trichlorfon. (O,O-dimethyl[2,2,2-tri-chloro-1-

2,4,6-trichloroanisole. C7H5Cl3O.hydroxyethyl]phosphonate).Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 60C, bp 240C (238CAS: 52-68-6. (CH3O)2P(O)CH(OH)CCl3.mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene,Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 83–84C, bpmethanol, and dioxane; gradually sublimes at room100C (1 mm Hg), d 1.73 (20/4C). Soluble in water,temperature.benzene, chloroform, ether; insoluble in oils.

Use: Dyeing auxiliary for polyester fabrics.Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, absorbed by skin,use may be restricted.

Use: Systemic insecticide, medicine (anthelmintic). 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene.CAS: 87-61-6. C6H3Cl3.

trichloroacetaldehyde. See chloral. Properties: White crystals. D (solid) 1.69, refr index1.5776 (19C), bp 221C, mp 52.6C, flash p 235F(112.7C) (CC). Insoluble in water; slightly solubletrichloroacetaldehyde, hydrated. See chlo-in alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.ral hydrate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.Use: Organic intermediate.trichloroacetic acid. (TCA).

CAS: 76-03-9. CCl3COOH.Properties: Deliquescent, colorless crystals; sharp, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.pungent odor. D 1.6298, mp 57.5C, bp 197.5C, flash CAS: 120-82-1. C6H3Cl3.p none. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Non- Properties: Colorless, stable liquid; odor similar toflammable. that of o-dichlorobenzene. D 1.4634 (25C), bp

Derivation: (1) By treating chloral hydrate with fum- 213C, mp 17C, flash p 210F (98.9C). Miscible withing nitric acid. (2) From glacial acetic acid by the most organic solvents and oils; insoluble in water.action of chlorine in the presence of sunlight, UV Combustible.radiation, or catalysts. Derivation: Chlorination of monochlorobenzene.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP. Grade: Technical, 99%, mixture of 1,2,4- and 1,2,3-Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong isomers distilling at 213–219C.

12662,3,6-TRICHLOROBENZYLOXY

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 1,1,1-trichloroethane. (methyl chloroform).CAS: 71-55-6. CH3CCl3.ceiling 5 ppm.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.325, bp 75C, fpUse: Solvent in chemical manufacturing, dyes and−38C, flash p none. Insoluble in water; soluble inintermediates, dielectric fluid, synthetic transformeralcohol and ether. Nonflammable.oils, lubricants, heat-transfer medium, insecticides.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and tissue. TLV: 350 ppm.Use: Solvent for cleaning precision instruments, met-2,3,6-trichlorobenzyloxypropanol.al degreasing, pesticide, textile processing.(Cl)3C6H2CH2OCH2CH(CH3)OH.

See “Aerothenet TT” [Dow]; “Tri-Ethane” [PPG].Properties: Liquid. Bp 121–124C (0.1 mm Hg). Al-most insoluble in water; soluble in most organic

1,1,2-trichloroethane. (vinyl trichloride; �-solvents. Combustible.trichloroethane).Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.CAS: 79-00-5. CHCl2CH2Cl.Use: Herbicide.

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; characteristicsweet odor. Bp 113.7C, d 1.4432 (20C/4C), refr((2,3,6-trichlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-propanol.index 1.4458, vap press 16.7 mm Hg (20C), bulk dCAS: 34314-31-3. mf: C10H11C13O2.12.0 lb/gal (20C), fp −36.4C, flash p none. MiscibleHazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.with alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones; insolubleUse: Agricultural chemical.in water. Nonflammable.

Grade: Technical.1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)ethane.Hazard: Irritant, absorbed by skin. TLV: 10 ppm.See DDT.Use: Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, other prod-ucts; organic synthesis.

1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane. See methoxychlor. trichloroethanol.

CAS: 115-20-8. CCl3CH2OH.B-trichloroborazole. Properties: Viscous liquid; etherlike odor; hygro-

scopic. Bp 150C, fp 13C, d 1.541 (25/4C). SlightlyB❘ClNHBClNHBCl

❘NH. soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, and

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 84.5–85.5C, carbon tetrachloride. Combustible.bp 96.5–98C (37 mm Hg). Soluble in many organic Use: Intermediate, anesthetic.solvents; highly reactive.

Use: Intermediate, gelling agent, catalyst complex- trichloroethylene. (tri).ing agent. CAS: 79-01-6. CHCl:CCl2.

Properties: Stable, low-boiling, colorless, photo-trichlorobromomethane. See bromotrichlo- reactive liquid; chloroform-like odor. Will not at-

romethane. tack the common metals even in the presence ofmoisture. Bp 86.7C, fp −73C, d 1.456–1.462 (25/25C), refr index 1.4735 (27C). Miscible with com-trichlorobutylene oxide. (TCBO).mon organic solvents; slightly soluble in water.Nonflammable.

Derivation: From tetrachloroethane by treatmentwith lime or alkali in the presence of water, or bythermal decomposition, followed by steam distilla-

A reactive liquid epoxide used as an organic solvent tion.and surfactant intermediate; its polymers can be used Grade: USP, technical, high purity, electronic, metalfor polyester, polyurethane, and polyacrylic resins, degreasing, extraction.polyether polyols, flame-retardants, etc. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Use as solvent not

permitted in some states. FDA has prohibited its usein foods, drugs, and cosmetics. TLV: 50 ppm.3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide.

Use: Metal degreasing; extraction solvent for oils,C6H3Cl2NHCONHC6H4Cl.fats, waxes; solvent dyeing; dry-cleaning; refriger-Properties: Heat-resistant white powder. Mp 250C.ant and heat-exchange liquid; fumigant; cleaningUse: Bacteriostat in soaps and detergents, plastics.and drying electronic parts; diluent in paints andadhesives; textile processing; chemical intermedi-1,2,4-trichloro-5-(2,6-ate; aerospace operations (flushing liquid oxygen).dichlorophenoxy)benzene.

CAS: 130892-67-0. mf: C12H5Cl5O.trichloroethylene epoxide. See epoxy-1,1,2-Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

trichloroethane.trichloroethane. See “Extrema” [Schumach-

er]. trichloroethyltin. See ethyltin trichloride.

1267 TRICHLOROMETHYLSULFENYL

trichlorofluoroethylene. trichloromethyl chloroformate. (diphos-CAS: 359-29-5. mf: C2Cl3F. gene). ClCOOCCl3.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor similar to phos-Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-gene (newly mown hay). D 1.65 (15C), bption.127–128C, fp −57C, vap d 6.9 (air = 1), refr index1.45664 (22C). Decomposed by heat, porous sub-trichlorofluoromethane. (fluorotrichloro-stances, activated carbons (with evolution of phos-methane; fluorocarbon-11).gene), also by alkalies, hot water. Soluble in alcohol,CAS: 75-69-4. CCl3F.benzene, and ether. Noncombustible.Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; nearly

Derivation: (1) By chlorinating methyl formate, (2)odorless. Bp 23.7C, fp −111C, d 1.494 (17.2C),by chlorinating methyl chloroformate. In both meth-critical press 43.2 atm. Noncombustible.ods the mixture of chloro-derivatives is then sepa-Derivation: From carbon tetrachloride and hafnium,rated by fractionation.in the presence of fluorinating agents such as anti-

Grade: Technical.mony tri- and pentafluoride.Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strongGrade: Technical, 99.9% min.irritant to tissue.Hazard: TLV: Celling of 1000 ppm.

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison gas.Use: Solvent, fire extinguishers, chemical intermedi-ate, blowing agent.

trichloromethyl ether. CHCl2OCH2Cl.3,5,6-trichloro-2-hydroxypyridine. See 2- Properties: Liquid; pungent odor. D 1.5066 (10C),

hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine. bp 130–132C. Soluble in alcohol, benzene, andether; insoluble in water.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin, evolvestrichloroisocyanuric acid. (1,3,5-trichloro-s-lachrymatory fumes.triazine-2,4,6-trione).

CAS: 87-90-1.N-(trichloromethylmercapto)-tetra-

hydrophthalimide. See captan.OC❘NClCONClCO

❘NCl.

Properties: White, slightly hygroscopic, crystallinepowder or granules. Loose bulk d 31 lb/cu ft, granu- trichloromethylphenylcarbinyl acetate.lar 60 lb/cu ft; available chlorine 85%; decomposes (�-[trichloromethyl]benzyl acetate).at 225C. CAS: 90-17-5. C6H5CH(CCl3)OOCCH3.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials, Properties: White, crystalline solid; intense rosestrong oxidizing agent. Toxic by ingestion. odor. Mp 86–88C. Soluble in 18 parts of 95% al-

Use: Active ingredient in household dry bleaches, cohol.dishwashing compounds, scouring powders, deter- Use: Perfumes, fixative for essential oils and per-gent sanitizers, commercial laundry bleaches, fumes.swimming-pool disinfectant, bactericide, algicide,bleach, and deodorant. trichloromethylphosphonic acid.

CCl3PO(OH)2. Strong dibasic acid.trichloroisocyanuric acid-potassium Properties: Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble

dichloroisocyanurate (1:4). See monotri- in benzene and hexane.chloro-tetra(monopotassium dichloro)-penta-s. Use: Catalyst and condensation agent.

trichloromelamine. (N,N′,N′-trichloro-2,4,6- 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol. Seetriamine-1,3,5-triazine). chlorobutanol.

N❘C(NHCl)NC(NHCl)N

❘C(NHCl). trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride. (perchlo-

Properties: Fine, white powder. Autoign temp 320F romethyl mercaptan).(160C). Slightly soluble in water and glacial acetic CAS: 594-42-3. ClSCCl3.acid; insoluble in carbon tetrachloride and benzene; Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; disagreeable odor.pH of saturated aqueous solution 4. Mildly decomposed by moist air, subject to the ac-

Derivation: By chlorination of melamine. tion of oxidizing agents, reducing agents, chlorine,Grade: 89% available chlorine. etc. D 1.722 (0C), bp 148–149C (decomposes), vapHazard: Dangerous fire risk, can ignite spontaneous- d 6.414, volatility 18,000 mg/cu m (20C). Insolublely in contact with reactive organic materials. in water. Nonflammable but supports combustion.

Use: Chlorine bleach and bactericide. Derivation: Chlorination of carbon disulfide, thio-phosgene, or methyl thiocyanate.

trichloromethane. See chloroform. Grade: Technical.Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

�-(trichloromethyl)benzyl acetate. See tri- irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 0.1 ppm.chloromethylphenylcarbinyl acetate. Use: Organic synthesis, dye intermediate, fumigant.

12683-TRICHLOROMETHYLTHIO

3-trichloromethylthiobenzothiazolone. Use: Plant hormone, herbicide, defoliant.CAS: 3567-79-1. mf: C8H4Cl3NOS2. See dioxin.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.Use: Agricultural chemical. 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl-2,2-

dichloropropionate. See erbon.trichloronaphthalene. (halowax).

CAS: 1321-65-9. C10H5Cl3. 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid.Properties: A white solid. Mw 231.50. See silvex.Hazard: A poison. TLV: 5 mg/m3 (skin).Use: Wire coating, electrical insulations. 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl acetate.

CAS: 23399-90-8. C6H2Cl3OOCCH3.trichloronitromethane. See chloropicrin. Use: Fungicide, especially on cotton seed.

trichloronitrosomethane. CCl3NO. 1-((2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)methoxy)-2-Properties: Dark-blue liquid; unpleasant odor. D 1.5 propanol.(20C); bp 5C (70 mm Hg). Slowly decomposes, but CAS: 1861-44-5. mf: C10H11Cl3O2.is more stable in solution. Soluble in alcohol, ben- Hazard: A mild eye irritant.zene, ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Interaction of sulfuric acid, sodium tri- 1,2,3-trichloropropane.chloromethylsulfinate, and sodium nitrate. CAS: 96-18-4. CH2ClCHClCH2Cl.

Grade: Technical. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.3888 (20/4C), fpHazard: Strong irritant to eyes and tissue. −15C, bp 156.17C, refr index 1.4822 (20C), flash pUse: Organic synthesis, military poison gas (lachry- 180F (82.2C) (COC). Slightly soluble in water; dis-mator). solves oils, fats, waxes, chlorinated rubber, and nu-

merous resins. autoign temp 580F (304C). Combus-trichlorononylsilane. See nonyl trichlorosi- tible.

lane. Derivation: Chlorination of propylene.Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption;

trichlorooctadecylsilane. See octadecyltri- strong irritant. TLV: 10 ppm.chlorosilane. Use: Paint and varnish remover, solvent, degreasing

agent.trichlorooctylsilane. See octyl trichlorosi-

lane. tri(chloropropyl) phosphate.CAS: 26248-87-3. mf: C9H18Cl3O4P.

2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A reproduc-CAS: 95-95-4. C6H2Cl3OH. tive hazard.

Properties: Gray flakes in sublimed mass; strong See “Antiblaze” [Albermarle].phenolic odor. D 1.678 (25/4C), bp 252C, mp68–70C, no flash p. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and trichlorosilane. (1) (silicochloroform).acetone. Nonflammable. CAS: 10025-78-2. SiHCl3.

Hazard: May cause skin irritation. Properties: Colorless volatile liquid. D 1.336, fpUse: Fungicide, bactericide. −127C, bp 32C, refr index 1.3990, flash p 7F

(−13.9C). Soluble in benzene, ether, heptane, per-2,4,6-trichlorophenol. (2,4,6-T). chloroethylene; decomposed by water. Purity of

CAS: 88-06-2. C6H2Cl3OH. 99.9999% is commercially attainable.Properties: Yellow flakes; strong phenolic odor. D Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.1.675 (25/4C), fp 61C, bp 248–249C. Soluble in Use: Intermediate, purification of silicon.acetone, alcohol, and ether. Nonflammable. (2) Generic name for compounds of the formula

Hazard: May cause skin irritation. RSiCl3 of which methyl trichlorosilane, CH3SiCl3 isUse: Fungicide, herbicide, defoliant. most important.

N,N′,N′′-trichloro-2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-3,4,5-trichlorophenol.triazine. See trichloromelamine.CAS: 609-19-8. mf: C6H3Cl3O.

Hazard: A poison.2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine. See cyanuric

chloride.2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. (2,4,5-T).

1,3,5-trichloro-s-triazine-2,4,6-trione. SeeCAS: 93-76-5. C6H2Cl3OCH2CO2H.trichloroisocyanuric acid.Properties: Light-tan solid. Mp 151–153C. Soluble

in alcohol; insoluble in water; available as sodiumand amine salts. trichloromethyltin. See methyltrichlorostan-

Hazard: Use has been restricted. TLV: 10 mg/m3. nane.

1269 n-TRIDECANOIC

trichlorotrifluoroacetone. (1,1,3-trichloro- CAS: 78-30-8. (CH3C6H4O)3PO. A mixture ofisomers.1,3,3-trifluoroacetone). CCl2FCOCClF2.

Properties: Practically colorless liquid; odorless.Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 84.5C, fp −78C.Stable, nonvolatile. Bp 420C, refr index 1.556Miscible with water and most organic solvents; sta-(25C), d 1.162 (25/25C), bulk d 9.7 lb/gal, crystal-ble to acid but not alkalies. Nonflammable.lizing p −35C, flash p 437F (225C), autoign tempHazard: Strong irritant to eyes.770F (410C). Miscible with all the common sol-Use: Solvent in acid media, complexing agent.vents and thinners, also with vegetable oils; insolu-ble in water. Combustible.1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. (tri-

Derivation: From cresol and phosphorus oxychlo-fluorotrichloroethane).ride.CAS: 76-13-1. CCl2FCClF2.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. TheProperties: Colorless, volatile liquid; nearlyo- isomer is highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg/m3 (skin);odorless. Bp 47.6C, fp −35C, critical press 33.7 atm,Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen.d 1.42 (25C). Noncombustible.

Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene,Derivation: From perchloroethylene and hafnium.nitrocellulose; fire-retardant for plastics; air-filterGrade: Technical, spectrophotometric.medium; solvent mixtures; waterproofing; additiveHazard: TLV: 1000 ppm.to extreme pressure lubricants; hydraulic fluid; heat-Use: Dry-cleaning solvent, fire extinguishers, toexchange medium.make chlorotrifluoroethylene, blowing agent, poly-

mer intermediate, solvent drying, drying electronictri-o-cresylphosphate. See tricresyl phos-parts and precision equipment.

phate.trichocyst. Organelle in ciliates and dinoflagel-

tricresyl phosphite. (CH3C6H4O)3P.lates which releases long filamentous proteins whenProperties: Colorless liquid; slight phenolic odor.the cell is disturbed. Used as a defense againstBp 191C (0.11 mm Hg), d 1.115 (20/4C), flash pwould-be predators.440F (226.6C) (OC). Insoluble in water; misciblewith acetone, alcohol, benzene, ether, and kerosene.tricholine citrate. (tris[2-hydroxyeth-Combustible.yl]trimethylammonium citrate).

Grade: Technical.[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]3•C6H5O7.Use: Stabilizer and plasticizer for plastics and resins.Use: Medicine, nutrition.

tricyanic acid. See cyanuric acid.trichotecene. See mycotoxin.

tricyclic. An organic compound composed oftricobalt tetraoxide. See cobalto-cobalticonly three-ring structures, which may be identical oroxide.different, e.g., anthracene.

tricosane. CH3(CH2)21CH3.sym-tricyclodecane. See adamantane.Properties: Glittering leaflets. D 0.779 (48C), bp

234C (15 mm Hg), mp 48C. Soluble in alcohol;tricyclodecanedimethanol.insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 26160-83-8. mf: C12H20O2.Grade: Technical.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.Use: Organic synthesis.

tricyclohexyl borate. See boric acid ester.n-tricosanoic acid. CH3(CH2)21COOH. A satu-rated fatty acid not normally found in natural fats oroils. 1-(tricyclohexylstannyl)-1h-1,2,4-triazole.

Properties: Synthetic compound is a white crystal- See (1h-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-line solid. Mp 79.1C. yl)tricyclohexylstannane.

Use: Purified product is used in medical research andas reference standard for gas chromatography. n-tridecane. CH3(CH2)11CH3.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.755 (20/4C), bptri-m,p-cresyl borate. (CH3C6H4)3BO3. 225.5C, fp −5.45C, refr index 1.4250 (20C), flash pProperties: Light-amber liquid. D 1.065 (25C), bp 175F (79.4C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.385–395C, refr index 1.5480 (24C), flash p 240F Combustible.(115.5C) (COC). Miscible with acetone, benzene, Grade: 95%, 99%, research.chloroform; hydrolyzes on contact with water. Use: Organic synthesis, distillation chaser.Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer, organic synthesis. n-tridecanoic acid. (tridecylic acid; tridecoicacid). CH3(CH2)11COOH. A saturated fatty acid

tricresyl phosphate. (tritolyl phosphate; usually prepared synthetically.TCP). Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 44.5C, d 0.8458

1270TRIDECANOL

(80/4C), bp 312.4C, 192.2C (16 mm Hg), refr index bility in water 0.002% (85C) by weight. Combus-tible.1.4328 (50C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

Use: Plasticizer.alcohol and ether. Combustible.Grade: 99% pure.Use: Organic synthesis, medical research. tridodecyl amine. See trilauryl amine.

tridecanol. See tridecyl alcohol. tridodecyl borate. See boric acid ester.

2-tridecenal.tridymite. (christensenite; crystalline silica).CAS: 7774-82-5. mf: C13H24O.

CAS: 15468-32-3. SiO2. A vitreous, colorless, orProperties: White to yellow liquid; oily, citrus odor.white native form of pure silica, found variously butD: 0.842−0.862, refr index: 1.457. Sol in alc, fixednot so commonly as quartz. Quartz will change intooils; insol in water.tridymite with a 16.2% increase in volume at 870C.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.Unlike quartz, it is soluble in boiling sodium carbon-Use: Food additive.ate solution; d 2.28–2.3; Mohs hardness 7.

Hazard: TLV: (silica, crystalline) Respirable Frac-tridecoic acid. See n-tridecanoic acid.tion: 0.05 mg/m3.

tridecyl alcohol. (tridecanol). C12H25CH2OH.trietazine. (generic name for 2-chloro-4-dieth-A commercial mixture of isomers.

ylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine).Properties: Low-melting white solid; pleasant odor.CAS: 1912-26-1. ClC3N3[N(C2H5)2]NHC2H5.Bp 274C, mp 31C, d 0.845 (20/20C), bulk d 7.0 lb/

Properties: Solid. Practically insoluble in water; par-gal, flash p 180F (82.2C) (TOC). Combustible.tially soluble in benzene and chloroform.Derivation: Oxo process from C15 hydrocarbons.

Use: Herbicide, plant growth regulator.Grade: Technical.Use: Esters for synthetic lubricants, detergents, anti-foam agent, other tridecyl compounds, perfumery. “Tri-Ethane” [PPG].

CAS: 71-55-6. TM for 1,1,1-trichloroethane sol-vent.tridecylbenzene. (1-phenyltridecane).

Use: Cold cleaning, vapor degreasing, resins applica-C6H5(CH2)12CH3.tion, dry-film photoresist processing, adhesive sol-Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.85–0.86 (60/60F),vent, in aerosols as solvent and vapor-pressure de-refr index 1.4815–1.4830. Combustible.pressant.Use: Detergent intermediate.

tridecylic acid. See n-tridecanoic acid. triethanolamine. (TEA; tri[2-hydroxyeth-yl]amine).

tri(decyl)orthoformate. CH(OC10H21)3. CAS: 102-71-6. (HOCH2CH2)3N.Properties: Liquid. Bp 194C, fp −15 to −20C, refr Properties: Colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid;index 1.448. Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, slight ammoniacal odor. Mp 21.2C, bp 335C (de-naphtha, ether, and alcohol. composes), vap press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C), d

Use: To remove small quantities of water from ethers 1.126, flash p 375F (190.5C) (OC), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal.or other solvents in which acid catalysts can be Miscible with water, alcohol; soluble in chloroform;employed. slightly soluble in benzene and ether; slightly less

alkaline than ammonia, commercial product con-tains up to 25% diethanolamine and up to 5% mo-tri(decyl) phosphite. (C10H21O)3P.noethanolamine. Combustible.Properties: Water-white liquid; decyl alcohol odor.

Derivation: Reaction of ethylene oxide and am-D 0.892 (25/15.5C), mp below 0C, refr index 1.4565monia.(25C), flash p 455F (235C). Combustible.

Grade: Technical, regular, 98%, USP.Use: Chemical intermediate, stabilizer for polyvinylUse: Fatty acid soaps used in dry-cleaning, cosmet-and polyolefin resins.ics, household detergents, and emulsions. Woolscouring, textile antifume agent and water-repellent,2,4,6-tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol.dispersion agent, corrosion inhibitor, softening[(CH3)2NCH2]3C6H2OH.agent, emulsifier, humectant and plasticizer, chelat-Properties: Liquid. Refr index 1.5181. Combustible.ing agent, rubber accelerator, pharmaceutical alkal-Use: Antioxidants, acid neutralizers, stabilizers, andizing agent.catalysts for epoxy and polyurethane resins.

tri(dimethylphenyl)phosphite. (trixylenyl triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate.phosphate). [(CH3)2C6H3O]3PO. CAS: 27323-41-7. mf: C18H20O3S•C6H15NO3.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.155, refr index 1.5535, bp Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.243–265C (10 mm Hg), flash p 450F (232C). Solu- Use: Food additive.

1271 TRIETHYL CITRATE

triethanolamine lauryl sulfate. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignitesCAS: 139-96-8. (HOC2H4)3NOS(O)2OC12H25. A liq- spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with water,uid or paste. acids, alcohols, halogens, and amines. Destructive

Use: Detergent; wetting, foaming, and dispersing to tissue.agent for industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical Use: Catalyst intermediate for polymerization of ole-applications, especially shampoos. fins, especially ethylene; pyrophoric fuels; produc-

tion of �-olefins and long-chain alcohols; gas plat-ing of aluminum.triethanolamine methanearsonate.

CAS: 5902-97-6. mf: C6H15NO3•xCH5AsO3.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. triethylamine.Use: Agricultural chemical. CAS: 121-44-8. (C2H5)3N.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong ammoniacaltriethanolamine oleate. See trihydroxyethy- odor. Bp 89.7C, fp −115.3C, d 0.7293 (20/20C),

lamine oleate. bulk d 6.1 lb/gal, flash p 10F (−6.67C) (OC). Solublein water and alcohol.

triethanolamine stearate. See trihydroxye- Derivation: From ethyl chloride and ammonia withthylamine stearate. heat and pressure.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosivetriethanolamine titanate. See titanium che- limits in air 1.2–8.0%. Toxic by ingestion and inha-

late. lation, strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 10 ppm.Use: Catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis; acceler-

1,1,3-triethoxybutane. ator activators for rubber; wetting, penetrating, andCAS: 5870-82-6. mf: C10H22O3. waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. types; curing and hardening of polymers (e.g., core-Low toxicity by inhalation. A mild skin irritant. binding resins); corrosion inhibitor; propellant.

1,1,3-triethoxyhexane. triethyl(3-aminopropyl)silane. See (3-ami-CH(OC2H5)2CH2CH(OC2H5)C3H7. nopropyl)triethylsilane.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8746 (20/20C), bp133C (50 mm Hg), fp −100C, bulk d 7.3 lb/gal, flash triethylborane. (triethylborine; boron trie-p 210F (98.9C). Insoluble in water. Combustible. thyl). (C2H5)3B.Use: Synthesis of aldehydes, acids, esters, chlorides, Properties: Colorless liquid. D (25C), flash p −32Famines, etc. (35.5C), fp −93C, bp 95C, refr index 1.3971, heat of

combustion 20,000 Btu/lb. Miscible with most or-triethoxymethane. See triethyl-o-formate. ganic solvents; immiscible with water.Derivation: Reaction of triethylaluminum and boron1,1,3-triethoxy-3-methoxypropane. (trie- halide or diborane and ethylene.

thylmethyl malonaldehyde diacetal). Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignites(CH3O)(C2H5O)CHCH2CH(OC2H5)2. spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with water

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9300 (25/4C), bp and oxidizing materials. Toxic by inhalation, strong86C (6 mm Hg). Combustible. irritant.

Grade: 99%. Use: Igniter or fuel for jet and rocket engines, fuelUse: Intermediate, cross-linking, and insolubilizing additive, olefin polymerization catalyst, interme-agent. diate.

triethylaconitate.triethyl borate. (ethyl borate). (C2H5)3BO3.C2H5OOCCHC(COOC2H5)CH2COOC2H5. Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. HydrolyzesProperties: Liquid. D 1.096 (25C), refr index 1.4517

rapidly depositing boric acid in finely divided crys-(26C), bp 154–156 (5 mm Hg). Combustible.talline form. Bp 120C, d 0.863–0.864 (20/20C),Use: Plasticizer.flash p 51.8F (11C) (CC), bulk d 7.20 lb/gal (20C),refr index 1.37311 (20C).triethylaluminum. (ATE; TEA; aluminum

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.triethyl).Use: Antiseptics, disinfectants, antiknock agent.CAS: 97-93-8. (C2H5)3Al.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.837, fp −52.5C, bptriethylborine. See triethylborane.194C, sp heat 0.527 (33C), flash p −63F (−53C).

Miscible with saturated hydrocarbons.Derivation: By introduction of ethylene and hydro- triethyl citrate. (ethyl citrate).gen into an autoclave containing aluminum. The CAS: 77-93-0. C3H5(COOC2H5)3.reaction proceeds at moderate temperature and var- Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; bitter taste. Bpying pressures. 294C, bp 126–127C (1 mm Hg), d 1.136 (25C), pour

Grade: 88–94%. p −46C, flash p 303F (150.5C) (COC). Solubility in

1272TRIETHYLENE DIAMINE

water 6.5 g/100 cc; solubility in oil 0.8 g/100 cc. triethylene glycol didecanoate.C9H19COO(C2H4O)3OCC9H19.Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 237 (2.0 mm Hg), dDerivation: Esterification of citric acid.0.9584 (20/20C), viscosity 28.6 cP (20C). Combus-Grade: Technical, refined, FCC.tible.Use: Solvent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and

Use: Plasticizer.natural resins, softener, paint removers, agglutinant,perfume base, food additive (not over 0.25%).

See “TEC” [Reilly]. triethylene glycol di(2-ethylbutyrate).C5H11OCOCH2(CH2OCH2)2CH2OCOC5H11.triethylene diamine. (1,4-diazobicy- Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9946 (20/

clo[2,2,2]octane). 20C), bulk d 8.3 lb/gal (20C), bp 196C (5 mm Hg),CAS: 280-57-9. N(CH2CH2)3N. vap press 5.8 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 10.3 cP

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic crystals. Mp (20C), flash p 385F (196C). Solubility in water158C, bp 174C. 0.02% by weight (20C). Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant. Use: Plasticizer.Use: Catalyst for polyurethane foams, oxidation andpolymerization catalyst, chemical intermediate triethylene glycol di(2-ethylhexoate).(metal complexes, quaternary ammonium com-

C7H15OCOCH2(CH2OCH2)2CH2OCOC7H15.pounds, etc.), bromine and iodine addition com-Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9679 (20/pounds.20C), bulk d 8.1 lb/gal (20C), bp 219C (5 mm Hg),vap press 1.8 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 15.8 cPtriethylene glycol. (TEG).(20C), flash p 405F (207C). Insoluble in water.CAS: 112-27-6. HO(C2H4O)3H.Combustible.Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; practical-

Use: Plasticizer.ly odorless. D 1.1254 (20/20C), bp 287.4C, vappress below 0.01 mm Hg (20C), flash p 350F

triethylene glycol dihydroabietate.(176.6C) (CC), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal (20C), fp −7.2C,C19H31COO(C2H4O)3OCC19H31.viscosity 0.478 cP (20C), autoign temp 700F

Properties: Liquid. D 1.080–1.090 (25C), refr index(371C). Soluble in water; immiscible with benzene,1.5180 (20C), vap press 2.5 (225C), flash p 438Ftoluene, and gasoline. Combustible.(226C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.Derivation: From ethylene and oxygen as a by-prod-

Use: Plasticizer.uct of ethylene glycol manufacture.Grade: Technical, CP.Use: Solvent and plasticizer in vinyl, polyester, and triethylene glycol dimethyl ether. (tri-polyurethane resins; dehydration of natural gas; hu- glyme). CH3(OCH2CH2)3OCH3.mectant in printing inks; extraction solvent. Properties: Water-white liquid; mild ether odor. D

0.9862 (20/20C), refr index 1.4233 (20C), flash ptriethylene glycol diacetate. 232F (111C), bp 216.0C (760 mm Hg), 153.6C (100

CAS: 111-21-7. mm Hg), fp −46C. Completely soluble in water andCH3COOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OOCCH3. hydrocarbons at 20C. May contain peroxides. Com-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.112 (25C), refr bustible.index 1.437 (25C), bp 300C, fp below −60C. Com- Use: Solvent for gases, coupling immiscible liquids.bustible.

Use: Plasticizer. triethylene glycol dioctoate. See triethyleneglycol dicaprylate.triethylene glycol dibenzoate.

C6H5CO(OCH2CH2)3OOCC6H5. triethylene glycol dipelargonate.Properties: Crystals. Bp 210–223C, mp 46C, flash pC8H17COO(C2H4O)3OCC8H17.457F (236C) (TOC), d 1.168. Combustible.

Properties: Clear liquid. D 0.964 (20/20C), bp 251CUse: Plasticizer for vinyl resins, adhesives.(5 mm Hg), fp +1 to −4C, refr index 1.4470 (23C),flash p 410F (210C). Almost insoluble in water;triethylene glycol dicaprylate. (triethylenesoluble in most organic solvents. Combustible.glycol dioctoate).

Use: Plasticizer.C7H15COO(CH2CH2O)3OCC7H15.Properties: Clear liquid. D 0.973 (20C), acidity0.3% max (caprylic), moisture 0.05% max, fp −3C, triethylene glycol dipropionate.bp 243C (5 mm Hg), soluble in most organic sol- C2H5CO(OCH2CH2)2OOCC2H5.vents. Combustible. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.066 (25C), refr

Use: Low-temperature plasticizer for elastomers. index 1.436 (25C), bp 138–142C (2 mm Hg), fpbelow −60C. Solubility in water 6.70% by weight.

triethylene glycol dichloride. See triglycol Combustible.dichloride. Use: Plasticizer.

1273 TRIETHYL PHOSPHITE

triethylene glycol monobutyl ether. See mp sets to a glass at low temperature, refr indexbutoxytriglycol. 1.451 (25C), flash p 340F (171C) (COC). Combus-

tible.Use: Plasticizer, intermediate.triethylene glycol monohexyl ether. See

2-(2-(2-(hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol.tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate.

triethylenemelamine. (tretamine; TEM; C6H3(COOC8H17)3.2,4,6-tris(1-aziridinyl)-s-triazine). Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor. D 0.992 (20/CAS: 51-18-3. 20C), distillation range 278–284C (3 mm Hg)

(5–95%), fp a gel at −35C, refr index 1.4846 (23C),bulk d 8.26 lb/gal (20C). Combustible.N

❘C[N(CH2)2]NC[N(CH2)2]N

❘C[N(CH2)2]. Use: Plasticizer.Properties: White, crystalline, powder; odorless. Mp

160C (polymerizes); polymerizes readily with heattriethylhydroxytin sulfate. Seeor moisture. Soluble in alcohol, water, methanol,

bis(triethyltin) sulfate.chloroform, and acetone.Grade: NF.

triethylmethane. See 3-ethylpentane.Hazard: Highly toxic.Use: Medicine (antineoplastic), insecticide, chemo-sterilant. triethylmethyl malonaldehyde diacetal.

See 1,1,3-triethoxy-3-methoxypropane.triethylenephosphoramide. (tepa; tris-(1-

aziridinyl)-phosphine oxide; APO). triethylorthoformate. (triethoxymethane).CAS: 545-55-1. CAS: 122-51-0. CH(OC2H5)3.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Bp145.9C, refr index 1.39218 (18.8C), d 0.895 (20/(N

❘CH2

❘CH2)3PO.

20C), flash p 86F (30C) (CC). Soluble in alcohol,Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 41C. Soluble inether; decomposes in water.water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of sodium ethylate with chlo-Derivation: From ethyleneimine.roform or reaction of hydrochloric acid with hydro-Hazard: Highly toxic, strong irritant to skin andcyanic acid in ethanol solution.tissue.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic.Use: Medicine (antineoplastic), insect sterilant. AlsoUse: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals.used with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium

chloride (THPC) to form a condensation polymersuitable for flame-proofing cotton. triethyl phosphate. (TEP).

See tris[1-(2-methyl)aziridinyl]phosphine oxide. CAS: 78-40-0. (C2H5)3PO4.Properties: Colorless, high-boiling liquid; mildodor. Fp −56.4C, bp 216C, flash p 240F (115.5C),triethylenetetramine.refr index 1.4055 (20C), bulk d 8.90 lb/gal (20C).CAS: 112-24-3. NH2(C2H4NH)2C2H4NH2.Very stable at ordinary temperatures, compatibleProperties: Moderately viscous, yellowish liquid,with many gums and resins, soluble in most organicless volatile than diethylenetriamine but resemblessolvents, miscible with water. When mixed withit in many other properties. Bp 277.5C, d 0.9818 (20/water is quite stable at room temperature, but at20C), mp 12C, flash p 275F (135C) (CC), bulk d 8.2elevated temperatures it hydrolyzes slowly. Com-lb/gal (20C), autoign temp 640F (337.7C). Solublebustible.in water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, 97%.Grade: Technical, anhydrous.Hazard: May cause nerve damage but to a lesserHazard: Strong irritant to tissue, causes skin burnsextent than other cholinesterase-inhibiting com-and eye damage.pounds.Use: Detergents and softening agents; synthesis of

Use: Solvent; plasticizer for resins, plastics, gums;dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and rubber accelerators.manufacture of pesticides; catalyst; lacquer re-mover.tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate.

CAS: 78-42-2. [C4H9CH(C2H5)CH2]3PO4.Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9260 (20/ triethyl phosphite.20C), bulk d 7.70 lb/gal (20C), bp 220C (5 mm Hg), CAS: 122-52-1. (C2H5)3PO3.vap press 1.9 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 14.1 cP Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9687 (20C), bp(20C), pour p −74C, flash p 405F (207C). Insoluble 156.6C, refr index 1.413 (25C), flash p 130Fin water. Combustible. (54.4C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

Use: Plasticizer. ether. Combustible.Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite. (C8H17O)3P. Use: Synthesis, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricant andProperties: Straw-colored liquid. D 0.897 (25/15C), grease additives.

1274O,O,O-TRIETHYL

O,O,O-triethyl phosphorothioate. (triethyl Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2thiophosphate). mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).CAS: 126-68-1. (C2H5O)3PS.

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Bp trifluoroamine oxide.93.5–94C (10 mm Hg), d 1.074, flash p 225F CAS: 13847-65-9. (F3NO). A perfluorated amine(107.2C) (COC). Combustible. obtained by fluorination of nitrosyl fluoride with

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, cholinesterase inhib- UV light or high temperature or pressure. An alter-itor. nate process is by burning nitric oxide and fluorine,

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant additive, antifoam agent, rapidly quenching the gaseous mixture as it leavesthe flame zone.hydraulic fluid, intermediate.

trifluorobromomethane. (bromotrifluoro-triethylstannium bromide. See bromotrie-methane; Halon 1301).thylstannane.CAS: 75-63-8. CBrF3.

Properties: Nonflammable colorless gas. Mwtriethyltin acetate. See acetoxytriethylstan-148.92, mp −167.7C, bp −58C, vap d 5 (air = 1) atnane.−58C. Very soluble in chloroform.

Hazard: TLV: 1000 ppm.triethyltin bromide. See bromotriethylstan-Use: Fire-extinguisher agent.nane.

trifluorochloroethylene. Legal label nametriethyltin bromide-2-pipecoline.(Rail) for chlorotrifluoroethylene.CAS: 73926-90-6. mf: C6H15BrSn•C6H13N.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2trifluorochloromethane. See chlorotrifluoro-mg/m3 (skin)

methane.triethyltin chloride.

1,1,1-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-CAS: 994-31-0. mf: C6H15ClSn.toluidine. See trifluralin.Properties: Colorless liquid. D: 1.440 @ 20°/4°, mp:

15.5°, bp: 210°. Insol in water; sol in org solv.trifluoroethene.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

CAS: 359-11-5. mf: C2HF3.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

triethyltin phenoxide.trifluoromethane. See fluoroform.CAS: 1529-30-2. mf: C12H20OSn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). 4-trifluoromethoxy-n-chloro-

carboxyphenylurethan. See methyl (chlo-rocarbonyl)(4-(trifluoromethox-triethyltin sulphate. See bis(triethyltin) sul-y)phenyl)carbamate.fate.

trifluoromethylbenzene. See benzotri-triethyl tricarballylate.fluoride.(C2H5OCOCH2)2CHCOOC2H5.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.087 (20C), refrindex 1.4234 (26C), bp 158–160C (5 mm Hg). Solu- 2-trifluoromethyl benzimidazole.bility in water 0.62% (20C) by weight. Combustible. CAS: 312-73-2. mf: C8H5F3N2.

Use: Plasticizer. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.Use: Agricultural chemical.

triethyl(trifluoroacetoxy) stannane. Seetrifluoroacetic acid triethylstannyl ester. 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol. (1,1,1-tri-

fluoro-4-nitro-m-cresol). CF3C6H3(NO2)OH.Properties: Crystals. Mp 74–76C.trifluoroacetic acid.Use: To exterminate lampreys, especially in theCAS: 76-05-1. CF3COOH.Great Lakes. It is placed in tributary streams, whereProperties: Colorless, fuming liquid; hygroscopic;it kills the lamprey larvae.pungent odor. Bp 72.4C, d 1.535, fp −15.25C, index

of refr 1.2850 (20C). Very soluble in water. Non-flammable. 4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1-

Hazard: Irritant to skin. piperazineethanol mono(2-Use: Strong nonoxidizing acid, laboratory reagent, (acetyloxy)benzoate) (salt).solvent, catalyst. CAS: 54851-13-7. mf: C13H17F3N2O•C9H8O4.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.trifluoroacetic acid triethylstannyl ester.

CAS: 429-30-1. mf: C8H15F3O2Sn. trifluoronitrosomethane. CF3NO.

1275 TRIHEXYLENE GLYCOL BIBORATE

Properties: Midnight blue, fairly stable gas; dis- Derivation: Extraction from animal, vegetable, andmarine matter.agreeable odor. Bp −84C, fp −150C. Nonflamm-

Use: Fatty acids and derivatives, manufacture of edi-able.ble oils and fats, manufacture of monoglycerides.Derivation: (1) Interaction of fluorine and silver

cyanide in the presence of silver nitrate; (2) fromtriglycerol monolinolenate. See polyglycer-nitric oxide and iodotrifluoromethane or bromotri-

ol ester.fluoromethane in the presence of UV light.Hazard: Strong irritant to mucous membranes andtissue. triglycerol trilinoleate. See polyglycerol

Use: Monomer for nitroso rubber. ester.

triglycine. See nitrilotriacetic acid.trifluorostyrene. C8H5F3. A monomer designedfor the production of polytrifluorostyrene and for

triglycol dichloride. (triethylene glycol di-copolymerization with vinyl monomers.chloride). Cl(C2H4O)2C2H4Cl.Properties: Liquid. Bp 68C, fp −23C, refr index

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.1974 (20/20C), bp1.474, d 1.22, dipole moment 1.98 (D). The polymer241.3C, flash p 250F (121C), bulk d 10.0 lb/galis soluble in toluene, chloroform, and methyl ethyl(20C), fp −31.5C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.ketone and has dielectric constant of 2.56. Non-

Grade: Technical.flammable.Use: Solvent for hydrocarbons, oils, etc.; extractant;Use: Membranes for fuel tanks and water purifica-intermediate for resins and insecticides; organiction.synthesis.

trifluorotrichloroethane. See trichlorotri-triglycollamic acid. See nitrilotriacetic acid.fluoroethane.

triglyme. See triethylene glycol dimethyl4,4′-((2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoro-ether.methyl)ethylidene)bis(4,1-

phenyleneoxy))bisbenzenamine.trigonelline. (coffearine; caffearine; gynesine;CAS: 69563-88-8. mf: C27H20F6N2O2. N-methylnicotinic acid betaine).Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

C5H4NCOOCH3•H2O. A base formed in the seeds oftact. An eye irritant.many plants.

Properties: Colorless prisms. Mp 218C (decom-trifluorovinylchloride. See chlorotrifluoroe- poses). Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol;thylene. nearly insoluble in ether, benzene, and chloroform.Derivation: Plant seeds, coffee beans, synthetically

trifluralin. (generic name for 1,1,1,-trifluoro- by heating nicotinic acid with methyl iodide and2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). treatment with silver oxide.CAS: 1582-09-8. F3C(NO2)2C6H2N(C3H7)2. Use: Biochemical research.

Properties: Yellowish-orange solid. Mp 48.5–49C,bp 139–140C (4.2 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; solu- “Trigonox 22-8880” [Akzo]. TM for mixtureble in xylene, acetone, and ethanol. of 80% 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane in bu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. tyl benzoyl phthalate.Use: Herbicide, especially for cotton plant. Available forms: Liquid.

Use: Initiator for SMC and BMC formulations.triforine.

CAS: 26644-46-2. mf: C10H14Cl6N4O2. tri-n-hexylaluminum. (C6H13)3Al.Properties: White crystals. Mp: 155°. Sol in water, Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. Bp 105CCMF, DMSO. (0.001 mm Hg).

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and Derivation: Exchange reaction between hexene andskin contact. Human systemic effects. isobutyl aluminum.

Use: food additive; fungicide; agricultural chemical. Hazard: Ignites in air at room temperature.Use: Polyolefin catalyst.

triformol. See sym-trioxane.trihexylene glycol biborate. (C6H12O2)3B2. A

triglyceride. Any naturally occurring ester of a cyclic borate.normal acid (fatty acid) and glycerol. The chief Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.982 (21C), boilingconstituents of fats and oils, they have the general range 314–326C, refr index 1.4375 (25C), flash pformula: CH2(OOCR1)CH(OOCR2)CH2(OOCR3), 345F (173.9C). Soluble in most organic solvents;where R1, R2, and R3 are usually of different chain hydrolyzes slowly in water. Combustible.length. Refining processes often yield commercial Derivation: Reaction of hexylene glycol with boricproducts in which the R chain lengths are the same. oxide.

1276TRIHEXYL PHOSPHITE

Use: Gasoline additive, chemical intermediate. factant made by reaction of triethanolamine witholeic acid. Combustible.

Use: Emulsifying agent.trihexyl phosphite. (C6H13O)3P.Properties: Mobile, colorless liquid; characteristic

trihydroxyethylamine stearate. (triethano-odor. D 0.897 (20/4C), bp 135–141C (0.2 mm Hg),lamine stearate). (HOCH2CH2)3N•HOOCC17H35.flash p 320F (160C) (COC). Miscible with most

Properties: Cream-colored, waxlike solid; faint fattycommon organic solvents; insoluble in water; hy-odor. D 0.968, pH 8.8–9.2 (25C) (5% aqueous dis-drolyzes very slowly, high degree of thermal stabili-persion), mp 42–44C. Soluble in methanol, ethanol,ty; exposure to air should be minimum. Combus-mineral oil, vegetable oil; dispersible in hot water.tible.Combustible.Use: Intermediate for insecticides, component of vi-

Use: Emulsifying agent for cosmetic and pharmaceu-nyl stabilizers, lubricant additive, specialty solvent.tical industries.

trihexyltin acetate. See acetoxytrihexylstan-1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone.nane.

See emodin.tri-n-hexyl trimellitate. See “Morflex 560”

2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene. See methylphloro-[Reilly].glucinol.

trihydric. Any alcohol in which three hydroxyl2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. C6H2I3COOH. Agroups are present.

plant growth regulator used as a growth retardant.See polyol; glycerol.

2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid sodium salt. Seetrihydrochloride.sodium 2,3,5-triiodobenzoate.CAS: 146714-97-8. mf: C25H34N4O2.

Hazard: A poison.triiodoisopropylgermane.

CAS: 21342-26-7. mf: C3H7GeI3.1,2,3-trihydroxyanthraquinone. See an-Hazard: A poison.thragallol.

triiodomethane. See iodoform.1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone. See pur-purin. triiodopropylgermane.

CAS: 13904-39-7. mf: C3H7GeI3.1,2,7-trihydroxyanthraquinone. See an- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.thrapurpurin.

triiodothyronine. (liothyronine; 3,5,3′-triiodo-1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene. See pyrogallol. thyronine). HOC6H3IOC6H2I2CH(NH2)COOH. Ei-ther a derivative or precursor of thyroxine. Triiodo-

1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene. See phloroglu- thyronine increases the metabolic rate and oxygencinol. consumption of animal tissues.

Use: Biochemical research, medicine (metabolic in-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid. See gallic sufficiency).

acid.triisobutylaluminum. (TIBAL).

2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone. [(CH3)2CHCH2]3Al.C6H2(OH)3COC3H7. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7876 (20C), fp

Properties: Yellow-tan crystals. Mp 149–153C, −5.6C, bp 114C (30 mm Hg), flash p 32F (0C),bulk d 6.0 lb/gal (20C). Very slightly soluble in autoign temp 39F (4C).water; soluble in alcohol and propylene glycol. Derivation: Reaction of isobutylene and hydrogen

Use: Antioxidant for polyolefins and paraffin waxes, with aluminum under moderate temperature andfood additive. varying pressures.

Hazard: Highly toxic, destroys tissue. Flammable;4,5,7-trihydroxycoumarin. dangerous fire risk; ignites spontaneously in air;

CAS: 17575-26-7. mf: C9H6O5. reacts violently with water, acids, alcohols, amines,Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. and halogens.

Use: Polyolefin catalyst, manufacture of primary al-tri(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. See triethanola- cohols and olefins, pyrophoric fuel.

mine.triisobutylene. (C4H8)3. A mixture of isomers

trihydroxyethylamine oleate. (triethanola- readily prepared by polymerizing isobutylene. Amine oleate). (HOCH2CH2)3•HOOCC17H33. Sur- typical mixture is 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane-3

1277 TRIMEDLURE

and 2-neopentyl-4,4-dimethylpentene-1. May be Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Ddepolymerized to simpler isobutylene derivatives. 0.914 (20/4C), bp 94–96C (50 mm Hg), flash p 165F

Properties: Liquid. D 0.764 (60F), boiling range (73.9C) (COC). Miscible with most common organ-175.5–178.9C. Combustible. ic solvents; insoluble in water; hydrolyzes slowly in

Use: Synthesis of resins, rubbers, and intermediate water; exposure to air should be minimum; highorganic compounds; lubricating-oil additive; raw thermal stability. Combustible.material for alkylation in producing high-octane Use: Intermediate for insecticides, component of vi-motor fuels. nyl stabilizers, lubricant additive, specialty solvent.

triisobutyltin chloride. See chlo- triisopropyltin acetate.ro(triisobutyl)stannane. CAS: 19464-55-2. mf: C11H24O2Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/triisodecyl phosphite. See isodecyl phos- m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

phite.triisopropyltin chloride.

triisooctyl phosphite. (C8H17O)3P. CAS: 14101-95-2. mf: C9H21ClSn.Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. D Hazard: A poison by ingestion.0.891 (20/4C), bp 161–164C (0.3 mm Hg), flash p385F (196C) (COC). Miscible with most common triisopropyltin undecylenate.organic solvents; insoluble in water, hydrolyzes CAS: 73928-00-4. mf: C20H42O2Sn.very slowly; exposure to air should be minimum; Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2high thermal stability. Combustible. mg/m3 (skin)

Use: Intermediate for insecticides, component of vi-nyl stabilizers, lubricant additive, specialty solvent. triketohydrindene hydrate. See ninhydrin.

O,O,O-triisooctyl phosphorothioate. (trii- trilaurin. The glyceride of lauric acid (glycerylsooctyl thiophosphate). (C8H17O)3PS. trilaurate).

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Bp160–170C (0.2 mm Hg), d 0.933, flash p 410F trilaurylamine. (tridodecyl amine).(210C) (COC). Insoluble in water; soluble in most (C12H25)3N.organic solvents. Combustible. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.82, mp 14C. Solu-Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor. ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combus-Use: Plasticizer, lubricant additive, hydraulic fluid, tible.intermediate. Use: Chemical intermediate, metal complexes.

triisooctyl trimellitate. C6H3(COOC8H17)3. trilauryl phosphite. (C12H25O)3P.Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor. D 0.992 (20/Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.866 (25/15C),20C), distillation range 272–286C (5–95%), fp a gelrefr index 1.456 (25C), mp 10C. Combustible.at −45C, refr index 1.4852 (23C). Practically insolu-

Use: Stabilizer in polymers, chemical intermediate.ble in water. Combustible.Use: Plasticizer.

trilauryl trithiophosphite. (C12H25S)3P.Properties: Pale yellow liquid. D 0.915 (25/15C),triisopropanolamine. N(C3H6OH)3. mp 20C, refr index 1.502 (25C), flash p 430F (221C)Properties: Crystalline, white solid. Mild base (a(COC). Combustible.mixture of isopropanolamines that has density of

Use: Stabilizer, lubricant, chemical intermediate.1.004–1.010 and is liquid at room temperature isalso marketed). D 0.9996 (50/20C), mp 45C, bp

“Trilene” [Great Lakes/Asia Pacific]. TM305C, vap press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C), viscosityfor liquid EPDM.1.38 cP (60C), flash p 320F (160C) (OC). Soluble in

water. Combustible.trimagnesium phosphate. See magnesiumGrade: Technical.

phosphate, tribasic.Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.Use: Emulsifying agents.

trimec.CAS: 8077-38-1.triisopropyl borate. [(CH3)2CH]3BO3.mf: C10H11ClO3•C8H6Cl2O3•C8H6Cl2O3•C2H7N.Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 138–140C, fp

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.−59C, d 0.8138, flash p 82F (27.7C) (TCC).Use: Agricultural chemical.Derivation: Reaction of isopropyl alcohol with boric

oxide.Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. trimedlure. (generic name for tert-butyl 4(or

5)-chloro-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate).triisopropyl phosphite. [(CH3)2CH]3PO3. H3C(Cl)C6H9COOC(CH3)3.

1278TRIMELLITIC ACID

Properties: Liquid. Bp 90–92C (0.6 mm Hg). Solu- Use: Medicine (anticonvulsant).ble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

Use: Insect attractant. trimethoxyborine. See trimethyl borate.

trimellitic acid. (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic trimethoxyboroxine. (methyl metaborate).acid). (CH3O)3B3O3. A cyclic compound.CAS: 528-44-9. C9H6O6. Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 10–11C, bp (disso-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 220C. Partially ciates), d 1.216 (25C), refr index 1.3986. Non-soluble in DMF and alcohol; insoluble in benzene flammable.and carbon disulfide; slightly soluble in water. Derivation: Reaction of methyl borate with boric

Derivation: Oxidation of pseudocumene. acid.Use: Organic synthesis (plasticizers, polymers, and Grade: 99%.similar products). Use: Metal-fire extinguishing fluid.

trimellitic anhydride. (TMA; 1,2,3-benzene- trimethoxymethane. See methyl orthofor-tricarboxylic acid-1,2-anhydride). mate.CAS: 552-30-7.

3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine. See mes-HOC

❘OC6H3COO

❘CO. caline.

Properties: Solid. Mp 164–166C. Combustible.Derivation: From pseudocumene. 2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-propenylbenzene. (as-Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 0.005 ppm. arone). (CH3O)3C6H2CH:CHCH3.Use: Plasticizer for polyvinylchloride, alkyd coating Properties: Crystals. Mp 67C. Insoluble in water;resins, high-temperature plastics, wire insulation, soluble in alcohol.gaskets, automotive upholstery. Derivation: Either extracted from calamus oil or

synthesized (Wittig reaction).“Trimene Base” [Uniroyal]. TM for a reac- Use: Grain fumigant, insect chemisterilant.tion product of ethyl chloride, formaldehyde, andammonia.

3,4,5-trimethoxy-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)Properties: Dark-brown, viscous liquid. D 1.10. Sol-benzamide.uble in water and acetone; insoluble in gasoline andCAS: 315706-65-1. mf: C19H29NO4.benzene.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.Use: Rubber accelerator.

3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl chloride.trimer. An oligomer whose molecule is com-CAS: 2530-87-2. mf: C6H15ClO3Si.prised of three molecules of the same chemical com-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.position. Examples are trioxane and tripropylene.See polymer; dimer.

n-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-1,3-propanediamine.trimercuric orthophosphate. See mercuricCAS: 25147-91-5. mf: C9H24N2O3Si.phosphate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. Amild skin and severe eye irritant.trimercurous orthophosphate. See mercu-

rous phosphate.3-(trimethoxysilyl)-n-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)

trimesoyl trichloride. (benzene-1,3,5-tricar- propyl)-1-propanamine.boxylic acid chloride). C6H3(COCl)3. CAS: 82985-35-1. mf: C12H31NO6S12.

Use: Specialty organic. Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. Amoderate skin and severe eye irritant.

trimethadione. (3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidi-nedione). trimethylacethydrazide ammoniumCAS: 127-48-0. chloride. See Girard’s T Reagent.

C6H9NO or O❘C(O)N(CH3)C(O)

❘C(CH3)2. trimethylacetic acid. (pivalic acid; neopen-

Properties: White, granular, crystalline substance; tanoic acid).camphorlike odor. Mp 45–47C. Soluble in water; CAS: 75-98-9. (CH3)3CCOOH.freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether; pH Properties: Colorless crystals. D 0.905 (50C), refr6.0 (5% solution). index 1.3931 (36.5C), mp 35.5C, bp 163.8C. Solu-

Grade: USP. ble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.Hazard: May have adverse side effects; toxic in Use: Intermediate, as a replacement for some naturaloverdose. materials.

1279 1,1,3-TRIMETHYL-5-CARBOXY

trimethylacetic acid sodium salt. See so- n,n,4-trimethylaniline.dium 2,2-dimethylpropanoate. CAS: 99-97-8. mf: C9H13N.

Hazard: A poison.trimethyladipic acid. C9H16O4.

trimethyl benzene.Properties: Powder. Combustible.CAS: 25551-13-7. (CH3)3C6H3.Use: Esterification agent for plasticizers, lubricants,

Properties: Liquid. Mw 120.9. Insoluble in water.alkyd resins, polyurethane, polyester, special poly-Hazard: TLV: 25 ppm.amides; intermediate for the production of glycols.Use: Raw material for chemical synthesis.

trimethylaluminum. (aluminum trimethyl;1,2,3-trimethylbenzene. See hemimellitene.ATM).

CAS: 75-24-1. (CH3)3Al.1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. See pseudocumene.Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. Bp 126C,

mp 15.4C, d 0.752.Derivation: By sodium reduction of dimethylalumi- 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. See mesitylene.num chloride.

Hazard: Highly flammable; dangerous fire risk; (trimethylbenzyl)dodecyldimethylflames instantly on contact with air; reacts violently ammonium chloride.with water, acids, halogens, alcohols, and amines. [(CH3)3C6H2CH2N(CH3)2C12H25]Cl. A quaternary

Use: Catalyst for olefin polymerization, pyrophoric ammonium salt.fuel, manufacture of straight-chain primary alcohols Properties: White to slightly yellow, crystallineand olefins, to produce luminous trails in upper powder; mild odor and taste. Mp 162–163C, bulk datmosphere to track rockets. 4.62 lb/gal. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol, ace-

tone; pH of 10% solution in distilled water 4.4.Use: Germicide.trimethylamine. (TMA).

CAS: 75-50-3. (CH3)3N.Properties: Colorless gas at room temperature; fishy trimethyl borate. (methyl borate; trimethox-ammoniacal odor; readily liquefied. Anhydrous yborine).form shipped as liquefied compressed gas. D 0.6621 CAS: 121-43-7. (CH3O)3B.(−5C), bp −4C, fp −117.1C, autoign temp 374F Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 67–68C, d 0.915,(190C), flash p 10F (−12.2C) (CC), flash p (25% fp −29C. Miscible with ether, methanol, hexane,solution) 38F (3.3C) (TOC). Soluble in water, alco- tetrahydrofuran; decomposes in presence of water;hol, and ether. flash p 80F (26.6C).

Derivation: Interaction of methanol and ammonia Derivation: Reaction of boric acid and methanol.over a catalyst at high temperature. The mono-, di-, Hazard: Flammable, fire risk, reacts with water andand trimethylamines are produced, and yields are oxidizing agents.regulated by conditions. Use: Solvent, dehydrating agent, fungicide for citrus

Method of purification: Azeotropic or extractive fruit, neutron scintillation counters, brazing flux,distillation. boron compounds, catalyst.

Grade: Anhydrous 99% min, aqueous solution 25,30, 40%. 2,2,3-trimethylbutane. (isopropyltrimethyl-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive methane; triptane). CH3C(CH3)2C(CH3)CH3.limits in air 2–11.6%. Toxic by inhalation, vapor Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.691, bp 81.0C, fphighly irritating. TLV: 10 ppm; STEL 15 ppm. −24.96C, refr index 1.3895 (20C). Soluble in alco-

Use: Organic synthesis, especially of choline salts, hol; insoluble in water.warning agent for natural gas, manufacture of disin- Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.fectants, flotation agent, insect attractant, quater- Use: Organic synthesis, aviation fuel.nary ammonium compounds, plastics.

�,�,�-trimethylcaproaldehyde thiosemi-trimethylamine sulfur trioxide. carbazone.

(CH3)3N•SO3. CAS: 63884-77-5.Properties: White powder. Mp 232–238C (decom- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.poses). Soluble in hot water, ethanol; soluble with Use: Agricultural chemical.difficulty in cold water and acetone; not dissociatedin benzene and chloroform solutions; distinctly dif- trimethyl carbinol. See tert-butyl alcohol.ferent from the isomeric adduct of trimethylamineoxide and sulfur dioxide. 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-carboxy-3-(p-

Use: Separation of isomers, soil sterilant, catalyst for carboxyphenyl)indane. An aromatic di-acidthermosetting resins. used as an intermediate in the manufacture of poly-

ester fibers, polyamides, and alkyd resins; hot-melt2,4,5-trimethylaniline. See pseudocumidine. adhesives; engineering thermoplastics.

1280TRIMETHYLCHLOROSILANE

trimethylchlorosilane. (1r,4r)-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.CAS: 75-77-4. (CH3)3SiCl. CAS: 316172-58-4. mf: C20H36N2O2.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 57C, d 0.854 (25/ Hazard: A poison.25C), refr index 1.3893 (25C), flash p −18F(−27.7C). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of hy- trimethyl dihydroquinoline polymer.drogen chloride; soluble in benzene, ether and per- (TDQP). (C12H15N)n (probably three or morechloroethylene. quinoline groups).

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra- Properties: Amber pellets. D 1.08, softening p 75C.chloride and methylmagnesium chloride. Insoluble in water; miscible with ethanol, acetone,

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, reacts vio- benzene, monochlorobenzene, isopropyl acetate,lently with water. Strong irritant to tissue. and gasoline.

Use: Intermediate for silicone fluids, as a chain-ter- Use: Antioxidant, stabilizer or polymerization inhib-minating agent, imparting water repellency. itor.

trimethylchlorostannane. See chlorotrime- 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol.thylstannane. See nerolidol.

trimethylchlorotin. See 3,7,11-trimethyl-2-6-10-dodecatrien-1-ol.chlorotrimethylstannanechlorotrimethylstannane. See farnesol.

3,3,5-trimethyl-5-cyanocyclohexanone. trimethylene. See cyclopropane.See isophoronenitrile.

trimethylene bromide. (1,3-dibromopro-trimethylcyclododecatriene. (TMCDT). A pane).

cyclic hydrocarbon. CAS: 109-64-8. CH2BrCH2CH2Br.Use: Intermediate in making derivatives useful in the Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet odor. D 1.979perfume and pharmaceutical industries, as well as (20/4C), bp 166C, fp −34.4C. Insoluble in water;catalysts. soluble in organic solvents. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, CP.Use: Intermediate for dyestuff and pharmaceutical3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol-1.industries, cyclopropane manufacture.CAS: 116-02-9. C6H8(CH3)3OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.878 (40/20C), mp35.7C, bp 198C, flash p 165F (73.9C) (OC). Soluble trimethylene chlorobromide. See 1-bromo-in most organic solvents, hydrocarbons, oils; insolu- 3-chloropropane.ble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. trimethylene chlorohydrin. (3-chloro-1-pro-Use: Menthol and camphor substitute, antifoaming panol). ClCH2CH2CH2OH.agent, hydraulic fluids and textile soaps, odor mask- Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid; charac-ing, esterification agent, pharmaceuticals, wax addi- teristic odor. D 1.130–1.150 (25/25C), refr indextive, printing inks. 1.445–1.447 (25C). Soluble in water, alcohols, and

ethers; insoluble in hydrocarbons. Combustible.Use: Intermediate.3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. See

isophorone.trimethylenedicyanide. See glutaronitrile.

3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl salicylate. Seehomomenthyl salicylate. trimethylene glycol. (1,3-propylene glycol;

1,3-propanediol).CAS: 504-63-2. CH2OHCH2CH2OH.1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(3-(diethylamino)-2-

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless. D 1.0537hydroxypropyl)oxime (1r,4r)-(25C), bp 210–211C, autoign temp 752F (400C).bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.CAS: 314238-30-7. mf: C17H32N2O2.

Derivation: From acrolein.Hazard: A poison by ingestion.Grade: Technical 95%, pure 99%.Use: Intermediate, especially for polyesters.1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(3-(2,6-dimethyl-4-

morpholinyl)-2-hydroxypropyl)oximetrimethylene oxide. See oxetane.(1r,4r)-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.

CAS: 316172-59-5. mf: C19H34N2O3.Hazard: A poison by ingestion. sym-trimethylene trinitramine. See cy-

clonite.1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(3-(3,5-dimethyl-1-

piperidinyl)-2-hydroxypropyl)oxime trimethylethylene. See 3-methyl-2-butene.

1281 TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE

trimethylglycine. See betaine. Use: Plasticizer for PVC, intermediate for pharma-ceutical and agricultural chemicals, high-boiling

trimethylheptanoic acid. See isodecanoic solvents, low-temperature lubricants.acid.

trimethylnonanol. See 2,6,8-trimethylnonyl-41,7,7-trimethyl-o-(3-(hexahydro-1h-azepin- alcohol.

1-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)oxime (1r,4r)-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one. 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanone. (isobutyl hep-CAS: 314238-35-2. mf: C19H34N2O2. tyl ketone).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. CAS: 123-17-1. C12H26O.Properties: Water-white liquid; pleasant odor. D

2,2,5-trimethylhexane. 0.8165 (20/20C), bulk d 6.8 lb/gal, fp −75C, bpCAS: 3522-94-9. (CH3)3CCH2CH2CH(CH3)2. 211–219C, viscosity 1.91 cP (20C), flash p 195F

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −105.84C, bp (90.5C) (COC). High solvent power for vinyl resins,124.06C, d 0.711 (15.5/15.5C), refr index 1.399 the cellulose esters and ethers and many difficultly(20C), flash p 55F (12.7C). soluble substances; insoluble in water. Combus-

Grade: 95%, 99%; research. tible.Hazard: TLV: 200 ppm. Flammable, dangerous fire Use: Solvent, dispersant, intermediate, lubricating-risk; the 2,3,3-, 2,3,4-, and 3,3,4-isomers are less oil dewaxing.flammable.

Use: Synthesis, motor-fuel additive. 2,6,8-trimethylnonyl-4-alcohol. (trimethyl-nonanol).3,5,5-trimethylhexan-1-ol. C9H20O. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OCH2CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2.Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. Bp 194C, d Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. D

0.8236 (25/4C), bulk d 6.86 lb/gal (25C), refr index 0.8913 (20/20C), bulk d 6.9 lb/gal (20C), bp 225.2C,1.4300 (25C), flash p 200F (93.3C) (OC). Insoluble fp −60C (sets to a glass), viscosity 21.4 cP, flash pin water. Combustible. 200F (93.3C) (COC). Insoluble in water. Combus-

Derivation: High-pressure synthesis. tible.Use: Synthetic lubricants, additives to lubricating Derivation: Oxo process.oils, wetting agent, softener in manufacture of vari- Use: Surface-active and flotation agents, lubricantous plastics, disinfectants and germicides. additives, rubber chemicals.

1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(2-hydroxy-3-((1- trimethylolethane. (pentaglycerine; methyltri-methylethyl)amino)propyl)oxime (1r,4r)-methylolmethane). CH3C(CH2OH)3.bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic crystals. SolubleCAS: 314238-31-8. mf: C16H30N2O2. in water and alcohol. Combustible.Hazard: A poison by ingestion.Use: Conditioning agent, manufacture of varnishes,alkyd and polyester resins, synthetic drying oils.1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-

morpholinyl)propyl)oxime (1r,4r)-trimethylolmelamine.bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.

CAS: 1017-56-7. C3N3(NHCH2OH)3. The first stageCAS: 314238-34-1. mf: C17H30N2O3.in making melamine resins.Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

trimethylolpropane. (hexaglycerol).1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(2-hydroxy-3-(1-C2H5C(CH2OH)3.piperidinyl)propyl)oxime (1r,4r)-

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic crystals. Solublebicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.in water and alcohol. Combustible.CAS: 314238-33-0. mf: C18H32N2O2.

Use: Conditioning agent, manufacture of varnishes,Hazard: A poison by ingestion.alkyd resins, synthetic drying oils, urethane foamsand coatings, silicone lubricant oils, lactone plasti-1,7,7-trimethyl-o-(2-hydroxy-3-(1-cizers, textile finishes, surfactants, epoxidationpyrrolidinyl)propyl)oxime (1r,4r)-products.bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one.

CAS: 314238-32-9. mf: C17H30N2O2.Hazard: A poison by ingestion. trimethylolpropane monooleate.

C2H5C(CH2OH)2CH2OOCC17H33 (theoretically).trimethylmethane. See isobutane. The commercial product is a mixture of mono-, di-,

and triesters, free polyol, and free oleic acid. Com-trimethyl nitrilotripropionate. bustible.

N(CH2CH2COOCH3)3. Properties: Oily liquid. D 0.954 (25C), fp <−20C.Properties: Weakly basic tertiary amine and organic Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.ester. Use: Water-in-oil emulsifier, corrosion inhibitor,

1282TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE

low-temperature plasticizer, deicing agent for gaso- 1.4423 (20C), flash p 245F (118.3C) (COC). Insolu-line. ble in water; soluble in benzene, alcohol, acetone,

and carbon tetrachloride. Combustible.Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of plasticizers,trimethylolpropane triacetoacetate. Seesurfactants, pesticides, and resins.2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol tria-

cetoacetate.2,4,4-trimethylpentene-1 (�-diisobutylene).

trimethylolpropane tris(mercapto- H2C:C(CH3)CH2C(CH3)3.propionate). C2H5C(CH2OOCCH2CH2SH)3. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 101.44C, fp

Properties: Liquid. D 1.21 (25C), refr index 1.5151 −93.5C, refr index 1.4086 (20C), d 0.7150 (20C),(25C), insoluble in water and hexane, soluble in flash p 35F (1.67C).acetone, benzene, and alcohol. Combustible. Derivation: Polymerization of isobutene.

Use: Curing or cross-linking agents for polymers, Grade: 95%, 99%; research.especially epoxy resins, intermediate for stabilizers Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.and antioxidants. Use: Organic synthesis; motor-fuel synthesis, partic-

ularly isooctane; peroxide reactions.trimethylolpropane trithioglycolate.

CH3CH2C(CH2OOCCH2SH)3. 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-2. (�-diisobutylene).Properties: Liquid. D 1.28, refr index 1.5292 (25C). H3CC(CH3):CHC(CH3)3.Combustible. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 104.55C, d 0.724Use: Curing or cross-linking agent for polymeric (60/60F), fp −106.4C, refr index 1.416 (20C), flashsystems, especially epoxy resins; intermediate for p 35F (1.67C) (TOC).stabilizers and antioxidants. Grade: 95%.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Irritant and2,4,5-trimethyl �-3-oxazoline. mf: C6H11NO. narcotic in high concentration.Properties: Yellow-orange liquid; powerful, musty, Use: Organic synthesis.nut-like odor. D: 0.911−0.932, refr index:1.414−1.435. Sol in alc, propylene glycol, water; tri-2-methylpentylaluminum.insol in fixed oils. [(CH3)2CH(CH2)3]3Al.

Use: Food additive. Properties: Colorless liquid.Derivation: Reaction of 2-methylpentene and isobu-3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione. See tylaluminum.

trimethadione. Hazard: Flammable.Use: Polyolefin catalyst.

2,4,8-trimethyl-5-oxo-6-oxa-3,9-dithia-2,4,7-triazadec-7-enoic acid ethyl ester. n,n,�-trimethylphenethylamine.CAS: 64028-99-5. mf: C9H17N3O4S2. CAS: 4075-96-1. mf: C11H17N.Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.Use: Agricultural chemical.

2,4,6-trimethyl phenol. See mesitol.2,2,4-trimethylpentane.CAS: 540-84-1. (CH3)2CHCH(CH3CH)CH3CH3.

trimethyl phosphate.Properties: Liquid. Fp −109.43C, bp 113C, d 0.723CAS: 512-56-1. (CH3O)3PO.(60/60F), refr index 1.4042 (20C), flash p 41F (5C).

Properties: Colorless liquid, 22.1% phosphorus. DGrade: 95%, 99%; research.1.210 (68F), flash p above 300F (148C), bp 193C,Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.refr index 1.397 (20C), pour p −46C. Soluble in bothUse: Intermediate, azeotropic distillation entrainer.gasoline and water. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol.irritant to skin and eyes.(CH3)2CHCH(OH)C(CH3)2CH2OH.

Use: For controlling spark plug fouling, surface igni-Properties: (96% pure): White solid. D 0.928 (55/tion and rumble in gasoline engines.15C), mp 46–55C, bp 215–235C, flash p 235F

(112.7C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alco-hol, acetone, ether, and benzene. Combustible. trimethyl phosphite.

Use: Polyester resins, plasticizers, lubricants, surface CAS: 121-45-9. (CH3O)3P.coatings and printing inks, insect repellent. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 108–108.5C, pour p

below −60C, d 1.046 (20/4C), flash p 100F (37.7C)2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol (COC). Insoluble in water; soluble in hexane, ben-

monoisobutyrate. zene, acetone, alcohol, ether, carbon tetrachloride,(CH3)2CHCH(OH)C(CH3)2CH2OOCCH(CH3)2. and kerosene.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.945–0.955 (20/20C), bp Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. TLV: 2180–182C (125 mm Hg), pour p −57C, refr index ppm.

1283 TRINITROANILINE

Use: Chemical intermediate, especially for insecti- trimethyltin thiocyanate.cides. CAS: 4638-25-9. mf: C4H9NSSn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2trimethyl phosphorotrithioate. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

CAS: 816-80-8. mf: C3H9PS3.Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 78C (12 mm 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane. See paralde-Hg). hyde.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic byskin contact. A severe eye irritant. 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-

Use: Extraction of mineral salts from alkyl acid phos- hydroxybenzyl)benzene.phate solvent solutions, plasticizer. Properties: Free-flowing, white, crystalline powder;

no odor. Mp 244C. Partially soluble in benzene and1,2,4-trimethylpiperazine. (CH3)3C4H7N2. methylene chloride; insoluble in water. PermissibleProperties: Colorless liquid. D 0.851 (25/25C), fp in contact with food products. Combustible.−44C, bp 151C, refr index 1.4480 (20C), flash p Use: Antioxidant for polypropylene, high-density257F (125C) (OC). Miscible with water. Combus- polyethylene, spandex fibers, polyamides and spe-tible. cialty rubbers.

Use: Polymerization catalyst.2,6,10-trimethyl-9-undecen-1-al.

trimethylpropylmethane. See 2,2-dimethyl- (CH3)2C:CHC2H4CH(CH3)C3H6CH(CH3)CHO.pentane. Properties: Clear, yellow liquid; strong, pungent,

ozonelike odor. D 0.850–0.860 (25/25C), refr index2,4,6-trimethylpyridine. See 2,4,6-collidine. 1.4530–1.4630 (20C). Combustible.

Use: Perfume.trimethylstannane sulphate. See trimethyl-

tin sulphate. trimethylvinylammonium hydroxide. Seeneurine.

3,3,6-trimethyl-2,5-thiomorpholinedione-2-(o-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime). trimethylxanthine. See caffeine.CAS: 66637-26-1. mf: C9H15N3O3S.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. (+)-trimipramine.Use: Agricultural chemical. CAS: 3564-66-7. mf: C20H26N2.Hazard: A poison by ingestion.trimethyltin acetate.

CAS: 1118-14-5. mf: C5H12O2Sn. “Trimmit” [Syngenta].Properties: White crystals. Mp: 196−197°. Spar solCAS: 76738-62-0. mf: C15H20ClN3O. TM for a plantin CHCl3 and CCl4. growth regulator for turfgrass.Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A reproduc-m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).tive hazard.

Use: Agricultural chemical.trimethyltin cyanate.CAS: 73940-86-0. mf: C4H9NOSn.

trimyristin. The glyceride of myristic acid, glyc-Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2eryl trimyristate.mg/m3 (skin)

trineophyltin acetate.trimethyltin hydroxide.CAS: 1636-70-0. mf: C32H42O2Sn.CAS: 56-24-6. mf: C3H10OSn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1Properties: Colorless, white crystals. Mp: 118° (de-mg(Sn)/m3. STEL 0.2 mg/m3 (skin) Not classifiablecomp). Sol in water and many org solv.as a human carcinogenHazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).trinickelous orthophosphate. See nickelUse: Drug.

phosphate.trimethyltin iodide. See iodotrimethyltin.

trinitite. Green glazed glass material produced bythe 100 million degree farenheit heat from an atomictrimethyltin isothiocyanate. See isothio-explosion. It was named for Trinity, New Mexico, acyanatotrimethyltin.sand-covered site 80 miles from the Almagordoatomic bomb test site.trimethyltin sulphate.

CAS: 63869-87-4. mf: C3H10O4SSn.Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/ trinitroaniline. (picramide).m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). CAS: 489-98-5. C6H2NH2(NO2)3.

1284TRINITROANISOLE

Properties: Orange-red crystals. Mp 188C, bp (ex- 2,4,7-trinitrofluoren-9-one.CAS: 129-79-3. mf: C13H5N3O7.plodes), d 1.762.

Properties: Pale-yellow needles from AcOH orDerivation: Nitrating aniline in glacial acetic acidC6H6. Mp: 176°.solution or by the use of mixed nitric-sulfuric acid in

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen. Mildly toxic by in-limited amounts.gestion. A skin and eye irritant.Hazard: Dangerous, explodes by heat or shock.

Use: Explosive compositions.trinitroglycerin. See nitroglycerin.

trinitroanisole. (methyl picrate; 2,4,6-trinitro-phenyl methyl ether). CH3OC6H2(NO2)3. trinitromethane.

Properties: Crystals, mp 68.4C, d 1.408 (20/4C). CAS: 517-25-9. CH(NO2)3.Hazard: High. Dangerous, explodes by heat or Properties: White crystals. Mp 15C, d 1.469 (25C),shock. decomposes above 25C, heat of combustion 746 cal/

Derivation: Interaction of methyl iodide and silver g. Soluble in water.picrate, nitration of anisic acid. Derivation: Reaction of acetylene with nitric acid.

Use: Explosive compositions. Hazard: Explodes on heating, concentrations above50% in air may explode.

1,3,5-trinitrobenzene. (TNB). Use: Manufacture of propellants and explosives.CAS: 99-35-4. C6H3(NO2)3.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.688 (20/4C), mp 1,3,5-trinitronaphthalene. (naphite).122C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in C10H5(NO2)3. Commercial preparation is a mixturewater. of isomers that melts at 110C.Derivation: From trinitrotoluene by removal of the Hazard: Explosion risk when shocked or heated.methyl group. Use: Explosive, stabilizer for nitrocellulose.Hazard: Dangerous, explodes by heat or shock.Use: Explosive compositions.

trinitrophenol. See picric acid.2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid. (trinitrobenzoic

2,4,6-trinitrophenyl methyl ether. Seeacid).trinitroanisole.CAS: 129-66-8. C6H2(NO2)3COOH.

Properties: Orthorhombic crystals. Mp 228.7C.Sublimes with decomposition, forming carbon diox- trinitrophenylmethylnitramine. See tetryl.ide and trinitrobenzene; slightly soluble in water andbenzene; soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone. 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol. Legal label name for

Derivation: Oxidation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene with styphnic acid.chromic acid.

Hazard: Dangerous, explodes by heat or shock. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. (TNT; methyltrinitro-Use: Explosive compositions.benzene).CAS: 118-96-7. CH3C6H2(NO2)3.2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.

CAS: 2508-19-2. mf: C6H3N3O9S.Hazard: A poison.

2,4,6-trinitro-1,3,5-benzenetriamine.CAS: 3058-38-6. mf: C6H6N6O6.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation. Amild eye irritant.

4,4,4-trinitrobutyric acid. Properties: Yellow, monoclinic needles. D 1.654,CAS: 5029-46-9. mf: C4H5N3O8. mp 80.9C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by water.ingestion. Derivation: Nitration of toluene with mixed acid.

Small amounts of the 2,3,4- and 2,4,5-isomers are2,4,6-trinitro-m-cresol. (cresolite; cresylite). produced that may be removed by washing with

(NO2)3C6H(CH3)OH. aqueous sodium sulfite solution.Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 106C. Readily solu- Grade: Technical.ble in alcohol, ether, and acetone. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, moderate

Derivation: Prepared from m-cresol by a process explosion risk, will detonate only if vigorouslysimilar to that in picric acid is prepared from phenol. shocked or heated to 450F (232C). Toxic by inges-

Hazard: Explodes at 300F (148.8C), severe explo- tion, inhalation, and skin absorption. TLV: 0.1 ppm.sion risk when shocked or heated. Use: Explosive, intermediate in dyestuffs and photo-

Use: Bursting charges and other high explosive uses. graphic chemicals.

1285 TRIPHENYLANTIMONY

trinitrotrimethylenetriamine. See cy- autoign temp 777F (413C). Soluble in water, alcoholclonite. and ether.

Derivation: By distillation of formaldehyde with anacid catalyst and extraction with solvent.trioctadecyl phosphite. (C18H37O)3P.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk, explosive limits in airProperties: White, waxy solid. Mp 45–47C, d 0.9403.6–29%.(25/25C).

Use: Organic synthesis; disinfectant; nonluminous,Use: Stabilizer in polymers; intermediate.odorless fuel.

See formaldehyde.tri-n-octylaluminum. (C8H17)3Al.Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid.

2,6,8-trioxypurine. See uric acid.Derivation: Reaction between octene and isobutyla-luminum.

tripalmitin. (palmitin; glyceryl tripalmitate).Hazard: Flammable, ignites in air.C3H5(OOCC15H31)3.Use: Polyolefin catalyst.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 65.5C, d0.866 (80/4C). Soluble in ether and chloroform;trioctyl(butylthio)stannane. See (butylthi-insoluble in water. Combustible.o)trioctylstannane.

Derivation: From glycerol and palmitic acid.Grade: Technical.trioctyl(ethylthio)stannane. See (ethylthi- Use: Soap, leather dressing.

o)trioctylstannane.

trip balance. Stabilized pan balance in whichtrioctyl phosphate. (octyl phosphate). plates or pans are positioned above an equal arm

(C8H17)3PO4. beam.Properties: Liquid, d 0.924 (26C), bp 220–30 (8 mmHg). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ether. Com- tripelennamine citrate.bustible. CAS: 91-81-6. C16H21N3•C6H8O7. 2-[benzyl-(2-di-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. methylaminoethyl)amino]pyridine dihydrogen ci-Use: Solvent, antifoaming agent, plasticizer. trate.

Properties: White, bitter, crystalline powder. Solu-tri-n-octylphosphine oxide. tions are acid to litmus. Mp 107C. Soluble in water

CAS: 78-50-2. mf: C24H51OP. and alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether; practical-Hazard: A severe eye and moderate skin irritant. ly insoluble in chloroform and benzene; 1% solution

in water has a pH of 4.3.trioctylphosphinic oxide. (TOPO). Grade: USP.

(C8H17)3PO. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.Properties: Solid. Mp 55C, min purity 95%. Use: Medicine (antihistamine, sunburn treatment).Use: Reagent for extraction of metals from aqueousand nonaqueous solutions, including fissionable ac- tripentaerythritol. C15H32O10.tinide elements. Properties: White to ivory powder; has eight pri-

mary hydroxyl groups, all esterifiable. Meltingrange 225–240C. Combustible.trioctyl phosphite. See tris-2-ethyl-hexyl

Use: Hard resins, varnishes, and fast-drying tall-oilphosphite.vehicles.

tri-n-octyltin chloride.tri-n-pentyltin bromide. See bromotripen-CAS: 2587-76-0. mf: C24H51ClSn.

tylstannane.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

triphenol phosphorus. See 1,1,3-triolein. See olein.tris(hydroxyphenyl)-propane.

triose. A simple sugar with a backbone containing triphenylamine.three carbon atoms. CAS: 603-34-9. C18H15N.Properties: Monoclinic crystals from EtOAc. D

sym-trioxane. (triformol; trioxin; metaformal- 0.774 @ 0°/0°C, mp 127°C, bp 195−205°C @ 10−22dehyde). mm, mw 245.34.

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m3.(CH2O)3 or C

❘H2OCH2OCH2

❘O. A trimer of formalde-

hyde, not to be confused with paraformaldehyde, triphenylantimony. (triphenylstibine).which consists of eight or more formaldehyde units. CAS: 603-36-1. Sb(C6H5)3.Properties: White crystals; formaldehyde odor. Mp Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 1.434 (25C),62C, sublimes at 115C, flash p 113F (45C) (OC), mp 46–53C, bp below 360C. Insoluble in water;

1286TRIPHENYLBORANE

slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in most organic Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 3 mg/m3; notsolvents. Combustible. classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Derivation: Reaction of antimony trichloride with Use: Fire-retarding agent, plasticizer for cellulosephenyl magnesium bromide or phenyl sodium. acetate and nitrocellulose.

Use: Stibonium salts, cocatalyst in converting trienesto aromatics and hydroaromatics, reacts with nitric- triphenylphosphine. See triphenylphos-sulfuric acid to give trinitro derivatives, polymeriza- phorus.tion inhibitor, lubricating-oil additive.

triphenylphosphine monosulfide.triphenylborane. CAS: 3878-45-3. mf: C18H15PS.

CAS: 960-71-4. mf: C18H15B. Hazard: A poison.Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

triphenyl phosphite.triphenylboron. B(C6H5)3. A type of Lewis acid CAS: 101-02-0. (C6H5O)3P.

used as catalyst and intermediate. Properties: Water-white to pale-yellow solid or oilyliquid; pleasant odor. D 1.184 (25/25C), mp

triphenyl formazan. CN4H(C6H5)3. Red, insol- 22–25C, bp 155–160C (0.1 mm Hg), refr indexuble derivative of tetrazolium chloride, formed 1.589 (25C), flash p 425F (218.3C) (COC). Com-when the latter comes into contact with viable por- bustible.tions of a seed. Use: Chemical intermediate, stabilizer systems for

Use: Germination and viability tests. resins, metal scavenger, diluent for epoxy resins.

triphenylguanidine. (TPG). triphenylphosphorus. (triphenylphosphine).C6H5NC(C6H5NH)2. (C6H5)3P.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 1.10, mp Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 79–82C, bp144C. Soluble in alcohol. Combustible. above –360C, d 1.132 (25C), flash p 356F (180C)

Derivation: Desulfurization of thiocarbanilide in the (OC). Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol;presence of aniline. soluble in benzene, acetone, carbon tetrachloride.

Use: Accelerator for vulcanization of rubber. Combustible.Derivation: By a modified Grignard synthesis.Use: Synthesis of organic compounds, phosphoniumtriphenylmethane dyes. Any of a group ofsalts, other phosphorus compounds, polymerizationdyes whose molecular structure is basically derivedinitiator.from (C6H5)3CH, usually by substitution of NH2,

OH, HSO3, or other groups or atoms for some of thetriphenyl-2-propenyl-stannane. See allyl-hydrogen of the C6H5 groups. Many coal tar and

triphenyltin.synthetic dyes are of this class, including rosaniline,fuchsin, malachite green, and crystalline violet.

See triarylmethane dye. triphenylstannane sulfate (2:1). Seebis(triphenyltin)sulfate.

triphenylmethane triisocyanate. Availabletriphenylstannyl benzoate.as a brown 20% solution in methylene chloride.

CAS: 910-06-5. mf: C25H20O2Sn.Use: Bonding uncured rubber to metal or other sur-Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2faces.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

triphenylmethylhexafluorophosphate.triphenylstibine. See triphenylantimony.Properties: Orange-colored, free-flowing, crystal-

line powder.triphenyltetrazolium chloride. See tetrazo-Use: Catalyst in the manufacture of polyoxymethy-

lium chloride.lenes (polymers of formaldehyde and trioxane).See acetal resin.

triphenylthiocyanatostannane.CAS: 7224-23-9. mf: C19H15NSSn.triphenyl phosphate. (TPP).

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2CAS: 115-86-6. PO(OC6H5)3.mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Properties: Colorless, crystalline powder; odorless.

Mp 50C, bp 245C (11 mm Hg mercury), d 1.268triphenyltin p-acetamidobenzoate.(60C), bulk d 10.5 lb/gal, refr index 1.550 (60C),

CAS: 2847-65-6. mf: C27H23NO3Sn.flash p 428F (220C) (CC). Soluble in most lacquers,Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2solvents, thinners, oils; insoluble in water. Combus-mg/m3 (skin)tible.

Derivation: Interaction of phenol and phosphorusoxychloride. triphenyltin acetate.

Grade: Technical. CAS: 900-95-8. (C6H5)3SnOOCCH3. An agricultural

1287 TRI-n-PROPYLALUMINUM

biocide, white crystalline solid, made by reaction of pounds (alkynes), typified by acetylene (HC≡CH).See double bond; chemical bonding.sodium acetate with triphenyltin chloride.

Hazard: Irritant to skin. TLV: 0.1 mg (Sn)/m3.triple point. The temperature and pressure at

which the solid, liquid, and vapor of a substance aretriphenyltin benzoate. See triphenylstannylin equilibrium with one another. Also applied tobenzoate.similar equilibrium between any three phases, i.e.,two solids and a liquid, etc. The triple point of watertriphenyltin chloride.is +0.072C at 4.6 mm Hg; it is of special importanceCAS: 639-58-7. (C6H5)3SnCl.because it is the fixed point for the absolute scale ofProperties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 106C, bptemperature.240C (13.5 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in

See Plait point.organic solvents.Derivation: Reaction of tin tetrachloride with phe-

triple superphosphate. A dry, granular, free-nylmagnesium bromide.flowing product, gray in color. Produced by additionHazard: An irritant to skin. TLV: 0.1 mg (Sn)/m3.of phosphoric acid to phosphate rock, thus avoidingUse: Biocidal intermediate.formation of insoluble gypsum, as in superphosp-hate, and achieving three times the amount of avail-triphenyltin cyanoacetate.able phosphate (as P2O5). Typical analysis: moistureCAS: 73927-89-6. mf: C21H17NO2Sn.2%, available P2O5 50%, water solution P2O5 45%,Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2free phosphoric acid 1%, also minor ingredients.mg/m3 (skin)

Use: Fertilizer.See superphosphate; nitrophosphate.triphenyltin hydroxide.

CAS: 76-87-9. (C6H5)3SnOH.triplet. An electronic state of a molecule in whichProperties: White solid. Mp 118–120C. Insoluble in

two spins are aligned. This term is derived fromwater; soluble in ether, benzene, and alcohol.spectroscopy: a system of two aligned spins hasHazard: Irritant to skin. TLV: 0.1 mg (Sn)/m3.three possible orientations with respect to a magnet-Use: Insect chemisterilant, fungicide.ic field; each has a different energy, resulting in setsof three field-dependent spectral linestriphenyltin iodide. See iodotriphenylstan- See doublet; singlet.nane.

tripoli. (amorphous silica; cristobalite; rotten-triphenyltin levulinate. stone; silicon dioxide).CAS: 23292-85-5. mf: C23H22O3Sn. CAS: 1317-95-9.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 Properties: Soft, porous granules resulting from nat-mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). ural decomposition of siliceous rock.

Grade: Various grades according to fineness for pol-triphenyltin methanesulfonate. ishing; rose, cream, white.

CAS: 13302-08-4. mf: C19H18O3SSn. Hazard: TLV: Respirable Fraction: 0.05 mg/m3.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 Use: Abrasive, polishing powder, filtering material,mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). absorbent for insecticidal chemicals, paints (inert

filler, wood filler), rubber filler, base for scouringtriphenyltin propiolate. soaps and powders, oil-well drilling muds.

CAS: 67410-20-2. mf: C21H16O2Sn.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2 tripolyphosphate. See sodium tripolyphosp-mg/m3 (skin) hate.

triphenyltin thiocyanate. See triphenylthio- tripotassium dicitratobismuthate. See bis-cyanatostannane. muth subcitrate.

triphenyl-1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl tin. tripotassium orthophosphate. See potassi-CAS: 974-29-8. mf: C20H17N3Sn. um phosphate, tribasic.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). tripotassium phosphate. See potassium

phosphate, tribasic.triphosgene. See hexachloromethylcarbonate.

tripropionin. See glyceryl tripropionate.triphosphoric acid. See polyphosphoric acid.

tri-n-propylaluminum. (C3H7)3Al.triple bond. A highly unsaturated linkage be- Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. D 0.820; fp

tween the two carbon atoms of acetylenic com- −84C.

1288TRIPROPYLAMINE

Derivation: Reaction of propylene and isobutyl-alu- Properties: Colorless liquid. D: 1.692 @ 16°, mp:minum. –53°, bp: 262°. Sol in org solv.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignites Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2spontaneously in air. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).

Use: Polyolefin catalyst.tripropyltin iodoacetate.

tripropylamine. CAS: 73927-92-1. mf: C11H23IO2Sn.CAS: 102-69-2. (CH3CH2CH2)3N. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Fp mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).−94C, boiling range 150–156C, d 0.754 (20/20C),refr index 1.417 (20C), flash p 105F (40.5) (OC). tripropyltin-o-iodobenzoate. See (o-iodo-Combustible. benzoyloxy)tripropylstannane.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by inhalation andingestion. tripropyltin isothiocyanate.

CAS: 31709-32-7. mf: C10H21NSSn.tripropyl(butylthio)stannane. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

CAS: 67445-50-5. mf: C13H30SSn. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg/m3 (skin) tripropyltin trichloroacetate.

Use: Drug. CAS: 73927-99-8. mf: C11H21Cl3O2Sn.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2

tripropylene. (propylene trimer). (C3H6)3. mg(Sn)/m3 (skin).Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.738 (20/20C), boil-ing range 133.3–141.7C, bulk d 6.17 lb/gal (60F), triptane. See 2,2,3-trimethylbutane.flash p 75F (23.9C) (TOC).

Derivation: Catalytic polymerization of propylene. triptolide 12,13-chlorhydrin.Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. CAS: 132368-08-2. mf: C20H25ClO6.Use: Oxo feed stock, lubricant additive, plasticizers, Hazard: A reproductive hazard.nonyl phenol.

tris-. A prefix indicating that a certain chemicaltripropylene glycol. grouping occurs three times in a molecule, e.g.,

CAS: 24800-44-0. HO(C3H6O)2C3H6OH. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethaneProperties: Colorless liquid. Supercools instead of (CH2OH)3CNH2.freezing, bp 268C, d 1.019 (25/25C), bulk d 8.51 lb/ See bis-.gal, refr index 1.442 (25C), flash p 285F (140.5C).Soluble in water, methanol, ether. Combustible. tris amine buffer. See

Use: Intermediate in resins, plasticizers, pharmaceu- tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.ticals, insecticides, dyestuffs, mold lubricants.

tris(aminoethyl)amine. See 2,2′,2′′-nitrilo-tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether. tris(ethylamine).

CAS: 20324-33-8. HO(C3H6O)2C3H6OCH3.Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.961 (25C), bp tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide. Legal la-242C, 116C (10 mm Hg), viscosity 5.5 cP (25C), bel name for triethylenephosphoramide.refr index 1.427 (25C), flash p 250F (121C). Misci-ble with water, VM&P naphtha, acetone, ethanol, 2,4,6-tris(1-aziridinyl)-s-triazine. See trie-benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, methanol, and thylenemelamine.monochlorobenzene. Combustible.

Use: Ingredient in hydraulic fluids. trisazo dye. One of the four kinds of azo dyes,characterized by the presence of three azo couplings

tripropyltin acetate. (−N==N−) in each molecule. (CI 30000 to 34999).CAS: 3267-78-5. mf: C11H24O2Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/ tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.m3; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m3 (skin). CAS: 115-96-8. (ClC2H4O)3PO.

Properties: Clear, transparent liquid. D 1.425 (20/tri-n-propyltin bromide. See bromotripro- 20C), bp 214C (25 mm Hg), refr index 1.4721

pylstannane. (20C), flash p 421F (216C) (COC). Combustible.Use: Flame-retardant plasticizer.

tripropyltin chloride. See chlorotripropyl-stannane. tris(2-chloroisopropyl) thionophosphate.

[CH3(CH2Cl)CHO]3PS.tripropyltin iodide. Properties: Liquid. Phosphorus content 9.0%, d

CAS: 7342-45-2. mf: C9H21ISn. 1.282 at (20C), flash p above 347F (175C) (OC),

1289 TRISILANE

pour p below −50C. Readily soluble in gasoline; (0.3 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcoholinsoluble in water. Combustible. and ether, flash p 340F (171C). Combustible.

Use: To extend spark plug life, to control deposit- Use: Synthesis, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricant andinduced knocking in gasoline engines. grease additives, flameproofing compositions.

tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite. tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate. (THEIC;CAS: 140-08-9. (ClC2H4O)3P. tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6-trione).

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. D C3N3O3(CH2CH2OH)3.1.353 (20/4C), bp 119C (0.15 mm Hg), flash p 280F Properties: White solid. Mp 135C, bp (dissociates)(137.7C) (OC). Miscible with most common organ- 180C (3 mm Hg). Very soluble in water; somewhatic solvents; insoluble in water and hydrolyzes in soluble in alcohol and acetone; insoluble in chloro-water. Undergoes intramolecular isomerization at form and benzene. Combustible.higher temperatures, exposure to air should be mini- Use: Additive to plastics, especially to impart ther-mum. Combustible. mal stability.

Use: Intermediate, component of vinyl stabilizers,grease additives, flameproofing compositions. tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic acid.

HOCH2C(CH2OH)2COOH. A photographictris(p-chlorophenyl)tin fluoride. chemical made by bacterial oxidation of pentaeryth-

CAS: 427-45-2. mf: C18H12Cl3FSn. ritol.Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m3; STEL 0.2mg/m3 (skin), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

(tri[hydroxymethyl]-aminomethane; THAM;tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol; tris

(CH2BrCHBrCH2O)3PO. amine buffer). (CH2OH)3CNH2.Properties: Viscous, pale-yellow liquid. Bulk d 18.5 Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 171–172C,lb/gal, refr index 1.5772 (20C). Combustible. bp 219–220C (10 mm Hg), pH (0.1M aqueous solu-

Hazard: A carcinogen; use restricted. tion) 10..6, corrosive to copper, brass, aluminum.Use: Flame-retardant for plastics and synthetic Solubility in water 80 g/100 cc (20C). Combustible.fibers. Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Emulsifying agent (in soap form) for oils, fats,tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate. and waxes; absorbent for acidic gases; chemical

(CH2ClCHClCH2O)3PO. Combustible. synthesis; buffer; medicine.Use: Flame-retardant in plastics and as a secondaryplasticizer. tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane. (2-hy-

Hazard: A carcinogen. droxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol).CAS: 126-11-4. (CH2OH)3CNO2.

tris(diethyldithiocarbamato)iron. See Properties: White crystals or amorphous solid. Mpiron(III) diethyldithiocarbamate. 175C (decomposes). Soluble in water and alcohol.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to skin and eyes.Use: Bactericide and slimicide for aqueous systems,tris(diethylene glycol monoethyl ether)cutting oil emulsions, industrial water systems,citrate. C19H42O3.drilling muds.Properties: Solid. D 1.28 (25C), mp 16–19C. Solu-

ble in water. Combustible.Use: Plasticizer. tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine.

CAS: 2767-80-8. mf: C3H9O3P.Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin andtris((2-ethylhexanoyl)oxy)methylsilane.eye irritant.CAS: 70682-61-0. mf: C25H48O6Si.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane. See 4,4′,4′′-

ethylidynetrisphenol.tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate.[C4H9CH(C2H5)CH2O]3PO.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9260 (20/20C), fp 1,1,3-tris(hydroxyphenyl)propane. (triphe-−90C (sets to a glass), pour p −74C, mid-boiling p nol P). (C6H4OH)2CHCH2CH2C6H4OH.216C (4 mm Hg), refr index 1.441 (25C), flash p Properties: White solid. Mp 84C, d 1.226 (20/20C),420F (215.5C). Insoluble in water; soluble in miner- fp 90–110C, sets to glass below this temperature.al oil and gasoline. Combustible. Combustible.

Use: Low-temperature plasticizer for PVC resins, Use: Antioxidant, intermediate for polyester and al-imparting flame and fungus resistance. kyd resins.

tris-2-ethylhexyl phosphite. (trioctyl phos- trisilane. Si3H8.phite). [C4H9CH(C2H5)CH2O]3P. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 53C, mp −117C, d

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.902, bp 163–164C 0.74.

1290TRISILOXANE

Hazard: Explodes on contact with air, reacts violent- trisodium phosphate, chlorinated.ly with carbon tetrachloride and chloroform. 4(Na3PO4•12H2O)•NaOCl. Active ingredients

3.25% min sodium hypochlorite and 91.75% mintrisiloxane. See siloxane. trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate. Inert ingredi-

ents below 5% sodium chloride.1,1,1-tris(4-isocyanatophenoxymethyl) Properties: White, crystalline solid. Water soluble;

propane. stable under normal storage conditions; in solutionCAS: 121514-80-5. mf: C27H23N3O6. has the properties of both trisodium phosphate and

sodium hypochlorite.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A mild eyeDerivation: By reacting sodium phosphate, causticirritant.soda, and sodium hypochlorite.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.tris[1-(2-methyl)aziridinyl]phosphine oxide.Use: Cleaner and bactericide in dairies, food plants,(C3H6N)3PO.dishwashing compounds, and scouring powders.See metepa.

tris(nictinato)aluminum. See aluminum nic- trisodium phosphate monohydrate. Seeotinate. sodium phosphate, tribasic, monohydrate.

“Tris Nitro” [Angus]. TM for 2-hydroxy- trisodium trithiocyanuric acid. See sodi-methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol. um trithiocyanurate.

Available forms: Solid and liquid.Use: A water-soluble antimicrobial agent for use in trisomy. Possessing three copies of a particularcutting fluids and other aqueous alkaline systems; chromosome instead of the normal two copies.formaldehyde donor with controlled rate of release See cell; gene; gene expression; chromosome.and minimum odor.

tristearin. See stearin.trisodium (carboxymethoxy)propanedioate.See sodium o-carboxymethyltartronate. tris(tetrahydrofurfuryl) phosphate.

(C4H7OCH2O)3PO.trisodium citrate. See sodium citrate.Properties: Yellow liquid. Fp −75C, refr index1.4759 (20C). Soluble in water and aromatic sol-trisodium dipotassium tripolyphosphate.vents.Na3K2P3O10. Use: Plasticizer, solvent.Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 620–640C,

d 2.48. Solubility in water 80 g/100 cc (26C).tris(tridecyl)amine.Use: Sequestrant.

CAS: 5910-77-0. mf: C39H81N.Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.trisodium EDTA. (ethylenediaminetetraacetic

acid trisodium salt).“Tritac” [Occidental]. TM for a group of her-CAS: 150-38-9. C10H13N2Na3O8•H2O.

bicides whose active ingredient is 2,3,6-trichloro-Properties: White powder. Freely soluble in water.benzyloxypropanol.Use: Chelating agent.

triticonazole.trisodium hydroxyethylethylenediamine-CAS: 131983-72-7. mf: C17H20ClN3O.triacetate. (NaOOCCH2)2NC2H4N(CH2COO-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.Na)C2H4OH.Use: Agricultural chemical.Properties: Liquid. D 1.285, fp below −5C.

Use: Chelating agent.tritium. T. Radioactive isotope of hydrogen,

trisodium nitrilotriacetate. mass number 3, isotopic weight 3.017 (two neutronsCAS: 5064-31-3. N(CH2COONa)3. A sodium salt of and one proton in the nucleus).nitrilotriacetic acid. Properties: Half-life 12.5 years, radiation �, radio-

Use: Sequestrant. toxic material.Derivation: Bombardment of lithium with low-ener-

trisodium orthophosphate. See sodium gy neutrons.phosphate, tribasic. Available forms: Gas packaged in ampules and in

tagged compounds such as water, streptomycin, cor-trisodium orthovanadate. See sodium or- tisone, epinephrine, octadecane, stearic acid, etc.

thovanadate. Use: Bombarding particle in cyclotrons, activator inself-luminous phosphors, in cold cathode tubes,

trisodium phosphate. See sodium phos- tracer in biochemical research and various specialphate, tribasic. problems in chemical analysis, luminous instrument

1291 TROPAEOLIN OO

dials, thermonuclear power research. acid. (2) A common form of triuranium octoxide isSee fusion. yellow cake, the powder obtained by evaporating an

ammonia solution of the oxide.tritolyl phosphate. See tricresyl phosphate. Hazard: Radioactive poison. Use appropriate pro-

tection in handling.Use: Nuclear technology, preparation of other urani-“Triton” [Dow]. TM for specialty surfactantsum compounds.that are alcohol and ethoxylates, alkoxylates, sul-

fates, sulfonates, sulfosuccinates, or phosphateesters. trivial name. The name applied by early chem-

Use: Industrial and institutional cleaners, various de- ists to a number of simple organic compounds, usu-tergents, emulsions polymerization processes, pa- ally based on their sources or properties, e.g., ace-per, and textile processing. tone and acetic acid, from Latin acetum (vinegar),

urea from urine, glucose and glycerol from Greek“Triton RW 20” [Dow]. glyc- (sweet). Such names remained in common use

CAS: 119823-35-7. TM for a surfactant. regardless of the systematic nomenclature later de-Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- veloped.tact. A severe skin irritant.

trivinyltin chloride. See chlo-“Triton RW 50” [Dow]. ro(trivinyl)stannane.

CAS: 119823-36-8. TM for a surfactant.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

trixylenyl phosphate. Seetact. A moderate skin and severe eye irritant.tri(dimethylphenyl)phosphate.

“Triton RW 75” [Dow].troclosene potassium. See potassium dichlo-CAS: 86924-47-2. TM for a surfactant.

roisocyanurate.Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.A severe eye irritant.

trona. (urao).“Triton RW 100” [Dow]. CAS: 497-19-8. Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O. A natural

CAS: 83383-01-1. TM for a surfactant. sodium sesquicarbonate and the most important ofHazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity the natural sodas.by skin contact. A severe eye irritant. Properties: White, gray, or yellow with vitreous,

glistening luster. Noncombustible.“Triton RW 125” [Dow]. See trona process.

CAS: 86924-48-3. TM for a surfactant. Occurrence: Hungary, Egypt, Africa, Venezuela,Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity and U.S. (Wyoming, California, especially Searlesby skin contact. A severe eye irritant. Lake, Owens Lake).

Use: Source of sodium compounds, especially the“Triton RW 150” [Dow]. sodium carbonates.

CAS: 86924-49-4. TM for a surfactant.Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity trona process. The method used for separationby skin contact. A severe eye irritant. and purification of soda ash, anhydrous sodium sul-

fate, boric acid, borax, potassium sulfate, bromine,triton. The nucleus of the T atom (one proton, two and potassium chloride from Searles Lake (Califor-

neutrons). nia) brine.

tritopine. See laudanidine. tropacocaine hydrochloride.C15H19NO2•HCl. An alkaloidal salt.triturate. To reduce to a powder by rubbing or Properties: White crystals. Mp 271C. Soluble ingrinding, to pulverize. water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: From a variety of Erythroxylon coca.triuranium octoxide. (uranous-uranic oxide; Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.uranyl uranate). U3O8. Use: Medicine (spinal anesthetic).Properties: Olive-green to black solid, crystals, orgranules. D 8.39, decomposes when heated to

tropaeolin D. See methyl orange.1300C to uranium dioxide. Insoluble in water; solu-ble in nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

Source: The naturally occurring uranium oxide tropaeolin OO. (Orange IV).found in pitchblende. NaSO3C6H4NNC6H4NHC6H5. (p-diphenylaminoa-

Derivation: (1) As one of the forms of uranium zobenzene-sodium sulfonate). A biological stainproduced from the ores, often by a solvent extraction and acid-base indicator, red at pH 1.4, yellow at pHprocess. The solvent used is dodecylphosphoric 2.6. CI 13080.

1292TROPISETRON

tropisetron.CAS: 89565-68-4. mf: C17H20N2O2.

Hazard: Human systemic effects.Use: A substance that is used to prevent nausea andvomiting caused by chemotherapy. One of the essential amino acids occurring naturally in

the L(−)-form.Trouton’s rule. The molal heat of vaporization Properties: (DL-) White crystals. Slightly soluble in

of normal liquids, at the boiling point and under water; stable in alkaline solution; decomposed byatmospheric pressure, divided by the absolute boil- strong acids. (D(+)-) Characteristic sweet taste. Mping temperature is a constant, about 22. 275–290C (decomposes). Soluble in water, hot al-

cohol, alkali hydroxides; insoluble in chloroform.“Troysan 395” [Troy]. TM for 1,3- (L(−)-) Flat taste (other properties identical with

bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin. D(+)-tryptophan).Available forms: Liquid. Derivation: (1) Synthetic tryptophan can be made byUse: Bactericide for water-based systems, paints and the conversion of indole to gramine followed bycoatings, adhesives, joint cements, caulks, and methylation, interaction with acetylaminomalonicprinting inks. ester and hydrolysis, (2) hydrolysis of proteins.

Grade: Reagent, technical, FCC.Trp. Abbreviation for tryptophan. Use: Nutrition and research, medicine, dietary sup-

plement, cereal enrichment. Available commercial-true solution. See solution (true). ly in all three forms, as well as acetyl-DL-tryptophan.

truth serum. See scopolamine. “Trysben” 200 [Du Pont]. TM for a weedkiller based on aqueous solution of the dimethyl-

truttine. A protein obtained from fish of the trout amine salt of trichlorobenzoic acid, containing twofamily. pounds of acid equivalent per gallon.

Use: Control of broadleaf weeds.“Trycite” [Dow]. TM for an oriented polysty-

rene film. Ts. Abbreviation for tosyl.Use: Packaging and in envelope windows.

TSA. Abbreviation for toluenesulfonic acid.tryparsamide. (sodium-N-phenylglycineam-

ide-p-arsonate). Tscherniac-Einhorn reaction. IntroductionCAS: 618-25-7. of the amidomethyl group into aromatic rings orNaOAs(OOH)C6H4NHCH2CONH2•1/2H2O. activated methylene groups in the presence of sulfu-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. ric acid.Contains 24.6% arsenic, may affect eyes. Soluble inwater; almost insoluble in alcohol; insoluble in TSH. See thyrotropic hormone.ether, chloroform, benzene.

Grade: Medicinal, USP. TSP. Abbreviation for trisodium phosphate.Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. See sodium phosphate, tribasic.Use: Medicine (treatment of syphilis).

TSPA. Abbreviation for triethylenethiophospho-trypsin. ramide.

CAS: 9002-07-7. The proteolytic enzyme of pancre-atic juice, yellow to grayish powder, soluble in wa- TSPP. Abbreviation for tetrasodium pyrophos-ter, insoluble in alcohol or glycerol. It acts on album- phate.inoid material, producing amino acids. The See sodium pyrophosphate.maximum result is obtained in a neutral or slightlyalkaline medium. Trypsins or similar materials are TSS. See transition state theory.found not only in the pancreas but also in the spleen,leucocytes, and urine, as well as in beer yeast, TTC. Abbreviation for tetrazolium chloride.molds, and bacteria.

Grade: NF (crystallized). TTD. Abbreviation for tetraethylthiuram disul-Hazard: Irritant to skin. fide.Use: Dehairing of hides.

tubatoxin. See rotenone.trypsinogen. An inactive precursor of trypsin.

tube mill. A fine-grinding machine composed oftryptophan. (indole-�-aminopropionic acid; a rotating steel cylinder that may be from 15 to 50 ft

1-�-amino-3-indolepropionic acid). long and 6 to 8 ft in diameter, within which are steelCAS: 54-12-6. balls from 1 to 5 inches in diameter. Depending on

1293 TUNGSTEN BORIDE

its construction it may be either batch or continuous. tis. Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, cramps, diar-Some types have several compartments, each con- rhea and tenesmus, thirst, dizziness, lethargy, andtaining balls of different sizes. Its function is finish- disorientation. Large doses can cause fever, tachy-grinding of particulates; it is usually fed with 20- cardia, and respiratory effects. Combustible when

exposed to heat or flame. Can react with oxidizingmesh material, which it reduces to 325-mesh.materials.See ball mill.

Use: Food additive; wood finish.tuberose oil.Properties: Colorless to very-light-colored oil. D tungstated pigment. See phosphotungstic1.007–1.035 (15C). pigment.

Method of purification: Taken from Polianthestuberosa, by enfleurage. tungstate white. See barium tungstate.Use: Perfume, flavoring.

tungsten. (wolfram).d-tubocurarine chloride.CAS: 7440-33-7. W. Metallic element, atomic num-C38H44Cl2N2O6•5H2O.ber 74, group VIB of periodic system, aw 183.85,Properties: White to light-tan crystalline alkaloid;valences of 2, 4, 5, 6; five isotopes.odorless. Mp 270C with decomposition. Soluble in

Properties: Hard, brittle, gray solid; not found na-water and alcohol; insoluble in acetone, chloroform,tive; the ores are scheelite and wolframite. D 19.3and ether; aqueous solution is strongly dextrorotato-(20C), mp 3410C (highest of all the metals), bpry (specific rotation for 1% solution of anhydrous5927C, high electrical conductivity, soluble in a−208 to +218 degrees).mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen fluoride, corrod-Grade: USP.ed by seawater, oxidizes in air at 400C, the rateHazard: Highly toxic.increases rapidly with temperature.Use: Medicine (muscle relaxant).

Derivation: (1) Aluminothermic reduction of tung-stic oxide, (2) hydrogen reduction of tungstic acid or“Tuex” [Uniroyal]. TM for tetramethylthiur-its anhydride. The metal can be plated onto objectsam disulfide.by vapor deposition from tungsten hexafluoride orAvailable forms: Pellets as “Tuex Naugets.”hexacarbonyl and can bond metal parts together.Use: Sulfur donor accelerator for EV and semi-EVTungsten powder (produced by carbon reduction) issystems.converted into solid metal by powder metallurgicalSee thiram.techniques. Large single crystals are grown by anarc-fusion process. Granules obtained by reduction“Tuffak” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for coloredof the hexafluoride.or colorless polycarbonate resin.

Occurrence: Canada, Bolivia, Peru, Thailand, Chi-Available forms: Sheet material of variousna, the former U.S.S.R., U.S. (Arizona, California,thickness; film.Colorado, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, andUse: Skylights, display fixtures, signs, lighting fix-Texas).tures, safety guards, car mats, and chair mats.

Grade: Technical, powder, single crystals, ultrapuregranules of 50–600 microns.“Tuflin” [Dow]. TM for linear low-density

Hazard: Finely divided form is highly flammablepolyethylene film resins.and may ignite spontaneously. TLV: (W) (InsolubleUse: For trash bags, packaging and stretch wrap, andcompounds) 5 mg/m3; (soluble compounds) 1 mg/shipping sacks.m3.

Use: High-speed tool steel, ferrous and nonferroustumor suppressor. A gene that inhibits pro-alloys, ferrotungsten, filaments for electric lightgression towards neoplastic transformation. Thebulbs, contact points, X-ray and electron tubes,best known examples of tumor suppressors are thewelding electrodes, heating elements in furnacesproteins p53 and Rb.and vacuum-metallizing equipment, rocket nozzlesand other aerospace applications, shell steel, chemi-tung oil. (China-wood oil).cal apparatuses, high-speed rotors as in gyroscopes,Properties: Yellow drying oil. D 0.9360–0.9432,solar energy devices (as vapor-deposited film thatsaponification value 193, iodine value 150–165, refrretains heat at 500C).index 1.5030, flash p 552F (288.9C), autoign temp

855F (457C). Soluble in chloroform, ether, carbondisulfide, and oils. Combustible. tungsten boride. WB2.

Derivation: From the seeds of Aleurites cordata, a Properties: Silvery solid. D 10.77, mp 2900C. Insol-tree indigenous to China. It is now produced in uble in water; soluble in aqua regia and concentratedChina, Argentina, and Paraguay; U.S. production acids; decomposed by chlorine at 100C.has been virtually discontinued. Derivation: Heating tungsten and boron in electric

Chief constituents: Eleostearic acid (80%). furnace.Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Contact causes dermati- Use: Refractory.

1294TUNGSTEN CARBIDE

tungsten carbide. tungsten hexachloride. WCl6.CAS: 12070-12-1. WC. A ditungsten carbide, W2C, Properties: Dark-blue or violet hexagonal crystals,with similar physical properties is also known. WC volatile. Mp 275C, bp 347C, d 3.52, vap press 43is said to be the strongest of all structural materials. mm Hg (215C). Electrical conductivity (fused state)

Properties: Gray powder. D 15.6, mp 2780C, bp poor. Soluble in organic solvents including ligroin6000C, Mohs hardness of 9+ in solid form. Insoluble and ethanol; decomposed by moist air and water;in water but readily attacked by a nitric reduced by hydrogen to the metal.acid–hydrofluoric acid mixture. Stable to 400C with Derivation: Heating tungsten with dry chlorine at redchlorine, burns in fluorine at room temperature, oxi- heat.dizes on heating in air. Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3.

Derivation: Heating tungsten and lampblack at Use: Tungsten coatings on base metals, vapor deposi-1500–1600C. tion for bonding metals, single crystal tungsten wire,

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3. additive to tin oxide to produce electrically conduct-Use: Cemented carbide, dies and cutting tools, wear- ing coating for glass, catalyst for olefin polymers.resistant parts, cermets, electrical resistors. An abra-sive in liquids. tungsten hexafluoride.

CAS: 7783-82-6. WF6.tungsten carbide, cemented. A mixture con- Properties: Colorless gas or light-yellow liquid. D

sisting of tungsten carbide 85–95% and cobalt (liquid) 3.44, mp 2.5C, bp 19.5C. Decomposes in5–15%. water.

Properties: Hardness about that of corundum; not Derivation: Direct fluorination of powdered tung-affected by high temperatures. D 12–16. sten, purified by distillation under pressure.

Derivation: Ball milling of powdered tungsten car- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strongbide with metallic cobalt, followed by sintering. irritant to tissue. TLV: 1 mg(W)/m3.

Hazard: As for tungsten carbide. Use: Vapor-phase deposition of tungsten, fluorinat-Use: Machine tools and abrasives for machining and ing agent.grinding metals, rocks, molded products, porcelain,and glass; in gauges, blast nozzles, knives, drill bits. tungsten lake. See phosphotungstic pigment.

tungsten carbonyl. See tungsten hexacar- tungsten oxychloride. WOCl4.bonyl. Properties: Dark-red, acicular crystals. Decom-

posed by water and moist air. Keep in sealed glasscontainer. Bp 227.5C, mp 211C, d 11.92. Soluble intungsten diselenide. WSe2. Lamellar-struc-carbon disulfide.tured, dry, solid lubricant with exceptionally high

Derivation: By the action of chlorine on tungsten ortemperature and high vacuum stability. Retains itstungstic oxide at elevated temperatures.lubricity to temperatures as low as −265C.

Method of purification: Vacuum distillation.Grade: 1–2 micron and 40 micron.Grade: Technical.Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3.Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 1 mg(W)/m3.Use: Incandescent lamps.tungsten disulfide. WS2.

Properties: Grayish-black solid. Mp above 1480C,tungsten silicide. A ceramic, probably WSi2.can lubricate at temperatures above 2400F (1316C).Properties: Blue-gray, very hard solid. D 9.4, mpAttacked by fluorine and hot sulfuric and hydrogenabove 900C. Insoluble in water; attacked by fusedfluoride.alkalies and mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids.Grade: 0.40, 0.70, and 1–2 micron grades.

Grade: Cylindrical shapes, lumps, standard sieveUse: Solid lubricant for many applications, includingsizes.use as an aerosol.

Hazard: Dust flammable. TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3.Use: Oxidation-resistant coatings, electrical resis-tungsten hexacarbonyl. (tungsten carbonyl).tance and refractory applications.W(CO)6.

Properties: White, volatile, highly refractive, crys-tungsten steel. In many of its alloying effects,talline solid. Decomposes without melting at 150C.

tungsten is similar to molybdenum. Tungsten in-One of the more stable carbonyls. D 2.65, vap presscreases the density of alloys to which it is added.0.1 mm Hg (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

Use: To obtain steels with great wear resistance andorganic solvents.special resistance to tempering, as in high-speedDerivation: Reaction of tungsten with carbon mon-steels, hot-work steels, finishing steels that maintainoxide at high pressures, reduction of tungsten hexa-keen cutting edge and great wear resistance, creep-chloride with iron alloy powders in carbon monox-resisting steels, and oxidation-resistant, high-tem-ide atmosphere.perature, high-strength alloys.Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3.

Use: Tungsten coatings on base metals by depositionand decomposition of the carbonyl. tungsten trioxide. See tungstic oxide.

1295 TURPENTINE (OIL)

tungstic acid. (wolframic acid; orthotungstic Turkey red. See iron oxide red.acid).CAS: 11105-11-6. H2WO4. Turkey red oil. (castor oil, sulfonated; ca-

Properties: Yellow powder. D 5.5. Insoluble in wa- stor oil, soluble).ter; soluble in hydrogen fluoride and alkalies. A CAS: 72-48-0. It is also known as alizarin assistantwhite form of tungstic acid exists, having the formu- and alizarin oil because of its use in dyeing withla H2WO4•H2O. This is formed by acidifying tung- alizarin.sten solutions in the cold. Properties: Viscous liquid. D 0.95, iodine No. 82.1,

Derivation: Decomposition of sodium tungstate acid No. 174.3, saponification No. 189.3, autoignwith hot sulfuric acid. temp 833F (445C). Soluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent. Derivation: By sulfonating castor oil with sulfuricHazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3. acid and washing.Use: Textiles (mordant, color resist), plastics, tung- Grade: Sulfonated castor oil graded as to moisturesten metal, wire, etc. and color.

Use: Textiles, leather, manufacture of soaps, alizarintungstic acid anhydride. See tungstic dye assistant, paper coatings.

oxide.Turnbull’s Blue. An inorganic blue pigment

tungstic anhydride. See tungstic oxide. made by the reaction of a ferrous salt and potassiumferricyanide [Fe3Fe(CN)6]2. One of its important

tungstic oxide. (tungstic acid anhydride; uses is in making blueprints, in which sensitizedtungstic anhydride; tungsten trioxide; wolframic paper containing ferric ammonium citrate and po-acid, anhydrous). WO3. tassium ferricyanide is exposed to light, the ferric

Properties: Canary-yellow, heavy powder, dark-or- ions being thus reduced to ferrous ions.ange when heated and regains original color on See iron blue.cooling. Mp 1473C, d 7.16. Insoluble in water, solu-ble in caustic alkalies, soluble with difficulty in turnover number. The number of times anacids. Noncombustible. enzyme molecule transforms a substrate molecule

Derivation: Scheelite ore is treated with hydrochlo- per sec, under conditions giving maximal activity atric acid and the resulting product dissolved out with substrate concentrations that are saturating.ammonia. The complex ammonium tungstate canthen be ignited to tungstic oxide. turpentine (gum). The oleoresin or pitch ob-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(W)/m3. tained from living pine trees.Use: To form metal by reduction, alloys, preparation Properties: Sticky, viscous, balsamic liquid com-of tungstates for X-ray screens, fireproofing fabrics, prising a mixture of rosin and turpentine oil; strong,yellow pigment in ceramics. piney odor. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,

and glacial acetic acid. Combustible.tungstophosphate. Structure and properties are Use: Source of turpentine oil and gum rosin.

similar to molybdophosphate. See rosin.

12-tungstophosphoric acid. See phospho- turpentine (oil).tungstic acid. CAS: 8006-64-2. C10H16. A volatile essential oil

whose chief constituents are pinene and diterpene.tungstosilicate. One of a group of complex inor- Derivation: Steam-distillation of the turpentine gum

ganic compounds of high molecular weight, con- exuded from living pine trees (gum turpentine),taining a central silicon atom surrounded by tung- naphtha-extraction of pine stumps (wood turpen-sten oxide octahedra. They have high molecular tine), destructive distillation of pine wood.weight, high degree of hydration, strong oxidizing See rosin; rosin oil.action in aqueous solutions; decompose in strongly Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating odor. Im-basic aqueous solutions to give simple tungstate miscible with water; lighter than water. Consider-solutions; form highly colored anions or reaction able variation appears in constants reported; theproducts. following are based on tests made by the Forest

See silicotungstic acid; sodium-12-tungstosilicate. Products Laboratory: d 0.860–0.875 (15C), refr in-dex 1.463–1.483 (20C), flash p 90–115F (32–46C)

12-tungstosilicic acid. See silicotungstic (CC), no acidity, bulk d 7.18 lb/gal, autoign tempacid. 488F (253C).

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion.turinabol. See 4-chlorotestosterone 17-acetate. TLV: 100 ppm.

Use: Solvent; thinner for paints, varnishes, and lac-turkey brown. (turkey umber). Natural earth quers; rubber solvent and reclaiming agent; insecti-

used as permanent pigment. Contains iron and man- cide; synthesis of camphor and menthol; wax-basedganese oxide with some clay. polishes; medicine (liniments); perfumery.

1296TUTOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE

tutocaine hydrochloride. (�-dimethylamino- nolpolymethylene polymer and low toxicity, non-�,�-dimethylpropyl-p-aminobenzoate hydrochlo- ionic surfactant.ride).CAS: 532-62-7. C14H22O2N2•HCl. tyloxin. Antibiotic substance isolated from a

Use: Local anesthetic. strain of Streptomyces fradiae.Properties: Crystals. Mp 128–130C. Solutions are

tuyere. A duct or pipe through which a stream of stable between pH 4 to 9.hot air is introduced into a blast furnace or cupola to Use: Veterinary medicine.support combustion.

Tyndall effect. A colloidal phenomenon inTw. Abbreviation for Twaddell, used in reporting which particles too small to be resolved in an optical

specific gravities for densities greater than water, as microscope suspended in a gas or liquid reveal theirdegrees Tw. A twaddell reading, multiplied by five presence by scattering a beam of light as it passesand added to 1000, gives specific gravity with refer- through the suspension, the extent of reflection be-ence to water as 1000. ing dependent on the position of the irregularly

shaped particles relative to the incident light. Theeffect causes the appearance of a visible cone ofTWA See time-weighted average.light through the suspension. This principle is uti-lized in the ultramicroscope.twinning axis. Axis around which one part of a

twin crystal may be viewed as having been rotated“Tynex” [Du Pont]. TM for nylon filament.180 degrees relative to the other part.

Available tapered, with an essentially uniform taperfrom butt to tip, and also level, i.e., in a wide range ofTwitchell process. Commercial process forconstant diameters. The tapered form is used pri-splitting fats to glycerol and fatty acids by heatingmarily in paint brushes, the level form in otherthe sulfuric acid–washed fat 20–48 hours in an openbrushes.tank with steam in a mixture of 25–50% water, 0.5%

sulfuric acid, and 0.75–1.25% Twitchell reagent.type metal. Alloy of 75–95% lead, 2.5–18%The original Twitchell catalyst was prepared by

antimony, with a little tin and sometimes copper,sulfonation of a mixture of fatty acid and benzene,which expands slightly upon solidification and pro-but toway sulfonated petroleum products are used.duces sharp castings.

Twitchell reagent. Catalyst for the TwitchellTyr. Abbreviation for tyrosine.process (acid hydrolysis of fats). It is a sulfonated

addition product of naphthalene and oleic acid, anaphthalenestearosulfonic acid. Tyrer sulfonation process. Sulfonation of

benzene in the vapor phase with sulfuric acid at170–180C with passage of benzene vapor and azeo-“Tygon.” TM for a series of vinyl compoundstropic removal of the water of reaction.used as linings, coatings, adhesives, tubing, and

extruded shapes applied to chemical process equip-ment as corrosion protection. “Tyrez” [Reichhold]. TM for a series of im-

pact modifiers for plastics.“Tylac” [Reichhold]. TM for a series of syn-

thetic latexes and elastomers. tyrian brilliant blue i 3g. See 6,15-dihy-(BL) High-strength, film-forming, nitrile rubber la- drohydroxy-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone.texes and rubbers and carboxylated polymers char-acterized by exceptional oil, solvent, and abrasion “Tyril” [Dow]. TM for a group of styrene-acry-resistance. lonitrile copolymers.(SBL) Butadiene/styrene and carboxylated butadi-ene/styrene and high styrene latexes of various mo- “Tyrilfoam” 80 [Dow]. TM for expandednomer ratios. Modified versions are available. styreneacrylonitrile for flotation uses under condi-

Use: Paper, textiles, adhesives, Portland cement, tions of gasoline spillage, petroleum scum from out-molded products, and polyvinyl chloride and pheno- board motors, and stagnant water.lic resin blends.

tyrocidine. Antibiotic produced by the metabolic“Tylenol” [Ortho-McNeil]. TM for p-acety- processes of the bacteria Bacillus brevis. It is a

laminophenol (acetaminophen). cyclic polypeptide that is active against most Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. It is one of the two

tylosin and sulfamethazine. antibiotic components of tyrothricin but has beenUse: Drug (veterinary); food additive. isolated and used alone.

Properties: (Probably the hydrochloride) Fine, crys-tyloxapol. (USAN). talline needles that decompose at 240C; soluble in

CAS: 25301-02-4. An oxyethylated-tert-octylphe- 95% alcohol, acetic acid, and pyridine; slightly solu-

1297 “TYZOR”

ble in water, acetone, and absolute alcohol; insolu- Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein (casein), organicble in ether, chloroform, and hydrocarbons; de- synthesis.presses surface tension; forms fairly stable colloidal Grade: FCC.emulsion in distilled water. Use: Growth factor in nutrition, biochemical re-

Use: Medicine (usually as component of tyrothricin), search, dietary supplement. Available commerciallypossible fungistat and bacteriostat. as dl-tyrosine.

tyrothricin. An antibiotic produced by growth oftyrosinase. An enzyme containing copper that Bacillus brevis. It consists of a mixture of antibiot-occurs in plant and animal tissue and is responsible ics, principally gramicidin and tyrocidine. Gramici-for turning peeled potatoes black when exposed to din is the more active component. Use is generallyair. limited to local external applications. It is activeUse: Medicine (antihypertensive). against some Gram-positive bacteria, including spe-cies of pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylo-cocci.tyrosine. (�-p-hydroxyphenylalanine; �-amino-

�-p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid).CAS: 60-18-4. C6H4OHCH2CHNH2COOH. A non- “Tyzor” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of simpleessential amino acid. and chelated esters of ortho-titanic acid, such as

Properties: White crystals. dl-Tyrosine mp 316C, tetrabutyltitanate, of varying reactivity.d(+)-tyrosine mp 310–314C, l(−)-tyrosine mp 295C Use: Chemical intermediates, primers for adhesion(with decomposition), d 1.456 (20/4C). Soluble in promotion in extrusion coating, dispersants,water; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. scratch-resistant finishes on glass, masonry waterOptically active. Readily oxidized by animal or- repellents, cross-linking agents, esterification andganisms. olefin polymerization catalyst.