* GB785263 (A)

Description: GB785263 (A) ? 1957-10-23

No title available

Description of GB785263 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785263 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Dec 28, 1955. No 37137/55. Application made in Germany on Dec 27, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), D 3 (A: C). International Classification: -FO 6 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to the Control and Operation of Change-Speed Gearing We, DAIMLER-BENZ AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Stuttgart-Untertfirkheim, Germany, a Company organised under the Laws of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The invention relates to means for the control and operation of change-speed gearing by the aid of non-positive frictional elements, such as clutches or brakes, hereinafter referred to as clutches For upward gear changes, there are certain laws, which are comparatively easy to put into practice, as the engine has to be coupled to a part previously rotating more slowly It is only necessary to remove pressure from the previously engaged clutch when the pressure on the clutch to be engaged has reached a value capable of transmitting the engine torque at the time (positive overlap). Changing down, especially with the throttle open, is more difficult, as the engine has to be coupled to a part previously rotating more quickly Consequently, there is a reduction in the torque of the drive during the change down, because some of the torque of the engine is used for accelerating the same.

Acceleration of the engine by the car is inevitable as long as acceleration is intended with the gear change, since the car is in fact braked during engine acceleration In known automatic devices, a freewheel is incorporated to allow changing down at full throttle, or the conditions present with a freewheel are reproduced Basically, this method of changing down takes the shortest time, as the engine is declutched from the car for a short period and its full power is available for acceleration However, the change-down is not ideal, because the drive is interrupted. An object of the present invention is to make changing-down possible without interrupting the drive In the gear-changing means according to the invention, non-positive clutches are so operated that while the L Prir clutch for one gear, preferably a higher gear, is still engaged, the clutch for another gear is partially engaged with reduced clutch force, so that the first-named clutch is caused to slip until approximate equality of speed is reached at the second-named clutch, the latter thereupon being fully engaged, and the former disengaged Preferably, the clutch for the higher gear or each of the clutches for the several gears is a clutch, for example a magnetic-powder clutch, which permits clutch release under load without appreciable wear. The clutch may advantageously be controlled by means of an auxiliary force, for example hydraulically, pneumatically or electrically. One embodiment of the invention by way of example will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic side view of a two-speed gear which is to be operated by means according to the invention. Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of hydraulic means for operating the two-speed gear of Figure 1, the higher ( 2nd) gear being shown in engagement in Figure 2. Figure 3 is similar to Figure 2, but shows the gear lever in position for setting the low ( 1st) gear and the gear-change operation only partly completed, and Figure 4 is similar to Figure 3 but shows the final position with the low ( 1st) gear fully engaged and the higher ( 2nd) gear disengaged. In Figure 1, a driving shaft a is in driving connection through gearwheels a,, b, with a layshaft b A shaft c can be coupled to the layshaft by a clutch K, comprising two parts b 1, c' The shaft c is in driving connection with a take-off shaft d via gearwheels c,, d,. A clutch K, comprising two parts X 1, d' can couple the shafts a and d together. If it is assumed that the clutch K, for the higher gear is engaged, the shafts a and d rotate at the same speed, while the shaft b and the left half b' of the clutch K 1 rotate more 785,263 slowly than the shaft c or the right half cl of the clutch K If a change to the lower

gear is now begun by coupling the two halves b' and c' of the clutch together, initially with low pressure so that there is slip, torque is transmitted to a via c and b and via the constant-mesh gears b,, a, from the take-off side, i e from the shaft d The clutch K must be so controlled as to be able to transmit only slightly more than the engine torque Consequently, if additional torque is transmitted to K 2 via K, as previously described, the clutch K 2 gradually begins to slip, while the engine simultaneously accelerates, and the clutch K, will slip less and less to a corresponding extent. The driving torque at the shaft d has thus decreased by the amount delivered to the clutch K,, while the engine torque passed to the gearing is reduced by the amount by which the torque passed on from K 1 to K, exceeds the power-transmitting capacity of the clutch K If conditions do not alter, this process continues until there is equality of speed at the clutch K 1 due to the acceleration of the engine The path of the power transmission changes at this moment, in that the powver produced by the engine divides in the gearing in accordance with the capacity of the clutch K The torque on the driven side has been maintained approximately at the level of the higher gear and changes to the level of the lower gear only when K, is released If some pressure is applied to the clutch K,, there is an automatic change from K,, to K 1, so that it is then only necessary to release the clutch K after a certain time In any case, a prerequisite for effectively carrying out this method of changing down is a clutch K, which can be released without difficulty when unloaded Since known friction clutches are often unsatisfactory in this connection, other kinds of clutches, such for example as magnetic powder clutches, allowing such release are advantageously used. If ik is the transmission ratio of the constant mesh gears a 1/bl, and ig the transmission ratio of the gears cl/d,, the value of the engine torque during the change is:so M,=ME 2 is Mxl. As long as the clutch K 1 is not engaged, the torque 1 is transmitted in the clutch K 2. However, at the moment when K 1 is engaged, some of the engine torque is available for accelerating the engine, provided that the maximum torque for the clutch I Kn is being delivered It is thus possible to determine the rapidity of the gear change by the choice of M El and it follows from the equation for the driving torque at the take-off shaft d, Md = MX 2 M /f 41 that a certain value of Mic, must not be exceeded if Md is not to be negative and the vehicle braked, since Ma, is fixed When equality of speed prevails at the clutch K,, due to increase in engine speed, the following conditions exist: i, ix-1 Ma M^=M 2 I Zgig Zk In Figures 2-4 oil pressure for the operation of the gear-change system is delivered 70 by a pump 10 fitted with a safety valve 11 in

its delivery and driven by the engine The pump delivery passes via a main pipe 12 and pipes 13 and 14 to a primary slide valve U. This consists of a housing 15 and piston slide 75 16, the latter comprising individual pistons 17, 18, 19, 20, separating control spaces 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 The housing 15 communicates with exhaust or atmospheric pressure at 23 a The piston 16 is under the influence 80 of a spring 26 acting upon its upper end. The bottom space 21 communicates via a pipe 27 with a control slide valve S,, the piston 28 of which is under the influence of a spring 29 at one end, which spring can be 85 additionally stressed by a lever 29 a connected to the accelerator The opposite end of the piston 28 is loaded by pressure fluid admitted to the space 30 from the pipe 27 The cylinder of the piston 28 communicates at 31 with 90 the pipe 12, arnd at 31 a with the exhaust or atmosphere The valve S operates to set up a pressure in the pipe 27 and in the space 21 dependent on the position of the throttle of the engine, and under the action of the 95 spring 29. A pipe 33 leads from the space 22 of the valve U to the gear-change slide valve W comprising a stepped piston 34 with a smaller individual piston 35, and a larger individual 100 piston 36 The latter has an endwise projecting abutment piece 37 The stepped piston 34 is subjected to the action of a spring 38, coiled around the abutment piece 37, and individual pistons 35 and 36 separate spaces 105 39, 40, 41 The clutch K for the higher speed communicates with the space 40 via a pipe 43. A pipe 46 leading to the space 41 of the valve W communicates on the one hand with 110 the control space 23 of the valve U via the pipe 44, and on the other with a pipe 47. The pipe 44 includes a throttle 45 hereinafter described The pipe 47 leads to a space 48 behind a piston 49 in a receiver or pressure 115 modifier R The pipe 47 also communicates via a branch 58 with a space 56 in a secondary slide valve 51 associated with the clutch K 1 The piston 49, which is subjected to the action of a spring 50, moves in the cylin 120 drical chamber of the pressure modifier R. The spring 50 is preferably dimensioned with a flat characteristic curve so as to determine an oil pressure corresponding to only part of the pressure required for full engagement of 125 the clutch K 1 An abutment 50 a limits the stroke of the piston to the right against the action of the spring 50. 785,263 The slide valve S, comprises a control piston 51, having individual pistons 52 and 53 and subjected at one end to the action of a spring 54 The pistons 52, 53 separate spaces 55, 56 and 57 The valve S, communicates via a pipe 59 with the clutch K, of the low speed Furthermore, its space 57 communicates via a pipe 60 with the pipe 43

leading from the valve W to the clutch K,. The valve S, further communicates via a pipe 61 with the main pressure pipe 12. A slide valve 52 in a pipe 62, 63 leading from the main pipee 12 to the space 55 in the slide valve S, is shown opening communication between the two pipe sections 62 and 63 but its piston 64 can be moved leftwards to separate the two pipe sections 62 and 63 from one another and to put the pipe section 63 into communication with exhaust or atmosphere represented by O The piston 64 can be thus moved by means of a lever which is swingable from the full line position marked "In" to the chain line position marked " Out ", in which latter position the automatic action of the gear-changing means is suppressed. The pipes under pressure are indicated in heavy lines in the several figures. The operation is as follows: Let a motor car, on which this system is fitted, be in the higher ( 2nd) gear with the engine partly throttled The pump 10 delivers oil under pressure to the main pipe 12, from which the pipes 13 and 14 branch off to the primary slide valve U The piston 16 is depressed by the action of the spring 26, assisted by pressure, obtained from a pump 320, dependent on the speed of travel At this time, the pressure in the space 21 is comparatively low Oil from the pump 10 flows via the pipes 12 and 13, space 22, and pipe 33 to the space 39 of the valve W and there acts on the small area 35 a of the stepped piston 34, which is thus displaced to the zight against the action of the spring 38 Pressure oil also flows from the main pipe 12 via the space and the pipe 43 to the clutch K, for the higher gear, and thus keeps this clutch engaged The pressure acting in the space 40 assists the pressure in the space 39 owing to the piston area 36 a being greater than the piston area 35 b The space 57 in the slide valve 5, simultaneously receives pressure via the pipe 60, so that such pressure, with the assistance of the spring 54, forces the piston 51 to the left and thereby shuts off the pipe 61 The pressure oil further flows from the main pipe 12 through the pipes 62 and 63 into the space 55, in which it acts on the surface 522 of the piston 51, but cannot overcome the pressure in the space 57 assisted by the spring 54 The higher speed clutch K, thus remains engaged, while the clutch K, for the low speed communicates at 23 a with atmosphere O via the pipes 58, 47 and 44, and thus remains disengaged. If a change to the low speed is initiated, for example by further opening of the throttle, the lever 29 a, Figure 3, is swung leftwardly and the spring 29 is additionally stressed This 70 causes a leftward movement of the valve 28 whereby the pipe 27 is put under a higher pressure as will be seen by comparing Figures 2 and 3 This pressure being admitted to the space 21 of the valve U causes the piston 75 16

of the latter to be moved into its upper end position against the pressure acting on the piston area 20 a and against the force of the spring 26 This shifting of the piston slide 16 causes the space 39 of the gear change 80 valve W to be evacuated via the pipe 33, the space 22 and the exit port 23 a, so that the pressure acting on the piston area 35 a drops to zero From the main pipe 12 and branch 14 pressure oil now reaches the throttle 45 85 via the space 23 and pipe 44, and is then divided between the pipes 46 and 47 From the pipe 47 it flows on the one hand via 58, 56 and 59 to the clutch K, of the low speed and on the other hand to the space 48 of the 90 pressure modifier R The pressure at the clutch K, is very low at the beginning, since a major paut of the pressure oil first of all flows with low opposing pressure by the spring into R, and thus pushes the piston 49 to 95 the right under the increasing resistance of the spring 50, so that the oil pressure in the pipe 47 gradually increases The same pressure is furthermore transferred via the pipe sections 47 and 46 into the space 41 of the 100 valve W and to the piston area 36 b thereof. Since the pressure in the space 40 (and thus also in the clutch K,) remains at full strength, the pressure on the large surface 36 a of the stepped piston 34 will first of all hold the 105 said piston in its right hand end position against the spring force 38 and the fluid pressure on the area 36 b. The slide valve S, also remains in its former left hand end position because of pressure 110 maintained in the space 57. The throttle 45 in the pipe 44 is so designed as to have a fairly heavy resistance in the charging direction, and a fairly light resistance in the evacuating direction Its pur 115 pose is on the one hand to prevent any perceptible reduction in pressure in the main pipe 12, and thus a reduction in coupling pressure of the clutch K,, when the pipe 44 is put to exhaust or atmosphere, and on the other hand 120 to control the charging time of the clutch K, in co-operation with the modifier R. Referring to Figure 4, it will be seen that the piston 49 of the modifier R has now moved fully to the right, and has been arrested by 125 the abutment 50 a This causes the pressure to rise to the full pressure in the pipe 12, such pressure being transmitted via the space 56 of the valve S, to the clutch K,, so that this clutch K, is subjected to full clutch pressure 130 785,263 as is indicated by the thick broken lines in Figure 3 The pressure through the pipe section 46 and acting on the surface 36 b of the differential piston 34 simultaneously increases, so that this pressure in conjunction with the spring 38 overcomes the differential pressure acting on the surfaces 36 a-35 b, and displaces the piston slider 34 to the left to the position seen in Figure 4 This causes the main pipe 12 to be shut

off by the piston 36, and the pipe 43 to be simultaneously placed under zero pressure at 40 a, the clutch K 2 of the higher speed being left without pressure and therefore becoming disengaged. The space 57 communicating with the pipe 43 via the pipe 60 is simultaneously deprived of pressure, so that the pressure acting on the piston area 52 a displaces the piston 51 to the right against the spring 54 as shown in Figure 4 This causes the pipe 59 of the clutch K 1 to be shut off from the pipe 58, and put into direct communication with the pipe 61, so that the clutch K, is placed directly under the pressure of the pipe 12 The clutch K, of the low speed is consequently now fully engaged, while the clutch K 2 of the higher speed is fully released. For the change up again into the higher speed, the piston of the slide valve S, is again relieved of the pressure of the spring 29 by a rightward swing of the lever 29 c to the position seen in Figure 2, which causes the piston slider of the primary valve U to be again moved into its bottom position by the spring 26, in consequence of a reduction in pressure in the pipe 27 This causes the pressure modifier R, the pipes 46, 47 and the piston space 41 of the valve W to be evacuated to zero at 23 a via the former pressure pipe 44 and via the space 23 of the valve U The differential piston 34 moves to the right under the action of pressure fed via 22 and 33 to the space 39, and acting on the piston area a, which causes pressure oil again to pass from the main pipe 12 to the clutch K and the higher gear again to be engaged The pressure oil branched from 43 and acting on the piston area 53 a displaces the piston 51 to the left at the same time and thus shuts off the supply from the pipe 61 to the clutch K,. The latter is thus released, but only after K 2 is fully engaged Unffiterrupted powertransmitting connection is thus ensured, also when changing up, by overlapping engagement of the clutches The pressure acting in the space 25, and dependent on speed of travel, causes the change down to take place the later and the change up the earlier the higher the speed of travel-assuming the same pressure in the space 21. The valve 52 represents a device for rendering the automatic gear-changing means operative (position marked "In") or inoperative (position marked " Out ") Movement of the valve S by its lever from the " In " position to the Out " position closes communication between 62 and 63 so that the piston area 52 a is deprived of pressure This causes the piston slider of the valve 51 to remain constantly in its left-hand end position, so that the clutch 70 K 1 can obtain pressure only via the pipe 47. The gear-change means according to the inevution can be used also with more than two gears, the operation between each two gears, i.e between each higher and lower gear, being 75 as described above.

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* GB785264 (A)

Description: GB785264 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to the treatment of cut edges of thermoplasticfabric

Description of GB785264 (A)

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COMPLETE SPECIFICATION 4Improvements in or relating to the treatment of cut edges of thermoplastic fabric'" I, VICTOR UZIEL, a Citizen of the French Republic, of 24, rue Sainte-Foy, Paris 11", France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be

performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: It is known that textile fabrics composed of threads of synthetic materials, such as those known under the trade names of NYLON, PERLON, have the drawback, when they are cut-out, of becoming frayed along the cut edge. The result of this is that when the parts of an article made of material of this kind are cut-out, the cut edge does not remain clean and rapidly becomes unfit for sewing, or when it has once been sewn, the cut piece does not remain attached by its seam, which is still more serious. In order to obviate this disadvantage, it has been proposed to effect the cutting out of nylon fabrics or other threads of plastic materials by means of a special heated tool. With this instrument, there is produced a melting effect of the plastic material at the point of contact and this melting severs the material with a clean edge which does not fray. This method of working, while it avoids fraying, is however not applicable in satisfactory conditions except when severing a single piece of material. However, a method of cutting out piece by piece is not very convenient in the manufacture of ready-made goods which, if it is to be economic should connote the simultaneous cutting out of multiple thicknesses, to which will be applied the term "cutting-out in mass It has indeed been envisaged to carry out mass cutting operations of nylon fabrics or the like by means of a heated tool. When applied directly, this method of cutting was found to be bad, since the action of the heat through which the cutting of the materials is obtained, causes the cut edges of the various superposed materials to stick together. In order to avoid this sticking, it has been proposed to interpose between successive fabrics, intermediate substance such as paper for example. This device however did not prove satisfactory, since the cut material sticks to the interposed paper. In addition, the more forcible application of the heating tool creates blackened zones, which are, in a sense, burnt and which are thus marked in an indelible manner and appear in the finished -article, producing an unsightly effect. These zones remain visible even if they are on the inside of the seams, by reason of the transparency of the material. In any case, cutting out with a heated tool is only applicable with a limited number of layers of superposed fabrics. If the thickness becomes too great, the upper layers show traces of burning while the lower layers are not heated sufficiently to be cut. The result of this

is that, in the mass manufacture of articles of NYLON, PERLON, or other synthetic fibres, cutting out in mass has had to be abandoned and it has been necessary to fall back on cutting out piece by piece with a heated tool, which is extremely costly. The present invention has for its object to remedy the drawbacks referred to above and to permit of cutting out in mass fabrics of plastic materials, with its attendant advantages. According to the invention there is provided a method of stabilising (that is preventing fraying of) the cut edges of multiple thicknesses of superposed fabrics of synthetic material, by heating, in which the pieces that are cut out are simultaneously subjected to a flow of gas applied to their edges and brought up to a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the synthetic material constituting the said fabric. The invention consists in carrying out the cut on superposed fabrics of any number of layers by the usual mechanical means and, as soon as the cut has been made, to subject the edges of the cut fabric to the transient action of a flow of gas heated to a temperature greater than the melting point of the plastic material. By this method, the cutting out is effected in accordance with the usual method of operation in the case of textile fabrics of natural fibre yarn, with the known advantages of this method. But with this method of working, the fraying which would inevitably be produced in the case of fabrics of synthetic materials, is avoided by fixing the cut edges by the contact of the heated flow of gas. This contact is effected by passing a flame or a current of heated air rapidly over the edges of the cut pile of fabrics. The passage of the flame or hot air may be carried out in one or more operations. Preferably, number of successive passages may be made to-and-fro along each of the edges of the cutout mass from one extremity of the edges to the other. It is desirable, when presenting the whole assembly of the superposed cut-out fabrics to the hot gases, that the pieces be held together but left free. It is in fact advantageous if the various pieces are not in close contact. It is even preferable that they should be definitely detached from each other during the passage of the hot gases. To this end, it is an advantage to cause separation of the various pieces of fabric, before the passage of the hot gases, by shaking the whole mass, by blowing on the edges, or by giving them a slight relative displacement. By proceeding in the manner described above, the stabilisation of the edges of all the multiple pieces of fabric cut is ensured simultaneously under conditions which are definitely better than those obtaining with the use of the heated tool, with no risk of undesirable

blackened points. This work is carried out with very great rapidity under conditions favourable for good productivity. It also effects considerable economy in labour and time. The device for producing the hot gases is preferably arranged in such manner that it can work at different rates and that these rates are adjustable. This special feature enables the jet to be adapted to the necessities of the case to which it is applied. of obtaining a jet of gas, the heat of which is more or less intense, depending on whether the apparatus is in course of treating the cut edges of the pile or whether it is at rest. On the other hand, it enables the intensity of the jet of gas to be regulated in accordance with the nature of the fabric of which the edges are to be stabilized. A specific embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the attached drawings in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view of the stabilising of the edges of a pile of cut-out fabrics by means of a flame. Figure 2 shows in detail and partly in cross-section the device shown in Figure 1 for producing the flame. Figure 3 is a view in perspective of the stabilising of the edges of a pile of cut-out fabrics by a jet of hot air. Figure 4 is a view in detail and partly in cross-section, of the hot air generator of Figure 3. By the method of the invention, a pile or mass 10 of layers of superposed nylon fabric is cut-out in the same way as is usual with the fabrics of other textile materials such as wool, linen, cotton, etc. The contour to be cut out is marked on the top fabric and the whole thickness of the materials is cut by means of a saw, for example, moved along the contour. When the cutting-out is completed the mass of cut-out pieces is hung up or is brought to the edge of the work-table 11. A flame 12 Figure 1 or a jet of hot air 13 Figure 3 is then passed along the edge of the cut pile. In the case of Figures 1 and 2, the flame is produced by a portable gas burner. This is composed of a nozzle 14 to the centre of which the combustible gas is admitted through the pipe 15. Around the pipe 15 is mounted the circular member 16 which is provided with air-admission orifices 17, and on which is fixed the inner circular edge of the nozzle 14. The latter is so shaped as to have at 18 an elongated end section. The unit comprised by the nozzle 14 and the pipe 15 is mounted in a protecting cylinder 19. The pipe 15 is connected through a coupling 20 to the adjustment device 21. The coupling 20 is also connected to the supply tube 22, which latter is surrounded by a protective tube 23 of

perforated metal sheet which serves as a handle for using the device. A protective plate 24 is also provided. The tube 22 is connected to the source of gas by a flexible tube 25. When the gas is lit, the device produces a flame 12 in the form of a vertical layer by reason of the elongation of the extremity 18. This flame is brought into contact with the edges of the pile of fabric 10 and it is moved in the horizontal direction. The flame is passed over the edges of the material one or more times to ensure the melting of the edges and their stabilisation to prevent fraying. By reason of the blowing induced by the flame, the edges of the superposed fabrics melt and set without adhesion to each other. Instead of bringing the edges of the superposed fabrics into the same vertical plane, they may be slightly staggered with respect to each other, as shown in Figure 3. In this Figure the stability of the edges of the material has been secured by means of a device for blowing air heated by electric resistances. This device is composed of a casing 26 Figure 4, to which is fixed a tube 27 which carries the heating resistances 28. Inside the casing is mounted a fan 29 driven by a motor 30 Figure 3. The casing 26 is provided with a handle 31 and, by known means, with appropriate electrical apparatus for controlling the intensity of the heating, the speed of the fan, and other such measuring and control apparatus. The whole unit is connected to the current supply by the plug 32 and the flexible connection 33. The tube 27 is provided with a protective casing 34 of perforated sheet steel provided with a guard 35. When the connection 33 has been plugged in, the apparatus produces a jet of hot air at the outlet of the tube 27. When a suitable temperature has been reached, by applying the blown hot air over the edge of the pile of fabric 10, the edges are melted, thus preventing fraying. What I claim is : 1. A method of stabilising (that is, preventing fraying of) the cut edges of multiple thicknesses of superposed fabrics of synthetic material by heating, in which the superposed pieces that are cut out are simultaneously subjected to a flow of gas applied to their edges and brought up to a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the synthetic material constituting the said fabric. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the gaseous flow is a current of air heated by electrical resistances. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the gaseous flow is supplied by the flame of a gas burner. 4. A method as claimed in claim 3 in which the flow of gas is applied to the edges of the fabric in an elongated jet.

5. A method of preventing fraying of the edges of mass-cut multiple thicknesses of superposed fabrics of synthetic materials substantially as hereinbefore described.

* GB785265 (A)

Description: GB785265 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Continuous hot dip galvanizing of metal strip

Description of GB785265 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 10 No 8 10156. Application made in United States of America on Aug 19, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 82 ( 2), G 2 (A: B: E: Q: Z 1: Z 3), G 6, G 7 (A: F: G). International Classification:-C 23 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Continuous, Hot Dip Galvanizing of Metal Strip We, WHEELING STEEL CORPORATION, a Corporation organised under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Wheeling, West Virginia, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to the continuous hot dip galvanising of metal strip and more particularly to improved process steps and combinations of elements of apparatus which contribute importantly to the ability to produce galvanised strip of optimum quality at unprecedented speed. As continuous line speeds -have increased during the past decade or so great difficulty has been experienced in producing by continuous hot dip galvanising galvanised strip of uniform optimum quality The increased speed of the strip produces a strong tendency of the strip to carry with it an excessive quantity of spelter as the strip emerges from the bath of molten spelter and there is also a tendency for the

coating on the galvanised strip to be relatively thick near the edges of the strip and relatively thin near the center of the strip. It is possible by the use of grooved exit or coating rolls to counteract to some extent the above mentioned tendencies, but for the higher speeds grooved exit rolls do not adequately serve the purpose Moreover, while for some intermediate speeds grooved exit rolls might be designed which would produce galvanised strip of optimum quality for a particular strip speed in the application of a particular weight of coating to a strip of a particular gauge, such rolls would not be satisfactory if the conditions should be substantially changed. We have found that the tendency of the strip to carry an excessive amount of molten spelter up out of the bath when the strip speed increases can be counteracted or coml Price 785 265 O 1956. pensated for by regulating the drive of the exit rolls so that the exit rolls inhibit the movement of spelter upwardly between the rolls We may reduce the speed at which the 50 exit rolls are driven or we may maintain the exit rolls stationary The direction of drive of the exit rolls may be reversed and the exit rolls may be driven in reverse either at the speed of the strip or slower or faster The s S direction and speed at which the exit rolls should be driven depends upon the speed and gauge of the strip and the thickness of coating desired Generally speaking, the faster the speed of the strip and the thinner 60 the coating desired the greater should be the difference between the speed of the strip and the speed of the exit rolls For medium speeds when it is desired to apply a coating of medium thickness to the strip the exit 65 rolls may be driven at a speed somewhat slower than the speed of the strip If the speed of the strip is increased or it is desired to apply a thinner galvanised coating to the strip it may be desirable to stop the exit rolls 70 and draw the strip between them while standing still For higher strip speeds and relatively thin coatings the exit rolls should be driven reversely to the direction of the strip, the speed of the exit rolls being regulated to 75 produce galvanised strip having a coating of desired thickness. Another factor which causes difficulty is the capillary attraction of the strip for the spelter The exit rolls will break down the 80 capillary attraction to a certain extent but their ability to do so is lessened as the strip speed and coating thickness increase We have found it highly desirable to provide means engaging the strip in the molten spel 85 ter bath before the strip reaches the exit rolls to inhibit the tendency of spelter to cling to the strip, or, in other words, to break down the capillary attraction of the strip for the spelter We desirably bring rolls to bear g against the respective faces of the strip in the bath before the strip reaches the exit rolls.

The means engaging the strip in the bath before the strip reaches the exit rolls to inhibit the tendency of spelter to cling to the strip should be so positioned relatively to the exit rolls that substantial capillary attraction of the spelter to the strip cannot be set up between said means and the exit rolls If such means are spaced too far away from the exit rolls capillary attraction between the strip and the spelter may be set up all over again before the strip reaches the exit rolls even though it has been reduced by such means We prefer to employ opposed rolls in the bath arranged to bear against the respective faces of the strip before the strip reaches the exit rolls and thereby inhibiting the tendency of spelter to cling by capillary attraction to the strip, such opposed rolls being so positioned relatively to the exit rolls that substantial capillary attraction of the spelter to the strip cannot be set up between such rolls and the exit rolls The capillarity reducing rolls desirably have faces resistant to wetting by molten spelter Such rolls may be made of stainless steel or they may be chromium plated or surfaced with some hard, glassy material resistant to wetting by molten spelter Materials which are resistant to wetting by molten spelter are known to those skilled in the art. The capillarity reducing rolls are preferably relatively resiliently urged toward the strip One of those rolls may be mounted for rotation about a fixed axis and the other may be resiliently pressed toward the roll which is mounted for rotation about a fixed axis. The distance between the capillarity reducing rolls and the exit or coating rolls de4 pends upon the speed of the strip, the gauge of the strip and the thickness of the galvanised coating being applied to the strip It is not possible to state empirically what that distance should be just as it is not possible to state empirically just what the direction and speed of the exit rolls should be since the variables which have been mentioned have to be taken into consideration Ilowever, a person skilled in the art following our teaching will have no difficulty ascertaining the optimum direction and speed of the exit rolls and the optimum distance between the capillarity reducing rolls and the exit rollsfor a particular strip speed coupled with a particular strip gauge and a particular thickness of coating. Either grooved or ungrooved exit rolls may be used For ungrooved rolls the speed differential between the rolls and the strip for high strip speeds may be somewhat less than when grooved rolls are employed. The capillarity reducing rolls may be pressed together by any convenient means, the purpose being to press those rolls against the strip with sufficient pressure so that as the strip advances it will cause the capillarity reducing rolls to turn by engagement with the

strip Thus normally the capillarity reducing rolls, being driven by the strip, turn at a peripheral speed substantially equal to 70 the linear speed of the strip. The capillarity reducing rolls are preferably of smaller diameter than the exit rolls. We have found that generally speaking it is desirable to have the capillarity reducing 75 rolls not greater than about three inches in diameter They are preferably ungrooved and as above stated preferably have faces resistant to wetting by molten spelter For example, the capillarity reducing rolls may be go made of, or at least faced with, the alloy sold under the registered trade-mark "Duralloy" or the alloy sold under the registered trade-mark "Stellite " For very high speeds it may be desirable SS to provide capillarity reducing rolls in tandem, i e, to provide more than one set of such rolls engaging the strip successively as the strip advances through the spelter bath toward the exit rolls 90 Other details, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the following description of a present preferred embodiment thereof and a present preferred method of practising the same proceeds %S In the accompanying drawing we have shown a present preferred embodiment of the invention and have illustrated a present preferred method of practising the same, the figure being a fragmentary view partly in 100 elevation and partly in vertical cross-section of a hot dip galvanising pot incorporating our invention. We have found that when the exit rolls of a galvanising pot are rotated so that their t 05 peripheral speed equals the linear speed of the strip being galvanised there is a critical speed range beyond which the coating cannot be effectively controlled either as to weight or as to quality due to the fact that 110 the increased strip speed tends to carry an excess of molten spelter into the exit rolls, largely by capillarity, which excess spelter cannot be properly distributed over the exit rolls and the strip At times streams of ex 115 cess coating metal and imperfections occur on the coated strip and the longitudinal edges of the strip may be relatively heavily coated due to the excess of molten spelter carried up by the exit rolls We have found 120 that the critical speed above referred to is in the range 140-160 feet per minute The critical speed varies with the gauge of the strip being coated, the composition of the spelter bath, the fluidity of the bath, the tem 125 perature of the bath and the thickness of the coating being applied to the strip. Continuous galvanising lines are now operated at speeds above 300 feet per minute and speeds in the range 500-600 feet per 130 785,265 ing The capillarity reducing rolls 7 and 8 have faces resistant to wetting by molten spelter and are relatively resiliently urged toward the

strip In the form shown the roll 7 is mounted for rotation about a fixed axis 70 and the roll 8 is resiliently pressed toward the roll 7 The roll 8 is rotatably mounted in a pivoted mounting structure 9 which is pivoted at 10 to a stationarily mounted bracket 11 Connected with the mounting struc 75 ture 9 is an outwardly extending arm 12 carrying a weight 13 which is adjustably positonable along the arm The structure 9, the arm 12 and the weight 13 are to all intents and purposes unitary and the weight 80 may be adjusted along the arm as desired to resiliently press the roll 8 toward the roll 7 with the desired force The rolls 7 and 8 are both freely rotatable and are turned by the movement of the strip in contact therewith 85 The rolls 7 and 8 are so positioned relatively to the exit rolls 4 that substantial capillary attraction of the spelter to the strip cannot be set up between the rolls 7 and 8 and the rolls 4 The rolls 7 and 8 reduce or break 90 the capillary attraction of the spelter for the strip and thus cooperate with the exit rolls 4 in controlling the application of the spelter to the strip. As mentioned above, the direction in 95 which the exit rolls 4 are driven and the distance between the rolls 4 and the rolls 7 and 8 cannot be empirically stated and depend upon the speed of the strip, the gauge of the strip and the thickness of the coating applied 100 to the strip However, by slowing down the speed of the rolls 4 relatively to the strip, or stopping or reversing the direction of the rolls 4 as above explained, and maintaining the distance between the rolls 4 and the rolls 105 7 and 8 as above explained, galvanised strip of optimum quality can be produced at unprecedented speed.

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* GB785266 (A)

Description: GB785266 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in and relating to tooth brush supports

Description of GB785266 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,266 Hi 11 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Jan 12, 1956. No 1116/56. 1 Complete Specification Published Oct23, 1957. Index at Acceptance: -Class 131, D 4. International Classification: -A 47 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Tooth Brush Supports I, EUGENE KIMEL, citizen of the French Republic of 13, Rue Jean Mace, Paris (Seine), France, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to a tooth brush support adapted to be fixed to the flat under side of a shelf of the type currently used in bathrooms and the like. Disorder generally prevails on a shelf when the tooth brushes are mixed up with various other toilet articles, and this disorder is unhygienic Supports or racks of known type provided for remedying this are disadvantageous in that they must be secured to the wall and are relatively cumbersome and unattractive. The support embodying the invention has no such drawbacks, and comprises a tray having an open front side and a bottom which is preferably rearwardly and downwardly inclined and to which are attached oblique spaced partitions forming compartments for the

individual housing of the tooth brushes and, if desired, tooth paste or the like, the upper part of the tray being so arranged as to be held by suitable fixing means against the under side of the shelf, which thus forms a cover for the tray. According to another feature of the invention, each of the side walls of the tray comprises a ledge whose upper part is applied against the under side of the shelf and whose lower part is so arranged that it is capable of receiving the fixing means fixing the support to the shelf. Such a support takes up a mi Tnmum amount of space and does not require to be secured to the wall Owing to the oblique arrangement of the partitions, the tooth brushes do not protrude beyond the shelf and are immediately accessible The support, forming a tray covered by the shelf, prevents dust from settling on the brushes but leaves them exposed to the air thereby facilitating drying. Further features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the ensuing lPrice 3 s 6 d l discription with reference to the accompanying drawing, to which the invention is in no way limited. In the drawing:Fig 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of the invention; Fig 2 is a partial perspective view of a method of attaching the support to the shelf; Fig 3 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention; Fig 4 is a partial perspective view of a method of attaching a support having three grooves to the shelf, and Fig 5 is a partial perspective view, with a part cut away, on another method of attaching the support to the shelf. The tooth brush support embodying the invention is adapted to be fixed to a shelf T which is of glass or other material and of the type in current use in bathroom fixtures In the embodiment shown in Figs 1 and 2, this support, which is preferably of plastic material, consists of a tray 1 the front side of which is open The bottom 2 of this tray is rearwardly and downwardly inclined and supports oblique partitions 3, four in the presently described embodiment, which are parallel to one another and evenly spaced apart Adjacent partitions 3 thus form a compartment 4 in which may be slid a tooth brush B which abuts against the rear wall 5 of the tray The inclination of the partitions, as shown in Fig 1, is rearward and towards the left The compartments 4 are completed by additional compartments or housings 6 and 7 The compartment 6 is disposed between the end partition 3 a, and the side wall 9 of the tray, this side wall being cut away at 8 to permit a further tooth brush to be disposed therein The compartment 7, disposed between the end partition 3 b and the side wall 10 of the tray, is intended to receive a tooth-paste tube or other article A notch 11 is formed in the rear end of the wall 10 and the rear end of the partition 3 b is spaced further away from the rear wall 5 than the other partitions, so as to senable an article larger than a tooth

brush to be disposed in the compartment 7. 785,266 In each compartment adjacent the rear wall 5, there is preferably provided a rib 13 on the bottom 2 and an aperture 14 in the latter, so as to expose the brushes of the tooth brush to the air and allow the water to drain away from the bristles when they are wet, this draining being assisted by the downward inclination of the bottom 2. Each side wall 9, 10 is extended at its upper end, for example in a direction perpendicular to the wall by a ledge 15 whose upper face is applied against the under side of the shelf T. The lower face of this ledge comprises at least one groove 16 for receiving at its front end one of the branches 17 of a resilient clip 18 (Fig 2), the other branch 19 of this clip being applied against the upper face of the shelf, thereby clamping the support against the latter. The rearward extent of the tray and inclination of the partitions 3 are so chosen that, firstly, the front ends of the ledges 15 may be assembled flush with the corresponding edge of the bottom 2 of the tray being, however, disposed rearwardly of the edge 20, and, secondly, each tooth brush B, when pushed home in its compartment 4, does not protrude beyond the edge 20 and is therefore disposed rearwardly of the front edge of the shelf. It will be observed, furthermore, that the upper edge of the rear wall 5 is at a considerably lower level than the shelf T; this ensures that the rear part of the support is well aired. In the embodiment shown in Figs 3 and 4, rectangular openings 21 are disposed in each compartment 4 and in the compartment 6, and ensure that the heads of the tooth brushes are well aired and allow the water to drain from the bristles Each ledge 15 comprises three grooves 22, 23 and 24, the bottoms of these grooves being at varying distances from the upper face of the ledge 15, so that a single resilient fixing clip 18 engaged in the appropriate groove permits the support to be clamped against a shelf of any thickness within the usual limits in standard manufacture of shelves In this embodiment, the fixing clip 18 is mounted at the rear of the shelf T The notch 11 of the embodiment shown in Fig 1 has been eliminated, there being provided instead an extension forming an additional compartment 25 projecting from the side wall which increases the capacity of the compartment 7. Fig 5 shows fixing means 26 consisting of two members 27 and 28 which fix the support to the shelf These two members are brackets capable of sliding against one another owing to a pin and slot assembly The horizontal branches of the brackets 27 and 28 are applied respectively against the upper face of the shelf T and against the bottom of the groove 16 of the ledge 15, whereas the vertical branches are held

assembled and may be fixed in a position to -clamnp the support against the shelf, by means of a screw 29 whichextends through a slot 30 formed in the bracket 28 and is engaged in a tapped hole in the bracket 27. In this way it is possible to adapt the distance between the two horizontal branches of the brackets to the thickness of the shelf But 70 the main advantage of such a fixing means is that it permits an easy mounting of the support under and at the rear of the shelf In the embodiment shown in Figs 2 and 3, comprising a fixing clip mounted at the rear, 75 it is necessary to move the shelf m order to mnount the support, but with the presently described fixing means it is merely necessary to place the bracket 27 on top and at the rear of the shelf, apply it against the bracket 28, 80 previously placed under the shelf, and bring the two brackets in a position to permit screwing the screw 29 into the bracket 27 and thus obtain the fixation. The support embodying the invention has 85 therefore numerous advantages: it is unobtrusive, easy to mount and clean, simple and therefore cheap to manufacture. Although specific embodiments of the invention have been hereinbefore described, 90 many changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims Thus, the bottom 2 of the tray, instead of being solid, may be provided with 95 perforations or openings.

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* GB785267 (A)

Description: GB785267 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Procedure and apparatus for starting an oxidation process

Description of GB785267 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,267 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 16, 1956. No 1440/56. Application made in United States of America on Jan 18, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 111, Al; and 123 ( 2), A 20 X. International Classification:-CO 2 c F 22 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Procedure and Apparatus for Starting an Oxidation Process We, STIRLING DRUG INC a corporation organised and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware of 1450, Broadway, New York City, State of New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray, that a patent may, be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described' in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to the starting of a continuous chemical reaction and is more particularly concerned with the initiation of largescale continuous oxidation procedures using a starting temperature substantially less than that employed to maintain the reaction In British Patent Specification No 5706,686 there is, described' a procedure which involves the autogenetic oxidation of organic materials dispersed in an' aqueous medium This procedure has met with substantial commercial acceptance However, certain of the operating details have presented problems, one of the foremost of which was the proper technique for starting The patent states that the reaction mixture was heated to about 536 degrees Fahrenheit and the reactor was, filled about two-thirds full of waste sulfite liquor There after air was introduced, and because the reactor and reactants were at the reaction temperature, a reaction resulted, However, the difficulty of providing equipment and means for heating a system to 536 degrees Fahrenheit will be apparent to those skilled in the design and' operation of large-scale chemical process equipment, By the very nature of the oxidation procedure, certain insulation is normally employed to jacket the reactors and associated apparatus is required in order to prevent excess radiation loss, as well as to maimtain safety conditions around, the reaction equipment Thus, when oil rings) steam jackets, heating tubes, and, other conventional apparatus were employed there were design problems which presented difficulties in the economic operation of the process. It is, therefore, a principal object of the Present invention to provide a process for the starting of continuous autogenetic liquid phase oxidation reaction Still another object of the present invention

is to provide a reactor design which allows for the internal heating of the reactants and reactors, whereby the reaction is initiated at substantially lower temperatures than would predictably be required Still another object is to teach a method of starting and apparatusto accomplish starting which is of the simplest type wherein substantial starting fuel economies and where installational economies are realized' Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for starting an oxidation procedure which utilizes relatively low starting temperatures to start a continuous oxidation procedure Still another object of the present invention is to provide a process for the oxidation of aqueous phase organic carbonaceous matter which uses a relatively simple and easily controlled initiation technique Other objects will become apparent hereinafter, It has been unexpectedly found, and is herein first described, that an oxidation, procedure such as is described in British Patent Specification No 706,1686 that is continuous autogenetic liquid phase oxidation of combustible matter dispersed in water, may be readily accomplished by, heating the input liquor to a temperature somewhat less than 3 192 degrees Fahrenheit, andi less than' the temperature at which the reaction normally occurs, but above approximately 280 degrees Fahrenheit The pressure of the reactor will be maintained, at about that maintained during the reaction when initiated and self-sustaining Reactor pressures are obtained in the reactor by pumps and compressors After the reactor and pipes are heated to this temperature, liquor which has been heated to a temperature above about 280 degrees Fahrenheit but less than the temperature at which the process becomes self-sustaining, is pumped into the reactor under about the normal reactor pressure, in' the presence of at least a stoichiometeic amount of an oxygen containing 'gas Under given conditions of temperature and pressure, unexpectedly, it has been found that oxidation will be initiated sufficient to "trigger" the oxygenating process to self-sustaining conditions within a relatively short period of -time and with great fuel economies The oxidation being exothermic in nature will cause heating of the reactor and surrounding equipment By leading the effluent therefrom in a heat exchange relationship with the incoming liquor and gas, a gradual temperature increase to the operating temperature can be obtained After the reaction has been initiated, the steam or other heating means is gradually shut off and the reaction proceeds independent of heat applied from an external source. In the Drawing: Figure 1 is a schematic circuit diagram showing the basic starting apparatus. Figure 2 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating the starting

process and apparatus as it appears in an actual process installation. For ease of discussion and simplicity in explanation, reference is made to the accompanying drawing which shows a typical layout for an oxidation procedure such as is described in British Patent Specification No 706,686 wherein a preheater arrangement is provided for the incoming liquor Liquor under a pressure of approximately that at which the normal reaction occurs, or at least sufficient pressure to cause it to enter the reactor, is run in a heat exchange relationship with a suitable unit for supplying heat from an external source whereby the liquor is raised in temperature above about 280 degrees Fahrenheit, but to a temperature less than that at which the reaction normally occurs within the reactor. Simultaneously with the introduction of liquor, air is introduced at a pressure in excess of that amount at which the reaction normally proceeds The pre-heated aqueous dispersion of combustible material and air is passed into the reactor which has been raised to a temperature above approximately 280 degrees Fahrenheit Desirably, this heating of the reactor may be accomplished prior to the introduction of the liquor by passage of steam therethrough. However, where recycling of the liquor does not present a problem or the waste disposal problem is not present, the liquor which has been pre-heated prior to introduction into thereactor can be used as heating medium for the reactor As temperature and the pressure con-. ditions within the reactor become favorable, oxidation will begin This oxidation-, once initiated and being exothermic in nature, causes a resultant heating of the reactor, and by recycling the reactor effluent, a heating of the incoming liquor and the reaction zone Thus, the reaction has been started. This triggering effect " has been very unexpected, in view of the fact that most prior art techniques for the starting of continuous reaction procedures have required that the reactor and reactants be brought to reaction temperature before the reaction can proceed In fact, in initial engineering for the commercial use of the process as described in British Patent Specification No 706,686 elaborate installations were developed which would allow 70 a heating of the reactor and the incoming liquor to the reaction temperature It was therefore unexpected to find that one could introduce the reactants at a mere 280 to 356 degrees Fahrenheit into a cold reactor, or reactor 75 at temperatures of no more than 280 to 356 degrees Fahrenheit, and have the reaction accelerate to rapid self-sustaining conditions. Simplicity in equipment and in starting procedures was thus made possible 80 As regards the oxidation technique, any aqueous organic dispersion which contains at least 3000 British Thermal units per American gallon in;the reaction zone may be autogenetically oxidized

This liquor is combined with an 85 oxygen containing gas in, an amount approximately sufficient to convert all the carbon to carbon dioxide, all the hydrogen to steam and the inorganic constituents to their stable oxides or salts of stable oxides under the conditions 90 of reaction. Figures 1 and 2 are schematic drawings illustrating the starting procedure and apparatus in a simple form In Figure 1 a steam line carrying live steam at a temperature above 280 95 degrees Fahrenheit is admitted to the reactor liquor feed line LL and is branched to pass through a starting heat exchanger Subsequently the steam is vented With this unique arrangement steam is admitted directly to the 100 reactor R and is placed in heat exchange relationship with the liquor supply line LL passing through heat exchanger HE Thus the apparatus and reaction zone R are elevated in temperature prior to the admission of any 105 aqueous dispersion of combustible material in liquor form. As herein used, the term " liquor" means " an aqueous dispersion of combustible material," unless otherwise defined The liquor is 110 then admitted through the exchanger HE and raised in temperature to at least 280 degrees Fahrenheit as the liquor is passed through the steam heated starting exchanger It will be observed that the flow of heating medium and 115 liquor is counter-current Valve A is closed, shutting off the heating medium moving through the reactor as the liquor and air mixture is moved through the starting exchanger HE The liquor and air mixture is admitted 120 and elevated to the desired starting pressure in the reaction zone R Oxidation will be observed? to commence immediately, and increase in amount until the auxiliary starting steam or other heating medium is unnecessary and 125 can be shut off It will be observed in Figure 1 that the auxiliary steam from the exchanger is vented or the condensate discharged It will be appreciated that this steam may be re-cycled or otherwise utilized as desired Similarly, 130 785,267 circuit when valve E is also closed and' the recycling of the already reacting liquor at building autogenetic pressure brings about further heating The exothermic heat is thus materially contributing to a thermal elevation 70 of the material being recycled As the temperature of the cycling mixture of air and liquor reaches a point in excess of 280 degrees Fahrenheit the oxygenation is proceeding 'at a rate which will sustain the process and the 75 starting steam is then no longer required. Valve B is closed;and valve E is opened permitting fresh liquor to enter the system Valve D is closed and cycling ceases while valve 'C is opened; and; the process is on stream 80 It has been demonstrated that the oxygenation process has been " triggeredl " by an external amount of heat substantially less than required to bring full autogenetic conditions to the filled reactor The balance of the heat

85 is obtained from the earliest oxidation within the system The starting process is closed and the material recycled until operating conditions obtain The fractional amount of total oxidation is utilized progressively to self-excite 90ultimate autogenetic thermal conditions. In operation, a liquor having a fuel' value of at least 3000 British Thermal Units per gallon, upon entry to the reaction zone, when, raised to a temperature above about 280 de' 95 grees Fahrenheit and below the autogenetic temperature at which self-sustaining continuous oxidation proceeds, was triggered " into autogenetic oxidation by recycling the heated liquor while applying external heat As the 100 exothermic heat became available the external heat was gradually diminished and ultimately shut off. The apparatus of Figure 2 is characteristic of a process for autogenetic liquidl phase oxy 105 genation of combustible materials dispersed in water The waste liquors such as spent pulping effluents, sewage, or finely comminuted garbage, or other combustibles, as illustrations, are stored or conducted directly to a pump cap 110 able of establishing and maintaining the necessary operating pressure within the continuous process The valve E is provided in the pumping line so that the supply of fresh liquor may be stopped in order to accomplish a closed cir 115 cuit recycling of liquor Such recycling is accomplished, as will be seen, when valve E is closed, valve C is closed, and valve D is opened Valve D permits conduit communication of liquor, and air in a closed circuit to 120 the pump The liquor and air then proceeds serially through 'a plurality of heat exchangers, Exchanger 1, Exchanger 2, and Exchanger 3, and air supplied by a compressor at a pressure in excess of the autogenetic pressure is admit 125 ted} to the flowing liquor An air receiver is normally employed between the compressor and the liquor line LL and the air admitted supplies at least the stoichiometric oxygen demand of the reaction The 'heat for the ex 130 recycling of the liquor can be accomplished as will become apparent as the description proceeds Figure 1 thus completely demonstrates the starting procedure and illustrates the required apparatus It is to be noted that the apparatus components considered individually constitute items well known in chemical processing It is the novel combination of apparatus utilized in starting autogenetic oxygenation that is believed to demonstrate inventive concepts. In Figure 2 the invention is illustrated in a complete plant so that several important modification' aspects are more clearly demonstrated when the starting is considered as a part of an operating plant The starting exchanger is illustrated as Exchanger 3 and it will be seen that valves A and B control admittance of heating media to either the

reactor and associated apparatus or the exchanger 31 or both. Valve B is the master steam entry control. Valve A, when open, admits steam to the reactor Valve A, when closed, shuts off steam to the reactor but does, not interfere with the steam moved through the exchanger 3 and subsequently vented When the process becomes self-sustaining the valve B is closed and exchanger 3 ceases to serve as a starter exchanger and becomes only a part of the conduit system moving the mixture of aqueous dispersion of combustible liquor and air to the reactor. The function of valves C and D should be noted with respect to the starting of autogenetic oxygenation When valve A is open and the master valve B is open it has been observed that steam is admitted to the reactor R The steam from the reactor R then moves, through the associated apparatus The steam passes through separator S', where the vapor serves to heat exchanger 2 The condensate from separator S' serves to heat exchanger 1 With valve C open rthe condensate is ultimately exhausted The vapors having heated exchanger 2, they are passed to separate 52 where the condensate is dropped out and vapor is vented. When the apparatus has been warmed to a temperature above at least 280 degrees Fahrenheit, the valve A is closed and the pump commences to move liquor into the liquor line LL. The liquor moves through exchanger 1 and is elevated in temperature from the storage temperature Between, exchanger 1 and exchanger 2 compressed air is admitted to the liquor line LL and as the mixture of air and liquor moves through exchanger 2 the temperature of the liquor-air mixture is further elevated The liquor-air mixture passes through exchanger 3 in heat exchanger relationship with the starting heat media and the temperature is still further elevated The liquor and air mixture enters the reactor l R where some oxidation commences The exothermic character of the reaction boosts the temperature of the liquor and air mixture (By closing valve C and opening valve D the liquor-air mixture is recycled in a closed 785,267 changers 1 and 2 is obtained by the hot effluent fluids, or hot effluent liquids, or hot effluent gases and vapors, as will be more clearly seen as the description proceeds A starting exchanger (exchanger 3) is supplied with heat from an external source such as steam When the process is self-sustaining the Exchanger 3 becomes a mere conduit for liquor moving into the reactor R or reaction zone. Substantially complete oxidation occurs within the reactor R, balancing the continuous input of fresh liquor and air Shut-off for the starting steam to exchanger 3 and to the reactor R is accomplished by the valve B in the steam supply conduit The valve A is provided, as previously mentioned to independently shut off steam to the Reactor R

and associated apparatus As the reaction proceeds gaseous, liquid, and/or solid components comprise the reaction effluent This combined effluent flows from the reactor R and into separator S' where the vapors and liquids are separated The hot vapors move by suitable conduits into heat exchanger 2 in countercurrent heat exchange relationship with the incoming liquor and gas mixture The cooled reactor effluent vapors and gases flow from the exchanger 2 to the separator 52 where liquid is dropped out and the exhaust gases are vented The back pressure valve BPV is set on the gas exhaust line as indicated and maintains constant operating pressure within the oxygenating process The liquid fraction of the effluent from the reactor R is separated in separator S' and moves by suitable conductors into heat exchanger 1 in heat exchange relationship with the incoming liquor When the liquid heating material exits from the exchanger 1 it is exhausted as indicated through line F A cooler is shown in phantom line although power equipment of suitable design, may utilize the energy of the outflowing oxidized liquor Similarly, although the exhaust gases are shown as being vented they may be utilized to power suitably designed energy transferring and transmitting apparatus, as for example turbines, expanders, and turbo generators. It is to be noted that when the oxygenating process is on stream the ash comprising inorganic residue is in soluble or slurry form with the exhausting oxidized liquor Chemical recovery can be employed in extractional treatment if the exhausted liquid of the oxidized liquor contains worthwhile fractions Also worthy of note is that no scrubbers are necessary for the removal of precipitate material and after months of operation very little scaling has been observed in the apparatus and conduits of the process apparatus Since heat economy is to be rigidly practiced suitable insulation sheaths are provided surrounding all of the equipment. In the employment of the indicated starting process and apparatus it is material to observe that a cold reactor can be " triggered " into starting in an average time of about one hour. The following data indicates a typical starting run series of conditions, where the readings were taken at approximately fifteen minute intervals: STARTING Ru N DATA Desired Operating conditions Constant 820 pounds per square inch gauge Constant 490 degrees Fahrenheit (approximate temperature of reactor effluent) Starting Steam Reactor and, associated apparatus warmed with starting steam Steam to reactor system cut off and liquor flow commenced with air mixture. Liquor rate 39 gallons per minute of semichemical paper mill waste having a fuel conpounds per square inch gauge Approximately 358

degrees Fahrenheit tent of about 5600 British Thermal Units per gallon. Air Rate-82 pounds per minute elevated 85 to 134 pounds per minute when on stream. 785,267. 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 2:00 Reading Units AM AM AM AM AM AM PM Air Receiver OF 223 230 241 250 255 260 280 Liquor After Ex 1 'F 148 151 151 153 251 281 388 Recycle Liq. After Ex 1 OF 215 206 190 177 212 250 257 Liquor & Air Before Ex 2 OF 176 182 187 185 227 245 275 Liquor & Air After Ex 2 OF 223 220 215 212 285 339 430 Vapors Before Ex 2 O F 362 358 351 345 337 337 474 Vapor After Ex 2 IF 208 210 205 201 277 327 442 Liquor & Air After Ex 3 'F 322 320 318 317 339 355 430 Reactor Effluent OF 358 352 345 344 392 450 491 Separator 51 OF 369 365 355 347 343 357 480 Separator 52 OF 263 260 247 230 240 259 440 At approximately 11:45 AM the stariting steam was cut completely off by closing valve B At 11: 45 ' AM the process was, considered started The process then advanced without additional external heating to the run conditions indicated in 2: 00 PM column This data was determined at the start of a routine run and the temperatures were observed in degrees Fahrenheit since the gauges employed were thus calibrated. Where starting steam at approximately 280 degrees Fahrenheit were utilized for starting and where the conditions indicated in starting run data for steam at 358 degrees Fahrenheit (as indicated in " Run Data " above) were otherwise present, a much longer time was required to "trigger" the process Self-sustaining conditions were reached after about four hours when the starting steam was shut off This time did not include time required to warm the apparatus in that the apparatus was at about 2; 80 degrees Fahrenheit when the starting steam was admitted to the system. While lower temperatures for starting are probably possible, the time element involved was believed to make them impractical Although steam has been described throughout as the particular starting heat medium it will be appreciated that any fluid at a temperature in excess of 280 degrees Fahrenheit will operate as satisfactorily In most installations it has been found that plant steam lines are the most convenient source for starting. Having thus described, specific embodiments the present invention is directed to the starting method and apparatus However, it is to be understood, that certain modifications within the skill of the art are to be included limited only by the scope of the hereinafter appended claims

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