480 sensors
-
Upload
ankit-yadav -
Category
Technology
-
view
427 -
download
0
description
Transcript of 480 sensors
![Page 1: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sensors
The New Generation Technology
![Page 2: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Group Members
Rashil MehtaYash BhanHarshit MathurAnkit YadavAnoop Kumar
![Page 3: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Transducers
• Transducer– a device that converts a primary form of
energy into a corresponding signal with a different energy form.• Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, optical,
chemical, etc.
– take form of a sensor or an actuator
![Page 4: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Sensor (e.g., thermometer)– a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus– acquires information from the “real world”
• Actuator (e.g., heater)
– a device that generates a signal or stimulus
realworld
sensor
actuator
intelligentfeedbacksystem
![Page 5: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Need of Sensors
• To be useful, systems must interact with their environment. To do this they use sensors and actuators.•Without the use of sensors, there would be no automation.• They are embedded in our bodies, automobiles, airplanes, cellular telephones, radios, chemical plants, industrial plants and countless other applications.
![Page 6: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Detectable Phenomenon
![Page 7: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Physical Principles
• Amperes' Law• A current carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiences a
force (e.g. galvanometer)
• Faraday’s Law of Induction• A coil resist a change in magnetic field by generating an
opposing voltage/current (e.g. transformer)
• Photoconductive Effect• When light strikes certain semiconductor materials, the
resistance of the material decreases (e.g. photoresistor)
![Page 8: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Describing Sensor Performance
A good sensor obeys the following rules:•Is sensitive to the measured property only•Is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application•Does not influence the measured property
![Page 9: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Range•maximum and minimum values that can be measured
• Resolution or discrimination• smallest discernible change in the measured value
• Error• difference between the measured and actual values• random errors• systematic errors
• Accuracy, inaccuracy, uncertainty• accuracy is a measure of the maximum expected error
![Page 10: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Precision• a measure of the lack of random errors (scatter)
![Page 11: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Linearity• maximum deviation from a ‘straight-line’ response• normally expressed as a percentage of the full-scale value
• Sensitivity• a measure of the change produced at the output for a given
change in the quantity being measured
![Page 12: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Choosing a Sensor
![Page 13: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of Sensors
• Sensors in nature• Acoustic, sound, vibration• Chemical• Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio• Environment, weather, moisture, humidity• Flow, fluid velocity• Navigation instruments• Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration• Optical, light, imaging, photon• Pressure• Force, density, level• Thermal, heat, temperature• Proximity, presence
![Page 14: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sensors in nature
All living organisms contain biological sensors with functions similar to those of the mechanical devices described. Most of these are specialized cells that are sensitive to:•Light, motion, temperature, magnetic fields, gravity, humidity, moisture, vibration, pressure, electrical fields, sound, and other physical aspects of the external environment•Physical aspects of the internal environment, such as stretch, motion of the organism, and position of appendages•Environmental molecules, including toxins, nutrients, and pheromones
![Page 15: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•Estimation of biomolecules interaction and some kinetics parameters• Internal metabolic milieu, such as glucose level, oxygen level, or osmolality• Internal signal molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines•Differences between proteins of the organism itself and of the environment or alien creatures.
![Page 16: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Acoustic, sound, vibration
Microphone
•A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal.• Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, hearing aids, motion picture production, radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP.
![Page 17: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Force Sensors
Hydrometer
•an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water.•Hydrometer is used in soil analysis.
![Page 18: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Light Sensors
• Light sensors are used in cameras, infrared detectors, and ambient lighting applications.
• Sensor is composed of photoconductors such as a photoresistor, photodiode, or phototransistor.
A typical photodiode
![Page 19: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Seismometer
•Seismometers are instruments that measure motions of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources.•Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.
![Page 20: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Temperature Sensor
• Temperature sensors appear in building, chemical process plants, engines, appliances, computers, and many other devices that require temperature monitoring.
Thermometer:• measures temperature or temperature gradient using a
variety of different principles.• has two important elements: the temperature sensor
(e.g. the bulb on a mercury-in-glass thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a mercury-in-glass thermometer)
![Page 21: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Calorimeter:•A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.• A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber.
![Page 22: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thermistor•A type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with temperature, more so than in standard resistors.•thermistors can be used as current-limiting devices for circuit protection, as replacements for fuses.•thermistors are used throughout the Consumer Appliance industry for measuring temperature. Toasters, coffee makers, refrigerators, freezers, hair dryers, etc. all rely on thermistors for proper temperature control.
![Page 23: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Proximity Sensor
• a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.• emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.•Used in parktronic, roller coasters, mobile devices
![Page 24: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pressure Sensor
Barometer
• a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.•Water-based barometers, mercury barometers, vacuum pump oil barometer, aneroid barometers, barographs are available
![Page 25: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Accelerometer•An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration.
Uses:•used to measure vehicle acceleration.•Camcorders use accelerometers for image stabilization.•Some smartphones use accelerometers to present landscape or portrait views of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held.
![Page 26: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Position sensor
Ultrasonic Sensor•used for position measurements• generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor
![Page 27: 480 sensors](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061221/54bdaaf24a7959f52d8b46df/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CO2 Gas Sensor
• CO2 sensor measures gaseous CO2 levels in an environment
•Measures CO2 levels in the range of 0-5000 ppm
•Monitors how much infrared radiation is absorbed by CO2 molecules