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* GB785158 (A) Description: GB785158 (A) ? 1957-10-23 Methods of preparing hydrofining catalysts and processes for using same Description of GB785158 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip [75][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes. PATENT ESPECIFICATION PATENT SPECIFICATION 785158 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 8, 1955. No 31873/55. Application made in United States of America on Dec 21, 1954. (Patent of Addition to No 742,764, dated Oct 1, 1953). Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. A Index at acceptance:-Classes 1 ( 1), A 3 81; and 91, 02 C. International Classification:-B Oj Clog. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Methods of preparing Hydrofining Catalysts and processes for using

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* GB785158 (A)

Description: GB785158 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Methods of preparing hydrofining catalysts and processes for using same

Description of GB785158 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip

[75][(1)__Select language] Translate this text into

The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT ESPECIFICATION PATENT SPECIFICATION 785158 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 8, 1955. No 31873/55. Application made in United States of America on Dec 21, 1954. (Patent of Addition to No 742,764, dated Oct 1, 1953). Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. A Index at acceptance:-Classes 1 ( 1), A 3 81; and 91, 02 C. International Classification:-B Oj Clog. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Methods of preparing Hydrofining Catalysts and processes for using same ERRATA SPECIFICATION No 785,158 Page 6, line 61, for "fractions" read "fraction" Page 6, line 70, for " where " read "where in'" THE PATENT OFFICE 10th 7 une, 1960 described in the said Patent Specification 742,764 can be used effectively in hydrofining processes when impregnated with a hydrofinng catalyst. The present invention consists of a method of preparing hydrofining catalysts which comprises reacting together sodium aluminate, aluminium sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous medium maintained at a p H between 9 and 10, filtering and washing the resultant

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precipitate, drying and heating the resultant alumina-silica composition, and incorporating an active hydrofining catalyst with the alumina-silica composition for example iispregnation or the "dry-mi " technique. Suitable hydrofining catalysts are cobalt molybdate, including mixtures of cobalt oxide and molybdenum oxide, and sullphides such as molybdenum sulphide or nickel-tungn sulphide. Specifically, catalysts containing Sto 20 weight per cent cobalt molybdate are especially valuable for hydrofining of heating oil fractions boiling in the range of from 400 -1100 F, lPtice 3 s 6 d l _-wc 4 S i 4 that, for example, dilute hydrogen from a hydroformer can be used in the hydrofining process A particularly desirable method of hydrofining is to' recycle appreciable quantities of hydrogen to the hydrofining unit in order to prevent carbonization of the catalyst. It is to be understood that the mild hydrofining conditions are secured by the adjustment of the above-named operating conditions For instance, if a relatively high liquid feed rate is used as compared to the amount of catalyst present, the higher temperature range may be employed On the other hand, if la very active catalyst is used, it is desirable to use a relatively high feed rate or to use a relatively low temperature The mild hydrofining conditions are measured by the amount of hydrogen consumption per barrel of oil feed Conventional hydrofining operations utilized for the desulfurization of certain stocks are conducted under conditions whereby the hydrogen consumption ranges from 150 to 600 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of oil These operations used heretofore in the art secured Fc E, 7-=D (P', i tz 'ri 7 '1 L) C 1 PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 8, 1955. No 31873/55. Application made in United States of America on Dec 21, 1954. (Patent of Addition to No 742,764, dated Oct 1, 1953) Complete-Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. 1853155 Index at acceptance:-Classes 1 ( 1), A 3 B 1; and 91, 02 C. International Classification:-B Olj Clog. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Methods of preparing Hydrofining Catalysts and' processes for using same We, Esso RESEARCH AND EN Gi NEERING COMPANY, a Corporation duly organised and existing under the laws of the state of Delaware, United States of Ameenca, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do, hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The present invention relates to the preparation of new and improved hydrofining catalysts.

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Patent Specification 742,764 is concerned with a method of preparation of microspheroidal particles of carriers or bases, suitable for use as supports for hydroforming catalysts, for instance when impregnated with an oxide of molybdenum, chromium or titanium, or with platinum or palladium We have now discovered that the catalyst supports described in the said Patent Specification 742,764 can be used effectively in hydrofining processes when impregnated with a hydrofining catalyst. The present invention consists of a method of preparing hydrofining catalysts which comprises reacting together sodium aluminate, aluminium sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous medium maintained at a p H between 9 land 10, filtering and washing the resultant precipitate, drying and heating the resultant alumina-silica composition, and incorporating an active hydrofining catalyst with the alumina-silica composition for example itnpregnation or the " dry-mix " technique. Suitable hydrofining catalysts are cobalt molybdate, including mixtures of cobalt oxide and molybdenum oxide, and sulphides such as molybdenum sulphide or nickel-tungsten sulphide. Specifically, catalysts containing 5 to 2 Oweight per cent cobalt molybdate are especially valuable for hydrofining of heating oil fractions boiling in the range of from 400 -1100 F, lPrice 3 s 6 d l ; zg R H particularly cracked oil fractions boiling within this range The hydrofining operation conducted on the cracked oil is desirably a " mild hydrofining operation " The alumina-silica composition preferably contains l P% to 51 % by weight of silica, particularly about 2 i% by weight of silica, based on the alumina content. The temperatures used in the hydrofining treatment are in the range from 4000 F to 700 F, preferably in the range from about 500 F to 650 F Pressures employed are in the range from 50 to, 250 pounds per square inch, preferably in the range from about 100 to 200 pounds per square inch The feed rates are ordinarily in the range from about 1-16 volumes of liquid per volume of catalyst per hour Preferred feed rates are most often in the range from 1-5 V/V/Hr The hydrogen in the gas to the hydrofining unit may vary from 50 to 10 Q% by volume This means that, for example, dilute hydrogen from a hydroformer can be used in the hydrofining process A particularly desirable method of hydrofining is to recycle appreciable quantities of hydrogen to the hydrofining unit in order to prevent carbonization of the catalyst. It is to be understood that the mild hydrofining conditions are secured by the adjustment of the above-named operating conditions For instance, if a relatively high liquid feed rate is usedas compared to the amount of catalyst present, the higher temperature range may be employed On the other hand, if la very active catalyst is used, it is

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desirable to use a relatively high feed rate or to use a relatively low temperature The mild hydrofining conditions are measured by the amount of hydrogen consumption per barrel of oil feed Conventional hydrofining operations utilized for the desulfurization of certain stocks are conducted under conditions whereby the hydrogen consumption ranges from 150 to 600 standard cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of oil These operations used heretofore in the art secured Hey) C. ki 785,158 -a substantial sulfur reduction ( 50 % to 90 %). In: the so-called " mild hydrofining operation " operating conditions are adjusted so that the hydrogen consumption i standard cubic feet per barrel does not exceed 60 and is preferably less than 40 Furthermore, the extent of the sulfur reduction when utilizing the mild hydrofining conditions is often as little as about 20 %. The effectiveness of the catalysts of the 10 present invention in the hydrofining of heating oils may be more clearly seen from the following experiments. In evaluating these catalysts, experiments -were conducted in which heating oils were 15 hydrolined heating oils used in these experiments had ithe inspections indicated in the following table: C_z Gravity, A Pl Distillation: IBP, 'F. % at 'F. % % % I 40 % % % % % % FBP, F, Recovery, % Carbon Residue ( 10 % Bottoms), Wt % Unblended Blended with Stock B Blending Value Potential Sediment, mg /100 ml. Suspended Sediment, Mg /100 il. Color, TR Colorhold, TR Doctor Test Westphal Gravity Bromine Number, cg /g. Mercaptan Number, mg S/100 ml. Total Sulphur,: Wt % Stock A West Texas Light Virgin' Heating Oil 36 6 332 387 398 ' 416 432 444 456 468 481 495 512 528 534 96.0 0.6 0.4 + 1 (S) 14-1/2 DNP 8410 3 O 68. 0.446 TABLE I Stock B Doctor Sweetened West Texas Virgin Heating Oil' 36 8 330 392 408 456 497 546 608 633 658 99.0 0.01 ' O Stock C Stock D 7000 F E P Blend of Thermal Heavy and Catalytic Catalytic Heating Oil 1 Heating Oil 21.9 402 490 508 531 552 571 593 610 633 650 670 690 696 97.0 14 3.6 13-1/2 3/4 DNP 9202 15.6 3.3 1.118 22.9 385 476 494 516 532 548 566 582 600 618 638 653 663 98.0 13 19 33 0.5; 1 4 0.2 13 1-3/4 DNP 9171 8.7 4.3 1.124 00 -A W : 1 3 1' 1 1 j 1 ' 1 1 f 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1: ' 1 1; In these experiments a c ployed which contained aboi molybdate supported on an by the reaction of sodium alu sulfate and sodium silicate medium maintained at a p H The silica-alumina precipital nique was filtered, washed, d impregnated with cobalt mol pregnation may be achieved,

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mixing an aqueous isolution and a molybdenum salt with t followed by heating to dehyd Suitable salts are cobalt nitrai ammonium molybdate Mo 13 may also be used For comp the heating oils identified wer with a cobalt molybdate catal a conventional form of silica-. also a commercially availabb molybdate supported on alum In a first series of experin A, identified in Table I, was the catalyst of this inventioi conditions and the results o are indicated in Table II for runs: TABLE II - Hydrofining West Texas Ligh Oil (Stock A) Over Catalyst Invention. Operating Conditions Temperature 'F. Feed Rate, V/Hr /V Pressure, psig. Feed Gas Rate, S CF/B r%H I Product Inspections 785,158 catalyst was em treated heating oil to zero The blended carbon it 15 '% of cobalt residue values shown were obtained by blendalumina obtained ing the treated heating oil in a 50-50 proninate, aluminum portion with a caustic washed heating oil havin an aqueous ing a carbon residue on 10 % bottoms of O 10; of about 9 to 10 -this was Stock D, identified in Table I It ed by this tech will be observed that the final blend had a lried, heated and carbon residue value of only 0 03 The blendybdate Such im ing value indicated in the Table is obtained by for example, by calculating the carbon residue which would be of a cobalt salt expected on the basis of the averaged values he silica-alumina, of the blended stocks as compared to the value rate the mixture actually obtained For example, since hydrote or acetate, and fined Stock A had a carbon residue of 0, rbdenium trioxide while Stock D had a carbon residue of 013, arative purposes, it could be expected that a 50-50 blend of e also hydrofined these stocks would provide a carbon residue yst supported on of about 0 07 Since the actual carbon residue free alumina and of the blend was only 0 03, however, the blende form of cobalt ing value of hydrofined Stock A is calculated Nma to be -0 07. ients, heating oil In other words, this data shows that by hydrofined with employing the catalyst of this invention, the i; the operating treated heating oil has the unexpected prof this treatment perty of actually reducing the carbon residue two typical test inspection on blending with an inferior oil below the value which could be expected on the basis of average inspection values This t Virgin Heating data demonstrates ithat heating oil hydrofined of the Present in contact with the catalyst of his invention exhibits a synergistic compatibility on blending with heating oil which has not been speciRun A Run B ally processed. ______ In a second series of experiments to evalu599 602 ate the catalysts of the present invention, 2.32 520 heating oil C, identified in Table I, was sub204 201 jected to a mild hydrofining treatment The

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conditions applied and results of this treatment are shown in Table III. 630 369 Hydrofining TABL IHI. 6130 369 Hydrofinig -Heavy Catalytic Heating Oil (Stock C) Over Catalyst of the Present Invention. Distillation IBP, 'F 320 310 /%: 390 390 % 402 -400 % 418 416 30 % 431 428 % 443 492 % 455 453 % 467 465 % 480 478 801 % p 493 491 > Carbon Residuee ( 10 % Bottoms), Wt '% Unblended ': Blended with Stock D Blending Value Sulfur, Wt l. Doctor Test 0 00 0.03 -0.07 0.08 Pass 0.00 0.03 -0.07 0.16 Pass It will be noted from this data that the hydrofining of heating oil stock A in contact with the catalysts of the present invention serves tor-reduce the carbon residue of the Operating Conditions Temperature, 'F. Feed Rate, V/Hr /V Pressure, psig. Feed Gas Rate, SCF/B %HP t Producit Inspections Distillation IBP, 'F. % % %,% % % 550 % % % 80.% 602 1.2 204 919 395 480502 529 551 571 591 610 628 & 647 785,158 Carbon Residue ( 101 % Bottoms), Wt % Unblended Blended with 501 % of Stock B Blending Value Sulfur, Wt J-% Doctor Test 0.02 0.02 -0.01 0.46 Pass -It will-be observed from this data that the catalyst of this invention was extremely effecfive in improving the burning characteristics of the heating oil which was treated, reducing the carbon residue value of this oil to only 0.02 The blended ccarbon residue value indicated in the Table was obtained by blending the heating oil which was treated in 50-50 proportions with a doctor sweetened virgin heating oil B of the nature-indicated in Table I Again, it will be observed that the hydrofining treatment with the catalyst of this invention resulted in a negative blending value, demonstrating an unexpected superiority of the catalyst for improving heating oils. As brought out by the data of Tables II and Ill, the catalyst of this invention is remarkably effective in improving the burning quality of heating oils The superiority of this catalyst is particularly marked by the characteristic that on blending heating oils, which have been hydrofined in contact with catalysts produced in accordance with this invention, with other normally incompatible heating oils, an unexpected improvement in the final blended carbon residue values results z In view of these results, it may readily be seen that these catalysts can be used to substantially improve the total output of blended heating oil from a refinery by reducing the proportion of this heating oil which must be subjected to special processing to pass burning quality inspections. For comparative purposes, reference may be made to comparable hydrofining runs using conventional catalysts In one such expeiimental

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run, heating oil A, indicated in Table I, was treated with a cobalt molybdate catalyst supported on a conventional silica-free alumina base The conduct of this process andl the results obtained are set forth in Table IV. TABLE IV. Hydrofining Virgin Heating Oil (Stock A) t O Over Conventional Cobalt Molybdate Catalyst. Operating Conditions Temperature, 'F. Feed Rate, V/V/Hr. Reactor Pressure, psig. Hydrogen Rate, SCF/B 600 1.01 1077 Product Inspections Gravity, O A Pl Distillation IBP, 'F. % % % 30,% % % % % 801 % % 95.% FBP, O F. Recovery % Loss, %/a 37.1 284 381 398 415 429 440 453 465 478 492 ' 508 520 536 98.0 Carbon Residue ( 101 % Bottoms), Wt,% Unblended Blended with 50 % of Cracked 11 O. ( 0.18 Carbon residue) Blending Value Color, TR Colorhold, TR Doctor Test Westphal Gravity Mercaptan Number, mg S/100 ml. Sulfur, Weight % 06 04 21-1/2 21 Passes 8367 0.39 s O It will be noted from this data that while 85 the conventional hydrofining catalyst was capable of improving the buining characteristics of the heating oil, this improvement was not nearly as marked as that obtained by-the use of the catalyst of this invention Again, it will 90 be noted that the blending value of the treated heating oil was a positive rather than a negative value, indicating that the /heating oil is somewhat less compatible for blending purposes than that produced with the catalyst of 95 this invention. Again, for comparative purposes, a heating oil hydrofining run was conducted employing a commercially available form of cobalt molybdate on alumina From previous experi 100 mental work, it had been established that this commercial catalyst was the most active commercially available catalyst This catalyst was employed to hythofine heating oil A, identified in Table I The conduct and results of this 105 experimentare shown in Table V. TABLE V. Hydrofining Virgin leating Oil (Stock A) Over Commercially Available Hydrofining Catalyst 110 Operating Conditions Temperature, 'F. Feed Rate, V/V/Hr. Reactor Pressure, psig. 600 1.02 ' I Total Gas Feed (Reactor Inlet) % -Hydrogen Hydrogen Rate, SCF/B Product Inspections Gravity, A Pl Distillation: TEP, 'F. % 2011 % 30,% % '% 601 % 70;% 80 i% 9 O ce, -/ % FBP, 'F. Recovery, l% Loss,;% Carbon Residue ( 10 % Bottoms), Wit % Unblended 02 Blended with 50 % of Cracked H O 11 (Carbon Residue 0 18) Blending

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Value 04 Color, TR l+ 19 (S) Colorhold (P S Test), TR '+ 16 (S) Doctor Test Passes Westphal' Gravity ' 8361 Mercaptan Number,' g S/100 mil 0 0 T 6 tal Sulfur, Wt',% 017 Again, it'will be observed that use of the conventional catalyst in ithis hydrofining operation failed to completely eliminate blending incompatibility as indicated by the higher blending value. 785,158

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* GB785159 (A)

Description: GB785159 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Method of preparation of mouldable copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile

Description of GB785159 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

BE543280 (A) FR1139810 (A) NL92712 (C) BE543280 (A) FR1139810 (A) NL92712 (C) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

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PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventors: CLIFFORD JONES, BRONSON ORA HARRIS and FRANK LAWRENCE INGLEY 785, 159 G Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 11,1955, No 32337/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 6), P 7 D( 2 A 1: 2 A 4: 8), P 7 K( 7; 8) P 7 F(IE 1; 3; 4 X: 6 B), P 8 D( 3 A: 8), P 8 K 7, P 8 p( 1 E 1; 3; 4 X; 6 B), International Classification;-CO 8 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Method of preparation of Mouldable Copolymers of Styrene and Acrylonitrile We, THE Dow CHEM Ic AL COMPANY, a Corporation organized and existing under the Laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Midland, County of Midland, State of Michigan, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a Patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by 'the following statement: - This invention relates to the preparation of thermoplastic copolymers by the interpolymerization of styrene and acryloniitrile More particularly, this invention provides a method for the interpolymnerization of styrene and acrylontirile whereby the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight lof the polymer product (are readily controlled in order that solid, mouldable resins may be obtained. Copolymers of from about 65 to about 80 per cent by weight of styrene correspondingly from about 35 to labout 20 per cent of acrylo. nitrile are known as "solvent resistant" resins, e g resins that are relatively resistant to attack by certain liquids such as gasoline, alcohol, water, aqueous acids and aqueous alkalies, even though these resins are swellable and/or dispersible in certain other liquids such as methyl ethyl ketone When properly prepared, such copolymers are strong, hard, rigid thermoplastics that are readily moulded and shaped into useful articles by conventional means, such as by compression or injection moulding, extrusion, welding, hot pressing, or the like. Coprolymers of stylrene and acrylonitrile in -the above-stated proportions have been obtained by subjecting monomeric mixtures of styrene and 'acrylonitrile to polymerization conditions However, it has been difficult to prepare consistently good copolymer products having satisfactory mechanical properties and lPrce 3 s 6 d 1 ESA moulding behaviour It is known that these characerstics of the product are, related to the average molecular weight of the copoly 45 mer It is further known that the most desirable combination of mechanical

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properties, (e.g strength, hardness, and flexibility) andi moulding behaviour (e g flow rate) is found in copolymers that have 'average molecular 50 weights such that 10 per cent by weight solutions of the copolymers in methyl ethyl ketone have viscosities between 6 land 40, preferably between 10 and 30, centipoises at a temperature of 250 C Since the copolymer 55 isation reaction is vigorously exothermic, it has been difficult to control such reaction to the degree necessary to obtain copolymer products of the most desirable kind The rate of the polymerization reaction increases with an 60 Increase in reaction temperature, while the average molecular weight of the copolymer product decreases with such increase in temperature Herein lies the dilem of the co. polymer manufacturer: At the temperatures 65 -at which the copolymerization reaction is readily controlled, the rate of production of copolymer product is undesirably slow and the molecular weight (or solution viscosity) of the copolymer product is undesirably high; 70 conversely, at the temperatures at which the copolymer product would have a desirable average molecular weight, the rate of reacWron is so very great as to make control of the reaction extremely difficult if not impossible 75 It is lan object iof this invention to provide an improved method for the preparation of thermoplastic copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile of the kind just -described A specific object-is to provide such a metiod for 80 making, in a controllable mannelr, a homogeneous copolymer of from 65 to 80 per cent. by weight of styrene and correspondingly from 35 to 20 per cent by weight of acrylol ^ A 'a ___ _ 1-1 755,159 nitrile} which -copolymer, as a 10 per cent transfer agents durinig 'the poynietization reby weight solution in methyl ethyl ketone, action The modifiers are not chemically comi.e butanone, has a viscosity of from 6 to bined with the copolymer product and can be centipoises and is capable of being moulded readily separated therefrom at the comS to strong, hard, rigid articles Other objects pletion of the polymerization step 70 and advarntages of the invention ii e evident The process of -this invention irs essentially in the following description: a modified mass, i e bulk, polymerization. The objects of this invention are attained The reaction charge consists of a homoby heating, at a tempertature between abouti geneous mixture of a polymerizable portion 1300 and labout 1750 C, a homogeneous and themodifierportion Aspreviousiy stated, 75 liquid mixture of from 65 to 80 per cent by the polymerizable portion consists, by weight, weight of styrene and from 35 to 20 per cent of from 20 to 35 per cent acrylonitrile, from by weight-of acrylonitrile to -which mixture 35 to 80 per cent styrene, and from 0 to 30 has been

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added from -10 to 40 per cent of per cent alpha-methylstyrene and ithe modifier at least one modifying agent selected from portion from 10 to 40 per cent by weight of 80 the class consisting of benzene, alkyl-benzenes, the whole mixture The charge should be suband nuclear chlorinated derivatives thereof, stantially free of water and inhibitors of polyeffecting interpolymerization of stylrene and merization Preferably no polymerization acrylonitrile until the polymerization mix catalyst ds added, although a small amount of ture contains not more flii E 70 -per cent, pre a free -radical-generalting catalyst, e g an or 85 ferably from 20 to 50 per cent by -weight ganic-peroxygen compound, can be used if of the resulting copolymer prduct, and desired, but is usually unnecessary. separating that copolymer product having 1 The poiymetization reaction can he carried viscosity of -frorn 6 to 40 cntipoiues wt Ien out in batch, semi-continuous, or continuous measuied as a 10 per cent solution in but-' manner, the continuous manner being pre 90 anoie at 250 C from the non-podymenic com ferred The polymerizable materials and the ponents of -the reacto nixnhture A part of modifier can be fed separately -into' admixture thd styrene can be replaced bhr alpha-methyl in the reaction zone at rates corresponding styrene the? aiount -of alpha-melhyl to the desired composition, or the polymerinyrene iot exceedinig 30 per cent -by weight izab Ile materials can be premixed Preferably, 95 of the polymerization mixture Thus a homo the entire charge of polymierizable materials geneous mixture of frmii 35 to 80 per cent and modifier is premixed in desired proporby' weight of styrene, fromn 30 to O per cent tons and fed into a polymerization zone The alpha-methylstyiene, and from 35 to 20 per design of the apparatus for the polymerization cent -acryloiitrile can be copolymerized by reaction is not particularly critical as long as 100 the procedure described herein adequate mixing of the contents and heat The mondifiers-of polymaerization according transfer (to and from the system is provided. to this invention are benzene, chloirobenzenes, The reaction mixture in the polymerization alkyl benzenes, and ailkyl -_ chlorobenzenes, zone is maintained at temperatures between examples of which are benzene; toluene, 1300 and 175 C, preferably between 105 xylenes, polymethylbenzenes, ethylbenzene, 140 and 165 C, although somewhat lower ethy Itoluenes,' &thylxyenes, diethylbenzenes, or higher temperatures can be employed At diethyltoluenes, polyethyibenzenes, isopropyl temperatures appreciably lower than about benzene, isopropyltoluenes, -isopropylxylenes, 130 C-7 the reaction proceeds -at an unisopropylethylbennes, isopropylethyltolhienes, economically slow rate, and the solution vis 110 -sopropyldiethylbenzenes; diisopropylbenzenes, cosity of the copolymrer tends to be ttoo high

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diisopropyltoluenes polyisopropylbenzenes, unless relatively large proportions of modifier chborobenzenedi P&land polce enzene are employed which have the effect of further nuclear mono di tri and po lorotol reducing -the rate of polymerization Conenes, nudlear mono X and -poly-cblorinated versely, at temperatures appreciably higher 115 ethylbenzenes, and -other nuclear chlorinated than about 175 C, the rate of polyineriza homologues of benzene While all of these tion tends to be too great for effective con ' materials and mixtures thereof are:operable tro M-of heat removal, unless a relatively-large in the practice of this -invention, they ae not proportion of modifier is used which has the fully equivalent in -the degree of their effect effect-of reducing the solution viscosity of the 120 con the polymerization process and on the co polymer product to an undesirable degree polymer product, as will be more -fully ex The-presence of the modifier materials in plained -below-the polymedization reaction mixture according -The modifiers of polymerization of this -to this -invention has two principal and; invention are stable materials -that -are prominent effects: ( 1) the rate of polymeriza 125 chemically-inert-under the conditions of the Tion reaction and ( 2) -the average molecular I. polymerization It is not known with certainty -weight, or solution viscosity, of the resulting how -their moderating function is effected, polymeric product are each decreatsed relktive but it is possible that these modifiers enter the to the results obtained under otherwise similar activation process and are involved as chain conditions in the absence of such modifiers 130 78 S,15957 In general, the greater the proportion of clusive was fed to a continuous polymerizer 60 modifier employed in the feed mixture, the -The continuous polymerizer comprised a greater the reduction in rate of polymeriza tubular cod i containing about 86 inches of 1tion and in the viscosity of a solution of Ithe inch; pipe -arranged in a closed circuit with m copolymer product However, the individual pump for circulating the contents thereof and modifiers;are noa t identical in their effective provded with heat-mansfer-'means for main 65 ness, as can be seen in Example 1, below taining Within it a temperature of 148 to 152. In the practice of -the invention, the poly C The capacity of the reaction zone was merizable materials in the reaction z Qne are approximately 1100 grams of reaction mixpdlymerized-until the reaction mixture con ture Means were provided for introducing 'the tains not more than 70 per cent, preferably feed mixture into th-encoil at a-known control 70 from 20 to 50 per cent, -of its weight of ithe labl rate At a point in -the coil remote from copolymer product Operations tthat produce thd point of introducing the feed means were reaction

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mixtures containing less than 20 per provided for withdrawing a portion of the cent by weight of polymer are usually un circulating reaction mixtuire at a rate equal economical Reaction mixtures containing to the rate of introduction of the feed mix 75 more than 70 per cent by weight of polymer ture while maintaining sufficient pressure in tend to be excessively viscous, which in turn the reaction zone to maintain the polymerizamakes heat transfer more difficult In some tion mixture in the liquid state, The rate of instances, mixtures containing more than 70 feed of each mixture was adjusted to main per cent by weight of polymer tend to -cross tain a concentration of approxdimaoely 20 per 80 link or to' form "popcorn" ptlymer that is cent of the copolymer product in the reacnot sufficiently thermoplastic-to give satisfac don mixture The withdrawn portion of the tory mouldings In the continuous modifica reaction mixture was passed into a continuous dons of this method the tate of feed of the vacuum devolatilzer where, under 5 to 10 starting materials and the residence time of mm mercury absolute pressure and with the 85 the reaction mixture in the reaction zone can application of heat, the non-polymeric comreadily be controlled to give the desired con ponents were flashed off, and the copolymer centraion of polymer product in Ithe mixture product was obtained as a residue containing emerging from the reaction zone; less than 1 per cent residual volatile matter. The copolymer product can be separated In Table I are shown, for each of the feed g 9 from the unreacted monomeric material and mixtures A to G inclusive, the identity of the the modifier in usual ways, e g by heating modifier, the average rate of polymerization under vacuum to vaporize and remove the -in terms of the parts by weight of copolymer vdia 4 tile non-polymeric material, or by pre formed per hour per 100 parts by weight of recipitating the polymer in a non-solventliquiid action mixture in the polymerization reaction 95 in which the non-polymer matedials are soluble -zone, and the solution viscosity and tensile Following is a description by Sway of 'strength of the copolyiner product The soluexample of methods of carrying the invention Ition viscosiity of the copolymer product is the into effect In the' examples, parry and per viscosity in centipoises of a 10 per cent solu. centages are by weight unless otherwise indi tiog of the copolymer in btanone at ta tem 100 cated perature of 250 C The tensile strength of each Ex AMPLE 1 of -the copolymer produots was determined on This example illustrates the use of certaln iniedtion moulded test bars in the usual manrepresentative modifiers in the process of the net and is recorded in Table Inas the pulling invention force at break in pounds per square inchcross 105 A mixture of 70 per cent monomeric -section styrene and 30 per cent monormenic-acrylo The unmodified

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copolymerization of a mixnitrile was prepared To each of several por ture of 70 parts styrene land 30 parts acrylotions of such monomeric mixture was then nitditle at a temperature of 1500 G proceeds added one of the modifiers identified here at a very rapid and dangerous rate and the 110 inafter to form mixtures identified as A to G product of copolymerization of such mixture inclusive Each of lthe resulting mixtures (ex has a high solution viscosity and is difficult to cept mixture E) contained 49 per cent styrene, monuld; In contrast, the polymerization in the 21 per cent acrylonitrile, and 30 per cent presence of modifiers which are reported in of one of the m Odiflers; mixture' E contained Table I proceeded at a moderate, readily con 115 56 per cent styrene, 24 per cent acrylonitrile, trolled rate and all of the copolymers were and 20 per cent of one of the modifiers readily moulded by the injection process and Separately, each of the mixtures A to G in gave clears -hard products. 4 785,159 = O: :j TABLE I V O| O; Modifier Average | = Rate of Viscosity: a=l Per Polymer-_ Cps. Feed Cent ization 10 Per Cent Tensile Mix I f Kind of in Strength tune Feed Per Hour Butanone Psi. A Benzene 30 10 9 9 5 8,020 B Toluene 30 27 5 17 2 9,870 C Ethylbenzene 30 27 9 10 9 10,160 :|D -Polyisopropylbenzene, -30; 14 3 5 1 4,940 E Polyisopropylbenzene 20 _ 20 9 9 9 9,820 F Chlorobenzene 30 6- 2 23 3 9,890 G o-Dichlorobenzene 30 24 1 | 17 2 10,050 j A mixture of tri-, tetra-, and higher-isopropylated benzenes. EXAMPLE 2. This example shows thei effect of the concentrution of a -modifier, specifically ethylbenzene in the feed mixture on the copollymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile. A mixture was preplred consisting of 70parts styrene and 30 parts acrylonitrile To separate portions of this moixture was added ethylbenzene in proportion corresponding to. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 weight per cent, respective Ly, of the resulting feed mixtures. These feed miltutres were then polymerized -at a temperatdtre of approximately 145 G in the apparatus described in Example 1 In 15 Table II is shown for each of the itests the average rate of polymerization in terms of the weight of copolymer formed per hour per 100 parts by weight of reaction mixture contained in the polymerization reaction zone The 20 table also shows the viscosity in centipoises at 2510 C of a 10 -per cent solution of the copoly-ier -product in butanone and the tensile strength in pounds per square inch at break of the copolymer All of these products 25 were readily injection moulded.

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TABLE II 'K Ethylbenzene Average Rate of Viscosity, Tensile Modifier % Polymerization Cp 10 % in Strength of Feed Mixture / Per Hour Butanone Psi % 42 2 X 37 4 9,750 % 29 7 27 7 9,750 % 19 7 18 1 10,030 % 17 O 12 5 9,056 50-% 95 -8 6 7,810 EXAMPLE 3. This example shows the effect of variations in the polym'erization temperature on the copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a modifier, specifically ethylbenzene. polymerization and the properties of the products were determined in the usual way. These data are averaged and summarized in Table III wherein -the headings have the 10 meanings previously described A numher of runs were made in the manner described in Example 1 using feed mixtures of 70 parts of styrene and 30 parts of acryloniltrile to which had been added various proportions of ethylbenzene These runs were made at various temperatures and the rates ofTABLE III Average Rate of Viscosity, Cps. Temperature Ethylbenzene Polymerization 10 % in ButaC % in Feed % Per Hour none 1300 C 20 18 36 12 25 1400 C 10 43 38 30 26 20 18 C 10 72 28 S 20 50 19 35 13 C 20 80 15 55 10 C 30 90 7 5 I - /, From the table, it can be readily seen that by selection of temperature and concentration of modifier-any desired combination of rate of polymerization -and solution viscosity -of the product can be obtained -Other modifiers than ethylbenzene give results similar to, but differing in degree from, those shown for etylbenzene, thereby affording a still greater latitude of choice of conditions to achieve a desired result. EXAMPLE 4. To two portions of a mixture of monomers consisting of 30 parts acrylonitrile, 61 parts styrene and 9 parts alpha methyl-styrene, eithylbenzene was added, as a polymerization. modifier, in amount corresponding to 10 per, cent and 30 per cent, respectively, of the combined ethylbenzene and monomers The resulting compositions were then separately polymerized at a temperature of 1450 C in the apparatus, and in the manner described in Example 1 In Table IV are shown for each test the proportion of ethybenzene in the feed mixture, the average rate of polymerization in parts polymer formed per hour per 100 parts of reaction mixture in the polymerization zone, the solution viscosity of the copolymer product and the tensile strength of an injection moulded test bar. TABLE IV Ethylbenzene Average Rate of Viscosity Cps Tensile Modifier % Polymerization 10 % in Strength of Feed Mixture % Per Hour Butanone Psi 47 6 14 4 9,980 23 7 10 9 10,096 1 i i 1 i J 755,159

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* GB785160 (A)

Description: GB785160 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in electrical components

Description of GB785160 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 16, 1955. 785,160 No 32752/55. Application made in United States of America on Dec 8, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 37, Dl(B 2 A: B 2 B 1: C 3: G 10: J 1), S( 2 B: 5: 6 A 4: 6 C 2); and 38 ( 1), E( 1 OB: l OX: 11). International Classification:-H Olc, g H 02 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in electrical components We, ERIE RESISTOR CORPORATION, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Pennsylvania, United States of America, doing business at 644 West 12th Street, Erie, Pennsylvania, United States, of America, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to electrical circuit components such as resistors and capacitors. An object of the invention is to provide an improved electrical circuit component having a wrapped plastic insulating case and with lead wires at each end and soldered connections to the terminal surfaces of the components. This invention consists in an electrical circuit component having a

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cylindrical body with an external terminal surface at one end, a cylindrical metal sleeve open at both ends fitting over the terminal surface and the other end projecting beyond the end of the body to provide an open ended pocket, a plastic tape wrapped around said body and said sleeve in the form of an open ended cylinder providing an insulating case for the component, and a lead wire projecting axially from said end of the component and having a part soldered in said pocket. The invention also consists in a method of making an electrical circuit/component having a cylindrical insulating case with leads projecting axially from opposite ends from an element having a cylindrical body with an external terminal surface at each end of the body, which comprises wrapping one end of a cylindrical metal sleeve over each terminal surface with the other end of the sleeve open and projecting beyond the end of the body to provide an open ended pocket, wrapping a plurality of layers of adhesive tape of insulating material around the body and sleeves, and soldering a lead wire in each pocket. The invention also consists in a method of lPrice 3 s 6 d l making an electrical circuit component having a cylindrical insulating case with leads projecting axially from opposite ends from an element having a cylindrical body with an external terminal surface at each end of the 50 body, which comprises wrapping a metal band over each terminal surface with part of the band projecting axially beyond the end of the body to provide an open ended pocket, wrapping a plurality of layers of adhesive tape of in 55 sulating material around the body and bands, and soldering a lead wire in each pocket. In the accompanying drawing, Fig 1 is a section through a capacitor with a wrapped plastic insulating case; Fig 2 shows a resistor 60 which could be substituted for the capacitor in Fig 1; Figs 3 and 4 are sections on the cbrrespondingly numbered lines in Fig 2; and Fig 5 is a plan view of one form of tape used for making the wrapped plastic case and the 65 connections to the lead wires. In Fig 1 of the drawing, there is shown a ceramic capacitor having a tubular ceramic dielectric 1 with an inner electrode coating 2 and an outer electrode coating 3 The inner 70 electrode coating 2 is carried over one end of the tube and terminates in a terminal surface 4. The outer electrode coating terminates in a terminal surface 5 at the opposite end of the tube The electrode coatings 3 and 3 can 75 conveniently be applied by one of the silver paints used in the decoration of ceramics and which when fired on the tubular ceramic body 1 produce a metallized coating which is securely attached to the ceramic 80 In Figs 2, 3 and 4 is shown a resistor having a cylindrical body 6 which may, for example, be carbon particles bonded together with a suitable plastic At one end, the resistor has a terminal

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surface 4 a which is formed by a 85 metallic band 7 wrapped around and molded in place on the body 6 of resistance material. At the other end of the resistor is a terminal surface 5 a which comprises two semi-cylindrical metal parts 8 likewise molded to the body of 90 785,160 reaistailcel material Other expedients for desired firm contact between the metallic providi Wg' terminal surfaces on the resistance cylinders 9 and the terminal surfaces 4 and 5. -body are known; for example, the metal spray The metallic cylinders 9 and quite thin since ing techniqcue they are used only for making the connections Both the capacitor of Pig 1 and the resistor to the terminal surfaces After wrapping, the 70 of Figs 2, 3 and 4 which may be considered tape is cured or is set in place by heat In some as typical electric Circuit domponents require cases, the'plastic -itself is cured, while in other leads for making the circuit-connections and a cases, only the adhesive between the plastic protective insulating case In Fig 1 is shown 2 ' tape layers is cured At the end of the curing construction for providing both the insulating operation, the wrapped tape will be consolidated 75 case and the leads and in Fig 5 is shown one and, in many cases, there will in addition be a form of-plastic tape -w Thieli-canr be -utilized-in shrinkage of the tape whicb-:brings it -into the Fig 1 construction The construction of intimate contact -with the outside of the Fig 1 is obviously usable with either of the condenser "Mylar"-(Registered Trade Mark) electric circuit components and "Kel-F" tapes have the property of 80 Around each of the terminal surfaces 4 and-5 shrinking upon curing so as to produce a comis wrapped a thin metallic cylinder 9 which pression grip on the circuit component which may, -for example, cortsist-of a thin -tinued is desirable copper ribbon The cylinder 9 may be wrapped At each end of the component are lead wires separatel, or-asshown in Fig -5, the' cylinder 9 125-each having a flats round head 13 fitting 85 mai' cofip-risd two metal portions 9 a on Opposite within the cylindrical metal parts 9 The-shape edges:-of-a strip of-plastic tapet 10 a I The por of the head-is not -critical, The head-13 could tions 9 a-may'ibe; metalized -coatings on the be-formed by winding the-endofther lead -in-a tape Th'e le Agth of -the:portidns 9 a:is:not spiral; A solder -connection is -made, as kdiimportaiat since only the: first turn is -used cated at-14 between the rim of the -head 13 90 It ifidybcemoteeconomical to havethe portions: and -the cylindrical part 9 and there-is -also a 9 a'-n-the form-of contiiiuos-stripes-extending solder connection, as indicated at 15, between thefil-Ltlength of the tape -As-shown in-Fig 1, the-cylindrical part 9 and the: adjacent terminal a -pluality' of -layers oftplastic tape 10 -are surface 4 or 5, as -the-case may be The solder -wrapped arounndthebody lof-theccondense-r:and E

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forthe-connectins-,-14;and 15-may-:come ffom 95 over the cylindrical metal pats 9 With the a solder-coatingapplied-'to the cylindrical metal,Fig -5 tape; the&firsttuln Wouldform cylindrical part:9 and the head 13, or it mtay comer from pa t& 9 a 7 Th'e-;tape projectsa -slight: istne' dip-solde-ring or -other available methods; beyond-the endsofreach ofthe-metal members 9 i When the soldering connectioinis completed, = 35 aslindicdte' atoll thereby -increasig-the; i the soldef^ seals the heads 13 into -the 'ends: of -100 sulatida-leakage-tesistauce path -The:-tape 10 the plastic-case and-together with:the-lead"wiresmay; be resin imptegnated, paper, resin m 12 provide -the' -means, for connecting the pregnare'&ifabticy or'-Straight'iplastic resin If component into electric circuits thb;tap-haw-the&propetty ofbontding;to-itself, It is obviots -that the-resistor of Figs 2, 3 thereisnoneedfor-usingan-additional-adhlerive and,'4 can be substituted -for the capacitorIf thetape-dodsmnot have-the -propetty ofbotnd specifically, illistratedc -in Fig, l In fact, anyr a ing tito titsl>i-lan additional Adhtsive-may be other -'electric -circuit component: having -a appfied T'ipldstic rnarybe 6thrinosettig or= suitablt-;const-uctioii-3 can-b& substituted; th&-platifd mayibe& completfely -cured -and the When the Fig 5 tape is used,-'the initialadheirefice-bettween-the-erdifent-layers:nay-be layer of'the 6-wrapped tape provides-the-metal 110 obttfinedi b Y-th&adhesive ' Suitable tapes:are cylides at -each terminal -'surface with theavailablinderthe-trade-namel'Mylai 1-(Regis lead-ieceiving- pockets and -:the lisub-sequentr terd-Trade Mar -k)Tape-",-which is a polyester layers build up the insulating: case to theresit tape; ba-cked' -vitlt a -thturmlosetting ad ' desired-thickness. hesive,; -"Te'floii (Registered o Trade Mafk) The-ends -of-thed-case need; not be perfectly 115 Tajpe'? in-the'cured-'statewithta thermosetting sealed since the -usual: wa impregnant -ill adhetve-:, -"Teonf -(Regl,'steted Trade= -Ma&k 3 provide the-sealing.

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* GB785161 (A)

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Description: GB785161 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Dishwashing apparatus

Description of GB785161 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,161 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov 17, 1955. No 32915/55. Application made in United States of America on Aug 3, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Class 138 ( 1), 0. tion:-A 471. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Dishwashing Apparatus We, HOOVER BALL AND BEARING COMPANY, a company organized and existing under the laws of the State of Michigan, United States of America, located at Ann Arbor, State of Michigan, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a device for washing dishes and kitchen utensils and, more particular, to a device for installation at the sink of a residential kitchen which permits the person washing the dishes to optionally have a ready supply of clear water or water containing detergent which can be applied to the dishes through the medium of a hand brush for the removal of the food particles and the thorough washing of the dishes. A dishwashing device of this type comprises both hot and cold water lines, a mixing manifold, a single swing type faucet, a diverter valve for diverting water from the faucet to a hand brush and remote means at the hand brush for controlling -the operation of detergent mixing means to feed detergent into the water line from a reservoir located at the main unit adjacent its manifold. The instant invention constitutes an improvement in such devices and has for its principal object the provision of such an apparatus which can be installed in the place of a conventional swing faucet rather than requiring that the standard fixture comprising the faucet, the hot and cold water valve and the mixing manifold be removed.

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The device of the instant invention utilizes a hand held brush unit which contains no moving part such as a valve or suction creating means, which is extremely light in weight, and which thus is less likely to clog or require repair of maintenance. The device of the instant invention eliminlPrice 38 6 d l ates all moving valves and moving parts from the manually controllable means by which the user optionally selects whether clear water or a detergent containing water is fed through the hand brush unit 50 In addition to these objectives the instant invention has a further important object; namely, the provision of a complete unit including a detergent reservoir, detergent and water mixing means, a flexible water 55 line, a hand brush unit on the remote end of the water line, control means at the hand brush unit by which the operator may optionally select water or detergent containing water to flow through the hand brush unit, 60 and a single spout and diverter valve by which the user may elect to have the water flow through the spout or to the hand brush unit, the entire unit, including all of the foregoing parts, being so constructed and 65 arranged as to permit its emplacement in a conventional swinging spout nipple without removal of the usual control valves and manifold already present in single spout sink units 70 The foregoing objects and others and the mode of their achievement will be better understood from the specification below and from the drawings, in which: Fig 1 is a front view in perspective of 75 a unit embodying the invention installed in the place of a swing spout on a conventional kitchen sink fixture; Fig 2 is a vertical sectional view on an enlarged scale of the device shown in Fig 1 80 and illustrating the manner of its mounting in a conventional mounting nipple, the section being taken generally along the line 2-2 of Fig 1; Fig 3 is an enlarged detailed view of a 85 mounting adapter for positioning a device of the invention on a swing spout mounting nipple; Fig 4 is a vertical sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of Fig2; 90 Index at acceptance:International Classifica Fig 5 is a further enlarged horizontal sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of Fig 4 and illustrating the detergent and water mixing means employed in the device embodying the invention; Fig 6 is a vertical sectional view of a hand brush unit employed in a device embodying the invention. A conventional kitchen sink fixture generally indicated at 10 in Fig 1 includes hot and cold water valves 11 with their source lines (not shown), a mixing manifold (not shown) by which the output from the valves 11 is fed to a single point, and a mounting nipple 12 in which such units conventionally mount a single spout through which flows the hot and cold water controlled by the valves 11 and mixed in the manifold.

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A device embodying the invention has a manifold body 13 (Fig 2) which includes a downwardly directed internally threaded socket 14, an upwardly inclined arm portion and a generally horizontal manifold portion 16 A spherical headed thimble 17 (see also Fig 3) is threaded upwardly into the socket 14 and has a flanged head 18 which provides a shoulder for a mounting and coupling nut 19 The coupling nut 19 mounts the entire unit on an adapter nut 20 which is internally threaded and can be tightened securely down on an adapter generally indicated at 21. The adapter 21 comprises an outer tube 22 and a centre stem 23 that is threaded into the tube 22 and has a tapered end 24. The adapter tube 22 has a plurality of slots cut through its walls for the reception of radially movable locking jaws 26 (only one of which is shown in place in Fig 3) The inner ends of the locking jaws 26 are beveled so that when the stem 23 is screwed downwardly in the tube 22 its tapered end 24 thrusts the jaws 26 outwardly, biting their serrated edges into the interior of the spout mounting nipple 12 The stem 23 is forced downwardly by engaging a wrench in a socket 27 forming in the upper open end of its internal vertical passage 28 and holding the tube 22 in place with a wrench on flats 27 a near its upper end. After the adapter 21 has been thus firmly positioned in the neck of the spout mounting nipple 12, a mounting washer 29 is slipped over the adapter 21 and the nut 20 tightened downwardly to seal the washer against the upper end of the spout nipple 12 The adapter nut 20 has a convex conical end 30 for the reception of the oppositely curved head of the thimble 17 The manifold body 13 has an-internal passage 31 leading from the socket 14 upwardly and forwardly to a diverter valve pocket 32 at the rear of the manifold portion 16 and co-axial with a throat 33 leading forwardly to a well 34 and aligned with a diverter stem socket 35 at the front end of the manifold portion 16. Intersecting the well 34 from the top of the portion 16 is a threaded spout socket 36 which receives a spout 37 The spout 37 is mounted in the socket 36 by a spout 70 mounting nut 38 which applies pressure to the spout 37 through a snap ring 39 against which the beveled lower, inner edge of the nut 38 bears and which is set in an annular groove 40 in the lower tubular portion of 75 the spout 37 A similar lower annular groove 41 provides space for an 0-ring 42 to seal around the body of the spout 37 against the escape of water When the nut 38 is screwed down tightly into the socket 36 80 the spout 37 is retained in place yet free to swing because the snap ring 39 is the only spout retaining means and the nut 38 does not clamp the spout. A diverter valve stem bushing 43 is 85 threaded into the stem socket 35 and a diverter valve stem 44 extends through the bushing 43 being

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sealed therein by an 0-ring At the forward end of the stem 44 there is mounted a diverter valve knob 46 and at 90 the rear end of the stem 44 there is located a diverter valve plug 47 which spans the throat 33 in its forward position but is normally held at the rear by a spring 48 surrounding the stem 44 and acting between the rear 95 shoulder of the bushing 43 and a washer 49 on the stem 44. When the diverter valve knob 46 is in its rear position water flows upwardly from the swing spout mounting nipple 12 through 100 the interior of the adapter 21 into the socket 14, through the passage 31, the throat 33 and well 34 and out of the spout 37 The mixture of water fed from the spout 37 is under the control of the hot and cold water 105 valves 11 as was the case when the original swing spout of the fixture was mounted in the spout mounting nipple 12. The rear end of the manifold portion 16 is threaded to receive an externally threaded 110 vacuum breaker and flow control body generally indicated at 50 The flow control body and vacuum breaker body 50 houses a flow control means and a vacuum breaker (neither of which are shown since they are conven 115 tional elements) When water is flowing through the body 50, i e, when the diverter valve is in its forward position, the force of water opens the flow control means. A nipple 56 is threaded into the rear of 120 the flow control body 50 for a coupling 57 which connects a water line 58 thereto The water line 58 (see also Fig 4) is connected by a coupling nut 59 to a water passageway of a vacuum creating Venturi body 61 125 (Fig 5) The Venturi body 61 has a flared Venturi opening 62 in the water line 60 intersected at its lowest part by a suction line 63, one branch 64 of which extends through the body 61 parallel to but spaced 130 785,161 and the Venturi body 61 If the user desires a flow of clear water out of the brush 81 she does not cover the lateral opening 85 Air is then drawn through the screen cap 89, air hose 86, to the branch 64 of the suction 70 line 63 so that even though water is flowing through the Venturi opening 62, the suction created thereby withdraws only air from the suction line 63 and so prevents withdrawal of detergent When the user desires to use deter 75 gent with the water flowing through the brush unit 81, she places her thumb over the screen cap 89 This breaks the flow of air through the path just described and creates vacuum in the detergent line 67 which draws detergent 80 from the tank 68 through the opening 69 and into the suction line 63 and the Venturi opening 62 whence it flows with the water through the water line 88 to the brush unit 81 85 No cross section of the opening 85; total area of the screen 89 or the air hose 86 is smaller than the opening 53 (Fig 2) in the ferrule 52 so that when water is running through the Venturi opening 62, and vacuum 90 is created in the suction line 63 by closing the opening 85, the air hose is always aspirated first Therefore, even

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if the air hose 86 should become filled with water, e g, if the handle unit 81 were left submerged, no 95 detergent will be drawn from the tank 68 through the detergent line 67 until the water is drawn out of the air hose 86. Mounting of the unit in a kitchen requires only the removal of the swing spout normally 100 present on the kitchen fixture After removal of the swing spout the adapter unit 21 with an appropriate set of jaws 26 is inserted into the open upper end of the spout mounting nipple 12 The tube 22 of the adapter 21 is 105 then held against rotation and the tapered end 24 threaded downwardly until the jaws 26 lock in place The unit is then mounted on the adapter 21 in the manner already described and is ready to function 110

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* GB785162 (A)

Description: GB785162 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to overspeed protective devices for electricgenerators

Description of GB785162 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785, 162 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Nov18, 1955 No 33058/55. Application made ibi United States of America on N Ov 26, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 4), A( 5 E: X). International C 1 assificatin:;-1 H 02 j. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Overspeed -Protetive p evics for

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Electric Generators We, WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, of 40, Wall Street, New York 5, State of New York, United States of America, a Corporation organised and existing under the Laws of the State of Delaware, in said United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for-which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to overspeed protective devices and, more particularly, to protective devices for preventing an overspeed condition of a generator When the load on a generator is gradually decreased, the generator normally does not overspeed However, an overspeed condition does exist on large turbine generator sets when a large percentage of full load is abruptly removed In particular, the turbine's governing apparatus is unable to compensate for this sudden loss of load, and thus the overspeed condition arises Normally the turbine generator is provided with an overspeed tripping device; however, the operation of the tripping device effects a shutdown of the apparatus with a resultant loss in time Therefore, it is desirable to provide apparatus which prevents an overspeed condition of the generator without effecting a shutdown of the apparatus. The chief object of this invention is to pro. vide for the prevention of the overspeed condition of a generator without effecting a shutdown in the generator and without having to effect a manual resetting of the -preventive apparatus. A -more specific object of this invention is to provide for initiating a rate determining circuit when the load on the generator decreases to a predetermined value, so that if the load on the generator decreases -a further predetermined amount within a preset time-the speed of the generator is automatically checked, thus to prevent overspeeding of the generator when a -45 large-percentage of its load is abruptly-removed. lPrice 3 s 6 d l With the above objects in view the present invention resides in control -apparatus for preventing an overspeed condition of a -generator driven by a, prime mover comprising sensing means for obtaining at the output 50 thereof a measure of the load on -the generator, timing means, first switch means responsive to the output of-the sensing means for initiating a -ting operation of the timing means when the load on the generator decreases to a pre 55 determined value, control means for changing the speed of the prime mover and thus the speed of the generator and second switch means also -responsive to the output of the sensing means for effecting an energising 60 circuit to said control means when the load on the generator decreases further to a lower predetermined value -within the timing operation of the timing means thereby to decrease the speed of

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the generator and thus prevent its 65 overspeed. In -order that the invention may be more clearly understood and -readily carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, in which = 70 -Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of apparatus and circuits embodying -the teachings of-this invention, and Fig; 2 is a graph illustrating the manner -in which the, output voltages of the saturating 7-5 transformers illustrated in Fig 1 -vary with changes in -their input voltage. -Referring to Fig 1, -there is -illustrated a protective device 10 for preventing an overspeed condition of an alternating current 80 generator 12, having a field winding 14. In operation, the-generator 12 supplies energy to a load 16 -through load conductors 18, 20 and 22 As illustrated, the -generator 12 -is driven by-a prime mover or turbine 24 through 85 suitable mechanical linkages -I this -instance, the speed of the turbine 24, and thus the speed of -the -generator 12, is -controlled by the positioning of a valve 26, -which -controls -the operation of a -govern Qr 28 which, in -turni; 90 pry@e W i controls the amount of steam applied to the 82, the percentage of load current in the turbine 24 through valves 30 and 32 generator 12 at which the transformer 76 In general, the protective device 10 comprises saturates can be readily varied For purposes a sensing circuit 34 for obtaining at its output of illustration, it will be assumed that the. an alternating voltage which is a measure of resistor 82 is adjusted so that the transformer 76 70 the load on the generator 12, a rate determining saturates at approximately 50 per cent of full circuit 36 responsive to the output voltage ofthe load current in, the generator 12. sensing circuit 34 and constructed to initiate In order to rapidly decrease the output a timing -operation when the load on the voltage of the saturating transformer 76 generator 12 decreases to a predetermined value, when the voltage across the resistor 46 de 75 control means 38 for changing the speed of the creases to a value below that required to effect turbine 24 and thus the speed of the generator a saturation of the transformer 76, a saturating 12, and switch means 40 also responsive to the reactor 84 is connected in series circuit reoutput voltage of the sensing circuit 34, for lationship with the primary winding 78 of the effecting -an energising circuit to the control transformer 76 The manner in which the out 80 means 38 provided the load on generator 12 -put voltage, and thus the voltage across the -decreases further to a lower predetermined secondary winding 80, decreases is illustrated value within a preset time, namely, the timing by a curve 86, as shown in Fig 2 By so conoperation of the rate determining circuit 36, necting the

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saturating reactor 84 between the to thereby effect a decrease in the speed of the input of the transformer 76 and the output of 85 generator 12 and thus prevent its overspeeding, the sensing circuit 34, the critical setting of the and a time delay relay 42 for insuring that control relay 50 is lessened In order to rectify once the energising circuit to the control means the output of the saturating transformer 76 and 38 is established it will remain in the com apply direct current to the operating coil 54, pleted state for a predetermined time of the control relay 50, a full-wave dry-type 90 In this instance, the sensing circuit 34 rectifier 90 is interconnected between the comprises a current transformer 44 which is secondary winding 80, of the transformer 76, disposed in inductive relationship with the and the operating coil 54. load conductor 22 so as to obtain a measure As hereinbefore mentioned, the control relay of the load current on the generator 12, and a 40 under given conditions effects an energising 95 resistor 46 which is connected in parallel circuit to the control means 38, which in this circuit relationship with the current trans instance is a relay comprising an operating former 44 so as to obtain an alternating voltage coil 92 and an armature 94 which is mechacross the resistor 46, and thus at the output anically connected to the valve 26 to effect an of the sensing circuit 34, that is a measure of operation thereof On the other hand, the 100 the load current in the generator 12 On the control relay 40 comprises an operating coil 96, other hand, the rate determining circuit 36 an armature 98, a movable contact 100, and comprises switch means 50, specifically a stationary contacts 102 As was the case with control relay having an armature 52, an oper the control relay 50, the control relay 40 ating coil 54, a movable contact 56, and receives energy from a saturating transformer, 105 stationary contacts 58; and a time delay relay namely transformer 104 having a primary having an armature 62, an operating coil winding 106 and a secondary winding 108. 64, stationary contacts 66, a movable contact 68, Thus, the size of the control relay 40 is likewise and an actuating member 70, the function of minimized by providing the saturating transwhich will be explained hereinafter In this former 104 and interconnecting it between the 110 instance the-time delay for the relay 60 is output of the sensing circuit 34 and the control effected by a dashpot 72 which is diagram relay 40. matically illustrated As illustrated, the primary winding 106 of In order to minimize the voltage range over the transformer 104 is connected in series cirwhich the control relay 50 must operate and cuit relationship with an adjustable current 115 thus minimize its size, the control relay 50 limiting resistor 110 which functions to

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limit is supplied with energy from a saturating trans the current flow through the primary winding former 76 having a primary winding 78 and 106 when -the saturating transformer 104 is a secondary winding 80 In operation, the saturated By adjusting the current-limiting saturating transformer 76 is responsive to the resistor 110, the percentage value of the normal 120 alternating voltage appearing across the re full load on the generator 12 at which the sistor 46 and thus is responsive to a measure of saturating transformer 104 saturates can be the load current inr the generator 12 varied In practice; the transformer 104 should For the purpose of limiting the current flow saturate at a lower percentage value of the through the primary winding 78 of the satur normal full load on the generator 12 than should 125 ating transformer 76 when the transformer 76 the transformer 76: For purposes ofillustration, is saturated, -to thus prevent damage thereto, it will be assumed that the resistor 110 is so an adjustable current-limiting resistor 82 is adjusted that the saturating transformer 104 connected in series circuit relationship with the saturates at approximately 10 per cent of the 6 _ primary winding 78 By adjusting the resistor normnal full load current in the generator 12 130 785,162 When the timing operation -of the time delay relay 60 is initiated, the movable contact 68 of the relay 60 remains in engagement with its associated stationary contacts 66 for a preset time until the actuating member 70 70 effects an upward movement of the movable contact 68, thereby to disengage the contacts 68 and 66. If the load on the generator 12 decreases to a value below 10 per cent of the normal full 75 load on the generator 12, the control relay 40 drops out, thereby to complete an energising circuit to the operating coil 118 of -the relay 116, provided the timing operation of the relay is not -complete This energising circuit to 80 the operating coil 118 extends from the conductor 146 ' through the movable contact 68 of the time delay relay 60, the operating coil 118 of the-relay 116, the movable contact 100 of the control relay 40, and the movable con 85 tact 56 of the control relay 50, to the conductor 146 However, it is to be understood that this energising circuit to the operating coil 118 of the relay 116 is only completed if the load on the generator 12 decreases sufficiently rapidly 90 from the 50 per cent value to below the 10 per cent value of the normal full load on the generator 12 so as to be within the timing operation of the relay -60 Of course, if the timing operation of the time delay relay 60 95 -has been-completed before the control relay is dropped out, it is impossible -for the control relay 40 to effect an energising circuit to the operating coil 118 of the relay 116. This essentially is the rate determining func 100 tion. Assuming the load on the generator 12 decreases to below the 10 per

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cent value during the timing operation of the relay 60, the movable contacts 120 and 124 are actuated 105 into electrical engagement with their associated stationary contacts 122 and 126, respectively. With the movable contacts 120 and 124 in engagement with their associated stationary contacts 122 and 126, respectively, an ener 110 gising circuit is completed to the operating coil 92 of the relay 38, which extends from the conductor 146 ', through the movable contact of the relay 116, the operating coil 92 of the relay 38, and the movable contact 124 of the 115 relay 116, to the conductor 146 When the operating coil 92 of the relay 38 is energised, a movement of the valve 26 is effected, thereby to -decrease the amount of steam applied to the turbine 24, thus to check the speed of both the 120 turbine 24 and the generator 12, to thereby prevent overspeeding of the generator 12. The picking up of the relay 116 also com pletes an energising circuit to the operating coil 128 of the time delay relay 42, thereby to 125 initiate a timing operation of the relay 42 thus to insure that once the operating coil 92 of the relay 38 is energised, an energising circuit will remain to the operating coil 118 of the relay 116 for a preset time and thus to the operating 130 The nianner in which the output voltage of the saturating transformer 104 varies with changes in the magnitude of its input voltage is illustrated by a curve of 112, as shown in Fig 2 For the purpose of obtaining direct current for the operating coil 96 of the control relay 40, a full-wave dry-type rectifier 114 is interconnected between the operating coil 96 and the secondary winding 108 of the saturating transformer 104. In order to establish an energising circuit to the operating coil 92 of the relay 38 in response to a dropping out of the control relay 40, a relay 116 is provided In this instance, the relay 116 comprises an operating coil 118, a movable contact 120, and associated stationary contacts 122, and a movable contact 124 and associated stationary contacts 126. In operation, the time delay relay 42 is responsive to the operation of the relay 116 and effects a by-pass circuit around the contacts 66 and 68 of the time delay relay 60 for a predetermined length of time provided both the control relays 40 and 50 are dropped out and the relay 116 has been picked up This insures an operation of the valve 26 under such conditions. The time delay relay 42 comprises an operating coil 128, an armature 130, a movable contact 132 and associated stationary contacts 134, -30 a movable contact 136 and associated stationary contact 138, an actuating member 140, the function of which will be explained hereinafter, a compression spring 142 for maintaining the movable contact 136 in electrical engagemeat with its associated stationary

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contacts 138 until the actuating member 140 effects a disengagement of the movable contact 136 from the stationary contacts 138, and a time delay mechanism 144, which in this instance is a dashpot which is diagrammatically illustrated In practice, the relays 38, 42, 60 and 116 receive their energy from conductors 146 and 146 ' which have applied thereto a direct-current voltage. The operation of the apparatus illustrated in Fig 1 will now be described When the generator 12 is operating under full load, all the relays are positioned as shown in Fig 1. Assuming the load on the generator 12 decreases to just below 50 per cent of its normal full load value, then the voltage across the primary winding 78 of the transformer 76 is not of sufficient value to saturate the transformer 76, and thus the control relay 50 drops out When the control relay 50 drops out, its movable contact 56 engages the associated stationary contacts 58 thereby to complete the energising circuit to the operating coil 64 of the time delay relay 60 This energising circuit extends from the conductor 146 ' through the operating coil 64, and the movable contact 56 of the control relay 50, to the conductor 146. Thus, on completion of this energising circuit, the timing operation of the time delay relay 60 is initiated. 185,162 coil 92 of the control relay 38, provided the controltrelays 40 and 50 remain in the dropped out position In other-words, as hereinbefore mentioned, -under such conditions the time -5 delay relay 42 effects a by-pass -circuit around the contacts 66 and 68 of the time delay relay Of course, if the time delay relay 42 were not provided; the energising circuit to the -operating coil 92 of the relay 3 & would beinterrupted as soon as the timing operation of the time delay-relay 60 was completed. It is to be noted that when the load on the generator 12 is restored to full value; the protective device 10 automatically resets itself. For -instance, when the control relay 40 is picked up, -the relay 116 drops out to -the position shown in Fig 1 On the other hand, when the control relay 50 is picked up, the time delay -relay 60 drops out to the position shown in Fig 1-, and when the time delay relay 42 has completed its timing operation, it -returns tb the position shown in Fig 1. It is to be understood that appropriate sensing-means that would actually measure three-phase power could be substituted for the sensing circuit 34 The apparatus embodying the teaching of this invention -has several advantages For instance, the apparatus is such that it can be readily adapted to -operate in conjunction with a diversity of generators In addition, the apparatus is sensitive only to load levels and time and, therefore, is not adversely affected by

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distorted wave shapes of fault currents or of wave shapes during circuit breaker operation.

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