45669539 Quality of Halal Meat

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1/6/2012 1

QUALITY OF HALAL MEAT

Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan

Country Director,

Islamic Food and Nutrition

Council of America,

Faisalabad

Presented at

Halal Research Council Conference

www.halalrc.org

Held at Expo Centre, Lahore - Pakistan



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About IFANCA?Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America

Not for Profit Technical Islamic Organization

Supervising production of Halal foods

Certifying halal products

Finding solutions for new challenges

Publishing relevant information

Consulting Islamic scholars on issues facingMuslims in selecting food products.



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IFANCA Strategy

IFANCA strives to satisfy:Client Companies

Halal Recognition Authorities

Halal Consumers

IFANCA - most knowledgeable organization in

the field

IFANCA - provides services second to none

IFANCA - builds relationships with the client

companies, halal recognition authorities and

halal consumers.



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IFANCA

Crescent M Certification

IFANCA certificates and certified products

accepted world over

IFANCA - recognized by organizations like:MUIS Singapore

JAKIM Malaysia

MWL Saudi Arabia

MUI Indonesia

United Arab Emirates



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IFANCA

Crescent M Certification

Global Affiliations:

IFANCA provides Halal certification in over 55

countries directly or through affiliates like:

IFCE, Europe

AFIC, Australia

NZIMM, New Zealand



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Some Ifanca Certified Companies in

Pakistan

AB Mauri Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd., Lahore

English Biscuit Manufacturers (Pvt.) Ltd.Karachi

Coronet Foods, Hattar

Capital Food Industries, Hattar



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Pakistan

Gaziani Industries (Pvt) Ltd. Karachi

Nabeel Industries (Pvt) Ltd., Lahore

Pakistan Gum Industries (Pvt)., Ltd. Karachi

Pepsi-Cola International (Private) Ltd., Hattar

Super Gum Industries Ltd. Karachi



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Pakistan

National Foods, Karachi

Nestle Pakistan, Lahore



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IFANCA

Halal Certification Logos



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GUIDANCE FOR MUSLIMS

Holy Quran and the Sunnah provide guidance

and inspirations for life on Earth

Food laws among guidelinesEnsure foods Muslims eat have positive bearing

on their health

In fact the very first law to be passed on toMankind was a food law:



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VII:19 Al-Araf



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THE FIRST DIVINE LAW

The Holy Quran

³ And unto man: O Adam! Dwell thou and thy

wife in the Garden and eat from whence ye will,

but come not nigh this tree lest ye become

wrong-doers´ VII-19 - Al-Araf



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THE LAST DIVINE LAW

The last Divine law incidentally a food law

Revealed during last pilgrimage of the Holy

Prophet Muhammed (pbuh):

³They ask thee O Muhammed what is made

lawful for them. Say: all good things are made

lawful for you´ V:4 Al-Maidah

Aim of Divine revelations:

Ensure man eats right type of food for his

nourishment



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MEAT

Meat indispensable for sound human health

Provides several essential nutrients:

Proteins Amino acids

Mineral elements

Vitamins



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MEAT

Meat subject to spoilage by:Chemical reactions

Biochemical reactions

Biological agents, including bacteria

Meat responsible for food-borne diseases

Hence must be produced to:

Minimize chemical and biochemical changes

Prevent chances of bacterial contamination

and growth to preserve quality



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HALAL MEAT

Slaughtering of animals and birds:

essential to prepare for food purposes

Pre-slaughter management and bleeding

methods:

regulated by legislations and religious

practices

Earliest recorded laws on handling, care andslaughter of animals:

Revelations in the Holy Quran and

Ahadith by the Holy Prophet (pbuh)



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ESSENTIALS OF ISLAMIC METHOD OF

SLAUGHTERING

Islamic method of slaughtering - based on twoimportant principles:

Tasmiya

TazkiyahTasmiya - invoking name of Allah

means slaughter being done with His

permissionThis in accordance with several commands

given in the Holy Quran



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V:4 Al-Maidah



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SLAUGHTERING

³Forbidden to you (for food,) are: dead meat,

blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which

hath been invoked the name of other than God;

that which hath been killed by strangling, or bya violent blow, or by a head long fall, or by

being gored to death; that which hath been

partly eaten by a wild animal, unless ye areable to slaughter it (in due form) «.««««.

(V:4) Al-Maidah



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SLAUGHTERING

Tazkiyah means purification - cleaning meat of

blood by slaughter

Consumption of blood prohibited in Holy

Quran - VI:146

All lawful animals and birds contain blood

Blood must be drained as per these commands



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SLAUGHTERING

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave comprehensive

guidelines on slaughtering of animals in

following Hadith:

³Verily Allah, has prescribed proficiency in all

things. Thus, if you kill, kill well; and if you

slaughter, slaughter well. Let each one of you

sharpen his blade and let him spare suffering tothe animal he slaughters´.



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SLAUGHTERING - Slaughterer

Must be adult Muslim or

Must believe in Holy Scriptures

Must be in possession of his mental faculties



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PRE-SLAUGHTER HANDLING OF ANIMALS

- 1. Selection of animals

Islam strictly prohibits:

Pork

CarrionDead animals

Carnivorous animals

Birds of prey

Amphibians

Reptiles



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1. Selection of animals

Islam permits: All herbivorous, even-toed ruminants

Animal meant for slaughtering be:

Healthy

Free from any apparent or

hidden impurities/diseases

Must be legally owned.



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2. Pre-slaughter handling of animals

Modern methods require animal prior to slaughtering

not be subjected to

Stress

Fatigue

Neurotic

Excitement

Rough handling of animals in pre-slaughter period:

Adversely affects meat qualityResults in dark, firm and dry meat

Fatigued or starved animals

Organisms from gut may invade blood stream



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Proper relaxation before slaughtering:

Helps animal to bleed well

Builds up muscle glycogen to lower meat pH

Increases storage life of meat by reducing

chances of microbial growth

Improves taste due to conditioning/

tenderness

Helps delay or reduce fermentation in

stomach - may otherwise give meat

characteristic smell known as µbone taint¶.



1/6/2012 27


Undesirable - animal awaiting slaughter viewslaughtering process ± cause stress

Animals under stress - lead to undue emotionalinstability, fatigue, anorexia, etc.

Discharge hormones from adrenal glands:adrenaline from adrenal medulla

17 hydroxy- and 11-deoxycorticosterones fromadrenal cortex

Hormones deplete muscle glycogen and potassium

Deleterious effects on meat quality

Prevention - tranquilizers recommended to calmstocks in transit.



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in Islam

Islam promotes calm and rested animals prior

to slaughtering:

Not fatigued

Not excited

Not nervous



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Islam prohibits

Any act that causes neurosis or excitement or

other abnormal behavioural changes in animal

Sharpening knife in front of slaying animalsPractice of collective slaughtering - other

animals viewing their companion being killed

Research revealsPractices inhumane

Cause stress



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3. Feeding the animals

Two schools of thoughts: Animal to remain hungry - Fasting

Animal be well fed

Advantages of fasted animals claimed: Bleed better

Carcass has brighter appearance

Carcass easier to dress

Reduced bulk of animal¶s stomach

Reduced chances of bacterial contamination

from gut



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Disadvantages of fasted animals:

Loss in weight of carcass

Loss in weight of liver

Lower glycogen reserves in muscles

Reduced gustative quality of meat



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Well-fed animals:Glycogen level in muscle reaches higher level

Ensures production of adequate lactic acid

Lowers pH of meat

Meat has good:

Appearance

Taste

Tenderness

Longer shelf-life



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Meat of soothed and well-fed animals:pH attains 5.5 or even lower level

Meat of fatigued or neurotic animals:

pH varies from 6.5 to 7.0Often recommended to feed animals prior to

slaughtering - meat of good keeping and eating

quality In some cases sugar solution fed to quickly

restore glycogen level in tissues



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3. Feeding the animals in Islam

Holy Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) advised thatanimals destined for slaughtering be:

well fed

provided with drinking water

Preferable - animals have free access to feed

and water prior to slaughtering

Result - good quality meat.



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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE

Conventionally, slaughtering process consistsof two to three different stages

Depends on religious practices and

legislationsStunning

Jews not in favour of stunning

Muslims divided on the issueWestern countries require stunned

Bleeding method governed by religious and

national legislations



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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 1. Stunning

Stunning widely practiced in Western abattoirsMain objective

Make animal unconscious

Make death gentle and painlessNo standard method for all animals under all

conditions

Stunning effective in having calm animal



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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE 1. Stunning

Stunning - outcome of industrial revolutionMaximum animals be slaughtered in least time

Probably no relation with mercy on animals

Industrial revolution:Provided mankind with innumerable benefits

Inflicted damaging blows on some aspects of

human nutritionExample - refinement of wheat flour

Stunning might turn out harmful



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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE ±

Bleeding

Quick incision recommended using very sharp

knife on front of the neck to severe:

Wind pipe

Oesophagus

Carotid arteries

Jugular veins

Positions for incision:

Hanging animal on its hind legs

Laying on the ground



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Bleeding

To produce good carcass ± bleed animal

effectively

Heart and respiratory system must function

continuously as long as possible after

severance

This attained when heart and respiratory

functions retained by maintaining medullaoblongata/spinal cord

Animals convulse



1/6/2012 40

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE -

Bleeding

During convulsions blood squeezed out of

vessels

Hence more blood drains out - a pre-requisite

for meat of superior quality

Evidence suggests more blood lost from sheep

in horizontal position than those hung vertically



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Bleeding

Blood excellent medium for growth of

microorganisms

Meat retaining more blood than critical level

liable to bacterial spoilage

Blood retention in tissues can cause unpleasant

appearance and discolouration in meat

Keeping and eating qualities of meat depends,in part, on removal of maximum blood from

carcass



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Laying Animal for Bleeding

Lay animal (except camel) on its left flank, preferablyfacing Kibla

Laying enables animal to convulse - results from

contraction of muscles due to lack of oxygen inbrain cells when incision made

Ensures maximum blood drainage owing to bodypressure on heart - outranks other slaughtering

techniquesEnsures rapid onset of unconsciousness and

painless death

Prevents retraction of carotids



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SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE ±

Bleeding

While giving incisions with sharp knife:

Recite name of Allah:

Bismillah Allah-o-Akbar Allah-o-Akbar

Subhan Allah

La illaha illila

Takbir - religious significance to believer

makes submission to Allah, that life taken out

of animal with His permission



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3. Bleeding techniques

Slaughtering actually done in the name of Allah

and not in name of any person or deity in

accordance with following commands:

³So eat of (meats) on which God¶s name has

been pronounced if ye have faith in His Signs´

Vl:118, Vl:121 ± Al Anam



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Bleeding techniques

Islamic method:Use sharp knife or any sharp object for bleeding

except finger nail and bone

Incision made in neck

Throat cut transversely to severe carotid arteries, jugular veins, oesophagus and trachea without injuringspinal cord

Two essentials in slaughter of animals for meat:

animals be dispatched without unnecessarysuffering

bleeding be as complete as possible

Both met in Islamic method of bleeding



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Bleeding techniques

When both carotid arteries severedunconsciousness in sheep induced between 3to 6 seconds

Islamic method ensures maximum blooddrainage from body before completion of deathprocess

Connection between brain and body retained

via spinal cordBrain sends messages to heart and lungs

Heart pumps blood to parts of body - drained

out from severed blood vessels in neck



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3. Bleeding techniques

Results of a comparative study

Maximum blood lost in Kosher method

Jewish method similar to Islamic as regardsphysical details

Minimum when chicken simply beheaded



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Conclusion

Islamic method ensures:

Minimum suffering to animal

Maximum bleedingLower pH of meat

Better meat quality



1/6/2012 49

ANIMAL RIGHTS

Islam recognized animal rights long before recognitionof human rights in Western World

Numerous Ahadith reflect Islam advocates kindnessand mercy towards animals:

Nourish animals well Save animals from hunger and thirst

Show kindness to animals

Do not hit or mark animal on its face

Do not shoot arrows at cattle or bird tied or held up Do not fight animals for sports or recreation

Do not unjustly kill even a sparrow or smaller bird(other than for food)



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Thank YouHalal Research Councilwww.halalrc.org

45669539 Quality of Halal Meat

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