453314 2 En BookBackmatter 381.978-3-030-16707... · 2019. 9. 13. · Index A AddHealth, 11,...
Transcript of 453314 2 En BookBackmatter 381.978-3-030-16707... · 2019. 9. 13. · Index A AddHealth, 11,...
Index
AAddHealth, 11, 17–19, 42–44, 61, 70, 73, 108, 362Adolescence, 15, 29, 40, 42–44, 46, 55, 61, 73, 88,
101–104, 106–113, 207, 222, 237, 353, 360Adoption, 29, 197, 245, 280, 281, 284, 285, 339, 346,
350, 355Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System
(AFCARS), 280Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), 284–287, 355Aging incarcerated parents, xxivAlcohol use, 72, 73, 110Alternative caregiver, 89, 123, 358Alternative punishment, 28Antisocial behaviour, 60, 66, 109–111, 117, 206,
220–223, 231, 347Arrest, xxii, 4–6, 13, 25–30, 32, 40, 42, 47, 56, 70, 71, 72,
86, 87, 89, 91, 93–95, 104, 109–111, 113, 120,141, 142, 157, 158, 175, 187, 189, 213, 240, 252,262, 272, 273, 280, 282, 283, 288, 289, 292, 300,306, 319, 332, 333, 337–339, 347, 349, 350,360–362, 364, 365
Attachment, 8, 76, 85–88, 90–93, 104, 105, 123, 141,152, 167, 172–174, 176, 188, 191, 206, 314, 318,331, 335, 337, 347, 356–360
Authentic research, 264
BBig Brothers Big Sisters, 208, 336Big data, 306
CCambridge Study, 69, 73, 109Caregiver, xx, xxiii, 30, 60, 77, 86–90, 94, 96, 104, 105,
109, 112, 117, 119–125, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137,140–144, 154–156, 167, 169, 173, 174, 186, 187,198, 210, 225, 226, 262, 273, 283–285, 289, 318,331, 332, 334, 337–340, 346–348, 350, 354, 360,362, 364, 365, 376
Caregiver support, 144, 332, 333, 338, 339Caregiving, 6, 8, 29, 86–92, 96, 105, 117–125, 211, 314,
348, 360–362, 365, 376Central America, 168
Childhood, xxxiii, xxxv, 3, 4, 12–16, 19, 25, 33, 39–44,46, 56, 60, 69, 71, 74, 85–88, 90, 92, 93, 96, 104,109, 118, 119, 134, 159, 177, 206, 222, 309, 321,346, 353
Child protective services, xxxi, 122, 252, 282Children, xviii–xxxv, 3–9, 11–21, 25–33, 37–43, 45–49,
53–63, 65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–78, 85–96,101–114, 117–126, 131–144, 149–161, 167–178,183–196, 198–200, 205–214, 219–228, 230, 231,233, 237, 238, 240–246, 252, 253, 256, 260–262,264, 267–276, 279–292, 295–298, 300, 301, 306,307, 309, 311–326, 331–341, 345–350, 353–369,373–379
Children of incarcerated parents, 3–9, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33,85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 103, 120, 136, 141,149–151, 153, 154, 156–161, 196, 197, 205, 206,208–214, 220, 221, 223, 225, 228, 233, 238, 260,262, 267, 279–282, 288, 289, 291, 309, 315, 317,320–323, 326, 331, 336, 337, 346, 353–363,365–369, 373, 375, 378
Children’s well-being, xviii, xix, xxiii, xxxiii, 3, 4, 7, 21,27, 37, 39, 41, 47, 48, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60–62, 86,89, 90, 92, 93, 101, 106, 132, 142, 237–243, 245,246, 349, 375, 376
Child separation from parent, xxxi, 6, 240, 340, 361Child welfare agencies, xxi, 29, 30, 33, 281, 283, 284,
288, 289Child welfare system, xxiii, xxix, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvi, 9,
29, 122, 226, 241, 279, 280, 284–286, 340, 355Close custody, 296, 297, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307Cognitive behavioral intervention, xxixCognitive development, 74, 102, 188, 211, 357Community, xviii, xx–xxii, xxiv–xxxii, xxxiv–xxxvi, 5,
6, 8, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 91, 95, 96, 112, 119, 125,137, 140, 141, 154, 160, 167–178, 184, 188, 189,191, 200, 207–209, 220–222, 226–229, 232,237–246, 251, 253–264, 281, 282, 288, 291, 292,296, 300, 302–304, 306–309, 317, 318, 321, 323,325, 332, 333, 336, 338–341, 354–359, 361–367,374, 376, 378
Community based participatory research, xxvi, 9, 126,253, 256
Community-based sentencing, 213, 240, 246Community collaboration, 255, 258
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019J. M. Eddy and J. Poehlmann-Tynan (eds.), Handbook on Childrenwith Incarcerated Parents, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3
381
Community empowerment, 254Community engagement, 253, 254, 264Community partners, xxviii, 112, 171, 176, 253–255,
263, 326Complexities of the criminal justice system, xxiii, 25Contact, xxii, xxiv, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxvi, 6, 8, 11–14, 17,
18, 20, 21, 26–28, 31–33, 37, 39–41, 45, 46, 48,49, 57, 69, 77, 87, 95, 101, 104, 105, 119, 125,131–136, 138–144, 149, 151–155, 158, 160, 174,186, 187, 190, 193–196, 198–200, 210, 211, 213,220, 224, 230, 237, 240–243, 245, 260, 262, 268,270–272, 274, 280, 282, 283, 288–291, 297, 298,300, 315–317, 319, 333–337, 339, 347, 348, 350,356, 361, 364, 365, 373, 375, 376
Correctional officers, 33, 152, 230, 290, 292, 314Couple relationships, 312, 314Courts, xxvi, xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, 6, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 69,
90, 141, 142, 157, 158, 174, 238–240, 262,271–273, 281, 282, 285, 291, 296, 299, 319, 325,338, 341, 349
Criminal justice reform, xxxv, 49, 124, 244, 260Criminal justice system, xix, xx, xxiii–xxvii, xxxi–xxxvi,
5, 6, 9, 11–13, 17, 21, 25–29, 31–33, 37–41,46–49, 85, 86, 104, 111, 120, 124–126, 142, 149,160, 177, 178, 185, 219, 220, 227, 229, 230, 238,239, 242, 258, 262, 273, 281, 282, 284, 288, 303,306, 307, 311–313, 319, 320, 325, 331, 338,355–357, 361, 373–375
Cross-country studies, 71
DDenmark, xix, 11, 158, 243, 267–269, 271, 273, 274, 276Department of corrections, xviii, xx, xxiii, xxvi, xxx, 30,
32, 133, 141, 225, 226, 230, 254, 256, 257, 259,263, 280, 282, 290, 291, 298
Department of Human Services (DHS), xx, xxx, 297, 298Depression, xxi, 44, 58, 59, 77, 106, 109, 122, 125, 138,
170, 172, 173, 188, 189, 192, 206, 207, 241, 288,318, 331, 334, 336, 339, 346
Detention, 6, 27, 56, 61, 91, 157, 158, 267, 270, 272, 332,333, 345, 346, 348–350, 356
Dignity and humanity for all families, xxviiDisadvantage, 12, 16, 18, 19, 38, 39, 41, 45, 49, 53, 59,
61, 65, 88, 93, 117–119, 122, 124, 125, 134, 238,376
Drug use, 38, 58, 66, 71, 73, 89, 105, 106, 110, 111, 355
EEarly childhood development, 42–44, 86, 87, 93, 353Economic well-being, xx, 56, 57, 62El Salvador, xviiEmployment, xxx, 28, 108, 109, 113, 168, 174, 195, 213,
224, 227–232, 239, 243, 244, 259, 270, 300, 306,308, 349
Europe, 11, 168, 269–271Evaluation, xx–xxii, xxiv, xxvii, xxx–xxxiii, 29, 31, 32,
125, 137, 157, 174, 176, 178, 183, 186, 190–197,199, 200, 208–211, 226, 228, 230, 232, 238, 245,246, 256, 288, 333–335, 339, 340, 350, 356, 367
Evidence-based practice, xxiv, 3, 9, 231, 283, 367, 368Exposure, xxxi, xxxiii, 7, 11–21, 38–41, 47–49, 53, 55,
56, 59, 65, 73, 77, 87, 89, 104, 106, 108, 109, 118,121, 272, 288, 347, 357, 360, 364, 377
FFamilies affected by incarceration, xxvii, 27, 107, 159,
200, 256, 260, 261, 362, 377Family, xviii–xxxv, 3–89, 11, 12, 16–19, 25–33, 37–39,
41, 43–49, 53–63, 65–67, 71, 73, 74, 76–78, 85,86, 88, 89, 91–96, 102–113, 117–126, 131–133,135–140, 142–144, 150, 152–154, 156–159, 167,169, 172, 178, 186–188, 191, 194, 196, 197, 200,205–207, 210–214, 220, 222–224, 227, 228,230–232, 239–241, 243, 245, 246, 251–253, 257,259–262, 264, 267, 269–272, 275, 279, 281, 284,285, 287, 288, 290–292, 300, 306, 309, 313–316,318–320, 325, 326, 331–333, 336–341, 345–350,354–358, 360–362, 364, 365, 367, 369, 374–378
Family and Offender Sentencing Alternative, 245, 280Family environments, xxviii, 53, 54, 56, 61, 62, 207Family interventions, 199, 366Family-oriented programs, 290, 374Family relationships, xxix, 43, 73, 77, 89, 104, 112, 117,
143, 159, 183, 197, 231, 270, 334, 347, 348, 354,376
Family stability, 117–121, 244, 376Family systems, 56, 57, 73, 94, 137, 367Foster care, xxvi, xxxii, 29, 33, 89, 118, 122, 226, 237,
240, 244–246, 280–282, 284–286, 289–292, 297,306, 313, 314, 317, 319, 324, 325, 340, 355, 363
Fragile Families, 7, 11, 16, 17, 41, 44, 45, 48, 53–62, 92,108, 119, 132, 211, 362, 375
Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, 7, 11, 16,17, 41, 44, 45, 48, 53–55, 119, 211
GGuatemala, xvii
HHealth, xvii–xxiv, xxvii–xxxv, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15–17, 21,
25, 26, 31, 41, 43–45, 47, 49, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62,66, 70, 73, 91, 96, 97, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110,117, 121–123, 158, 170, 172–177, 191, 210, 224,225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 238, 241, 242, 246, 253,257–259, 267, 270, 280, 282, 288, 291, 306, 313,323, 346, 347, 349, 353, 354, 360, 362, 375
Honduras, xvii
382 Index
Housing, xx, xxx, 21, 28, 38, 57, 89, 113, 118, 125, 138,167, 168, 174, 219, 222, 224, 227–230, 232, 233,259, 287, 349, 350, 373, 374
Humanizing language, 325
IIllegal, 71–73, 152, 348, 364Immigration, xix, 6, 38, 56, 61, 345, 346, 348–350, 355Imprisonment, xix–xxi, xxx, xxxv, 15, 16, 27, 28, 39, 40,
65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–78, 89, 90, 109, 110,113, 120, 125, 134, 137, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159,176, 239, 240, 251, 268–272, 274, 332, 375
Incarcerated parent, xvii–xix, xxi–xxiii, xxvi–xxviii, xxxi,xxxii, xxxv, 8, 30, 31, 46, 59, 62, 86–88, 90, 91,96, 101, 104–106, 110, 111, 118, 120, 122, 124,131, 133, 135–139, 143, 144, 150, 155, 159, 184,185, 199, 200, 206, 209, 211, 220, 226, 238, 240,252, 254, 259, 261, 262, 264, 281, 283, 285, 289,291, 311–313, 315, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 336,339, 340, 347, 348, 350, 356, 361, 375, 377
Incarcerated parents of color, 7, 9, 39–41, 45–48, 61, 159,251–253, 292, 346, 350, 375
Incarceration, xix–xxvii, xxxi, xxxiii–xxxv, 4, 6–9, 11,12, 14, 17–21, 26–28, 30, 31, 33, 37–49, 53–60,62, 69–71, 73, 76, 85–87, 89–97, 101–114,117–126, 131–136, 138, 141–144, 149–151,153–161, 169, 173, 176, 177, 183–185, 192–194,197–200, 205, 206, 212–214, 219, 221, 223–225,232, 233, 237–245, 251, 252, 258–263, 267–270,279, 280, 282, 284–287, 289–292, 300, 309,311–314, 316–326, 331, 332, 335, 337, 339, 340,346–350, 356, 359, 361–364, 368, 369, 373–378
Infants, xxi, 3, 4, 8, 37, 39, 44, 47, 48, 85, 86, 88, 90–97,101, 167–178, 188, 231, 270, 319, 347, 356, 357,359–361, 376
Interdisciplinary research, xxv, 253, 353, 354Intergenerational consequences, 53–55, 58–62Intergenerational transmission, xix, xx, xxxiii, 111, 220,
223, 231Intervention, xvii–xxii, xxiv–xxxiii, xxxv, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9,
21, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 49, 77, 90–92, 96, 110, 113,117, 124–126, 135, 137, 138, 141, 143, 160, 167,170, 173–176, 183–187, 189, 191, 193–200, 205,206, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 220, 221, 223–227,230–233, 251, 253, 254, 256–258, 261–264, 275,279, 286, 299, 302, 331–341, 349, 350, 353–369
JJail, xxii, xxviii, xxxi, xxxiii–xxxv, 3, 4, 6–8, 11, 13, 14,
16–18, 20, 21, 27, 31, 32, 38–40, 45, 47, 53, 56,58, 85–88, 91, 95, 101, 104, 110, 118, 119, 121,122, 124, 131–133, 135, 138–144, 149, 150, 154,158, 159, 170, 176, 184–186, 189, 191, 192, 194,196, 197, 199, 200, 205, 220, 221, 226–228, 231,233, 237–239, 241, 242, 245, 251, 252, 257–263,
267–269, 279–283, 286, 288, 291, 302, 312, 313,315–319, 331–336, 338–341, 346, 347, 354, 356,360–365, 368, 373–376
Juvenile Justice Information System (JJIS), 298Juvenile justice system, 295–298, 302, 303, 305, 307, 309
KKeeping families connected, 280
LLaw enforcement agencies, 27, 29, 33, 113, 142, 282,
283, 288, 289Life course data, 69Literature review, 67, 184Lived experience, 8, 49, 118, 149, 150, 154, 322–326,
367, 376Longitudinal data, xx, 20, 53, 55, 62, 65, 76, 106, 110,
360
MMaintaining parent-child bond, 12, 31, 136, 187, 262,
314–316, 318–320, 323, 325Mass incarceration, xxvii, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxv, 12, 25, 26,
33, 38, 39, 47, 48, 54, 62, 117, 121, 123, 131, 239,240, 245, 260, 267, 311–313, 323, 324, 353–355
Maternal incarceration, 29, 42, 43, 45, 54, 55, 57–60, 89,104, 108, 118, 120–122, 150, 167, 240, 363, 364
Mater Study, 73Meaning, 149, 150, 284, 317, 318, 322, 334, 356, 357,
360, 378Measure 11, 298Measurement, xxxi, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 191–193, 195,
197, 198, 242, 357, 361, 363–365Mental health, xxi, xxii, xxviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv, 3–5,
27–29, 55, 58, 62, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 89, 97, 105,108–111, 118, 119, 122, 134, 172, 175–177, 189,192, 193, 199, 213, 224, 229, 237, 239, 241, 243,258, 260, 270, 282, 297, 306, 324, 326, 335, 337,348, 349, 358, 362
Mental illness, xxxiii, 33, 65–67, 74, 78, 89, 206, 241Mentee, 208–210, 336, 337Mentor, xxvi, 7, 112, 150, 156, 207–213, 227, 336, 337Mentoring, xvii, xviii, xxiv, xxx, xxxii, 8, 205–214, 220,
224, 227, 331–333, 336, 337, 339, 355, 356, 358Methodology, xxvi, xxviii, xxxiii, xxxiv, 70, 78, 86, 125,
139, 151, 157, 280, 295, 304, 322Mexico, xxix, xxxii, 168, 169Middle childhood, 19, 55, 58–60, 101–104, 106–109,
111–113Minority populations, 123Multidisciplinary, xix, xxiv, 9, 273, 275Multimodal, xviii, 8, 212, 213, 219, 221, 224, 226,
230–233, 365, 367Multiple components, 260
Index 383
NNon-parental adults, 207, 211
OOffending, 65–67, 69, 70, 74, 76–78, 111, 137, 158, 194,
197, 206, 241, 246Oregon, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, xxiii, xxvi, xxviii, xxx, xxxii,
xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, 135, 169, 225, 227, 228, 230,245, 246, 279, 280, 282, 283, 290–292, 295, 297,298, 300, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 334
Oregon Youth Authority (OYA), xx, xxx, 295–309
PParent, xvii–xxxvi, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13–16, 18, 20, 26–31,
33, 38–40, 45, 47, 53, 56, 62, 69, 74, 76, 77,85–92, 94–96, 101–114, 117–124, 131–138,141–144, 149, 151–161, 171–175, 184–196, 198,200, 206, 207, 212, 219–227, 231, 240–242, 245,252, 260, 262, 267, 269, 271–273, 281–285, 287,288, 290–292, 296, 297, 306, 311, 313–321, 324,325, 331, 332, 337–340, 346–350, 354, 356,359–362, 364, 365, 368, 373–376
Parental, xix, xx, xxii, xxiii, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, 4, 6,7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 26–32, 37, 39–41, 46–49, 55, 56,58, 59, 62, 65–67, 69–71, 73, 74, 76–78, 86–89,92, 94, 104–106, 109–111, 113, 119, 120, 122,123, 125, 131, 133–135, 138, 141–143, 158, 159,173, 186, 188, 191, 194, 206, 208–210, 219, 224,240–242, 245, 262, 280, 282, 285, 287–289, 291,292, 307, 315, 319, 320, 332–334, 336–339, 346,348–350, 357, 360, 361, 364
Parental incarceration, xix, xx, xxii–xxvi, xxxi, xxxiii,3–9, 11–21, 25–27, 31, 39–42, 45–48, 53–56,58–63, 66, 69–73, 75, 77, 85–88, 90–93, 95–97,101–113, 117–125, 131, 132, 135, 137, 141, 143,149–154, 156, 157, 159–161, 184, 205, 206,237–242, 245, 246, 256, 259, 260, 262–264, 269,279–281, 283, 285–287, 292, 309, 312, 313, 316,318–324, 326, 331, 332, 336, 339, 340, 345–350,354, 355, 357–359, 361, 362, 364–366, 368,375–378
Parental romantic relationships, 56, 57Parent-child, xix–xxi, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 6, 8, 26, 56, 87,
90, 91, 105, 106, 125, 132–136, 138–140,142–144, 149–152, 160, 184, 193, 199, 200, 220,225, 279, 282–284, 289, 314–320, 323, 325,332–334, 336–340, 348, 349, 365, 375, 376
Parent-child relationships, xx, xxi, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 6,87, 90, 91, 132–136, 138, 144, 149, 152, 160, 199,220, 246, 261, 281, 284, 285, 314, 316–319, 340,374
Parent-child separation, xxxi, 6, 240, 340, 349, 361Parenting classes, 171, 183, 213, 221, 224, 231, 233, 307,
331–335, 337, 339, 340Parenting education programs, 186, 190, 191, 196Parenting interventions, xxxii, xxxiii, 184, 185, 191, 194,
196, 197, 223, 224, 233, 339, 364
Parenting programs, 31, 32, 56, 171, 183–187, 189–191,193–200, 219–221, 223, 224, 230–233, 291, 334,335, 365, 367, 374
Parenting quality, 118, 121, 124, 125, 354Parent Management Training (PMT), 223–226, 228Parent Sentencing Alternative, 280Peers, 3, 4, 8, 59, 61, 71, 88, 89, 93, 102–104, 106, 107,
110, 111–113, 119, 136, 151, 153, 174, 175, 189,206, 209, 222, 223, 230, 348, 353, 356, 357, 360,367
Penal reform, 267, 268People of color, 38, 40, 46, 251, 252, 375Physical development, 103Physical health, 37, 39, 55, 67, 103, 106, 219, 270Placement, 29, 89, 93, 104, 120, 142, 169, 237, 281, 282,
284–286, 289, 290, 292, 300, 302–304, 307, 348Policy, 3, 5, 7–9, 19, 21, 25, 30, 38, 39, 49, 56, 60, 62, 66,
67, 74, 76, 77, 85, 86, 92–94, 96, 102, 111–113,117, 124–126, 137, 141, 142, 151, 160, 161,167–169, 175, 178, 183, 196, 199, 200, 205, 206,212, 214, 219, 221, 231, 232, 237, 242, 245, 246,253, 254, 256, 258–261, 263, 269–271, 279, 283,284, 286–289, 312, 322, 326, 331, 332, 338–340,345, 346, 348, 353–356, 367, 368, 375, 378
Policy reforms, 67, 243Population forecast, 300Practice, xxii, xxiv, xxxi, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 20, 28–32, 39,
48, 49, 60, 62, 66, 86, 93, 94, 96, 102, 103,111–113, 120, 124, 131, 135, 141, 160, 161, 168,178, 183–185, 193, 194, 198–200, 206, 207, 209,212, 213, 219, 221, 223, 226, 231–233, 242–244,254, 256, 261, 263, 267–271, 273–275, 279, 281,283–285, 286, 288, 289, 292, 295, 297, 299, 302,311, 315–317, 319–321, 324, 325, 326, 331–337,339, 340, 341, 345–347, 349, 350, 353, 354, 356,358, 360, 362, 366–368, 374–378
Prevention, 5, 168, 176, 178, 205, 208, 214, 223, 226,257, 258, 280, 307, 364, 365
Prison, xxi, xxv, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, 3, 4, 6–8, 11,13, 14, 16–18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 31–33, 37–39, 45,47, 53, 56, 58, 66, 70, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 91, 94,95, 101, 104, 106, 107, 118–122, 124, 131–144,149, 150, 153–156, 158, 159, 167–178, 183–185,187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 196–200, 205, 220, 221,223–231, 233, 237–239, 241–245, 252, 261,256–258, 262, 263, 267–274, 276, 279–292, 308,311–319, 326, 331–335, 336, 338–341, 346, 347,354–356, 360–362, 364–368, 373–378
Prison boom, 30, 312Prisoner, xx, xxviii, xxxiii, 6, 27, 32, 65–67, 70, 71, 74,
76–78, 104, 140, 154, 158, 167, 168, 170, 171,175, 176, 178, 197, 205, 210, 211, 243, 268–276,283, 288–291, 335, 376, 378
Prison nursery, xxviii, 8, 91, 93, 94, 167–178, 184, 186,191, 231, 319, 365, 367
Prison versus jail, 4, 158Probation, xix, 6, 7, 11, 27, 28, 101, 142, 228–230,
237–244, 270, 273, 297, 304, 338, 341, 346, 355,375
384 Index
Program enhancements, 213, 214Program evaluation, xxi, 210, 213, 245, 300, 350, 376Protection, xxiv, 95, 96, 167, 178, 255, 282, 288, 360Psychosocial outcomes, 109
QQualitative methods, 48, 150, 159, 210
RRacial/ethnic disparities, 3, 7, 13–15, 17, 18, 20, 25–27,
29, 37–42, 44–49, 54, 61, 62, 124, 156, 168, 251,252, 284, 288, 313, 346, 353–356, 375
Reentry, xxi, xxvii, xxix, xxx, xxxiii, 31, 32, 86, 94, 95,137, 154, 155, 157, 158, 169, 171–178, 185, 197,200, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 282, 288, 292, 320,340, 355, 378
Research, xviii–xxxvi, 3–9, 11–13, 18–21, 25–29, 31–33,37–39, 41, 45–49, 53, 55–62, 65–67, 69, 73, 74,76–78, 85–90, 92, 93, 95–97, 101–104, 107,109–112, 117–119, 121–123, 126, 132, 135–139,144, 149–161, 170, 173–176, 178, 183, 184, 194,197, 198, 200, 206–209, 212, 214, 219, 221, 225,226, 228, 231–233, 237–246, 251, 253–264,267–271, 273–276, 279, 282, 285, 286, 289, 291,292, 295, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302, 308–313, 315,318, 320–327, 331–333, 335–340, 345–349,353–369, 374–379
Revocation, 302, 305, 306, 355Rights of children, 267, 271, 273Risk, xix–xxiv, xxvi–xxviii, xxx, xxxii–xxxiv, 3–7, 11,
13, 15–20, 25–27, 30, 39–41, 44, 45, 49, 58–61,65, 67, 69–71, 73, 76–78, 86, 88–94, 96, 102, 103,105–113, 117, 118, 122–125, 134, 141–143, 149,158, 161, 168, 173, 176, 177, 200, 205–207, 209,210, 212, 213, 220, 222, 228–230, 233, 237, 239,244, 258, 264, 280, 284–286, 300, 302–307, 317,326, 331, 332, 338, 346–349, 357–361, 363, 364,366, 373–375
SSampling, xvii, xxv, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 30, 53, 54, 56,
151, 154, 157, 361, 363School, xxv, 5, 6, 8, 17, 19, 21, 29, 37–39, 42, 43, 45, 54,
59, 61, 72, 75, 77, 101–104, 107–113, 123, 140,152, 153, 156, 158, 208–210, 212, 213, 229, 238,240, 241, 252, 254, 291, 300, 306, 313, 314, 318,319, 324, 333, 336, 348, 355, 357–360, 362–365,369, 375–377
Sentencing, xxxv, 4, 8, 30, 31, 38, 67, 95, 104, 109, 142,157, 158, 174, 177, 214, 237–246, 252, 287, 298,320, 332, 338, 362
Separation, xxii, xxxi, 6, 69, 73, 76, 85, 89, 90, 92, 109,111, 133, 158, 161, 167–169, 171–174, 185, 192,198, 206, 240, 241, 280, 315, 320, 332, 345–349,364, 376
State prison, xxx, xxxv, 6, 21, 27, 28, 85, 89, 119,132–134, 169, 170, 183, 184, 221, 225, 228, 229,257, 260, 280, 313, 315, 317, 346, 375
Stigma, xxviii, 41, 46, 62, 76, 77, 103, 106, 107, 112,113, 117, 121, 125, 149, 151, 153, 156, 160, 171,212, 240, 241, 253, 262, 270, 313, 320, 321, 326,347, 350, 356, 360, 361, 377
Stories, xxxv, 4, 126, 136, 149, 150, 259, 263, 268, 302,312, 314, 322, 324, 325
Strength in families, 226, 280Subjective, 150, 210–212Substance use, 65–67, 71, 74, 78, 109–111, 190,
206–208, 223, 337, 375Support systems, 159
TTermination of parental rights, 279, 284, 287, 355Training, xviii, xxvii, xxx, xxxvi, 30, 31, 94, 96, 113,
142, 143, 175, 183–185, 187–190, 195, 196, 198,199, 210, 212, 213, 224, 225, 227, 229, 230, 239,255, 257–260, 267, 282–284, 289–292, 296, 306,308, 322, 324, 337, 339, 341, 350
Transfive study, 70Transportation, 95, 131, 133, 140, 227, 267, 274, 282,
315–317, 339Treatment, xxi, xxx, xxxi, xxxv, xxxvi, 20, 37, 89, 91, 93,
110, 140, 152, 173–176, 184, 190, 191, 194–196,198, 213, 223, 224, 229, 239, 242, 244–246, 258,259, 282, 285, 296, 298–300, 302–307, 316, 323,335, 337, 349, 362, 366
Typology, 303, 304
UUnited States, 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 17, 25–27, 37, 40, 53, 54,
61, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 73, 78, 94, 104, 113, 131,167–169, 175, 186, 237, 238, 240, 243, 245, 251,252, 312, 331, 345, 349, 350, 355, 356, 364, 375
VVisitation, xxxiii, 6, 8, 28, 31, 56, 66, 86–91, 93–95, 103,
105, 138, 141, 144, 150, 185, 188, 193, 196, 198,200, 213, 227, 240, 282–284, 288–290, 292, 325,331–333, 335, 336, 339, 347, 348, 350
Visits, xix, xxii, xxxi, 8, 29, 31, 56, 77, 87, 91, 94–96,104, 105, 113, 119, 131–144, 152–154, 160, 173,184, 187, 193, 196, 197, 200, 211, 226, 252, 260,262, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274, 279, 283, 284, 290,292, 306, 307, 315–320, 325, 335–337, 339, 347,348, 350, 356, 362, 364, 365, 376, 377
Voices, 126, 149, 150, 159, 160, 197, 253, 254, 261–263,312, 324, 326, 341, 357, 368, 376
WWashington State, xviii, xxix, 30, 169, 225, 226, 245,
279, 280, 282, 286, 287
Index 385
YYoung children, xix, xxi, xxxv, 55, 85–97, 112, 123, 134,
138–141, 152, 156, 169, 240, 319, 350Youth, xvii, xix, xx, xxiv, xxvi, xxix, xxx, xxxii, xxxiv,
xxxv, 17–19, 21, 30, 42, 45, 47, 61, 70, 71,101–113, 121, 123, 124, 126, 135, 158, 159,205–214, 220, 221, 223, 253, 259, 260, 288,295–310, 320, 336, 340, 358
Youth mentoring, 208, 209, 220, 228, 358, 367Youth Reformation System (YRS), 296, 299–302, 306,
309
ZZero tolerance, 345, 348
386 Index