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m e e ys em verv ew
Asst. Prof. Suree Pumrin, Ph.D.Semester 2/2553
12102444 Introduction toEmbedded Systems
Lecture material taken from:
Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming and Design, 2 nd
ed., Kamal, R., Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.
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Objectives
Ex lain s stem and embedded s stem Describe the real-time system
,microcontroller, or a computer system
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Topics
Embedded s stems Real-time system Brief History of Microprocessors
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A way of working, organizing or
a fixed set of rules, program or plan. so an arrangemen n w c a un s
assemble and work together according toa program or plan.
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Time display system -- A watch u oma c c o was ng sys em --
washing machine
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An embedded system is a system that
-hardware, which makes a systemdedicated for an application(s) orspecific part of an application or
product or part of a larger system.
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An embedded system is one that has adedicated ur ose software embeddedin a computer hardware. s a e ca e compu er ase sys emfor an application(s) or product. It may bean independent system or a part of larges stem. Its software usuall embeds into
a ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash.
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s any ev ce a nc u es a
programmable computer but is not itselfintended to be a general purposecom uter.
Embedded Systems are the electronic
or a microcontroller, but we do not thinkof them as computersthe computer ishidden or embedded in the s stem.
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Embedded processors account for almosto wor w e m croprocessor
production!
Embedded:desktop = 100:1 em e e processors n e ome
estimated at 40-50.
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ree a n m e e omponen s
functionalities.
Embeds main application software generally intoflash or ROM and the application software performsconcurrently the number o tasks.
Embeds a real time operating system (RTOS),which supervises the application software tasksrunning on the hardware and organizes the
accesses to system resources according topriorities and timing constraints of tasks in thesystem. 112102444 Introduction to
Embedded Systems
Mission Critical
Life-Threatening
Cant reboot!
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Embedded System Examples (3)
Instrumentation Data collection, oscilloscopes,
Medical Imaging systems (e.g., XRAY,, ,
Automation , ,
(PDAs), pagers, cell phones,
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Real-time systems are defined as those systemsin which the correctness of the system dependsnot only on the logical result of computation, butalso on the time at which the results areproduced.
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u - as ng an oncurrency
os rea - me sys ems are a so em e es stems with several in uts and out uts andmultiple events occurring independently.
epara ng as s s mp es programm ng,but re uires somehow switchin back andforth among the three task ( multi-tasking).
Concurrency is the appearance of .
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Soft Real-Time System ,but no specific deadlines that must be met.
ar ea - me ys em Output response must be computed by specifieddeadline or system fails.
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A Typical Real-Time System
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Example Car driver (1)
Mission: Reaching the destination safely. Controlled System: Car. Operating environment: Road conditions. Controlling System
- Human driver: Sensors - Eyes and Ears of thedriver.- Computer: Sensors - Cameras, Infrared receiver,and Laser telemeter.
on ro s: cce era or, eer ng w ee , rea -pedal.
, , .222102444 Introduction to
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Example Car driver (2) Critical tasks: Steering and breaking. Non-critical tasks: Turning on radio. Performance is not an absolute one. It
measures the goodness of the outcome relativeto the best outcome possible under a givencircumstance.
Cost of fulfilling the mission Efficient solution. Reliability of the driver Fault-tolerance
(achieve higher reliability for task execution) is amust.
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Brief History of Microprocessors
The mechanical a e The electrical age The microprocessor age
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500 B.C. Chinese : Abacus a
horizontal wires with beadstung on them
1642 Blaise Pascal: Calculator
subtracter using of gearsand wheels
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1823 Charles Babbage:
Difference engine
mechanize thecalculation ofpolynomial functions
Analytical engine
mathematical operation
automatically
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1889 Hollerith: The punched
card counted, sorted,and collated
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1943 Turing: The first
special purposecomputer (Colossus)
computer system
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1946 The University of
Pennsylvania: the firstgeneral purpose
(Electronics NumericalInte rator andCalculator)
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The Microprocessor Age
1945 von eumann: von eumann mac nes
revolutionizes the way people think aboutcomputer design
1950s Transistor and magnetic core memory
Digital integrated circuits, VLSI
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1970s 71: Intel 4004 4-bit microprocessor
e rs m croprocessor 72: Intel 8008 the first 8-bit
74: Motorola MC6800 8-bitmicroprocessor
76: Zilog Z-80 8-bit microprocessor 78: Intel 8086 16-bit microprocessor 79: Motorola MC68000 16-bit
microprocessor
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The Modern Microprocessor (II) 1980s
85: Intel 386 32-bit microprocessor
86: Acron RISC 32-bit processor 87: Zilog Z-280 16-bit machine
1990s 91: MIPS Computer Systems 64-bit R4000 RISC
mac ne 92: Digital s Alpha 21064 64-bit at 300 MHz 97: Intel Pentium II
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The Modern Microprocessor (III)
2000s 00: Intel 1 GHz : n e en um a . an z 02: Intel Mobile Processor at 1 GHz (low
power)
05: The Intel Itanium
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The Future of Microprocessors
No one can accuratel redict! Multicore processor multiple processor
??
The new challenge is functionality
Balancin in clock fre uenc desi ncomplexity, and power consumption
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Components of a Computer
Central Processing Unit
in software
Used to store instructions and data Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)
Input/Output Used to communicate with the outside world
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Microprocessor
A single chip that contains a whole CPU
Intel P4 or AMD Athlon in desktops/notebooks ARM processor in Apple iPod Has the ability to fetch and execute instructions stored
n memory
Has the ability to access external memory,external I/O and other peripherals
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Microcontroller
ssen a y a m croprocessor w on-c p memor es an
I/O devices Designed for specific functions All in one solution - Reduction in chip count Reduced power consumption Reduced cost Examples
Intel 8051, Motorola family HCxxx, PIC family 18xxx , Atmel family More details of components later
A/D converters, temperature sensors, communications, timingcircuits, many others
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Exercise
1. What components make up a computer?
.3. What is a microcontroller?
. y5. When do we need a real-time system?
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