* GB784828 (A)

Description: GB784828 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Air conditioning installations for rooms

Description of GB784828 (A)

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BE547037 (A) CH330044 (A) FR1152209 (A) BE547037 (A) CH330044 (A) FR1152209 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,825 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification April 13, 1956. No 11389/56. Application made in Switzerland on April 15, 1955. Complete Specification Published Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance: Class 137, B( 2 A: 2 B: 4 A: 4 B). International Classification: -F 24 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Air Conditioning Installations for Rooms We, Suz En F Iltkn RES, Soc IET In A No Iw Mi, a Company organised under the Laws of Switzerland, of Winterthur, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to air conditioning installations for rooms, of

the kind comprising a fresh air receiver which can be supplied with suitably conditioned fresh air at super atmospheric pressure and in an amount adjustable to suit requirement, expansion nozzles through which the fresh air from the receiver flows into a mixing chamber disposed above the receiver, in which mixing, chamber the fresh air is mixed with air sucked in from the room by the ejector effect of the expansion nozzles, and, flanking the mixing chamber, a heat exchanger disposed in the path of the room air as it flows into the mixing chamber for heating or cooling the room air. Installations of the kind specified are being increasingly used in buildings where ventilating ducts would be difficult to install or are precluded by lack of space. Whereas in an air conditioning plant of the type most commonly employed hitherto a part of the air in an air conditioned room is continuously sucked off through a ventilating duct into a central air conditioning plant and there together with a certain amount of fresh air, it is brought to suitable temperature and humidity and is then returned to the room together with the fresh air through another ventilating duct, and an amount of room air corresponding to the supplied amount of fresh air escapes from the room through any apertures therein, the operation of installations of the kind specified is as follows A central conditioning plaht sucks in fresh air from the atmosphere and brings this air to suitable temperature and humidity The conditioned fresh air lPrice 3 6 d l is then supplied under increased pressure to individual installations of the kind 50 specified distributed among the rooms of the building In each installation the fresh air expands in passing through the expansion nozzles producing an ejector effect which sucks room air into the 55 installation This room sir is heatel or cooled, as occasion demands, by mean -of the heat exchanger and is mixed with the expanded fresh air, after which the mixture produced flows out into the room 60 Here also an amount of air corresponding to the supplied amount of fresh air escapes from the room Thus no ventilating duct for returning air from the room to the central air conditioning plant is 65 required, only a single pipe for supplying fresh air to the installation being heeded. This air supply pipe can be very small in comparison with the ventilating ducts in conventional air conditioning plants, 70 because the fresh air supplied to the room is only a fraction of the mixture of loom air and fresh air which is circulated by the installation in the room Also, as the fresh air is supplied at higher pressure to 75 the installation the flow cross-section of the air supply pipe can be still further reduced on account of the greater flow velocity thus attainable One advantage of the small air supply pipe is that even 80

a building with a considerable number of storeys can be supplied with fresh air from a single central air conditioning plant without the air supply pipes occupying an excessively large area of the ground 85 plan Moreover, the air conditions in the various rooms connected to the central air conditioning plant can be individually adapted to suit requirements The installations set up in the individual 90 rooms can serve for both cooling and heating. The present invention arose from the recognition that in hitherto known installations of the kind specified, in 95 which the free cross-section of the mixf i V 1->) 51 r 784,828 ing chamber is constant over its whole height, the nearer the passages through the heat exchanger are to the expansion nozzles the less they contribute to the heating or cooling of the circulated room air. According to the present invention the free cross-section of the mixing chamber widens as the distance from the expansion nozzles increases This arrangement has the effect that room air flows through the heat ex hanger practically uniformly over its whole height so that the proportion of room air to fresh air in the mixing chamber is increased and the whole outer surface of the heat exchanger contributes effectively to the heating or cooling of the circulated room air. In the known arrangements in which the mixing chamber has a constant free cross-section throughout its height the mixing chamber must obviously De so dimensioned that the turbulent flow of the mixture of fresh air and room air, which widens progressively with increasing distance from the expansion nozzles, can rise unhindered Consequently the width of the mixing chamber transversely to the direction of outflow of the fresh air from the expansion nozzles must be at least equal to the greatest width of the progressively widening turbulent mixture stream Thus the inner ends of the room air passages through the heat exchanger which are situated nearest to the expansion nozzles do not lie so close to the turbulent rising stream of mixture as do in the inner ends of the room air passages that are further from the nozzles Thus the greater part of the sucked in room air is sucked in through the passages that are further from the expansion nozzles, namely those situated in the upper part of the heat exchanger so that the parts of the heat exchanger situated nearer to the nozzles do not contribute fully to the heating or cooling of the circulated room air, and the amount of room air which is circulated is often insufficient in comparison to the supplied amount of fresh air The invention reduces these disadvantages to a great extent. In one form of installation embodying the invention the mixing chamber is flanked on both sides by the heat exchanger Furthermore, with such a construction of the mixing chamber it is advisable that its free

cross-section widens symmetrically with respect to the axis of the expansion nozzles, making an angle of between 50 and 150 on each side of this axis. The invention may be performed in various ways, and one installation embodying the invention will now be speciically described by way of exalmple with referelnce to the accompanying dirawings, in which:Figure 1 is a transverse section through the installation; and 70 Figure 2 is a front view of the installation shown in Figure 1, partly in section through the central longitudinal plane. The installation shown in the drawings comprises a sheet metal housing 1 which 75 contains in its lower part a fresh air receiver 2 In the interior of the fresh air receiver there is disposed a distributing passage 3, which is connected to a fresh air suppiy pipe 4 Felt linings 6 for the 53 purpose of dampino noise are fitted on the inside of the sheet metal body of the fresh air receiver Z, as well as on both sides of the sheet metal wail of the distributing passage 3 The fresh air 85 sutpiied through the pipe 4, conditioned to suitable temperature and humidity and compressed to a super atmospheric rreshure, flows throught an aperture 7 of the distributing passage 3 into the receiver 2 90 Along the top of thile receiver 2 there is a row of expansion nozzles 8 such that the fresh air flows through the nozzles 8 into a mixing chamber 9 at ieduced pressure and at relatively high velocity The 95 motion of the expanded fresh air into the mixing chamber 9 produces a suction or ejector efrect which sucks air from the room through apertures 10 and 11 in the side walls of the housing and through an 100 aperture 12 in the bottom of the housing into the mixing chamber where it,nixes with fresh air The mixture of fresh air and room air flows out through apertures 13 in the top of the housing 1 into the 105 room For adjusting the heat content of the air mixture a heat exchanger 14 is disposed in the path of the room air sucked in through the apertures 10, 11 and 12. Furthermore, the pipe 4 is provided with 110 a throttie valve 15 adjustable by hand. The heat exchanger consists of two elements 14 a or 14, which are situated behind the apertures 10 and 11, respectively, in the interior or the housing 1 115 and which flank the mixing chamber 9. Each element of the heat exchanger consists of a pipe coil 16, which is provided with rectangular fin plates 17 lying in vertical planes The pipe coil of the ele 120 ment 14 a of the heat exchanger is connected by a connecting pipe 18 with the pipe coil of the other element 14 b of the heat exchanger The other ends of the pipe coils are respectively connected to at 125 supply pipe 19 and a discharge pipe 20 for a liquid heating or cooling medium. The supply pipe 19 is provided with a valve 21 which can be adjusted

by means of a hand wheel disposed outside the hous 130 784,828 ing, 1 Alternatively, the pipe coils of the two elements 14 a and 14 b could be connected in parallel. The top of the sheet metal body 5 of the fresh air receiver 2 is in the form of a collecting trough 22 This collects moisture which may condense on the heat exchanger and drip when a cooling medium is being circulated through the heat exchanger The condensed moisture is discharged through a pipe 23. According to the invention the mixing chamber 9 is so constructed that its free cross-section widens as the distance from the expansion nozzles 8 increases J 1 'or this purpose the two elements of the heat exchanger 14, provided with the rectangular fin plates 17, are so inclined that the free cross-section of the mixing chamber widens symmetrically with respect to the axis of the expansion nozzles, making an angle a of about 8 with the axis 'lihe divergent angle of the mixing chamber of about 16 corresponds, in this embodiment, to the divergent angle of the turbulent mixture stream as it widens out during its upward motion from the nozzles, which is indicated by chain lines The magnitude of the latter angle depends on thie prevailing proportil o 01 the circulated amount of room air to the supplied amount of fresh air Ilihe free cross-section of the mixing chamber is defined by the inclined inner edges of the fin plates of the heat exchanger, these edges being so disposed that the free cross-section of the mixing chamber widens symmetrically with respect to the axis of the expansion nozzles at an angle of between 5 and 15 on each side of the axis. It will be seen that in the described construction of the mixing chamber the inner ends of all the room air passages through the heat exchanger, bounded by the pipe coils 16 and the fin plates 17, are at approximately the same distance from the sides of the turbulent mixture of room air and fresh air rising in the mixing chamber This has the result that the room air flows practically uniformly through the heat exchanger so that the proportion of circulated room air to fresh air is increased, and the whole outer surface of the heat exchanger contributes effectively to the heating or cooling of the circulated room air. The invention is of course not restricted to the example described For instance, in certain circumstances it may be necessary to dispose a heat exchanger on only one side of the mixing chamber, the other side being flanked by a closed wall of the housing Such an arrangement with the mixing chamber widening as the distance from the expansion nozzles increases also possesses the above mentioned advantages.

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* GB784829 (A)

Description: GB784829 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Interlock push button electric switch device

Description of GB784829 (A)

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 9 4 A 784,829 4, Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 26, 1956. & _If NI' d No 12778/56. Application made in United States of America on May 20, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), B( 1 I: 2 A 12 B). International Classification:-IR 02 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Interlock Push Button Electric Switch Device WE, SQUARE D Co MPANY of

6060 Rivard Street, Detroit 11, Michigan, United States of America, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Michigan, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to improvements in interlocking press button electric switch devices. It is an object of the present invention to improve the construction of interlocked press button devices by utilising resilient means provided in the interlocked switch means to actuate an interlocking member. According to the present invention there is provided an interlocking press button electric switch device which device comprises two or more switch means each having a press button and a resilient biasing means and wherein each one of the switch means is connected with another of the switch means by a movable member which can interlock the one or the other switch means, the resilient biasing means of either switch means actuating the movable member from one maintained position therefor to another maintained position therefor on operation of the press button of the other switch means. Reference is now made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate an embodiment of the present invention here given by way of example and in which:Figure 1 is a front elevational view with the enclosing cover in place. Figure 2 is a front elevational view with the enclosing cover removed. Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along the line III-III of Figure 2. Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along the lines IV-IV of Figure 2. The embodiment illustrated is a press lRmic 6 3 s 6 gdj P or push button device having a pair of similar push-button units interconnected for interlocking operation by a slidable interlock barrier The individual push-button units designated "A" and "B" each comprise 50 a moulded insulating base 1 having a central cavity 2 with additional cutout and recessed portions as will become apparent with further description of the elements constituting the push-button unit Each unit is 55 supported in an enclosure 3 and insulated therefrom by an insulation strip 4 and is maintained in place by suitable mounting screws threading into the base of the enclosure. The entire device is covered by an enclosing 60 cover plate 5 adapted to be secured toportions of the base 1 and cut out to allow access to the buttons of the individual push-button units. The individual units are each provided 65 with a pair of stationary contacts 6 each fixed to a conducting bar 7 extending through a suitable cutout 8 in the insulating base 1 and terminating at a

terminal portion 9 outwardly of the insulating base Each 70 conducting bar 7 is secured in the insulating base by a screw 11 so that the stationary contacts 6 are thereby maintained within the central cavity 2 of the insulating base 1. The push-button operating members of 75 the present invention operate within the insulating base in the central cavity 2 and are provided with an external push-button operator 12 which extends through the cutout in the cover 5 provided for the push 80 button device The outer surface of the insulating base is provided with a square hole cut therethrough at 14 through which the shaft 15 of the push-button passes so as to allow for permissible reciprocal move 85 ment without rotary movement The square shaft 15 of the push-button has integrally fixed therein a bushing 16 having internal threads; the push-button 12 and shaft 15 being constructed of moulded 90 2 t ' 84,829 insulating material and preferably having the bushing 16 fixed therein during the moulding operation. A movable contact carrier 17 is biased by a spring 18 and slidably supported on the bushing 16 and is adapted to be maintained in place on the bushing by a spool-like retainer 19 The retainer 19 is provided with one flat shoulder at 21 for engagement with the movable contact earrier and a second shoulder at 22 with a hub 20 and an inclined surface 34 therebetween The centre of the spool-like retainer is hollow so that a headed screw 23 may pass therethrough and thread into the bushing 16 so as to retain the internal portions of the pushbutton in their desired location A helical coil spring 24 operates between the outer surface of the insulating base 1 and the inner surface of the push-button 12 about the shaft 15 and biases the push-button assembly outwardly into a normal position with the movable contacts 26 on the movable contact carrier 17 engaging the stationary contacts 6. The second unit of the push-button device is identical with the device just described, both units being fixed to the base of the enclosure 1 and enclosed by the cover 5 with the push-buttons extending through the cutouts in the cover for external access. The two units in their side-by-side relation are provided with an interlocking arrangement operating to maintain one device in a depressed or open position while the other unit is in a raised or closed position. The interlocking device comprises a slidable member 31 operating in cutout slots 32 in the adjacent faces of the units so that the ends thereof extend into the central cavity 2 and cooperate with the enlarged shoulder 22 of the spool-like retainer 19 within the units The interlocking member 31 has a T-like configuration with the bar 35 of the T being shaped to conform with the configuration of the inclined surface 34 of the enlarged shoulder 22 of the spool-like

retainer 19 The interlock is slidably operative between the units against the insulating sheet 4 within the limits as described by the slots 32 in the units A and B. In operation, and as shown in Figure 3, the interlocking member 31 cooperates with the spool-like retainers 19 with the separate units so spaced that the dimension of the bar 35 of the interlocking member 31 is greater than the spacing between operating surfaces of the enlarged shoulders 22 of the units A and B by substantially the difference in radius between the hub 20 and the enlarged shoulder 22 of each retainer. With the dimensions as described, the interloclking member prohibits the positioning of both of the push-button devices in their raised position simultaneously The interlocking member is further provided with an inclined surface at 33 cooperating with the similarly inclined surface 34 on each retainer 19 so that with a push-button in 70 the depressed position the two inclined surfaces are touching and in the raised position of the push-button the cross bar of the T of the interlolcking member 31 is engaged by the enlarged shoulder 22 of 75 the retainer 19 It may be visualized by reference to Figure 3 that as the pushbuttons are initially depressed, their respective inclined surfaces and enlarged shoulders provide for sliding movement of the inter 80 locking member from one adjusted position to the other to lock one push-button down. The push-buttons are continuously biased outwardly of their respective insulating bases 1 by the helical coil spring 24 associated 85 therewith so that as a push-button in the then raised position is depressed its enlarged shoulder 22 then cooperating with the bar 33 of the interlocking member and maintaining the other push-button depressed 90 by such engagement, is moved from interlocking engagement to permit the interlocking member 31 to travel along the retainer inclined surface 34 The interlocking member 31 will be positively biased in this movement 95 by the force of the spring 24 of the opposite push-button biasing that push-button outwardly of its casing The released push)button is now permitted to move in that the depressed push-button has been moved 100 from its blocking alignment with the bar of the interlocking member 31 and the movement of the released push-button along its axis causes movement of the interlolcking member 31 in its plane perpendicular 105 thereto Under the bias of the helical spring 24 the interlocking member will be moved to a position where the inclined surface 33 for the B unit which was formerly blocked by the enlarged shoulder 22 of the 110 retainer 19 will now be engaged with the inclined surface 34 of the retainer 19 and the bar 35 of the T of the interlolcking member 31 at the A unit ftrmerly having inclined surfaces 33 and 34 aligned will 115 now be engared by the enlarged shoulder 22 of its associated retainer 19 It

may now be seen that the interlocking pushbutton device of the present invention provides an arrangement whereby the indi 120 vidual push-buttons of the device may be locked in their depressed position and may be released only by the operation of the opposite push-button and wherein sueh operation will cause the operated push 125 button to be retained in its operated position.

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* GB784830 (A)

Description: GB784830 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to aerial systems for use in airborne drift andground speed indicators operating by doppler effect

Description of GB784830 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,830 Inventor:-GEOFFREY EDWARD BECK. Date of filing Complete Specification: April 27, 1954. ) Application Date: July 24, 1953 No 20648/53. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 7), AE( 4 V 1 B: 4 V 3: 6 G). International Classification:-HO 4 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Aerial Systems for Use in Airborne Drift and Ground Speed Indicators Operating by Doppler Effect. We, MARCONI'S WIRELESS TELEGRAPH COMPANY LI Mi TED, a Company organised under the laws of Great Britain, of Marconi House, Strand, London, W C 2, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement:- Aircraft ground speed and drift indicators oparating by Doppler effect are well known and are described, inter alia, in United Kingdom Patent Specification No 638,167. A typical known radio indicator of this type requires an aerial installation adapted to provide radiation in turn simultaneously in the forward direction on the port side, and in the aft direction on the starboard side and then in the forward direction on the starboard side and in the aft direction on the port side, and so on, and the whole aerial :installation is required to be able to be trained in azimuth to enable the electrical centre of the system to be brought into co26 incidence with the track of the aircraft. Since such Doppler effect drift and speed indicators, as they will be herein termed, are well known from the Specification already referred to and from other published literature, further description is not considered necessary herein. There have been numerous proposed aerial and feeder installations for Doppler effect drift and speed indicators, but all those so far proposed have disadvantages from the practical point of view Some involve the use of mechanically moving reflector hoods surrounding the individual aerials of an installation, and driven in synchronism with means for timing the transmission This, lPrice 3 s 6 d l however, is mechanically inconvenient, especially where, as is often the case, the individual aerials are physically rather long. Other proposals avoid the use of mechanically moving hoods but require the provision of two receivers as well as means for accurately dividing the radio power between sets of aerials employed in the system. The present invention seeks to provide an improved and relatively simple aerial and feeder installation for a Doppler effect drift and speed indicator, which shall not present the defects of known arrangements. According to this invention an aerial and feeder installation for a Doppler effect speed and drift indicator comprises four differently directed wave guide aerials adapted to be energised in pairs and mounted in hoods or reflectors which are fixed relatively thereto, said aerials having their feeder ends arranged in juxtaposition, a Y-junction wave guide feeder having a main limb which is bifurcated into two branch limbs, and a knuckle joint through which said main limb is arranged to be fed and about which said Y junction feeder can be swung, the spacing between the wave guide feeder ends of the aerials to be simultaneously energised, whereby in a first position of the Y-junction feeder there is a radio energy path through the knuckle joint and said Y-junction feeder to one pair of aerials, while in a

second position there is a radio energy path through said joint and the Y-junction feeder to the other pair of aerials. Preferably the Y-junction feeder, aerials and hoods are also arranged so that they can be moved as a unit about the knuckle joint so that the whole installation can thus be trained in azimuth, alternation of the feed to the pairs of aerials being effected by swinging the Y-junction only about the knuckle joint. The invention is illustrated in the schematic drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification, which drawings show one embodiment schematically In the drawings Figures 1 and 3 are schematic elevations showing the swinging action for energy distribution and azimuth training respectively, while Figure 2 is a schematic section showing the wave guide aerial and hood arrangement. Referring to the drawings, there are four wave guide aerials PA, PF, SF and SA directed respectively port and aft, port and forward, starboard and forward, and starboard and aft Each aerial is mounted in and is fixed in relation to a hood reflector, the four reflectors being indicated as comprised in a single structure HR The feeder ends of the aerials are arranged in juxtaposition-as shown side by side and equally spaced, though obviously this is not the only possible arrangement Y is a Y-junction feeder having a main limb MY and two branch limbs BY The separation between the ends of the branch limbs BY is substantially the same as that between the feeder ends of the aerials PA and SF and also substantially the same as that between the feeder ends of the aerials PF and SA The main limb MY is fed through a knuckle joint K of known form which connects the said limb to a wave guide W leading to a transmitreceiver unit (TIR unit) which is not shown. In one position of the junction Y in relation to the aerial ends-the position shown in full lines in Figure 1-the aerials PA and SF are fed In another position-shown in broken lines in Figure 1-the aerials PF and SA are fed In use the Y-junction is oscillated between these positions by any convenient drive. For azimuth training, the aerials, reflector hood structure and Y-junction are swung as a unit about the same knuckle joint K. Figure 3, which is almost self-explanatory, shows this adjustment, one position of azimuth training being shown in full lines and another being shown in broken lines. Clearly the required oscillation of the Yjunction is obtainable in any position of azimuth adjustment.

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* GB784831 (A)

Description: GB784831 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in processes in which inhibition of the action of proteolyticenzymes such as papain is desirable

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: -ERIC MITCHELL LEARMONTH. .,, Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 4, 1953. ;' Application Date: Feb 8, 1952 No 3416/52. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 19 57. Index at Acceptance:-Class 49, B 1 (B: JI. International Classification:-A 231. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in Processes in which Inhibition of the Action ol Proteolytic Enzymes such as Papain is Desirable. We, BRITISH SOYA PRODUCTS LIMITED, a Company registered under the laws of Great Britain, of 150/2 Fenchurch Street, London, E C 3, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to processes, for example, certain processes for the production of bread and other fermented goods, utilising the

action of proteolytic enzymes of the papain class, the term "enzymes of the papain class" as used herein denoting proteolytic enzymes, such as papain and cathepsin, which are activated by reducing substances, particularly by substances containing-SH groups, and are inactivated by oxidising agents. In the course of certain work we have found that the proteolytic action of enzymes of the papain class may be controlled or inhibited with the aid of raw soya beans or other raw leguminous seeds, such as haricot beans, peas, or broad beans, or an aqueous prepared therefrom in such a way as not to destroy the "rawness" of the seeds The term "raw leguminous seeds" is herein intended to denote leguminous seeds which have not been processed in such a way, for example, by being subjected to a sufficiently high temperature, as to cause destruction of the factor (termed herein "the papain-inhibiting factor") which inhibits or controls the action of enzymes of the papain class, it having been found that this factor is rendered completely ineffective by exposure to a temperature of 1000 C for a short time The raw leguminous seeds may lPrice 3 s 6 d l nevertheless be processed in other ways, e g. by being ground into flour. As the result of further research we have found that the papain-inhibiting factor is not uniformly distributed throughout the whole leguminous seed but appears to be concentrated in the germ (i e the radicle of the ungerminated seed) and in the husk (i e. the cells of the spermoderm, including the sub-epidermal tissues, but excluding the epidermis of the cotyledons) whereas the the cotyledons appear not only to be free from the papain-inhibiting factor but instead to contain a factor (termed herein "the papain-activating factor") having a reverse effect (see the Specification of co-pending Application No 3417/52 (Serial No. 784,832) The cotyledons may be separated readily from the germs and husks by known methods. It is frequently desirable in processes involving proteolysis of protein-containing substances by means of an enzyme of the papain class to reduce or decelerate the proteolytic action of the enzyme and we have found that this may be achieved very satisfactorily by making use of the papaininhibiting factor contained in the germs and husks of raw leguminous seeds. According to the present invention, therefore, in a process involving proteolysis of a protein-containing substance by means of an enzyme of the papain class, the proteolytic action of the enzyme is reduced or decelerated by incorporating into the substance the germs and/or husks separated from raw leguminous seeds or an aqueous extract prepared from such germs and/or husks without destroying the rawness thereof.

The germs or husks may, before use, be ground to a flour or aqueous extracts prePiice X s 784,831 784,831 pared from the germs or husks may be concentrated or dried by low temperature evaporation in such a way as not to damage the anti-proteolytic factor contained therein. Both the germs and the husks, or extracts from both, may, of course, be employed at the same time It will be appreciated that the germ and/or husk constitutes only a proportion, and generally a relatively small proportion, of the total weight of the seed concerned so that products consisting only of these parts of the seeds have a higher inhibiting activity per unit weight than does the whole seed and may be added in smaller quantities than would be necessary if the whole of the seed were to be used. When, as is frequently the case, the treatment of the protein-containing substance is effected in the presence of an added substance containing an enzyme of the papain class, it is preferred that the germ, husk or extract be admixed with either the proteincontaining substance or the added enzymecontaining substance prior to the bringing of these substances into contact with each other. This preference arises from the fact that the inhibiting effect appears to be much reduced if the enzyme is allowed to act upon the protein, even for a short time, before the leguminous seed product is added It appears to be necessary, for the best results, for the leguminous seed products to be in contact with the protein or with the enzyme before the latter comes into contact with the protein It may be surmised from this that the action of the papain-inhibiting factor is to unite with prosthetic groups in the enzyme or in the protein, thereby preventing these groups from making contact with each other as required by the present theory of the nature of enzymic reactions. The use of the germ or husk of leguminous seeds particularly soya beans, or of preparations obtained from these parts of the seeds, in accordance with this invention, has been found to improve the quality of bread made from chemically untreated freshly milled wheat flour in much the same way as the addition of chemical oxidising agents, with the production of better volume, improved crumb, texture and colour and bolder external appearance This result is thought to be attributable to the presence of the papain-inhibiting factor in the germ, husk or extract but it cannot be stated with certainty that this is the reason Consequently, we do not wish to be limited by any theory but to state as a feature of this invention the addition of the separated germ or husk (or an extract prepared therefrom) of raw leguminous seeds to the substances employed in the manufacture of bread and similar fermented goods. The use of these natural products represents a desirable alternative

to the use of chemical agents such as nitrogen trichloride, potassium bromate, ascorbic acid and so on, some of which have been suspected of causing injury to the health of persons consuming products treated with them. In making bread from chemically untreated wheat flour the raw leguminous seed material may be added to the flour as dry finely powdered soya bean germ advantageously in an amount of from 0 01 to 1.0 % and preferably about 0 2 % by weight The mixture of flour and germ is then made into a dough with the addition of yeast, salt and water, allowed to ferment, is proved, and then baked, all in the ordinary way Instead of adding the germ or husk material to the flour as a dry powder, it may be suspended in part of the water used to make the dough, or an aqueous extract of the germ or husk may be sprayed on to the flour for making bread The germ or husk material may be added to the dough after a part of the normal fermentation period has elapsed Thus it may be added at what is known as the "knock-back" stage, for example mixed with all or part of the salt which is sometimes added to the dough at that stage, in what is termed the "delayed salt method" of bread making. The following examples are given to illustrate the application of the present invention to bread-making:EXAMPLE 1. A dough is made of 25 oz chemically un 100 treated freshly milled wheat flour, oz yeast, oz salt, 14 oz water, and 0 7 ml of an aqueous extract of soya bean germ is added. The extract is prepared by grinding 10 parts of germ in 100 parts by weight of water, cen 105 trifuging the mixture and pouring off the supernatant extract from the residue which is discarded. The dough is then fermented for 1 t hours at 78 F, knocked back, allowed to ferment 110 for a further 1 hours and then baked In an actual test a loaf made by this method had a volume (the sum of two diameters at right angles) of 43 inches and a loaf made at the same time in exactly the same way 115 from the same ingredients except that the germ was omitted, had a volume of only 4 1 inches. EXAMPLE 2. Two doughs were made each from the 120 same quantities of salt, yeast and water as in Example 1 but only 24 oz of flour was used in the making up of the dough and the flour was of a different grist from that used above At the knock-back stage, i e after 125 11 hours' fermentation, 1 oz of flour was worked into one dough and 1 oz of flour mixed with l oz of dry finely ground soya foregoing example (the object being to produce a loaf in which the maltose and dextrins have been produced in much greater quantity than would be desirable in an ordinary loaf), the proteolytic degradation of the gluten which occurs ordinarily causes the production of a loaf of very small volume If a

suitable quantity of a germ or husk preparation containing the papaininhibiting factor be incorporated in the malt flour or extract, or in the wheat flour, before the dough is mixed, a loaf of much improved volume is obtained without loss of the sweetness and richness brought about by the high diastasis. The invention is also of use in the case of other diastatic preparations than malt, such as fungal and bacterial amylase preparations. bean germ was worked into the other The amount of germ used was thus 1 % O of the total weight of flour The two doughs were fertmented and baked as above and the control loaf had a volume of 401 inches but the loaf made with the addition of soya bean germ had a volume of 413 inches. Wheat flours of different qualities will require differing quantities of the germ or husk material to produce the best results. There is however no reason to suppose that the advantages obtainable by the use of such material can be obtained by the use of par. ticular baking methods. It should be noted that the germs or husks (or the flours or extracts produced therefrom, the latter whether concentrated or not) have very useful application as additions to substances containing factors which will activate enzymes of the papain class, more particularly in those cases where such substances are employed in processes in which proteolytic action of the papain type may occur and is not desired. Such substances may not themselves have any proteolytic activity but their action may be improved by adding to them a papaininhibiting preparation according to this invention For example, the use of dried yeast in the preparation of bread has the disadvantage that excessive proteolysis is promoted during the baking of the bread, the dried yeast (though not containing enzymes of the papain class) activating the natural enzymes of the wheat flour A papain-inhibiting preparation according to this invention may be added to dried yeast in order to counteract this tendency. One particular example of a process in which the application of this invention is of considerable value is that in which proportions of malt are employed in the production of bread from wheat or other cereal flour In such a process it is desired to utilise the diastatic enzymes of the malt in increasing the degradation of the starch present and thus make available more sugars for the panary fermentation It is frequently found, however, that the proteoo lytic enzymes also present in the malt bring about an undesirable limitation of the amount of diastatic activity which can be permitted to occur. If, in accordance with the invention, raw leguminous seed germ or husk, or a flour or an aqueous extract prepared therefrom, be added to

the malt prior to its incorporation in the dough, the desired results of the diastatic activity can be achieved without the proteolytic degradation of the gluten of the bread which would otherwise occur. Furthermore, in the preparation of a malt loaf in which much higher proportions of malt flour or malt extract are added to the wheat flour than would be required in the

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* GB784832 (A)

Description: GB784832 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in processes utilising the action of proteolytic enzymes suchas papain

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 784 Inventor:-ERIC MITCHELL LEARMONTH. Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 4, 1953. Application Date: Feb 8, 1952 No 3417/52. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 49, Bl(B: 3). International Classification:-A 231.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in Processes Utilising the Action of Proteolytic Enzymes such as Papain. We, BRITISH SOYA PRODUCTS LIMITED, a Company registered under the laws of Great Britain, of 150/2 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C 3, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to processes, for example, certain processes for the production of bread and other fermented goods, utilising the action of proteolytic enzymes of the papain class, the term "enzymes of the papain class" as used herein denoting proteolytic enzymes, such as papain and cathepsin, which are activated by reducing substances, particularly by substances containing -SH groups, and are activated by oxidising agents. In the course of certain work we have found that the proteolytic action of enzymes of the papain class may be controlled or inhibited with the aid of raw soya beans or other raw leguminous seeds, such as haricot beans, peas or broad beans or an aqueous extract prepared therefrom in such a way as not to destroy the "rawness" of the seeds The term "raw leguminous seeds" is herein intended to denote leguminous seeds which have not been processed in such a way, for example, by being subjected to a sufficiently high temperature, as to cause destruction of the factor (termed herein "the papain-inhibiting factor") which inhibits or controls the action of enzymes of the papain class, it having been found that this factor is rendered completely ineffective by exposure to a temperature of 1000 C for a short time The raw leguminous seeds may nevertheless be processed in other ways, e.g by being ground into flour. lPrice 3 s 6 d l As the result of further research we have found that the papain-inhibiting factor is not uniformly distributed throughout the whole leguminous seed but appears to be concentrated in the germ (i e the radicle of the ungerminated seed) and in the husk (i e. the cells of the spermoderm, including the sub-epidermal tissues, but excluding the epidermis of the cotyledons) (see the Specification of co-pending Application No 3416/52 Serial No 784,831)) whereas the cotyledons appear not only to be free from the papaininhibiting factor but instead to contain a factor (termed herein "the papain-activating factor") having a reverse effect The cotyledons may be separated readily from the germs and husks by known methods. It is frequently desirable in processes involving proteolysis of protein-containing substances by means of an enzyme of the papain class to increase or accelerate the proteolytic action of the enzyme and we have found that this may be achieved by making use of the

papain-activating factor contained in the cotyledons of raw leguminous seeds. According to the present invention, therefore, in a process involving proteolysis of a protein-containing substance by means of an enzyme of the papain class, the proteolytic action of the enzyme is increased or accelerated by incorporating into the substance the cotyledons of raw leguminous seeds or an aqueous extract prepared from such cotyledons without destroying the rawness thereof. One method by which such an extract may be prepared consists in suspending the ground cotyledons in water and maintaining the temperature of the suspension at below C The insoluble material may then 1,832 60, 784,832 be removed by settlement and decantation, or by the use of a centrifuge or by filtering. Although in some instances the cotyledons may be used as such, it is preferred either to grind them into a flour before utilising them in the process concerned or to prepare an aqueous extract from the cotyledons for use in the same manner. It is known that the preparation of bread 1 L from so-called "bucky" doughs (i e doughs made from cereal flours which remain tough and resist the expansion of the gas cells during fermentation and baking) may be improved by adding a substance containing the enzyme papain, e g an extract of the paw-paw fruit from which concentrated preparations of the enzyme papain are commercially derived) If, in accordance with this invention, the cotyledons only of a leguminous seed, particularly of soya beans, be ground into flour, without being subjected to any heat treatment, and the flour or an aqueous extract prepared therefrom be incorporated in the dough, either directly or in the enzyme-containing substance, the proteolytic action of the enzyme is increased and there is a correspondingly greater improvement in the quality of the bread obtained The flour or extract prepared from the cotyledons of the leguminous seeds is preferably incorporated into the enzymecontaining substance before this is incorporated, in its turn, into the dough which is to be treated It will be appreciated of :3.5 course, that the degree of proteolytic activity desired will vary from case to case and accordingly the amounts of the enzymecontaining substance and the cotyledonous material to be added will be varied to suit the requirements of each case depending on the length of the fermentation time and the quality of the wheat flour employed Indeed for many types of wheat flour and some fermentation processes the introduction of any material capable of expediting proteolytic action would probably be undesirable and, as indicated above, the invention finds particular application in the case of "bucky doughs". The papain-activating effect of the cotyledonous materials is demonstrated by differences in the setting time of a gelatine sol

after treatment with an enzyme of the papain type in the presence and in the absence of an aqueous extract of the cotyledonous material The influence of the enzyme alone, by degrading the gelatine, delays the setting of the sol When an extract of the cotyledonous material is present, the enzyme is o 30 activated and the degradation increased or accelerated, and so the setting of the sol is further delayed. In a number of experiments lml of 0 2 % papain solution is added to each of two portions of about 15 ml of a 4 % gelatine solution to one of which portions is added 1 ml of a 10 % aqueous extract of cotyledonous material (prepared as set out below) and the other of which portion, as a control, is adjusted to the same final p H and volume without the addition of cotyledonous extract In the case of soya bean cotyledons the setting of the sol occurred in one experiment in 60 minutes as compared with 45 minutes for the control With another variety of soya beans the setting was delayed from 40 minutes in the case of papain alone to over 90 minutes in the presence of the cotyledonous extract In the case of haricot beans the delay was increased from 45 minutes to over two hours and in the case of garden peas the sol did not set at all as compared with a setting time of 55 minutes for the control. The 10 % aqueous extract of cotyledonous material was obtained by grinding the cotyledons to a flour and suspending one part of this flour in ten parts of water at room temperature The suspension was stirred at intervals for one hour and then centrifuged, the supernatant liquor being decanted and used in the experiments. so

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