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4380 SW Macadam Ave., Ste. 530Portland, OR 97239503.243.2436
Informing policy, improving programs
Implementation of the Ten Key Components: Variations in Practice
Across 18 Drug CourtsShannon Carey, Ph.D.
Mike Finigan, Ph.D.NEADCP
October 21, 2008
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Research Team
• Dr. Shannon Carey• Dr. Michael Finigan • Dr. Kimberly Pukstas• Sarah Martin• Rich Mackin
Funding provided by the
National Institute of Justice (NIJ).
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Project Inception• Between 1996– 2008, NPC Research
has conducted over 75 drug court evaluations.
• Evaluations include process, outcome and cost measures.
• Courts represent geographic diversity.• NIJ and NPC Research partner together
to look for larger trends.
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Research Questions• How do drug courts implement the
ten key components?• Which practices are consistently
implemented across sites?• Which practices vary?
• Can we link variations in practice to outcomes and costs????
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Drug Court Ten Key Components
• National Association of Drug Court Professionals, 1997
• List of ten operational practices that help define a drug court
• Widely accepted by drug court administrators
• Provide guidelines – not a manual
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Methods• Select courts for
review (n = 18)• Qualitative data
coding• Organize measures by
component• Standardize reporting
• Identify gaps and collect additional data when appropriate
• Analyze data• Identify significant
variation (75% rule)
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Component #1:Similarities• Group Counseling
(100%)• Individual counseling
(78%)• Support group
attendance (95%)• Tx rep on team (89%)
• Tx members provides written progress reports to court (79%)
• Tx member participates in steering/oversight committee (78%)
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Component #1:
Differences• 61.5% of drug courts offered more than one
tx agency to drug court participants • 66.7% of drug courts required the treatment
rep is required to attend drug court sessions
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Component #2:
Similarities• A reduction/elimination of potential jail
time is an incentive for participation (100%).
• Prosecution & defense present a united front in court sessions (86%).
• Defense attorney attends all sessions (82%).
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Component #2: Differences• Allows non-drug related
charges (56%)• Allows both felony and
misdemeanors (53%)• Admits participates
post-plea/conviction (68%)
• Unsuccessful clients receive original sentence (29%)
• Prosecution/defense often disagree outside courtroom (27%)
• Prosecution attends all team mtgs (64%)
• Prosecution attends all court sessions (61%)
• Defense retains traditional role (51%)
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Component #3:Similarities
• A central intake is used to pace clients in program (100%)
• Eligibility requirements have been agreed upon and are written down (94%)
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Component #3:Differences• Use substance use screening tool
(71%)• Use mental health screen (35%)• No more than 30 days pass from arrest
to drug court entry (61%)• Caseload fewer than 100 (59%)• Waitlist (41%)
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Component #4:Similarities
• Offer treatment in phases (100%)
• Completion in 3-4 phases (89%)
• Offer education/employment services (78%)
• Offer additional wraparound services (83%)
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Component #4:Differences
• Completion takes 1 yr or longer (72%)
• Aftercare is offered (59%)
• Guidelines on the frequency of group counseling (66%)
• Guidelines on the frequency of individual counseling (30%)
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Component #5:
Similarities
• Random schedule (100%)
• Urinalysis (100%)
• Breath tests (83%)
• Bracelet monitoring (24%)
• Hair tests (19%)
• Blood tests (6%)
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Component #5:Differences• In phase 1, tests are collected at least 2
per week (71%)• Tx agency collects tests (39%)• Call-in system for clients (61%)• Results avail within 48 hrs (53%)• 90 days clean before graduation (47%)
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Component #6:
Similarities
• Incarceration used as sanction (100%)
• Graduated sanctions (94%)
• Small gifts/rewards (83%)
• Policies are written (83%)
• Policies shared with client (85%)
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Component #6:
Differences• Sanctions occur in advance of
scheduled hearing (72%)• Support groups used as sanction (50%)• Tx sessions decreased as reward (61%)• Testing decreased as reward (28%)• Judge is sole provider of rewards (50%)
and sanctions (44%)
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Component #7:Similarities• Judge attends all sessions (100%)• Judge attends all team mtgs (100%)• Judge attends all policy mtgs (100%)• Judge receives written progress
reports on clients (77%)
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Component #7:
Differences
• Judge assigned to court indefinitely (50%)
• In first phase, clients appear before judge 1 per week (39%)
• In final phase, clients appear before judge at least 1 per month (50%)
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Component #8:Similarities• DC staff routinely collect and report
program stats (100%)• DC has been evaluated by an
independent evaluator (100%)• Maintain electronic database (94%)• Database used for case mgt (81%)
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Component #8:
Differences
• Critical data for evaluation maintained in paper files (68%)
• Evaluation results have been used to modify drug court procedures (54%)
• Participated in more than 1 evaluation (33%)
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Component #9
Similarities
• Members of drug court team receive routine training (100%)
• Trainings are offered to team members at least once per year (89%)
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Component #9
Differences• All new hires complete a formal training
or orientation (69%)• All members on the received drug court
training (50%)• Prior to the court’s implementation,
team members received training (64%)
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Component #10
Similarities• Team includes: Judge (100%)
Coordinator (94%) Public Defender (89%) District Attorney (83%) Treatment Rep (89%) Community Rep (17%)
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Component #10
Differences• Team includes Probation (72%)• Team includes Law Enforcement (41%)• Steering Committee includes Community
Representatives (58%)
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Conclusion• Drug courts still have a lot of
discretion in how they implement the ten key components
• Results suggest reasons why some courts cost more to operate
• Results suggest reasons why some courts have better outcomes
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Next Steps
• Link process findings to cost and outcome data
• Continue to add new courts to sample
• Look for interactions related process, outcome, cost
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Questions?• NPC Research:
http://www.npcresearch.com
• National Institute of Justice:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/
• Contact Dr. Kimberly Pukstas:
Phone: 207-626-5013
Email: [email protected]