ZOOTAXA

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press

Zootaxa 4162 (3): 535–549

http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/Article

http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.7

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:27697FCD-BDAE-4256-85E6-8B22C1DD0E67

Five new species of genus Encarsia Förster from China

(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

HUI GENG1 & CHENG-DE LI 1,2

1School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. E-mail: genghui1988iove@163.com2Corresponding author. E-mail: lichengde0608@sina.com

Abstract

Five new species of Encarsia Förster, E. dianensis sp. nov., E. hayati sp. nov., E. biseta sp. nov., E. huangi sp. nov., and

E. yunnana sp. nov. are described from China. All share a clear asetose area around the stigmal vein of the fore wing, and

a key to the Chinese species of Encarsia having such a fore wing area is given based on females. Photomicrographs are

provided to illustrate morphological characters of the new species.

Key words: Chalcidoidea, Coccophaginae, Pteroptricini, taxonomy

Introduction

Encarsia Förster is the largest genus of the family Aphelinidae, and currently contains 436 valid species worldwide

(Noyes 2016; Ko et al. 2015). Biology of the genus was reviewed by many authors and briefly summarized by

Wang et al. (2014). Due to the vast number of species and morphological diversity, more than 30 species groups

have been proposed by authors, mainly by Viggiani & Mazzone (1979), Hayat (1989, 1998, 2012), Huang &

Polaszek (1998), Schmidt & Polaszek (2007a,b), and Myartseva & Evans (2008). However, only 44 world species

in 5 species groups (citrina-, longifasciata-, parvella-, cubensis- and meghalayana-group), including 10 species in

China, share the character of the fore wing having a clear asetose area around the stigmal vein (Viggiani &

Mazzone 1979; Hayat 1989, 2012; Evans & Polaszek 1998; Huang & Polaszek 1998; Pedata & Polaszek 2003;

Schmidt & Polaszek 2007b; Myartseva & Evans 2007; Abd-Rabou & Ghahari 2007; Polaszek & Gill 2011;

Myartseva et al. 2013).

Here we describe five new species from China that have a clear asetose area around the stigmal vein of fore

wing and present a key to all such species in China.

Material and methods

Specimens were collected from Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Hubei Provinces, China, by sweeping or using yellow pan

traps.

Specimens were dissected and mounted dorsally in Canada balsam on slides following the method of Noyes

(1982). Morphological terminology follows Huang & Polaszek (1998).

Photographs were taken with a digital CCD camera attached to an Olympus DP71 compound microscope, and

most measurements were made from slide-mounted specimens using an eye-piece reticle.

The following abbreviations are used: OOL—minimum distance between a posterior ocellus and the

corresponding eye margin; POL—minimum distance between posterior ocelli; Fn—flagellar segment; Tn—gastral

tergum; YPT—yellow pan trapping. Abbreviations for depositories: NEFU—Northeast Forestry University,

Harbin, CHINA.

Accepted by G. Gibson: 3 Aug. 2016; published: 12 Sept. 2016 535

Key to Chinese species of Encarsia with a clear asetose area around the stigmal vein of the fore wing

(females)

1 Mid tarsus 4-segmented (including individuals with the last two segments partly fused and indicated by a transverse suture)

(Figs 5, 6, 7, 13, 14), tarsal formula 5:4:5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

- Mid tarsus distinctly 5-segmented (Figs 21, 27, 36), tarsal formula 5:5:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2(1) Scutellar sensilla widely separated (by about 7–8× own maximum width) (Fig. 3); distance between anterior pair of scutellar

setae distinctly greater (1.25–1.57×) than that between posterior pair (Fig. 3); ovipositor distinctly shorter (0.58–0.7×) than

mid tibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. dianensis Li & Geng, sp. nov.

- Scutellar sensilla narrowly separated (by about their own maximum width) (Fig. 11); distance between anterior pair of scutellar

setae distinctly less (0.7×) than that between posterior pair (Fig. 11); ovipositor longer (1.15–1.19×) than mid tibia . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. hayati Li & Geng, sp. nov.

3(1) Longest marginal fringe of fore wing about as long as or longer than maximum wing width (Figs 20, 26).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

- Longest marginal fringe of fore wing distinctly less than maximum wing width (Fig. 34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4(3) Petiole smooth, without sculpture (Fig. 22); mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae (Fig. 19); clava 2-segmented (Fig. 18). . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. biseta Li & Geng, sp. nov.

- Petiole with sculpture (Fig. 29); mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae (Fig. 25); clava 3-segmented (Fig. 24) . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

5(4) Distance between scutellar sensilla a little less than maximum width of a sensillum (Fig. 25); distance between anterior pair of

scutellar setae distinctly less (0.52×) than that between posterior pair (Fig. 25); basal cell of fore wing asetose (Fig. 26); F2 a

little longer than F1 (Fig. 24); body almost entirely pale yellow (Fig. 28). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. huangi Li & Geng, sp. nov.

- Distance between scutellar sensilla at least 2× maximum width of a sensillum; distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae

equal to or greater than that between posterior pair; basal cell of fore wing with 1 or 2 setae; F2 not longer than F1; body at

least partly brownish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6(5) Gaster almost entirely brown to dark brown, only apex of T7 yellow.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

- Gaster almost entirely yellow or pale brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7(6) Submarginal vein of fore wing with 1 seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. lounsburyi (Berlese & Paoli)

- Submarginal vein of fore wing with 2 setae.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. citrina (Craw)

8(6) Body robust, broad (Huang & Polaszek 1998, fig. 74); fore wing disc relatively densely setose (Huang & Polaszek 1998, fig.

71); scutellar sensilla relatively closely placed, separated by little more than twice their maximum width (Huang & Polaszek

1998, fig. 74) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. curtifuniculata Huang & Polaszek

- Body slender (Huang & Polaszek 1998, fig. 136); fore wing disc less densely setose (Huang & Polaszek 1998, fig. 135);

scutellar sensilla more widely spaced (Huang & Polaszek 1998, fig. 136) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. gracilens Huang & Polaszek

9(3) Head dark brown with pale lines; mesosoma with axillae completely dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. longifasciata Subba Rao

- Head mostly or entirely pale yellow to yellow; mesosoma with axillae completely yellow or at most slightly brownish at apex

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

10(9) Mid lobe of mesoscutum with either 8(4+2+2) or 10(4+2+2+2) setae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

- Mid lobe of mesoscutum at most with 4(2+2) setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

11(10) Fore wing clearly infuscated below marginal vein; mesoscutum dark anteriorly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. nipponica Silvestri

- Fore wing not infuscated below marginal vein, a small dark spot at stigmal vein and parastigma; mesoscutum entirely pale . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. gerlingi Viggiani

12(10) Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae (Fig. 33); each side lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae (Fig. 33); F2 with 1 longitudinal

sensillum (Fig. 32); third valvula 0.36–0.4× as long as second valvifer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. yunnana Li & Geng, sp. nov.

- Mid lobe of mesoscutum either with 4 setae or asetose; each side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta; F2 without longitudinal sen-

silla; third valvula at least 0.5× as long as second valvifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

13(12) Mid lobe of mesoscutum asetose; F1 about as long as F2; marginal fringe of fore wing distinctly longer than half wing width

(0.75–0.85×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. aseta Hayat & Polaszek

- Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae; F1 distinctly shorter than F2; marginal fringe of fore wing about half wing width (0.47–

0.6×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

14(13) Head yellow with clypeus margin brownish; F3 a little longer than F1+F2; ovipositor shorter than, or up to 1.1× length of the

mid tibia, but distinctly shorter than mid tibia and basitarsus combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E. mineoi Viggiani

- Head entirely yellow; F3 distinctly shorter than F1+F2; ovipositor a little longer than mid tibia and basitarsus combined . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. flavescens Huang & Polaszek

Encarsia dianensis Li & Geng, sp. nov.

Figs 1–8

Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Ruili City, Nanjingli Village, 26–27.

IV. 2013, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT.

Paratypes. 5♀ [on slides], CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town,

Nanxing, 12–14. II. 2014, Guo-Hao Zu, Zhong-Ping Xiong, YPT; 2♀ [on slides], CHINA, Yunnan Province, Puer

City, Manxieba Village, 17–18. IV. 2013, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT. (NEFU).

GENG & LI536 · Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press

FIGURES 1–3. Encarsia dianensis sp. nov., holotype (except Figs 2, 3) ♀: 1, head, frontal view; 2, antenna (paratype); 3,

mesosoma (paratype). Scale bars = 50 µm.

Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.42–0.52 mm. Body entirely yellow to pale yellow,

sometimes pronotum, petiole and T1 slightly brown. Antennal formula 1:1:3:3. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 or

5 setae; each side lobe and axilla with 1 seta; placoid sensilla on scutellum widely separated; distance between

anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly greater than that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.36–3.67× as long as

wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area around stigmal vein; marginal fringe 0.77–0.97× as long as wing

width. Tarsal formula 5:4:5. Mid tibial spur 0.79–0.84× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole smooth. T7

2.2–2.38× as wide as long. Ovipositor slightly exerted, 0.58–0.7× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.5–0.6× as

long as second valvifer.

Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 537NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA

FIGURES 4–8. Encarsia dianensis sp. nov., holotype (except Figs 6, 7) ♀: 4, fore wing; 5, mid tibial spur and tarsi; 6, 7, mid

tibial spur and tarsi (two paratypes); 8, metasoma. Scale bars = 50 µm.

Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.49 mm. Head and body, including

ovipositor and legs entirely pale yellow; pedicel and flagellum pale brown, distal segments slightly darker. Wings

hyaline, venation pale brown.

Head (Fig. 1), in frontal view, 1.52× as wide as high, a little broader than mesosoma. Frontovertex 0.64× as

broad as head width. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle, POL distinctly

less than OOL. Stemmaticum reticulate. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-

segmented. Antennae inserted at level of lower margin of eyes. Distance between toruli about 0.5× distance from

torulus to eye margin. Antennal formula, 1:1:3:3 (cf. Fig. 2); pedicel (P), 3 funicle segments (F1–F3) and 3 club

segments (F4–F6) with the following ratios of length to width: P: 1.50, F1: 1.25, F2: 1.24, F3: 1.20, F4: 1.21, F5:

1.23 and F6: 1.57; relative lengths of segments P–F6 to length of F1: P: 1.50, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.05, F3: 1.20, F4: 1.45,

F5: 1.60, and F6: 2.00; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 0, F3: 1, F4: 2, F5:

3, F6: 3.

GENG & LI538 · Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press

Mesosoma (cf. Fig. 3) 0.7× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae reticulate. Mid lobe of

mesoscutum with 4 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta. Axilla with 1 short seta. Scutellum 2.19× as

wide as long, and 0.64× as long as mid lobe. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum approximately 7×

maximum width of a sensillum. Anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly shorter than posterior pair, and distance

between anterior pair 1.48× that between posterior pair. Endophragma long and rounded at apex, extending to

middle of T2. Fore wing (Fig. 4) 3.51× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area around stigmal

vein; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell with 1 seta; submarginal vein with 2 setae; marginal vein

1.26× as long as submarginal vein, with 4 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.88 × as long as wing

width. Tarsal formula 5:4:5, mid leg with last two tarsal segments fused but indicated by a transverse suture (Fig.

5). Mid tibial spur 0.82× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 5), and the latter 0.28× as long as mid tibia. Hind

tibia 0.95× as long as mid tibia.

Metasoma (Fig. 8) with petiole smooth. T1–T5 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1,

1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 2.38× as wide as long. Ovipositor (Fig. 8) slightly exerted,

apparently originating from middle of T5, 0.64× as long as mid tibia, and 0.5× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus

combined. Third valvula 0.5× as long as second valvifer.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown.

Variation. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.42–0.52 mm. Body entirely yellow to pale yellow,

occasionally pronotum, petiole and T1 slightly pale brown. F1 1.13–1.46× as long as wide, and 0.64–0.95× as long

as F2. F6 1.57–2.09× as long as wide. Number of longitudinal sensilla on F1–F6 in two paratypes from Puer: F1: 0,

F2: 1, F3: 2, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3. Fore wing 3.36–3.67× as long as wide, marginal fringe 0.77–0.97× as long as wing

width. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae (5 in one paratype). Mid tibial spur 0.79–0.84× as long as

corresponding basitarsus, and the latter 0.28–0.33× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.87–0.95× as long as mid tibia.

Ovipositor 0.58–0.7× as long as mid tibia, and 0.45–0.55× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third

valvula 0.5–0.6× as long as second valvifer.

Etymology. Chinese: dian = Yunnan Province, which refers to the distribution of the species in the Yunnan

Province of China.

Comments. In situations where the mid tarsi have the last two segments partly fused, but indicated either by a

transverse suture or a distinct constriction, most (if not all) authors usually regarded the tarsi as 4-segmented. This

includes Hill (1970) for E. africana (in his fig. 6), Polaszek et al. (2004) for E. dispersa (in their fig. 9B),

Myartseva (2007) for E. flaviceps (in his fig. 13), Myartseva & Evans (2008) for E. florena (in their fig. 128), and

Myartseva et al. (2012) for E. xilitla (in their fig. 3). Females of E. dianensis also have the last two tarsal segments

of the mid leg partly fused and indicated by a transverse suture (Figs 5, 6, 7), so we regarded it as 4-segmented.

Encarsia dianensis is placed in the E. cubensis-group (Evans & Polaszek 1998) based on a 5:4:5 tarsal

formula, fore wing with large asetose area around the stigmal vein, marginal fringe of the fore wing not longer than

the maximum wing width, widely separated placoid sensilla on the scutellum, smooth petiole, 3-segmented

antennal clava, F1 subquadrate and shorter than the pedicel, and a short and slightly exerted ovipositor. The E.

cubensis-group currently contains 8 species worldwide (Evans & Polaszek 1998; Myartseva et al. 2013). Our new

species is easily separated from all the species of this group and related species by its entirely yellow head and pale

body. In all other species of the group, the head and at least the anterior half of the mesoscutum are dark.

This species is closely related to E. hayati, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following

combination of characters: antennal flagellum stout, as in Fig. 3 (vs slender, as in Fig. 10); distance between

anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly greater than that between posterior pair (vs distinctly less), placoid sensilla

on scutellum widely separated (vs narrowly separated); ovipositor distinctly shorter than mid tibia (vs longer than),

third valvula 0.5–0.6× as long as second valvifer (vs 0.35–0.36×).

If E. dianensis is regarded as having 5-segmented mid tarsi, it could be related to E. flavescens Huang &

Polaszek because of having similar body color, fore wing with a bare strip along the wing margin beginning from

stigmal vein and ending at about distal end of retinaculum and similar numbers of setae on the mid and side lobes

of the mesoscutum, but can be distinguished from the latter by: marginal fringe of fore wing long, 0.77–0.97× as

long as disc width (vs 0.47×); placoid sensilla on scutellum separated by 7× maximum width of a sensillum (vs 3–

4×); ovipositor very short, 0.45–0.55× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined (vs 1.07×).

Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 539NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA

Encarsia hayati Li & Geng, sp. nov.

Figs 9–16

Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Jiangxi Province, Shangrao City, Wuyishan Protection

Station, 780m, 2.VII. 2013, Chao Zhang, sweeping.

Paratype. 1♀ [on slide], CHINA, Hubei Province, Suizhou City, Santan, 14. VIII. 2015, Hui Geng, Yan Gao,

Zhi-Guang Wu, sweeping. (NEFU).

Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.49–0.51 mm. Body pale yellow except clypeus,

malar sulcus and postocellar bars brown. Antennal formula 1:1:3:3. F1 and F2 without longitudinal sensilla. Mid

lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae; each side lobe and axilla with 1 seta; placoid sensilla on scutellum narrowly

separated; distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly less than that between posterior pair. Fore

wing 3.35–3.49× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area around stigmal vein; marginal fringe

0.88–0.89× as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:4:5. Mid tibial spur 0.70–0.76× as long as corresponding

basitarsus. Petiole with sculpture laterally. Ovipositor slightly exerted, 1.15–1.19× as long as mid tibia; third

valvula 0.35–0.36× as long as second valvifer.

Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.51 mm. Head and body including

ovipositor and legs pale yellow except clypeus, malar sulcus and postocellar bars brown. Antennae yellow except

last two segments slightly brown. Wings hyaline, venation pale brown.

Head (Fig. 9), in frontal view, 1.77× as wide as high, and about as wide as mesosoma. Ocelli forming about an

obtuse triangle, POL distinctly less than OOL. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-segmented. Mandibles with two teeth

and a truncation. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Frontovertex with short setae. Antennal formula, 1:1:3:3

(Fig. 10); radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), 3 funicle segments (F1–F3) and 3 club segments (F4–F6) with the

following ratios of length to width: R: 2.00, S: 4.05, P: 1.47, F1: 1.40, F2: 2.00, F3: 1.89, F4: 1.65, F5: 1.70 and F6:

2.33; relative lengths of segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.15, S: 3.68, P: 1.61, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.61, F3: 1.95, F4:

1.90, F5: 1.95 and F6: 2.41; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 0, F3: 2, F4:

3, F5: 3, F6: 3.

Mesosoma (Fig. 11) 0.61× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae weakly reticulate. Mid

lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta. Axilla with 1 short seta. Scutellum

1.94× as wide as long, and 0.75× as long as mid lobe of mesoscutum. Distance between placoid sensilla on

scutellum about own maximum width. Anterior pair of scutellar setae clearly shorter than posterior pair, and

distance between anterior pair 0.7× that between posterior pair. Endophragma long and rounded at apex, extending

to posterior margin of T1. Fore wing (Fig. 12) 3.49× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area

around stigmal vein; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell with 2 setae, with proximal one distinctly

shorter; submarginal vein with 2 setae; marginal vein 1.38× as long as submarginal vein, with 5 setae along anterior

margin; marginal fringe 0.89× as long as wing width. Hind wing 8× as long as wide, marginal fringe 1.84× as long

as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:4:5, mid leg with last two tarsal segments fused but indicated by a transverse

suture (Fig. 13). Mid tibial spur 0.7× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 13), and the latter 0.34× as long as

mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.99× as long as mid tibia.

Metasoma with petiole (Fig. 15) sculptured laterally. T1–T5 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–T7 with

1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 1.56× as wide as long. Ovipositor (Fig. 16) not exerted,

apparently originating from middle of T3, 1.19× as long as mid tibia, and 0.89× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus

combined. Third valvula 0.36× as long as second valvifer.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown.

Variation. Sole paratype with antennal F2 1.41× as long as wide, F3 1.63× as long as wide and with 2

longitudinal sensilla; fore wing with 4 setae along anterior margin; hind tibia 1.04× as long as mid tibia. Other

characters the same as holotype.

Etymology. This species is named in honor of Prof. Mohammad Hayat (Department of Zoology, Aligarh

Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India) for his contributions to the study of Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea.

Comments. Mid tarsal structure of E. hayati is similar to that of the foregoing new species (see also comments

under E. dianensis). Placement to species-group of this new species is uncertain. Among the species with a 5:4:5

tarsal formula and fore wing with a clear asetose area around the stigmal vein (meghalayana- and cubensis-group),

E. hayati is unique by having a completely yellow body, and narrowly separated placoid sensilla on the scutellum.

GENG & LI540 · Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press

FIGURES 9–16. Encarsia hayati sp. nov., holotype ♀: 9, head, frontal view; 10, antenna; 11, mesosoma; 12, fore wing; 13,

mid tibial spur and tarsi; 15, sculpture on petiole; 16, ovipositor; paratype ♀:14, mid tibial spur and tarsi. Scale bars = 50 µm.

Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 541NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA

This species is closely related to E. dianensis based on similar structures of the mid tarsi, body color, and shape

and characters of the fore wing, but can be separated from the latter by the differences given in the key and the

comments under E. dianensis.

Encarsia biseta Li & Geng, sp. nov.

Figs 17–22

Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Ruili City, Nanjingli Village, 26–27.

IV. 2013, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT.

Paratype. 1♀ [on slide], CHINA, Yunnan Province, Longchuan County, Zhangfeng Town, 26–27. IV. 2013,

Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT. (NEFU).

Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.47 mm. Frontovertex 0.6–0.65× as broad as head

width; ocelli forming about a right triangle. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation; maxillary and labial palpi 1-

segmented. Antennal formula 1:1:4:2. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae; each side lobe and axilla with 1 seta;

placoid sensilla on scutellum widely separated; distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly greater

than that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.59–3.67× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area

around stigmal vein; marginal fringe 0.95–1.07× as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.76–

0.78× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole smooth. T7 1.87–1.9× as wide as long. Ovipositor not or hardly

exerted, 0.86–0.92× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.44–0.51× as long as second valvifer.

Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.47 mm. Head yellow except clypeus,

malar sulcus, a faint spot on each side of occipital foramen, and two bars behind lateral ocelli brown to dark brown.

Antennae pale brown except radical and scape pale yellow, clava slightly darker than funicle. Mesosoma pale

yellow except pronotum, anterior margin of mid lobe, mesopleuron and propodeum laterally brown, axillae slightly

pale brown. Wings hyaline, with a very indistinct infuscation behind marginal vein of fore wing; venation pale

brown. Legs pale yellow. Metasoma with basal segments pale brown, gradually paler distad, petiole medially and

T5–T7 pale yellow. Ovipositor pale yellow.

Head (Fig. 17), in frontal view, 1.1× as wide as high, slightly broader than mesosoma. Frontovertex 0.65× as

broad as head width. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Ocelli forming about a right triangle. Mandible with two

teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-segmented. Antennae inserted at level of lower margin of eyes.

Antennal formula, 1:1:4:2 (Fig. 18); radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), 4 funicle segments (F1–F4) and 2 club

segments (F5–F6) with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.35, S: 3.65, P: 1.58, F1: 1.56, F2: 1.38, F3:

1.49, F4: 1.67, F5: 1.63 and F6: 1.65; relative lengths of segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.32, S: 2.85, P: 1.61,

F1: 1.00, F2: 1.11, F3:1.61, F4: 1.72, F5: 1.94, and F6: 1.97; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal

sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 0, F3: 2, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3.

Mesosoma (Fig. 19) 0.68× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae reticulate. Mid lobe of

mesoscutum with 2 setae near posterior margin, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta. Axilla with 1 seta.

Scutellum 2.04× as wide as long, and 0.65× as long as mid lobe of mesoscutum. Distance between placoid sensilla

on scutellum 7.31× maximum width of a sensillum. Anterior pair of scutellar setae clearly shorter than posterior

pair, and distance between anterior pair 1.38× that between posterior pair. Endophragma long and rounded at apex,

extending to middle of T2. Fore wing (Fig. 20) 3.67× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area

around stigmal vein; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell with 1 seta; submarginal vein with 2

setae; marginal vein about as long as submarginal vein, with 3 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe long,

1.07× as long as wing width. Hind wing 8.21× as long as wide, marginal fringe 2× as long as wing width. Tarsal

formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.78 × as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 21), and the latter 0.34× as long as

mid tibia. Hind tibia 1.03× as long as mid tibia.

Metasoma (Fig. 22) with petiole smooth. T1–T5 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1,

1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 1.87× as wide as long. Ovipositor (Fig. 22) not or hardly exerted,

apparently originating from posterior margin of T4, 0.92× as long as mid tibia, and 0.68× as long as mid tibia and

basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.51× as long as second valvifer.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown.

GENG & LI542 · Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press

FIGURES 17–22. Encarsia biseta sp. nov., holotype ♀: 17, head, frontal view; 18, antenna; 19, mesosoma; 20, fore wing; 21,

mid tibial spur and tarsi; 22, metasoma. Scale bars = 50 µm.

Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 543NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA

Variation. Sole paratype with mesosoma 0.82× as long as metasoma, third valvula 0.44× as long as second

valvifer.

Etymology. The specific name refers to the mid lobe of mesoscutum having only 2 setae.

Comments. Encarsia biseta may be related to species of the E. parvella-group, sensu Hayat (1989, 1998) and

defined by Polaszek & Gill (2011), in having all tarsi 5-segmented, fore wing with a clear asetose area around the

stigmal vein, marginal fringe of the fore wing relatively long, and antennal clava 2-segmented, but can be separated

from all the species of the group by having only 2 setae on the mid lobe of the mesoscutum, each side lobe of the

mesoscutum with only 1 seta, and relatively longer marginal fringe of the fore wing.

The holotype of E. biseta does not run to any species in the key to the oriental species of Encarsia by Hayat

(1989), but runs to the citrina-group in both the key to Chinese species by Huang & Polaszek (1998) and the key to

Indian species by Hayat (2012). It differs from all the species of the E. citrina-group by having 2-segmented

antennae, smooth petiole, and only 2 setae on the mid lobe of the mesoscutum.

Two species of the E. longifasciata-group, E. longifasciata and E. dewa also have 2 setae on the mid lobe of

the mesoscutum, but E. biseta lacks the characters of this species group, the clypeus without 2 median teeth,

mandible not tridentate, and third valvulae of ovipositor with no concave externally, nor truncate apically.

Encarsia huangi Li & Geng, sp. nov.

Figs 23–30

Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County,

Menglun Town, Nanxing, 13. II. 2014, Guo-Hao Zu, Zhong-Ping Xiong, sweeping.

Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.45 mm. Frontovertex 0.59× as broad as head width;

ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation; maxillary and labial palpi 1-

segmented. Antennal formula 1:1:3:3. F1 and F2 without longitudinal sensilla. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4

setae; each side lobe with 2 setae; axilla with 1 seta; placoid sensilla on scutellum narrowly separated; distance

between anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly shorter than that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.57× as long

as wide, sparsely setose, with two large asetose areas, one around stigmal vein and the other at apex of wing disc;

marginal fringe about as long as wing width; basal cell asetose. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.83× as long

as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole finely sculptured. T7 1.83× as wide as long. Ovipositor not exerted, 0.82× as

long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.4× as long as second valvifer.

Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.45 mm. Head and body (Fig. 28)

including legs almost entirely pale yellow, but antennal clava a little darker and distal part of ovipositor stylet

brownish. Wings mostly hyaline, except below marginal vein narrowly and apical wing margin very narrowly

infuscate, venation brown.

Head (Fig. 23), in frontal view, 1.56× as wide as high, and about as wide as mesosoma. Frontovertex 0.59× as

broad as head width. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle. Mandible with

two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-segmented. Antennae inserted at level of lower margin of

eyes. Antennal formula, 1:1:3:3 (Fig. 24); radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), 3 funicle segments (F1–F3) and 3 club

segments (F4–F6) with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.13, S: 3.25, P: 1.60, F1: 1.33, F2: 1.54, F3:

1.50, F4: 1.52, F5: 1.40 and F6: 1.68; relative lengths of segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.25, S: 3.25, P: 1.50,

F1: 1.00, F2: 1.25, F3: 1.50, F4: 1.75, F5: 1.75, and F6: 2.00; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal

sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 0, F3: 1, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3.

Mesosoma (Fig. 25) 0.64× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae weakly reticulate. Mid

lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae. Axilla with 1 short seta. Scutellum

2.48× as wide as long, and 0.53× as long as mid lobe of mesoscutum. Placoid sensilla on scutellum separated

slightly, by less than own maximum width. Anterior pair of scutellar setae clearly shorter than posterior pair, and

distance between anterior pair 0.52× that between posterior pair. Endophragma long and rounded at apex,

extending to posterior margin of T2. Fore wing (Fig. 26) 3.57× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with two large

asetose areas, one around stigmal vein and the other at apex of wing disc; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half;

basal cell asetose; submarginal vein with 2 setae; marginal vein 1.38× as long as submarginal vein, with 5 setae

along anterior margin; marginal fringe as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.83× as long as

corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 27), and the latter 0.28× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.93× as long as mid tibia.

GENG & LI544 · Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press

FIGURES 23–30. Encarsia huangi sp. nov., holotype ♀: 23, head, frontal view; 24, antenna; 25, mesosoma; 26, fore wing

with stigmal vein enlarged; 27, mid tibial spur and tarsi; 28, mesosoma and metasoma; 29, sculpture on petiole; 30, ovipositor.

Scale bars = 50 µm.

Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 545NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA

Metasoma (Fig. 28) with petiole (Fig. 29) finely sculptured. T1–T5 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–T7

with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 1.83× as wide as long. Ovipositor (Fig. 30) not

exerted, apparently originating from posterior margin of T4, 0.82× as long as mid tibia, and 0.64× as long as mid

tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.40× as long as second valvifer.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown.

Etymology. This species is named in honor of Prof. Huang Jian (Plant Protection College of Fujian

Agriculture and Forestry University, China) for his contributions to the study of Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae.

Comments. This new species is placed in the E. citrina-group (Viggiani & Mazzone 1979; Hayat 1989) based

on the shape of the fore wing, longer marginal fringe, presence of an asetose area around the stigmal vein, mid lobe

of mesoscutum with 4 setae, petiole with fine sculpture, submarginal vein with 2 setae, and mid tarsi 5-segmented,

but differs from all the other species of this group (citrina, lounsburyi, curtifuniculata, gracilens, ?flava, ?fusca,

?latipennis) mainly by the narrowly separated placoid sensilla on the scutellum, and entirely pale yellow body.

Further differences are listed in the key.

Encarsia yunnana Li & Geng, sp. nov.

Figs 31–38

Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Tengchong County,

Yinghe Village, 1820m, 17–19. VII. 2012, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Hui Geng, Chao Zhang, YPT.

Paratypes. 3♀ [on slides], same data as holotype. (NEFU).

Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.5–0.66 mm. Ocelli forming a right to slightly obtuse

triangle. POL distinctly less than OOL. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-

segmented. Antennal formula 1:1:4:2. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae; each side lobe with 2 setae; axilla

with 1 seta; distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum approximately 2–4× maximum width of a sensillum;

distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal to that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.21–3.36× as

long as wide, with an asetose area around stigmal vein; marginal fringe 0.67–0.8× as long as wing width. Tarsal

formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.88–0.97× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole with sculpture laterally. T7

2.52–2.6× as wide as long. Ovipositor not or hardly exerted, 0.93–1.1× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.36–

0.4× as long as second valvifer.

Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.66 mm. Head and body pale yellow

except pronotum brown, petiole, T1 and T4–6 with very faint brownish bands. Ovipositor yellow. Antennae pale

yellow. Fore wing hyaline, venation pale except stigmal vein mostly and base of submarginal vein slightly

infuscate. Hind wing hyaline. Legs pale yellow.

Head (Fig. 31) a little broader than mesosoma. Frontovertex 0.67× as broad as head width. Eyes with fine and

transparent setae. Ocelli forming about a right triangle, POL distinctly less than OOL. Stemmaticum with reticulate

sculpture. Mandible (Fig. 31) weakly dentate, with two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-

segmented. Antennae inserted at level of lower margin of eyes. Antennal formula, 1:1:4:2 (Fig. 32); radicle (R),

scape (S), pedicel (P), 4 funicle segments (F1–F4) and 2 club segments (F5–F6) with the following ratios of length

to width: R: 2.20, S: 4.13, P:1.44, F1: 1.83, F2: 2.42, F3: 1.88, F4: 1.75, F5: 1.73 and F6: 1.86; relative lengths of

segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.00, S: 3.00, P: 1.24, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.32, F3: 1.36, F4: 1.59, F5: 1.64 and F6:

1.90; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 1, F3: 1, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3.

Mesosoma (cf. Fig. 33) 0.75× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae indistinctly reticulate.

Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae near posterior margin, each side lobe with 2 setae. Axilla with 1 seta.

Scutellum 2.08× as wide as long, and 0.62× as long as mid lobe. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum

approximately 4× maximum width of a sensillum. Anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly shorter and thinner than

posterior pair, and distance between anterior pair 0.92× that between posterior pair. Endophragma rounded at apex,

extending to anterior margin of T2. Fore wing (Fig. 34) 3.3× as long as wide, with a small asetose area around

stigmal vein; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell with 2 setae; submarginal vein with 2 setae;

marginal vein 1.26× as long as submarginal vein, with 4 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.67× as long

as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 35) 7.69× as long as wide, marginal fringe 1.54× as long as wing width. Tarsal

GENG & LI546 · Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press

FIGURES 31–38. Encarsia yunnana sp. nov., holotype (except Fig. 33) ♀: 31, head, frontal view, with mandibles enlarged;

32, antenna; 33, mesosoma (paratype); 34, fore wing; 35, hind wing; 36, mid tibial spur and tarsi; 37, metasoma; 38, sculpture

on petiole. Scale bars = 50 µm.

Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 547NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA

formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.92× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 36), and the latter 0.28× as long as

mid tibia. Hind tibia as long as mid tibia.

Metasoma (Fig. 37) with petiole (Fig. 38) sculptured laterally. T1–T4 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–

T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 2.59× as wide as long. Ovipositor not or hardly

exerted, apparently originating from anterior margin of T4, 1.05× as long as mid tibia, and 0.83× as long as mid

tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.37× as long as second valvifer.

Male. Unknown.

Host. Unknown.

Variation. Antennal segment F3 with 1–2 longitudinal sensilla. Distance between placoid sensilla on

scutellum approximately 2–4× maximum width of a sensillum. Axillae completely yellow (slightly brownish at

apex in one paratype). Marginal vein of fore wing with 4 or 5 (in one paratype with 6–8) setae along anterior

margin. In one paratype, 1 seta present at apex of stigmal vein of fore wing.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the collection locality name.

Comments. This new species is placed in the E. parvella-group as defined by Polaszek & Gill (2011), except

for the host being unknown, in having all tarsi 5-segmented, fore wing with an asetose area around the stigmal

vein, marginal fringe of the fore wing not longer than the wing width, and each side lobe of the mesoscutum with 2

setae. However, it is easily separated from all the species of the group by the following combination of characters:

only 2 setae on the mid lobe of the mesoscutum, relatively densely setose fore wing disc, laterally sculptured

petiole, and relatively short third valvula (less than 0.5× second valvifer).

Encarsia yunnana resembles E. gerlingi Viggiani (1989) in similar body color, antennal structure, similar

shape, setation, pigmentation on venation of the fore wing, and relatively short third valvulae, but is distinguished

from the latter by: mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae (vs 8 setae), marginal fringe of fore wing relatively long,

0.67–0.80× as long as wing width (vs shorter than half of wing width), and distance between anterior pair of

scutellar setae about equal to that between posterior pair (vs distinctly shorter).

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31470652). We are

grateful to Dr Xiang-Xiang Jin, Miss Yan Gao, Mr Chao Zhang, Mr Zhi-Guang Wu, Mr Guo-Hao Zu, Mr Zhong-

Ping Xiong for specimen collection.

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Zootaxa 4162 (3) © 2016 Magnolia Press · 549NEW ENCARSIA FÖRSTER FROM CHINA