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Gives a conceptual framework of the things in theproblem space

Helps you think focus on semantics Provides a glossary of terms noun based

It is a static view - meaning it allows us convey timeinvariant business rules

Foundation for use case/workflow modelling Based on the defined structure, we can describe

the state of the problem domain at any time.

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The following features enable us to express timeinvariant static business rules for a domain:-

o Domain classes each domain class denotes a type ofobject.

o Attributes an attribute is the description of a named slot of aspecified type in a domain class; each instance of the classseparately holds a value.

o Associations an association is a relationship between two(or more) domain classes that describes links between theirobject instances. Associations can have roles, describing themultiplicity and participation of a class in the relationship.

o Additional rules complex rules that cannot be shown withsymbology can be shown with attached notes.

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Perform the following in very short iterations:o Make a list of candidate domain classes.o Draw these classes in a UML class diagram.o If possible, add brief descriptions for the classes.o Identify any associations that are necessary.o Decide if some domain classes are really just

attributes.o Where helpful, identify role names and multiplicity

for associations.o Add any additional static rules as UML notes that

cannot be conveyed with UML symbols.o Group diagrams/domain classes by category into

packages.Concentrate more on just identifying domain classes

in early iterations !

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Three Strategies to Find Conceptual Classes?

1. Reuse or modify existing models.

2. Use a category list.3. Identify noun phrases.

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We can create a domain model by making a list ofcandidate conceptual classes which containsmany common categories with an emphasis on

business information system needs.

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Case Study: Airline Reservation Domain

Conceptual Class Category Examples

product or service related to a

transaction or transaction line item

Item, Flight, Seat, Meal

where is the transaction recorded? Register, Ledger, Flight Manifest

roles of people or organizations related

to the transaction; actors in the use

case

Cashier, Customer, Passenger, Airline

place of transaction; place of service Store, Airport, Plane, Seat

physical objects Item, Register Board, Piece, Die

Airplane

descriptions of things Product Description, Flight Description

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Another useful technique (because of its

simplicity) suggested is linguistic analysis:Identify the nouns and noun phrases intextual descriptions of a domain, and

consider them as candidate conceptualclasses or attributes.

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Case Study: POS Domain

1. Customer arrives at a POS checkout with goods

and/orservices to purchase.

2. Cashier starts a new sale.

3. Cashier enters item identifier.

4. System records sale line item and presents itemdescription, price, and running total. Pricecalculated from a set of price rules.

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The domain model illustrates conceptual classes or

vocabulary in the domain. Informally, a

conceptual class is an idea, thing, or object. Moreformally, a conceptual class may be considered interms of its symbol, intension, and extension

1. Symbol words or images representing a

conceptual class.

2. Intension the definition of a conceptual class.

3. Extension the set of examples to which the

conceptual class applies.

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Case Study: POS Domain

From the category list and noun phrase analysis, alist is generated of candidate conceptual classesfor the domain. On the basis of category list

guidelines that emphasize business transactionsand their relationship with other things. The list isconstrained to the requirements which is under

consideration for scenario of Process of Sale.

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Sale

Cashier

CashPayment

Customer

SalesLineItem

Store

Item

ProductDescription

Register

ProductCatalog

Ledger

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Some software systems are for domains that findvery little analogy in natural or business domains;

software for telecommunications is an example.

It is still possible to create a domain model in these

domains, but it requires a high degree ofabstraction and stepping back from familiardesigns.

For example, here are some candidateconceptual classes related to atelecommunication switch:

Message, Connection, Port, Dialog, Route, Protocol.

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The most common mistake when creating a domainmodel is to represent something as an attributewhen it should have been a conceptual class.

Guideline

If we do not think of some conceptual class X as anumber or text in the real world, X is probably aconceptual class, not an attribute.

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In the real world, a store is not considered a number or text the term suggests alegal entity, an organization, and something that occupies space. Therefore,

Store should be a conceptual class.

As another example, consider the domain of airline reservations. Should

destination be an attribute of Flight, or a separate conceptual class Airport?

In the real world, a destination airport is not considered a number or text itis a massive thing that occupies space. Therefore, Airport should be a

concept.

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A description class contains information thatdescribes something else. For example, aProductDescription that records the price, picture,

and text description of an Item.

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1. An Item instance represents a physical item in astore; as such, it may even have a serial number.

2. An Item has a description, price, and itemID, whichare not recorded anywhere else.

3. Everyone working in the store has amnesia.

4. Every time a real physical item is sold, acorresponding software instance of Item is deleted

from "software land."

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The * means a multiplicity of "many." It indicatesthat one Product Description may describe many(*) Items.

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Bounded by the current iteration requirements underdesign:

1. Find the conceptual classes (see a followingguideline).

2. Draw them as classes in a UML class diagram.

3. Add associations and attributes.

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A domain class sounds like an attribute if: -

o It relies on an associated class for its identity e.g.order number class associated to an order class.The order number sounds suspiciously like an

attribute of order.

o It is a simple data type e.g. order number is asimple integer. Now it really sounds like an attribute!

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An association is a relationship between classes (more

precisely, instances of those classes) that indicatessome meaningful and interesting connection.

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Multiplicity defines how many instances of a classA can be associated with one instance of a class B.

Multiplicity on association

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