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9-10-3

Çt ô -z ô -v-© óº Û -z®ôm-DP-GÛ -¸ Þ¼-· ÛG

zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤ï-±ï.

Gu-Chu-Sum Books

Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex Political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O Mcleod Ganj,Dharamsala-176219 H.P.India.www.guchusum.org

Biography of the activist. Vol 4

Life: insearch of truth.(den-dhon tsolwai Metse)Author-Tenpa PhulchungEdited by Lobsang TashiProof reader Sonam TsewangCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet.Cover and DTP: Sonam Tsewang

First Edition 500 copies, 2002

All right reserved, No Part of this bookmay be reproduced by any means without

prior written permission from the publisher.

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XïÅ-º|ôG-q-hP-wm-±ßm-Ç?h-V-Áôh-¼ïÅ-{ïh-Ç?zÅ. ¾ô-GTÛG-¿ËG-®¤-

GôP-hÝ -Å-GmÅ-ºhÛ-¤±ô-¼P-¼ïh. »Ûm-mºP-. hÝÅ-±ôh-fÞP-fÞP-·ÛG-

mP-¤±ô-ºhÛ-Ç?¤-hGôÅ-hôm-mÛ-M-¤ÛÅ-μÅ-Pm-·ÛG-zbz-q-Ghôm-¤Û-¸-z-

¸ï¼-z-hPôÅ-|ï¾-¼ïh. hqï¼-m-M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-M¾-Dz-mÛ-fôG-¤¼-

2 1 22zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. f ïPÅ-hP-q ô¼-º² Ûm-z¸ ÞPü.

»Þ¾-HÛ-@Ým-WG-F¤-q-¤P-qô-¼Þz-Çe ï-M-mG-M¾-Dz-Gbô¼-w¤-zbP-Ç?zÅ-

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hP-¤fÞm-qô -¤-{ãP-XïÅ-ÍÞ-¼Þ -ÅÞÅ-<P-M-mG-h¤¼-ÁôG-GÛÅ-M-mG-hP-

zôh-¾-z®m-º²â¾-HÛ-hzP-zNå¼-{Å-¤-fG-M-mG-M¾-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-¾ô-Z ïÅ-

hP-¤Þ -G ï -{ ãP-zºÛ -G ô -Ç ?zÅ-hP-zÇe àm-mÅ-hPÞ¾-z Þm-ºhïh-iG-zbP-z-

hPôÅ-º|ï¾-¼ïh. GÝÅ-mÛ-±ï¤-z¸óºÛ-¾G-ÁïÅ-ym-zÞ-ÁïÅ-qÅ- 1962 ¾ô¼-

±Ð-¾-h;¼-qó-z¸ô-IÔºÛ-ºGó-FÛh-<ÛÅ-z¸º-¹-n¤Å-z¸ô-q-¤P-±ôGÅ-¤Z¤-

hÝ-±Ð-¾-ÇS ôG-ºhô ôm-hà-GbôP-¤Û-hGôÅ-q¼-¾Å-¤ÛºÛ-Hôm-VÅ-z¸ô-Cæm-HÛ-±ï¤-

z¸ô-DP-·ÛG-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-GÝÅ-mÛ-Dô -±ô¼-¾G-ÁïÅ-ÇÀ ôz-¤Dm-¾-z·G-{ãP-

zÅ. Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-P-±óº Û -ºGó -F Ûh-G®ô-z ô -“=P-=âº Þ -¼ ïm-”(ºGm-º²Ûm-)

HÛÅ-zÁh-q-¿e¼-m. ±Ð-¾-ÇS ôG-zbôm-HÛ-ÅÞº Þ -¾m-¾-zÞ-¾ôm-hÝ -vh-q-¼ïh-

¸ ï¼-hPôÅ-ÅÞ -¸ ï¼-HÛ -ºhÝG Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-Å-GmÅ-ºhÛ¼-±Ð -¾-ÇS ôG-zbôm-

{-¤Û-“ÁÛÅ-º²P-;ÝP-ÍÞÅ-(zôh-¿ Y ôPÅ-± ôGÅ-¤ Û -¿ Ëm-DP-)<Û-D ôPÅ-mÅ-M-¤Û -

¼Þ-Vïm-GTÛG-¾-¤Û-IPÅ-¿S-Çe ôP-¿ËG-®¤-hPü. P-±ô-“zôh-h¤G-DÞ¾-fôm-

Bïh-q Þº Þ -(¾Å-D ÞPÅ-)¼Þ-DG-zÇk ô¤Å-¤Û -IPÅ-ZÛÅ-Çe ôP-®¤-»ôh-¼ïh.

¾ï-±m-z·Û-q.

z®ôm-mÅ-JÀ ôh-z=ô¾-fôz-Çe ï-EÛ¤-BôP-GÛ-¾Å-ÅÞ-

·ÝGÅ-q-hP-. ¤Þ-¤fÞh-uÛ-hôm-

·zÅ-ºhïGÅ-WÛ-·ÝÅ-Ç? ô¼.

GôP-·ÝÅ-n¤Å-{P-±Ð-¾-h;¼-qóºÛ -GmÅ-±ß¾-¤hô¼-zÇk ÝÅ-®¤-

hPü. 1963 ¾ô¼-M-mG-G·ÝP-GÛ-ºzôh-zÇ? Ý¾-¿e¼-M-mG-M¾-»ôPÅ-¾-

¾ô-Z ïÅ-hP-¤Þ-Gï -{ãP-®P-. z¸ô-¾Å-±P-¤-·ÛP-q¼-zNå¼-hGôÅ-·ïÅ-±Ð-

¾-h;¼-qóºÛ-z¸ô-q-¤P-Vï-z-Ço-h;¼-¯ï¼-·ÛP-¾Å-{ïh-q¼-zbP-z-hPü.

GÝÅ-mÛ-hïºÛ-ÇS ôm-mÅ-q×-¾GÅ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hPü. Í-¤-¾GÅ-hGÝP-

¾ô-zIïÅ-q. yâ-GÝ-VßP-z-GZÛÅ-<Û-GmÅ-±ß¾-ºôG-º±ô-z¼-h;º-P¾-»ôh-

¾ ÞGÅ-GmÅ-| ÛÅ-º{ ô¼-z-¿ e¼-z¸ ô -I Ôº Û -ºG ó -F Ûh -¾-hG ôPÅ-q-· ÝÅ-b ï .

1963 ¾ô¼-xÛ¼-ÇÀ ôG-{Å-mÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-ÇÀ ïzÅ-XïÅ-w-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-zÇkh-

mÅ-EÛ¤-BôP-¾Å-;ºÛ-mP-·ÝGÅ-q-»Ûm.

Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-P-±óºÛ-w-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-GÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-mÛ. GTÛG-mÅ-

q×-¾GÅ-¾-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-z¿e-hGôÅ-q-hPü. GZÛÅ-mÅ-¤-zÞ-n¤Å-<Û-º±ô-

23 24zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï.

zºÛ-ºGm-¾ïm-{ïh-hGôÅ-q-Ç¨ ôÅ-¤ïh-<P. h-hÝP-P-±óºÛ -w-¤ºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-

mÛ-¤Pº-±z-¸ÛP-»ôh-I¾-hÝ-z·G-Çe ï -Z Ûm-¿e¼-P¾-¯ô¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-»Ûm-

¸ï¼-mÅ. ¾Å-;-zÇ? Ý¾-bï-JÀ-V-Ç?¼-¾Û-®¤-vôh-Mã-¿e-z·G h-hÝP-¤Pº-

±z-<Û-mP-¤Û-¼ïh-TïÅ-ºfz-¯ôh-hP-GÁï-GÁï-Dô-mºÛ-hzP-hÝ-Çk ôh-¤Û-zhï-

z-hP-. ¤±m-¤ô-ÇÀ ôz-¢ôP-¾-zBôh-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-mÅ-hGôP-¿e¼-¤Û-±P-¤-

±ôGÅ-DP-mP-hÝ-ºFÛh-TÛP-. &GôP-Å-&¤VôG-hP-}À-¿Ë -DG-¾-Pô-Lô¾-

{ïh-hÝ -zTßG-q-ÅôGÅ. Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-zôh-¤Û -¼ ÛGÅ-±P-¤-¾Å-;-¿U Û -· ÛP-

º±ô-z-ZG-y¼-zdïm-mÅ-¿e ôGÅ-ÁÛ-f ïzÅ-q-hPü. ¾Å-ºGÝ¾-¼Û¤-zMãh-

<ÛÅ-zôh-¤Û-h¤¼-GÅôh-zbP-z. ¾¤-xôGÅ-<Û-Gmh-hôm-»Ûm-¸ï¼-ºfz-

¯ôh-hP-hGG-q. I¾-¼Û¤-ºfz-¯ôh-»Ûm-¸ï¼-xÛ-mP-z¼-GÅÞ¤-hÝ-h=âG-

ÁÛPü. º{ô¼-¤ïh-I¾-¼Û¤-¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï -· ïÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-Pm-hGÝ -

º²ô¤Å-qºÛ-{-uôh-Ço-±ôGÅ-mP-zôh-<Û-Gmº-ÁÝ¾-IGÅ-Tm-hPôÅ-qô-n¤Å-

@Ý-ºEï¼. zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-}À-ÆôG-¿e¼-GmÅ-qºÛ-VôÅ-hP-¼ÛG-G·ÝP-n¤Å-

¯-¤ïh-z¸ôÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-uôh-Pm-Ço-±ôGÅ-ºôG-h;º-P¾-hP-. Çk ÝG-zÇS¾-

Vï-zºÛ-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-hï-¿e-zÞºÛ-ºôG-P-±óºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-»P-GôP-

¿e¼-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅ-¼ïh.

±ï¤-z¸óºÛ-¾G-ÁïÅ-¾-zdïm-mÅ-EÛ¤-±P-GÛ-º±ô-z-Bï¾-z·Ûm-»ôh-

Ç?zÅ. ¾G-ÁïÅ-Dï¼-AP-{Å-m-¤Û-ºIÛGÅ-q¼-¤Z¤-¾Å-DP-hÝ-º²â¾-

hGôÅ-qºÛ -z;ôh-Ez-hPü. I¾-¼Û¤-yâ -G Ý -· ÛG-»Ûm-xÛm-ÇÀ ôz-IÔ¼-zbP-

»P-¾Å-;-vôh-<Û-¤Ûm-¸ï¼-zºÛ-¤fôP-VßP-hP-z½[Å-zTôÅ-ºhÛ-ºiºÛ-ºôG-

mÅ-GTßP-qô -GZÛÅ-ÇÀ ôz-IÔ¼-GbôP-¤ÞÅ-mÅ-hGôPÅ-q-·ÝÅ-bï -GTßP-qô -q-

ÅPÅ-¾GÅ-qô-bP-¾-(¿Ë ô -D-h ÐGÅ-qô -D Þ¾-HÛ -¼ Û -· ÛG-)¼Þ-¾¤-z¸ô¼-zbP-z-hP-

GTßP-¤ô¼-±ï¤-z¸óºÛ-¾G-ÁïÅ-zÇÀzÅ-mÅ-GÝÅ-hP-GTßP-¤ô-¤±¤Å-¾GÅ-

GZÛÅ-GÅ¼-ÆâP-¿ Ë¤-z¸ô -¤Z¤-¾Å-DP-h Ý -· ÝGÅ-q-»Ûm.

hï-mÅ-»P-¤Z¤-¾Å-DP-hÝ-¾G-ÁïÅ-zNå¼-z;ôh-{ïh-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-

mÅ-I¾-¼Û¤-G®P-¤-¤ïh-q-GÝÅ-<ÛÅ-lô-GÁôG-¤Dm-I¾-hÝ-xÛm-mÅ-¤Z¤-

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I¾-¼Û¤-G®P-¤-¤Ûm-m-¤Û-GTÛG-GÛ-PôÅ-mÅ-·ÝÅ-m-½[ ôG-i-G·m-·ÛG-»ôh-

q-¼ïh.

1980 ¾óºÛ-G»Å-G»ôm-hÝ-xÛ-M¾-mÅ-P-±óºÛ -G·ÝP-GÛ-Ç? Ý -±z-

¤Dm-qô-hPü. Xï-z®ßm-qj¨-¤VôG hï-z·Ûm-G·ôm-mÝ -z·Û-w ïzÅ-Ç?zÅ.

DôP-n¤-qºÛ-Ç? Ý -ÆôG-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-zbP-»ôP-zÅ¤-mÅ-GÅP-zºÛ-fôG-ÆâP-

Bôz-¾Å-;-GP-®¤-{Å-»ôh-¾. Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-Xï-z®ßm-qj¨-¤VôG-mÅ-&GôP-

Å-&¤VôG-GÛ-Ç? Ý -q¼-Çt ôÅ-h;¼-<Û-dGÅ-¤ºÛ-mP-z·ÝGÅ-ÅÞ-GÅô¾-z-·ÛG-

GÅô¾-¼Å-GmP-{ãPü.

hïºÛ -X ïÅ-ÅÞ-P-±óºÛ -¤Z¤-¾Å-Fô¤-G¸ÛGÅ-DP-¤Z¤-¾Å-Éï-(¼Þ-

DG-)¾-¤ÛP-zNå¼-z-hPü. GÝÅ-q¼-¤Z¤-¾Å-Éïº Û -¯ ÛÅ-qºÛ -¾Å-ºGm-

vh-{ãPü.

h ïº Û -G»Å-G»ôm-hÝ -z ôh-¤Û -¤P-GÛÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-Z¤Å-GÅô-

25 26zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. ¤ Þ -¤fÞh-u Û -h ôm-·zÅ-ºhïGÅ-W Û -· ÝÅ.

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¾GÅ-(h ïP -Ç ?zÅ-Å ï -¼¼-z· ÝGÅ-¤ ÞÅ.)z=Å-¿ Ë àm -¤-{m-¾GÅ-(Ç ? Ý -GÁ ïGÅ-

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P-±óº Û -¤Z¤-¾Å-DP-mÅ-ÁÛP-V-hPü. º|â-¼ÛGÅ-ÅôGÅ-GP-º±¤Å-<Û-

Mz-Bô¼-{Å. Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-GÝÅ-qÅ-Ç? Ý -ºiºÛ-m-z¸º-hP-¤Vôh-μÅ-±ï¤-

iâz-Ç?zÅ-ºGm-G®ô-zô-ºEï¼-mÅ-JÀ-V-Ç?¼-¾Û-®¤-¤ïh-q¼-¾ô-GTÛG-¿ËG-

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xÛ¼-z·ÝGÅ-FÛ-Vï -¤ô¼-GôÅ-±ï¤-iâz-¤. GÝÅ-¼P-GÛÅ-hP-hôh-{Å-mÅ-

±ï¤-iâz-·ÝÅ-qºÛ-zdm-G¼-lô-Xï-Çt äÅ-¾ïGÅ-ÁÛG-ºzÞ¾-¾¤-·ÝÅ-q-¤-¸h.

Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-Z¤Å-GÅóºÛ-¾Å-ºGm-¾ïGÅ-Oæz-{ãP-z¼. hGôm-q-mÅ-GÝÅ-

q¼-G¸ÛGÅ-z¸ôÅ-¤W¾-h¼-mP-¤²ôh-hPü. ¾¤-¼Û¤-Vïm-¤óºÛ-ºIï¾-qºÛ-

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M-G¼-mP-Vz-ÆÛh-Z¤Å-¥ôP-GÛ -»ÛG-V-zÇ? Ý¼-m-»G-qô -ºhÝG-

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hI-ºhÝ¾-¾GÅ-zMãh-mÅ-wÞ¾-»ôh.

1985 ¾ô¼-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-¤Z¤-º|ï¾-M¾-±ôGÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-¾-zôh-

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zÇ? Ý¾-hPü. M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-qÅ-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-¾ó-Z Û -

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¤-¼G-)GTÛG-w Þ¾-»ôh.

1986 mP-hI-zôÅ-&qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-zïh-uôh-<ÛÅ-

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GbôP-Ç?zÅ. GÝÅ-qÅ-M¾-uÛ¼-GÅ¾-zOGÅ-(¤-hqï-¤-¼G-)ÁÛG-Çt ï¾-mÅ.

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»ôh-¸ï¼-zºÛ-Ç?zÅ. ¤-DÛ-¤-ÈàP-Å-fÛG-mÛ - 1914 ¾ô¼-h{Ûm-WÛ-hPü.

zôh-¤Û-zÁh-O-hq¾-º{ô¼-lô-XïÅ-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-z·G-q¼-zdïm-zôh-<Û-Å-GmÅ-

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M-mG-h¤¼-ÁôG-G Û -ºG ó -F Ûh-“¾Ûº Û -Ám-Zm-”Í-¼Û¼-º±¤Å-

ºiÛ¼-zBôh-Ç?zÅ-Í-¼ÛºÛ-IôÅ-±ôGÅ-GôP-ºôG-GÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-zM-¿ËG-®¤-HÛÅ-

Å-»ÛG-z;ôh-qºÛ-»ÛG-V-·ÛG-¾Ûm-Ám-Zm-zMãh-mÅ-M-mG-h¤¼-ÁôG-ÆÛh-

G·ÝP-¾-zÇ? Ý¼-GmP-mÅ-&GôP-Å-&¤VôG-GÛÅ-ºzôh-zÇ? Ý¾-GmP-z-G·Û¼-

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»ôh-TïÅ-hPü. »P-Í-¼Ûº Û -±ôP-¾Å-±m-q-·ÛG-GÛÅ-GÅ¾-zOGÅ-ÁÛG-

Çt ï¾-GmP-zºÛ-mP- 1949 ¾ô¼-zôh-hP-Í-¼ÛºÛ-M¾-Dz-GZÛÅ-hz¼-±ôP-

hôm-º|ï¾-z-z®ßGÅ-qºÛ-Ç?zÅ. zôh-M¾-Dz-<Û-¤ÛP-fôG-mÅ-Gm-M-z·G-

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z-zTÅ-¾-Í-¼ÛºÛ-M¾-±ôGÅ-hPü. IôÅ-±ôGÅ-GôP-ºôG-GÛ-hzÞ-ºFÛh-n¤-

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hPü. VzÅ-TÛG-Ç?zÅ-hïº Û -ÆÛh-º²Ûm-¼ºô-;m-¾ÛÅ-;Ûm-HÛÅ-zôh-ºhÛ-

M-¤ÛºÛ -¤Pº-DôPÅ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-zÁh-q-¾. zôh-¤Û-±ô-»-¤±m-hP-

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ºFâ¾-HÛÅ-Aïm-qÅ-ÆÛh-FÛ-mÅ-GmÅ-h{ãP-zbP-zº¤. »P-m-ÆÛh-º²Ûm-

HÛ-¾ô-±h-G®P-Çe ï-ÆÛh-FÛ-mÅ-zzÅ-mºP-ºi. GP-¿e¼-zôh-ºhÛ-¼P-z®m-


M¾-Dz-»Ûm-q-±P-¤Å-ÁïÅ-GÅ¾-¿e¼. Eïh-¼P-ÆÛh-FÛ -mÅ-¤-zzÅ-

GôP-GÅ¾-qô -z¸ô -¼ ôGÅ-GmP-·ïÅ-ºDôh-»ôh.

1986 ¾ô¼-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-¤Z¤-£ï¾-M¾-±ôGÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-¾-zôh-

<Û-Gmh-hôm-Ç? ô¼-¾-·zÅ-Ç? Ý¾-hPü. hïP-Ç?zÅ-zôh-mP-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-uÛ-

±ôGÅ-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-<Û-F ô¤-¼Ð -zdm-qô -»ôh-TïÅ-ºÞh-Áôz-zÁh-<Pü. hôm-

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¤-¼G-)·ÛG-w Þ¾-»ôh.

1987 ¾ô¼-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-¤Z¤-£ï¾-M¾-±ôGÅ-±ôGÅ-Vïm-¾-ºzÞ¾-

Mãº Û -Ç[m-·Ýº Û -»Û -G ï -(ÁôG-IPÅ- 173 ¾-G¸ÛGÅ-)DG-z·Û-»ôh-qºÛ-mP-ºGô-

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hPü.(¤-hqï-¤-¼G-)hI-zóºÛ-±ôGÅ-fïPÅ-GÅÞ¤-qÅ-(hI-zóº Û -±P-º²ô¤Å-IôÅ-

±ôGÅ-fïPÅ-GÅÞ¤-q¼-¸ï¼-)¾ßG-¤Gô-z;¾-mÅ-EÛ-Á-z®ôPÅ-q-(ÁôG-IPÅ- 181

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hï-z·Ûm-hI-zôÅ-¯-¤ïh-hÝ-zbP-zºÛ-zôh-<Û-¯-VïºÛ-hPôÅ-¼ÛGÅ.

M-h¤¼-z®m-º²â¾-zÅ-zôh-mP-zôh-¤Û¼-Çk ÝG-GTôh-Ço-±ôGÅ-zbP-zºÛ-

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¿e¼-»Û -G ïº Û -n¤-IPÅ-¤±m-{P-OÛG-q-¿e¼-m. »Û-G ï -hP-qô -;. mÅ-

XïÅ-¤. ¸. z¼-HÛ-»ÛG-V-n¤Å-M¾-uÛ-Dô -m¼-zÇ? Ý¼-z-hPü. zôh-mP-

DÞ¾-¿Ë -Å-ÅôGÅ-¾-ºIï¤Å-¢¼-{Å-q-n¤Å-<Û -GÁ¤-¤Vm-hÝ -z ôh-Vô¾-

GÅÞ¤-zhïm-hôm-ºfz-¯ôh-±ôGÅ-q-hPü. »P-m-“zôh-Vô¾-GÅÞ¤-Åï¼-

B-¤Û-¤P-fÞm-¤ôP-”·ïÅ-ºDôh-»ôh-¼ïh. »ÛG-V-¤P-Vï-z-hq¼-fïPÅ-ÅÞ¤-

Tß-mÅ-z·Û-Tßº Û -z¼-zMz-Çe ï. »ÛG-V-ÁôG-¿Ë ï -O ÛG-Ç?zÅ-hq¼-wÞh-ÁôG-

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GôP-·ÝÅ-M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-zÇ? Ý¼-zºÛ-»ÛG-V-DG-hPü. zôh-mP-DÞ¾-

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¯ô¤-OÛG hq¼-ÁôG-º|Û-Mã. hq¼-MG-Mã. »ÛG-Ç? ôGÅ-D-¢¼. D-

»ÛG-zMz-mÅ-zÇ? Ý¼-VôG-zTÅ-{Å-bï. ºfz-IôGÅ- *** Å¼-wÞ¾-

mÅ-zÇ? Ý¼-Mãº Û -¾Å-ºGm-DôP-GÛÅ-zÇo¤Å-bï -¤P-Vï-z-Ç? Ý -Ç K ï¼-»ÛG-±P-

zMãh-mÅ-zÇ? Ý¼-HÛ -»ôh-q-¼ïh.

h-hÝP-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-mP-DÞ¾-hÝ-ºIï¤Å-¢¼-{Å-q-mÛ. 1985 ¾ô¼-

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¼P-Å-ÆâP-Vïh-zôh-h{Ûm-M-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-»ôh-q-ºIï¤Å-¢¼-{Å-

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ÅôGÅ-P-±ôÅ-z=¤-q-¼ïh.

&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ -z;º-ÇÀ ôz-h ôm-±m-GÅÞ¤-hP-. “zôh-¤Û-±ô -

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G»ô¼-D-Gbh-GTôG-hGôÅ-”¸ï¼-z-Å ôGÅ-ºIï¤Å-¢¼-{Å-q-¼ïh.

1985 hP- 1986 mP-&GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qôÅ-lô -X ï -

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®¤-¼Ûm-ºzz-¤Û -hGôÅ-q¼-z=¤-q-»Ûm.

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zôh-M¾-Dz-hP-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-¼P-hzP-ÇÀ¼-GÅóºÛ -ºfz-¯ôh-

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GôP-·ÝÅ-»ÛG-º|ÛºÛ -»ô -VÅ-hPü. hq¼-ÁôG O-º²Ûm-ºDô¼-

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hï-mÅ-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-¾GÅ-<ÛÅ-zÇ? Ý¼-Mãº Û -»Û -G ï -DG-TÛG-

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zbz. GP-¿e¼-zG-±-Zm-q-·ÛG-{ïh-hGôÅ-”·ïÅ-P-¼P-±ó¼-Gb¤-hqï-

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<Û -¾¤-xôGÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-h¤PÅ-G®óº Û -¾¤-xôGÅ-G®P-¤-¼P-¤Ûm-»Pü.

GmÅ-Ç?zÅ-hï-¼P-GÛ-fôG-¾-V-z·G-mÅ-zôh-mP-GÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-hPü. hq¾-

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DG-GÛ-f ôG-DºÛ-Çe ïP-GÛ -M¾-h¼-hPü. hôm-{ïh-mP-GÛ-f ï¾-®ï-n¤Å-zXï-

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GÛ-xG-¾Å-GmP-. XïÅ-ÅÞ-xG-¾Å-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-GmP-¤Û-hGôÅ-q-z;ôh-OÛG-

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qÅ. hï-ºi-{Å-m-»G-qó -¤Û -ºhÝG-G¤-·ïÅ-zXôh-Ç?zÅ. lô-X ï -¾GÅ-


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ÁôÅ-hP-hôm-Oæz-ÁôÅ-»Ûm. h-¾¤-Eïh-¼P-¾Å-Ç?h-V-ºiÛ-h;º-z-hPü.

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mG-qô-{Å-mÅ-zÇkh-q-hPü. »Û-Gï-º|Û-¤Dm-zÞ-hï -m Û -Gh-¤ô-hGôh-z·Ûm-

zÇkh-ºhÝG

hïºÛ-ÇS-XïÅ-ÅÞ-GÝÅ-¼P-Z¾-DP-GTÛG-bà-¤-z·G-q¼-w¼-±ß¼-fïPÅ-

z·Û-®¤-Çt ô -¼Þ-zTßG-q-hPü. P-GTÛG-qÞ¼-¤-z·G-q¼-¼P-ÁÛ-zMG-»ôP-

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¤f¼-z®ôm-DP-Çe¼-q-GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-mP-. 1987 ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-Åï-

¼-hGôm-qºÛ-Fô¤-zÇ? ô¼-GmP-Ç?zÅ. M¾-h¼-zÇo¤Å-¤Dm-Ç? Ý -·zÅ-}À ô -

z¸P-¾ÞP-dôGÅ-¾GÅ-¤Z¤-hÝ-z·G-{ãPü. P-¾-ºiÛ-¯h-{Å-qºÛ-GmÅ-

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z®ôm-DP-mÅ- 1987 ¾ô¼-hGôm-q¼-ÇÀ ôG-TÛP-¾ô-¿S-®¤-ÅôP-XïÅ. 1992

¾ô¼-M-G¼-hÝ-BzÅ-zTô¾-¾-wïzÅ-mÅ-hïP-Ç?zÅ-l-¼¤-Å-¾¼-»ôh-¤ÞÅ-

¾-zdïm. DôP-¾-z;º-ºiÛ-GmP-m-ºIÛGÅ.(h-¿ e -Í ó -Å Û -= Û -¾ Û -»¼-»ôh.)

1987 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 mÅ-zôh-hÝ -¼P-hzP-ÇÀ¼-GÅóºÛ -ÇK ï¼-

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Vïh-hÝ. zôh-Å-º|âG-¾óºÛ-Vô-ºyâ¾-Ç¨ ôm-¾¤-Vï-¤ô-º±ôGÅ-MãºÛ-D-fÞG-ºDï¾-

zÅ. Dô-qÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-q-±ô-¤-JÀ ôh-;-¤ïh-{ãP-Çe ï -xÛ-¹-GZÛÅ-qºÛ-¹-¤WâG-

bà -z®ôm-DP-mÅ-zbP-Çe ï . hGôm-Çk ï -Å ô -Å ô¼-¯ÛÅ-vh-q-¤-¸h. z®ôm-

q-{ÛPÅ-¤P-Vï-z-JÀ ôh-h ï -GÅP-»Ûz-¸Û -F âº Þ -(Zïm-d ôG-¾Å-D ÞPÅ-z·Û -qº Û -z¯ ôm-

DPü)¾-P-±ô -¤ Û -zTß -®¤-»ôh-Ç e ïP-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-zÇe¼-q-GÅÞ¤-qºÛ -Ç K ô -

dGÅ-ÍP-¿S-q¼-fÞz-zÇem-wÞm-±ôGÅ-¾GÅ-hPü. ÇK ô -dGÅ-iâG-q¼-Ç? Ý -

·zÅ-G»Þ-¾ó -¼Ûm-qô -Vï. ÇK ô -dGÅ-zhÝm-q¼-GÝÅ-q. ÇK ô -dGÅ-zMh-q¼-

zÞ-Çt ïm-±ïÅ. ÇK ô -dGÅ-zTß-GZÛÅ-q¼-M-G¼-mÅ-wïzÅ-qºÛ-Ç? Ý -·zÅ-ÁÛG-

zTÅ-»ôh-q-¼ ïh.

z ôh-< Û -¾ ô -GÅ¼-¤-¼m-®¤-¾-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-mP-¤Û -f ÞG-ºyh-

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P-±ô-z®ôm-DP-zÇe¼-q-GTÛG-q-GôP-·ÝÅ-¤Û-z·Û-¾-dïm-º|ï¾-¤±ôm-{ïh-

OÛG-μÅ-D-¸Å-zTß-Çk ï¼. D-h=ÛÅ-¼P-ºIÛGÅ-VßP-PÞ-¼ï-ÇK óº Û-ÍÛ-DÞP-mP-

mÅ-¤-Vïm-zMãh-wÞ¾-bï -Åï¤Å-GÅóºÛ -º±¤Å-ºiÛ-·ÝÅ. mP-mÅ-zÇ? Ý¼-

60 6 1zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û-±ï. f ïPÅ-GZÛÅ-qºÛ -z® ôm-ºWâG-{Å-q.

zºÛ-W-h¤-VßP-VßP-hï-»P-M-G¼-Ç? Ý -·zÅ-¾-wÞ¾. P-±óºÛ-DP-q-±P-¤¼-

ÇK ô -¿ UGÅ-zMz-mÅ-wm-±ßm-ºIô-»Þ¾-¤ïh-<Pü. z®ôm-ÆâP-z-¤-ÇÀ ïz-qºÛ-

Gô -Ç?zÅ-hP-zÇe àm-bï. ÇK ïº Þ -D ÞP-mP-mÅ-wm-±ßm-JÀ ïP-¤ô¾-{ïh-<Û-»ôh.

1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-HÛ-·ôGÅ-q-z®ôm-DP-mP-hÝ-ÇS¼-

Mãm-hP-¤Û -ºi-zºÛ-z®ôm-ÆâP-z-GTÛG-<P-¤ïh-q¼-ºW¤-fÛP-Pï¼-Çk ôh-

Ç?zÅ. Vß-±ôh- 11 ®¤-¾-zÇem-º²Ûm-Åôºô-=P-(ºGm-º²Ûm-)zÇ? ô¼-G»ïP-

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Ç? Ý -·zÅ-<ÛÅ-GÅÞP-hôm. P-¾-D-Å-ºGô-ºFÛh-±ôÅ-Ç?h-V-iÛÅ-ÅôPü. Ç?h-

VºÛ-Ç[ ÛP-h ôm-¾-z¿e-h ÝÅ. VôÅ-hôm-mÅ-P-È-¾¤-xÛ¼-ºzÞh-{Å-¸Ûm-bï -

h-¾¤-VôÅ-hôm-HÛÅ-Bôz-fÞz-<Û-¤ïh-q-ºi-·ïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-{ãP-. PÅ-Ç? Ý-·zÅ-

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zÇe ôh-zÇSGÅ-¤P-qó-·ÛG-zbP-zºÛ-¤f¼. hï-¼ÛP-P-±ôÅ-Eïh-¾-¾Å-ºGm-

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m¤-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ. ÅP-ZÛm-M-mG-mÅ-GÅ¼-ºHã¼-ºGôh-¤Dm-¤P-qó-·ÛG-

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¾Å-ºGm-hï-ºi-¯-z-mÅ-zOæz-fÞz-q-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-Áôh-Ç?zÅ. z=-ÁÛÅ-

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ºHã¼-¾ôG-TÛP-Ço -Á Ý -· ÛG-zMz-mÅ-xÛm-ÅôPü.

69 70zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û-±ï. z®ôm-zTßG-hPü. FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-z.

»P-¼Þ-DG-hï -GºÛ-mP-hÝ. P-±óº Û -ºfz-IôGÅ-hGº-¿km-hGôm-

HÛ-Ç? Ý -·zÅ-M-zÇe¼-¾GÅ-¸ï¼-z-hïÅ. &GôP-Å-Ç? Ý -y ïP-hP-qô-mÅ-zTß-

z·Ûº Û -z¼-HÛ-ºFâPÅ-¼zÅ-z¿e-zhï-· ÛG-º|Û-¼ôGÅ-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG PÅ-

Eïh-±ô¼-wm-fôGÅ-PïÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-G-¾ï¼-|ÛÅ-VôG-TïÅ-DÅ-}ÀPÅ. ZïÅ-

GÅôG-GÛ -z®ôm-q-P-±óº Û -ºGô -ºFÛh-»Ûm-q. z=-ÁÛÅ-±ï -¼ ÛP-¸ ï¼-¤Dm-

·ÛG-»ôh. hïº Û -Å¼-bØ -¾ºÛ -} À -¤ºÛ -n¤-f¼-·ïÅ-q-·ÛG-ºhÝG hï-G»¼.

ÁôG-zÞ-¾ïGÅ-q-·ÛG-¼ïºÞ -¤ÛG-zMz-mÅ-hïz-mP-}À âGÅ-Mã-ÇezÅ-zhï-·ÛG-

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h ï -G-¼ï -¼ ïh-¸ ï¼-z·Ûm-h ïz-h ï -w¼-ºyôG-mÅ-ºEï¼-xÛm-ÅôPü. ZÛm-ÁÅ-

XïÅ-PºÛ-h ïz-hï -vôh-¼ôGÅ-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ. hïz-hï -G-mÅ-{ãP-¸ï¼. PÅ-hïz-

hqï-hïz-DP-mÅ-hôm-q-¼ïh. zhG-qô-z=-ÁÛÅ-±ï-¼ÛP-¼ïh-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ. ºô-

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FóºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-hP-zTÅ-xÛm-ÅôPü. hï-mÅ-PÅ-ÇS-hGôP-GÛ-hÝÅ-±ôh-z®¾-

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¸ Þ¼-z; ôh-· Ý -¤ Û -hG ôÅ-q-{Å-» ôh-)um-·Ý¼-wÞ¾-»ôh.

1989 ¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 30 ZÛm-z®ôm-DP-mP-hÝ-ÉÛ -»ÛÅ-(zTß -qº Û -

GTÛG-GÛ-hÝÅ-Vïm-bï. M-mG-uÛ-¤fÞm-M¾-Dz-hzÞ-z½[ ïÅ-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Vïm.)hÝÅ-Vïm-HÛ-G®P-

£-{Å-mÅ-GÝÅ-q-fz-±P-mP-hÝ. ±¾-Gh-zMG-q¼-»ôP-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-zÅ.

PÅ-Çe ôh-fÞP-½[ ÛP-q-·ÛG-Z¾-FÛºÛ-Çe ïP-hÝ-z·G-mÅ-xÛm-qºÛ-XïÅ-z=-ÁÛÅ-

Dôºô-=P-»ôP-mÅ-PºÛ-Z¾-FÛºÛ-Çe ïP-hÝ-Hôm-VÅ-½[ ÛP-q-z·G-q-¤fôP-mÅ.

P-G¼-»ôh-¯h-GTôh-{Å-q-¿e¼-P-w¼-ºIô-Ç?zÅ. Eôh-¼P-GÛ-Z¾-FÛºÛ -

Çe ïP-²-¼ï-²ô -¼ï -z·G-mÅ-G®P-£¼-Gbô¼-zÁÛG-zbP-¾ÞGÅ-¸ï¼-bï -¾¤-

ÅïP-JÀ ôG-MãG-zbôm-mÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-±h-¤ïh-zbP-z-hPü. Eôh-¼P-hÝÅ-dG-

bà-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-¸ï¼-z·Ûm-Ç?h-Tô¼-±h-¤ïh-MG-¤Dm-ºhÛ-¼ïh-¸ï¼-

z·Ûm. JÀ ôG-MãG-DºÛ-mP-hÝ-±h-¤ïh-z®ßGÅ-mÅ-ZÛm-ÁÅ-¿e ô -VÅ-¸-¤-fÞz-

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7 1 72zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. z®ôm-zTßG-hPü. FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-z.

Vïm-¤-Iô¾-z¼-¾PÅ-zTßG-q-¼ïh.

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º{ô¼-hPü. qj¨-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-·ïÅ-q-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-z®ôm-qºÛ-ºGó-FÛh-

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8 1 82zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. z®ôm-zTßG-hPü. FÛ¤Å-Vh-zbP-z.

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z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-»ôP-mÅ-Eïh-±ô-ºhÛ-ºi-{Å-mÅ-TÛ-»Ûm-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ.

¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-GÛ-Ç? ô¼-JÀ ïP-Ç?zÅ-P¾-zNå¼-TßÅ-mÅ-}À ô -z¸P-WâÅ-=P-hPü.

M¾-¾GÅ-GZÛÅ-ÇÀ ïzÅ-bï. Eïh-±ô-ºhÛ-ºi-{ïh-hGôÅ-hôm-HÛ-Mã-¤±m-n¤Å-

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¼ôGÅ-q-±ôÅ-zÅ¤-±ß¾-ºi-¤Ûm-zÁh-ÅôPü. PÅ-zÁh-q¼. Íï¤-Xï-¾GÅ.

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hGôÅ-qºÛ -Z ïm-D-Vïm-q ô -¼ ïh-¸ ï¼-Ç?zÅ-¾m-GP-»P-zMz-¤-{ãPü.

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¼Ûm-Vïm-hPü. {¤Å-q-@P-Åï-GZÛÅ-¾Å-hôm-¼Þ-DG-¾-zbP-mÅ-±P-¤¼-

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º|ôP-¯ïº Û -¤DÅ-z®ßm-¾GÅ-<Û-®ßº Þ -mP->À ôG-qÅ-®ßº Þ -¤Û -G·m-HÛÅ-ÁïÅ-

<Û-¼ïh.

z¿e-Ç? ô¼-¾-»ôP-zºÛ-Z Ûm. P-±ô-¾Å-»Þ¾-±¾-·ÛP-¾-ÅôPü. fÞG-

bà -fG-¼ÛP-¾-ÇK ô -zMz-mÅ-zbP-¤-{ãPü. }À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-Dô-GZÛÅ-

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hÝ-ºIó-»Û-»Ûm-·ïÅ-hGôPÅ-q-·ÝÅ-mÅ-xÛm-q-ÁïÅ-¤-{ãPü. hGôP-¤ô-¾Å-

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GZÛÅ-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-(¸Þ¼-z;G-{Å-qºÛ -h ôm-){Å-q-»Ûm-m. Gmh-hôm-ºhÛ-¤Û-

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z¸ôÅ-»ôPü. P-±ôÅ-<P-hï-¼P-¾z-VôG-TïÅ-zÁh-qºÛ-ZÛm-hï-G¼-Dô-GZÛÅ-

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¾ô-Pïh-GZÛÅ-®ßºÞ-=P-»Ûm-qÅ-Pïh-GZÛÅ-<ÛÅ-Dôºô-=P-±ß¾-FÛ¤Å-¼Ûm-Vïm-

Å¼-xÛm-mÅ. Dô-GZÛÅ-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-{Å-m-¤Û-ºIÛGÅ-q¼-JÀ ôh-¼ôGÅ-GmPü.

GP-¾GÅ-·ï-m. }À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-@P-q-mh-q-»Ûm-q-hPü. zÇem-

q-hzP-IGÅ-¤ÛG-fP-fP-¤ïh. xÛm-Vh-Çk ÝG-bà -xÛm-q-»Ûm-m. P-±óºÛ -

® ßº Þ -mP-h;º-¾Å-DG-qô-VGÅ-»ôP-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ. Dôºô -=P-GÛÅ-PÅ-GôP-

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zbôm-mºP-. Z¾-VÅ-hP-Ghm-D-Ço ôm-vôh-¼ôGÅ-¾z-Çe ï. ¤¼-¼Þ-DG-

¾-»ôP-·ÛP-DôP-GZÛÅ-<Û-Ghm-Z¾-VÅ-zbôm-mÅ-ÇK ô -ºI¤-hÝ-z·G qj¨-


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hÝP-¤-zbP-z-¼ïh. hï-mÅ-hGôP-¤óºÛ -Vß -±ôh-zTß-q-®¤-¾-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-

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ºFÛh-¾ô-VßP-z-±ô¼-PÅ-·Ý-z-ºfïm-mÅ-¤Û-¼ï¼-ºzô¾-Ghm-»-GTÛG-G¤.

wô -D ïzÅ-¼ï -zÇ? Ý¼-zÅ-zÅ¤-hôm-zOæzÅ.

hïºÛ-ÅP-ZÛm-mÅ-qh-¤-¼ÛG-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-P-¾-ZÛm-¼ï¼-¿e ô -VÅ-ÆP-

hô-¼ï -±h-G·Û-»Ûm-qÅ. hï-¿ËG-zbP-¤Û-VôG-hï -mÅ-ºG¾-m. Eïh-®ßº Þ -

=P-¾-ºGm-»ôh-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG »Ûm-mºPü. ¿e ô -VÅ-Bï¾-¤Dm-ZïÅ-GÅôG-

z®ôm-q-Í-zdm-¾-¤¼-M-¤-hô-®¤-hPü. Qm-q-GP-¤P-¤P-P-±óºÛ-®ßºÞ-

mÅ-vh-ÇezÅ. DôP-GZÛÅ-¾-¿e ô -VÅ-GP-¤P-GP-G¸z-{Å-mÅ-®ßºÞ-»ÛÅ-

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GÅÞ¤-·ÛG-»Û -G ïº Û -¤Z¤-hÝ -w Þ¾-»ôh.


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IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-JÀ ô -zÞ¼-Çt ô -zô-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-

Çt ô -Bï¾-{Å-qºÛ-Ç? ô¼.

1991 ¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 27 ·ôGÅ-q-P-±ô-z®ôm-q-D-ÁÅ-ÁÛG-Ç¨m-

DP-hÝ-xÛm-mÅ-¼Û¤-z·Ûm-zdG-hrh-hPü. Ç¨m-zTôÅ-{ïh-Ç?zÅ-P-±óºÛ-

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hGôÅ. ¼Þ-DG-¾-ÇÀ ïzÅ-ÅôP-m-Ç?h-V-{Å-VôG-¸ï¼-mÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-¼Þ-DG-

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q¼-±P-¤-ºEï¼-ÁôG-¸ï¼-z·Ûm-º±z-º±ßz-PP-iG-VÅ-vÅ-qºÛ-h¤G-

¤Û-D-ÁÅ-ÁÛG-ºFÛh-»ôP-mÅ-P-±ô-¤ô-\ºÛ-mP-}À âGÅ-bï. hï-mÝz-fÛP-¸Û-FâºÞ-

¾-zB¾-·ÛP-Z¾-VÅ-hP-Gôm-VÅ-ÅôGÅ-hPôÅ-qô -n¤Å-ÇS ôG-zÁï¼-·Ûz-

±GÅ-{Å-mÅ-¤Û-¼ ï -DP-q-¼ï¼-zTßG-mÅ-z·G hïº Û -ÅP-ZÛm-·ôGÅ-

q-zôh-¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 15 ºDï¾-zÅ. GmÅ-Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ-G¼-ºWôG-GÛ-¼ïh-

zÅ¤Å-mÅ-GÝÅ-¼P-fïG-Vïm-GÅô-¢ôP-¾ïm-mÅ-¿Ë ôh-¿Ë ôh-{Å-bï-Çk ôh-Ç?zÅ.

ZÛm-GÝP-®¤-¾-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ÇK ô -x ï -Çe ï . hPôÅ-qô -n¤Å-¤-¾ÞÅ-q¼-ºEï¼-

bï-¤¼-hôm-ÁôG-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG ¤¼-hôm-Ç?zÅ-IÔ-z·Û-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-ºGô-

ºFÛh-G®ô-Vï -z-n¤Å-ÇÀ ïzÅ-ºhÝG P-±ô-h ï -G¼-zP-OÛG-bà -zTßG-mÅ-

©Ù-Dôºô-=P-GÛÅ. Eïh-±ô-ÅÞ-GP-hP-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-Gbô¼-zÁÛGÅ-GbôP-¤Dm-

¼ïh-¸ï¼-z·Ûm-GÁï-GÁï-¤P-fG-Vôh-TÛG-zbP-mÅ. ±P-¤¼-¿UGÅ-zMz-

Çe ï -¤ ô -\-bàP-wÞP-(Á¼-½ À âP-dGÅ-Tm-H Û -½ ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-)·ÛG-GÛ -mP-iG-VÅ-vÅ-

qºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-¿S-iâG-·ÛG-GÛÅ-zÇ? ô¼-bï. ZÛm-¤±m-GZÛÅ-¾-ZÛP-FÛ-Å-DÞ¾-

Çt ôº ô -μ ôP-z®ôm-DP-GZÛÅ-qºÛ -= âP-b àh-(¼Þ -º| ÛP-)GÅÞ¤-q¼-zB¾-{ãPü.

hïº Û -Z Ûm- 1991 ¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 29 ¼ïh-ºhÝG

P-±ô¼-¿e-dôG-{-¤Û-ZïÅ-GÅôG-z®ôm-q-Çk ï-hGï-MG-q-P-±óºÛ-¤Z¤-

hÝ-zbP-»ôh-q-¼ïh. hïºÛ-hGôP-¤ô-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-Dô-GZÛÅ-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-

{Å-mÅ-hÝÅ-»ßm-¹-z-GTÛG-¿ËG-®¤-zTßG hïºÛ-ÅP-ZÛm-mÅ-P-±ô-GÅÞ¤-

¾-Ç?h-V-iÛÅ-bï. ºWÛGÅ-ÇoP-GP-®¤-zÇ? Ý¾-mÅ-GÁï-GÁï-hP-iG-ÁÝGÅ-

¾-zÇe ïm-<Pü. ·Ý¤-q-¤ïh-q¼-¼P-¼ïºÛ -¯-hôm-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-qºÛ-

Mã -¤±m-zÁh-GP-fÞz-{Å-bï -GmÅ.

z®ôm-DP-ºhÛ-m Û - 1959 ¾ô¼-zôh-¤ÛÅ-hI-zô¼-Lô¾-¾m-ÇÀ ôG-

Ç?zÅ-ºWâ-z¸ÞP-{Å-qºÛ-z®ôm-q-¤P-qô -»ôh-Å-hï -¼ ïh. ¼Û-Ç~ äG-h ôG-¾-

Å-V-z®m-q. hïºÛ-M-Eôm-mÛ-¿UGÅ-¼Û-mÅ-¯ÛÅ-qºÛ-yïh-¾-Gô¤-·ïP- 250

hP-·ïP-¾-Gô¤-·ïP- 275 z®ôm-DP-DP-¤ÛG- 25 »ôh-¤ÞÅ-hPü. z®ôm-

qÅ-OÛG-FÛ¤Å-¾Å-ym-zÞ-ºG¾-m-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-{-»Þ¾-DP-¤ÛG- 6 z®ôm-

q-V-Ç[ ô¤Å-¤Û-IPÅ- 150 »ôh-¤ÞÅ-hPü. ¿e ô -VÅ-mÛ-W-DÞ-h ÝÅ-GÅÞ¤-

hP-ÇSô-±¾-hÝÅ-GTÛG-¾-Á-ÇoÝ¤-»ôh-¤ïh-PïÅ-¤ïh. Iô-¯¤-M-¤- 35 hPÞ¾-

ÇK ô¼-¿S. Hôm-VÅ-hP-Z¾-VÅ-iôÅ-®¤. G®ô-z ó -· ÛP-¾Å-»Ûm-·ÛP-¾Å-

;-ZàP-ÁôÅ-¾-Vß-±ôh-zMh. z®ôm-q-¤P-Vï-z-Mãm-¤DóºÛ-º±ô-z-Bô-qô-¼ïh.

»Ûm-mºÛ-¼P-ZÛh-mÛ-GTßP-¤ô-¤±¤Å-¾GÅ-hP-zÞ-¤ô-±ï-zdm-¾GÅ-GZÛÅ-

<ÛÅ-z®ôm-DP-h Ý -zTßG-q-mÅ-¿e -d ôGÅ-GP-¾ïGÅ-hPü. ¿ËG-q¼-Çt ôº ô -

mP-hÝ-fÞG-ºyh-»ôP-Ç?zÅ-¾¤-z¼-h;º-P¾-G-±ôh-»ôh-<P-Eh-zÅh-

90 9 1zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. Ç t ô -z ô -z®ôm-DP-h Ý -Ç t ô -B ï¾-{Å-q.

PP-Åô-Åô¼-V-Aïm-GP-»ôh-<Û-hPôÅ-qô-ºEï¼-»ôP-z-hPü. Çt äm-¤Vïh-G·m-

hP-zôh-¤Û -¤P-±ôGÅ-±ôÅ-º±ô-Ço ôm-zÇ? Ý¼-GmP-z¼-zdïm-º±ô-zºÛ -Çe ïP-

h;º-P¾-¤-{ãPü.

1993 ¹- 3 mP-P-±óº Û -z®ôm-¼ôGÅ-zÞ-Çt ïm-q-z;º-hrh-±P-

qºÛ -Z Ûm-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-hôm-b ï -z®ôm-DP-GÛ -¾Å-DÞPÅ-¾-JÀ ôh-ºIô¾-¾G-

ºEï¼-¾ïm-q¼-ºIô-Ç?zÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-¿Ë -Å¼-¾ôG-¤-zbP-z¼-GmÅ-Ç?zÅ-

hï-G¼-Çk ôh-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-ZÛm-¿S-iâG-®¤-Z¼-z-¼ïh. Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-PºÛ-zÅ¤-

q¼-ÇS ôm-Vh- 1959 Ç?zÅ-<Û-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-z;º-hrh-±P-»P-¾ôG-

¤-zbP-z¼-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-¾-Z¼-z-hï-¿ËP-Pï¼-im-{ãP-. {Å-®P-¼ôGÅ-

q-n¤Å-¾-GôP-GÅ¾-HÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-n¤Å-zÁh-q-hP-hÝÅ-¤±ßPÅ-Çt ïm-qºÛ-

Í-¤-¾GÅ-mÅ-<P-hÝÅ-±ôh-bG-bG-GhïP-±ôh-hP-¿km-qºÛ-PP-ym-HÛ-

GTßP-¤ô-¤±¤Å-¾GÅ-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-P¾-zNå¼-TßÅ-¾-zBôh-hï-z Þ -Çt ïm-q-

h-hÝP-¿Ë -Å¼-ÇÀ ïzÅ-¤-{ãP-zÅ-Eôh-±ôÅ-z;G-ºGôG-{Å-m-Í-¤-mh-q-

»Ûm-±ß¾-zÁh-q¼-xÛm-ºhÝG-q-hP-. xôGÅ-¤±ßPÅ-P-±ôÅ-<P-z®ôm-

DP-mP-z®ôm-DP-¾Å-DÞPÅ-<Û-ºGó-FÛh-Vïh-¤PGÅ-Ç?h-zbP-Çe ï -Çt ïm-q-

xÛ¼-¾ôG-¤-zbP-zºÛ-Ç? ô¼-¾-¼ôGÅ-q-±ôÅ-Åô-Åóº Û -zÅ¤-±ß¾-zÁh-ÅôPü.

PÅ-<P-hôm-±m-GÅÞ¤-HÛ -f ôG-mÅ.

1/ Çt ïm-qÅ-z®ôm-DP-ºhÛ-mÅ-hôm-bï-·ôGÅ-q-GTÛG-¾-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¾Å-

D ÞPÅ-¾-¤-ÇÀ ïzÅ-z¼-m ô¼-ºFâ¾-hP-Z ïÅ-q-G-¼ ï -zÅGÅ-»ôh-h¤-¸ ï¼-

Ç?zÅ. GP-»P-zÅGÅ-»ôh-¤-¼ïh-¸ï¼.

2/ ZïÅ-q-zÅGÅ-¤ïh-m-M-mG-ÆÛh-G·ÝP-GÛ-FÛ¤Å-DP-mÅ-fG-GTôh-

{Å-q¼-z¯Û-ºWôG-{ïh-hGôÅ-¤Ûm-Eïh-n¤-qÅ-DÅ-¾ïm-{ïh-hGôÅ.

3/ V-Aïm-GP-»P-¤ïh-q¼-ºy¾-hÝ-¿Ë -Å¼-mP-¾-¾ôG-bà -ºWâG-hGôÅ-

q-¾Å. ÇS ôm-Vh-¾ô-¼zÅ-iâG-zTßºÛ-mP-GÛ-z®ôm-q-z·Ûm-fh-;¼-¤-zbP-

z¼-¾Å-¤Û-¼Þ-DG-¾-zNå¼-·ïÅ-qºÛ-Gô¤Å-Æô¾-½[ ÛP-q-zB¼-¾PÅ-{Å-m-

¤Û-ºIÛGÅ-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ. h-¿e-P¾-zNå¼-TßÅ-¾-Ç[m-ÅïP-·ÝÅ-»ôh. VôG-

¤Vm-wïzÅ-¤-ÅôP-¸ï¼-z-hPü. hïºÛ -ÅP-ZÛm-¼P-VôG-¤Vm-wïzÅ-ÅôP-

¸ï¼-mÅ-¾ôG-zbP-z-¼ïh. GôP-GÅ¾-zÞ-Çt ïm-qºÛ-Í-¤ºÛ-·Ý -GbàGÅ-hP-.

P-±ô-z®ôm-q-±ôÅ-Ç?zÅ-ºy¾-hô-ÇoP-{Å-q-hïÅ-ÇÀh-xÛm-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-

q-n¤Å-¾-ÇS ôm-¤-mP-z·Ûm-Vß-Pm-¾¤-Áô¼-hÝ-¤Û-ºIô-zºÛ-wm-fôGÅ-{ãP-

» ôh.

GôP-h Ý -· ÝÅ-qºÛ -Z ïÅ-GÅôG-GÛ -z®ôm-q-¤P-Vï -z-º|ôG-DÞ¾-mÅ-

»Ûm-q¼-zdïm-¼ÛG-GmÅ-<Û-GmÅ-±h-h¤º-zÅ-GÝÅ-qÅ-Åï¤Å-q-¤-z¸ôh-

q¼-P-±óºÛ -¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅ-Çt äm-¹ºÛ-IÅ-ÁÛG-»Ûm-qÅ-Dô-±ó-»Û-Gï -

ÇÀ ôz-ºhôh-ÅÞ-ºi-·ÛG-»Ûm-¼ÞP-fôG-¤¼-ÇoG-ÁôG-«å-GÝ-ÅôGÅ-±P-¤-P-¼P-

GÛÅ-vh-mÅ-Èà¼-z¯ôm-HÛÅ-zÇÀzÅ-GP-fÞz-{Å-mÅ. hGï-yâG-±ô-μôP-

hP-VßÅ-(G·ÛÅ-;-¿e -z Þ -)<Û-iâP-»ÛG-{ïh-fÞz-q-z¸ô-zºÛ-GmÅ-±h-mÛ-P-¼P-

¾-¤ïh. »Ûm-mºÛ-¾ô -z·Û-®¤-HÛ-mP-GbôP-»ÛG-ºwï¼-®¤-{Å-q-¤P-qô-

{ãP-»ôh. ¼P-¼ïºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-»P-»Û-Gï-ym-zÞ-ÁïÅ-q-¾ïGÅ-ÅÞ-zbP-

z-hPü. ¤Û-ÁïÅ-q¼-GÅ¼-hÝ-zÇÀzÅ. z®ôm-DP-mP-M-¤ÛºÛ-Ç¨m-DP-VßP-

92 93zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. Ç t ô -z ô -z®ôm-DP-h Ý -Ç t ô -B ï¾-{Å-q.

VßP-·ÛG-»ôh-<P-Ç¨m-mÛ -h ÝÅ-±ôh-»ô¾-¸Ûm-q-Á-ÇeG-¼ïh. hqï¼-m-¾Å-

DÞPÅ-DG-GÛ-Ç¨m-hÝÅ-±ôh-»ô¾-¸Ûm-q-±P-¤-z®ôm-DP-DG-bà-zbP-GÛ-»ôh-

®P-z®ôm-qºÛ-mh-G·Û-iG-bà -ºIô-Mã -»ôh-¤-¼ïh. xÛ-¾-zôh-Ç¨m-zÇe ïm-

q¼-ºFÛh-Mã-h;º-z-hP-. ºFÛh-<P-Ç¨m-¼Ûm-z®ôm-q-ÇK ï¼-Åô-ÅôÅ-vôh-

hGôÅ-Aïm-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-Ç¨m-HÛ-h;º-P¾-Vï-z¼-zdïm-EÛ¤-hÝ-zÞ-¤ô-GZÛÅ-

¾-Ç¨m-ºEï¼-ÁôG-¾z-mÅ-Ç¨m-GP-®¤-zB¾-z-hPü. ¤P-±ôGÅ-±ôÅ-<P-

Mz-Bô¼-ym-zÞ -GmP-z¼-zdïm-z®ôm-q-±ô¼-Ç¨m-¼Ûm-vôh-¤Û -hGôÅ-q¼-

Ç¨m-zTôÅ-{Å-mÅ-z®ôm-qºÛ-mh-G·Û-iG-BïÅ-»G-qô-{ãP-z-¤-¸h. hPÞ¾-

hP-Gôm-VÅ-¤ïh-¤Dm-¾ºP-Ço ï -GP-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-Mz-Bô¼-{Å. Ç?zÅ-ºG¼-

z®ôm-Æ âP-zÅ-z®ôm-q¼-Z ïÅ-l ÝP-zbP-zºÛ -Ç ?zÅ-ºGó -F Ûh-D ô -q¼-h ïP-

Ç?zÅ-<Û-GmÅ-±ß¾-hP-¤-¤±ßPÅ-qºÛ-Mã -¤±m-GP-¤P-zÁh-»ôh.

ZÛm-·ÛG-GÝÅ-<Û-hGï-yâG-hq¾-ºz¼-z-}À ô -hGï-·ïÅ-q-mÛ-n¤-;Ým-

mÅ-uôh-Pm-hPü. Çk ÝG-TG-{ïh-¤Dm-Gbm-mÅ-¤Ûm. ZÛm-·ÛG-¾Å-;¼-

Iôh-DôG-m-mÅ-ºGô-FÛh-¾-GmÅ-¾ÞGÅ-zÁh-<P-hGôPÅ-q-¤-Çe ï¼-zÅ-

¼P-¤±¤Å-<ÛÅ-P¾-GÅô-ym-zÞ-zMz-q¼-zdïm-ºGó-FÛh-<ÛÅ-ZïÅ-lÝP-±h-

¤ïh-zbP-z-hP-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-(¸Þ¼-z;G-{Å-qºÛ -h ôm-){Å-mÅ-z®ôm-q¼-hôm-

hG-VßP-PÞ¼-ZïÅ-lÝP-zbP-zºÛ-Ç? ô¼-¾-Dô-q-±ô¼-zÁh-<P-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-mÅ-

¤-zbôm-q-hP-. ZÛm-z·Ûº Û -¤±¤Å-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-GÛ -ºGô -ºFÛh-zÅôh-

m¤Å-Dôºô-=P-(ºGm-º²Ûm-)hP-(=ï-bºô-»ôm-)GZÛÅ-PºÛ-Å¼-»ôP-Ç?zÅ-PÅ-

zÁh-q¼. }À ô -hGï -m Û -n¤-;Ým-ÇÀ ôz-I Ôº Û -hGï -Lm-{Å-mÅ-GP-TÛ¼-»G-

qô-»ôh-<P-h-¾¤-GmÅ-±ß¾-VßP-VßP-·ÛG-¾-ZïÅ-lÝP-hP-Çk ÝG-GTôh-zbP-

z-¤-¸h-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-{Å-q-mÛ-M-mG-ÆÛh-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-M¾-uÛºÛ-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-

¾-z¯Û-ÆâP-¤-·ÝÅ-q-hPü. ¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-z®ôm-DP-ºhÛºÛ-ºGó-FÛh-±óºÛ -{ïh-

ÇePÅ-mÛ-ÇS ôm-¤ºÛ-M-mG-GôP-¤ºÛ-Ç?zÅ-<Û-z;Å-z;ôh-Mãm-º²Ûm-¼ô-¾PÅ-

MG-¤Dm-¼P-¼ïh-ºhÝG-TïÅ-fh-;¼-zÁh-q¼-zdïm-}À ô -hGï-ÇK ï¼-zTßG-

mÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-zbôm-q-hPü. ÇÀh-mÅ-z®ôm-q¼-GP-{ãP-GÛ-ZïÅ-lÝP-GbôP-

zºÛ -{-Pm-¾-wm-fôGÅ-»G-qô -{ ãP-ÅôPü.

1992 ¹- 12 mP-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-“ÅÛ-wG-fÛP-”(FÛ¤Å-º²Ûm-

¾Å-DÞPÅ-)GÛ-ºGó-FÛh-¤fô-z-n¤Å-z®ôm-DP-DG-¾-z¿e-Ç? ô¼-hÝ -xÛm-mÅ-

P-±óºÛ-ºhÛ¼-ÇÀ ïzÅ-Ç?zÅ. M-¤Û-¼P-GÛ-G»ô-F¤-HÛ-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-¿e¼-z®ôm-

DP-mP-hÝ. ¤-»ôh-»ôh-±ß¾-HÛ-I-OÛG-¤P-qô-{Å-ºhÝG Ç?zÅ-ºhÛ¼-

P-±óº Û -Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-mP-mÅ-Vz-¤hóºÛ -M¾-¤±m-hPü. }À ô -z¸P-

zÇem-º²Ûm-GZÛÅ-<ÛÅ-P-±ôÅ-¤-ÁïÅ-q-{Å-mÅ-vôh-Mãº Û -»Û -G ï -¼ ï -z¸ôÅ-

»ôh-ºhÝG hï-m Û -M-Çe e¼-HÛÅ-ÁïÅ-mÅ-P-¾-hï -¼ÛP-»Û-Gï -· ÛG-vôh-hGôÅ-

ºhÝG-qÅ-Eôh-¼P-GÛÅ-GTÛG-º|Û-¼ôGÅ-¾z-{ãPü. PÅ-»Û-Gï -ºhÛº Û -mP-

hôm-G-¼ï-º|Û-hGôÅ-Å¤-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ-Eôh-¼P-GÛÅ-GTÛG-|ÛÅ-m-ºIÛGÅ-¸ï¼.

PÅ-<P-h ï -¼P-zÅ¤Å-»ôh. P-±ô -Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-±P-¤Å-¤Z¤-hÝ -

GTÛG-vh-m-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ. Dô-GZÛÅ-|ÛÅ-±¼-ºhÝG-¸ï¼-<P-ºGô-zXôh-hÝ -

“z®ôm-DP-GÛ-OÛG-Æô¾-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-¾-zNå¼-z;ôh-GbôP-hGôÅ-”(¤-hqï -¤-

¼G-)¸ï¼-z-·ÛG-GÛ-mP-hÝ. zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-·ïÅ-q-mÛ-G®ô-zô-Á-¤¼-HÛÅ-º±ô-

94 95zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û-±ï. Ç t ô -z ô -z®ôm-DP-h Ý -Ç t ô -B ï¾-{Å-q.

zºÛ-¤Û -¼ÛGÅ-ÁÛG-»Ûm. »Ûm-mºP-z®ôm-DP-mP-¤¼-mÛ-z ôh-<Û-¾ô -GÅ¼-

Ç?zÅ-¾-ºV¼-Tm-z®ôm-q-¼ï¼-M-¤-GP-»ôh. hï-»P-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-¾G-q¼-

ÇÀ ïzÅ-hÝÅ-ÆP-zMh-¾Å-¤ïh. Á-mÛ-“¾×-¼ÞG-”·ïÅ-q-wG-Á-½[ ÛP-q-¿U ãG-

D-ÁÅ-¼Þ¾-ÅÞP-hÝ-xÛm-q. ¤Û-¾-mh-G·Û-z¸ô-¤Dm-¿e-zÞ. GP-¿e¼-z®ôm-

q-¼ï¼-º±ô-zºÛ-±h-G·Û-ÇK ô¼-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-¿S-¾Å-¤ïh-q. Ió-·Ûz-mP-Åô-z¯ïz-

hP-lïºÞ-¤P-qô-»ôh-q. Ç¨m-DP-fzÅ-VG-TÛG-»ôh-<P-Ç¨m-mÛ-¾Å-DÞPÅ-

DG-GÛ -h ÝÅ-±ôh-»ô¾-¸Ûm-q-ÅôP-®P-mh-G·Û-iG-bà -ºIô-Mã -¤ ïh-q-ÅôGÅ-

mÛ -= âP-b àh-(¼Þ -º| ÛP-)<Û-ºGó -F Ûh-¾-f ÞGÅ-DG-¤ïh. ÆÛh-G·ÝP-¼P-GÛ -

zôh-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-z®ôm-q¼-¤fôP-VßP-{Å-mÅ-Çt äÅ-;-Çk ÝG-q-hPü. ±h-G·Û-

Z àP-Z àP-¾Å-¤-vh-q-ÅôGÅ-<Û -M ã -¤±m-GP-®¤-·ÛG-|ÛÅ-mÅ-hï¼-»ôh-

Vz-z®ôm-±P-¤ºÛ-¤ÛP-|ÛÅ-bï -»Û -Gï -ÁïÅ-¤Dm-±P-¤-¾->À ôG-zTßG M-

Çe¼-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï-vôh-¤Dm-P-»Ûm-¸ï¼-Ç?zÅ-Dô-¼P-¾-vh. hï-mÅ-z¿e-Ç? ô¼-

ÇÀ ïzÅ-Ç?zÅ-P-±ô -Ç ¨m-DP-hÝ -zdG-hrh-{-hGôÅ-¸ï¼-mÅ-Ç¨m-DP-mP-

hÝ-ÇÀ ïzÅ-hÝÅ-Ç¨m-DP-mP-hÝÅ-Mãm-hP-¤Û-ºi-zºÛ-V-Aïm-¤P-qó-·ÛG-OÛG-

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qÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-<Û -z®ôm-q-¸ ï¼-¤Dm-ºhÛ -m Û -z®ôm-q-G·m-hP-¤Û -ºi-zºÛ -

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mÅ-Åï¤Å-q-GP-VßP-VßP-hP-ºIô -z¸ô -Ç k ôh-¤DÅ-{-¤Dm-Á-ÇeG-¼ïh.

GÝÅ-mÛ -¼P-¼ïº Û -ºfz-IôGÅ-±ô¼-z¯ï-iGÅ-q-º¤. ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-»Ûm-

qºÛ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-¾-zÅ¤-ÁïÅ-¸ï¼-mºP-ºi. GP-¿e¼-Åï¤Å-<ÛÅ-¤-

z¸ôh-q¼-ÇÀh-xÛm-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-¤-zbP-z-hPü. Çk ÝG-ZïÅ-m-¾ô-±h-Çt¼-

Mãº Û -Z ïm-D¼-zÅ¤-ÁïÅ-¤-{Å-q¼-hôm-D¼-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-¾Å-¤ïh-<P-ºGó-

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1994 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 13 hGôP-iô-GÝÅ-<Û-EÛ¤-mÅ-GTßP-qô -

M¾-¤±m-¾GÅ-hPü. GTßP-qô-q-ÅPÅ-¾GÅ. GTßP-¤ô-¤±¤Å-¾GÅ-

zTÅ-¤ô-^-wÞP-fh-(ºWÛz-ºDô¼-·ÛG-)TÛG-ºFÛh-hï-GÝÅ-q-zÅÞ-z¼-»ôP-mÅ-

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FÛh-±ô¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-G·m-n¤Å-fÞG-ºyh-TÛG-GbôP-¼ôGÅ-GmPü.

Dô-±ô¼-GÝÅ-¤óºÛ-Åï¤Å-Eh-<Û-hPÞ¾-hPü. hPôÅ-qô-ym-zÞ-¼ï-vh-Mã-hPü.

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fÞGÅ-Xïº Û -z;º-iÛm-»Ûm-zÅ¤Å.

GÝÅ-¼P-¾ô- 60 xÛ-¾ô - 1994 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 15 ZÛm. Çt ôº ô -

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uÛ-¾ô - 1994 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 17 zôh-ÁÛP-EÛ-Ç¨ Ûm-¹ºÛ-»¼-±ïÅ-

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zlÛz-¤-f Þz-q¼-XïÅ-ÅÞ -;-z-GÅ¼-z-z®ßGÅ-q-¼ïh.

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mh-TÛG-ÇÀ ïzÅ-ÅôPü.

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Mã-m¼-¾ÞÅ-ÅôP-»P-h-¾¤-z®ôm-DP-ºhÛ-mÅ-¤Û-VßP-GÛ-zÅ¤Å-ÁïÅ-hPü.

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·ïÅ-zÁh-ÆÛh-qÅ-hïº Û -Ç ?zÅ-P-±ôÅ-Dô -± ô¼-hGG-q-MG-fÞz.

uÛ-¾ô - 1992 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 14 ZÛm.

wÞ¾.

(GôP-· ÝÅ-» ÛG-V-ºh Û -z· Ûm-Í-¼ Ûº Û -MP-Æ ÛP-½ À âP -ºy Ûm-DP-mÅ-± ß¼-GÅÞPÅ-q-¼ ïh.)

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1993 ¹-z- 12 ±ïÅ- 13 ZÛm-Í-¼ÛºÛ -Vz-ÆÛh-º²Ûm-BôP-¾-wÞ¾-zºÛ-

Ç[m-·Ýº Û -¸ Ûm-|ÛÅ.

GÝÅ-ÁÛP-z¯Û-z;Ý¼-ºôÅ-qºÛ-¤¾-¾ï-TÛÅ-ÈôÅ-=âP-bàm-Í-¤Û-¼Û-DºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-

º²Ûm-BôP-DP-GÛ -G®ô -º²Ûm-Ç? Ý -·zÅ-Dï -¾ Ûm-\ôm-¤VôG-GÛ -·zÅ-iâP-h Ý.

GÝÅ-qÅ-Ç? Ý-·zÅ-Eïh-ZÛh-Í-¼ÛºÛ-M¾-Dz-<Û-ÆÛh-º²Ûm-hzÞ-GmÅ-

z·ïÅ-GmP-z¼-Ç[ ÛP-fG-q-mÅ-z=-ÁÛÅ-zhï-¾ïGÅ-·Ý-Mã -»Ûm. Eïh-n¤-

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zbP-Çe ï. zôh-<Û-hq¾-º{ô¼-hPü. º²âGÅ-Cæm. VôÅ-hP-¼ÛG-GmÅ-

ÅôGÅ-GP-TÛ¼-»¼-MÅ-GbôP-Mã-»Ûm-·ïÅ-q-mÛ-»G-qô-¼ïh. zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-

mÛ -¿ e ô -G ôÅ-ÅôGÅ-º±ô-zºÛ -u ôh-xôGÅ-»¼-MÅ-xÛm-q-GTÛG-z ÞÅ-ºhôh-} À ó -

¤ Û -D ïPÅ-q¼-G®ô-z ô -V ôÅ-hPü. ¼ÛG-G·ÝP-fôG-GôP-ºwï¾-hP-»¼-MÅ-

»ôP-Mã¼-¼ï-zhÝm-»ôh-PïÅ-¼ïh. zôh-mÛ -mP-q-ÅPÅ-MÅ-qºÛ-VôÅ-¾ÞGÅ-

GÛ -zÇe Û -GmÅ-ÁÛG-»Ûm-qÅ. ÇS ôm-Vh-hPôÅ-{ãP-¾ô -M ãÅ-fôG-h ÝÅ-¼zÅ-

ºhÛºÛ-¾ô-¼zÅ-iâG-TßºÛ-¾ô-Ç¨h-®¤-mÅ-ºGô-z®ßGÅ-bï-º{ô¼-¤ïh-I¾-¼Û¤-

¼ÛG-GmÅ-GÅ¼-zXï-·ïÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-ºGÝ¾-·ÛG-±ßGÅ-mÅ. zôh-<Û-VôÅ-hPü.

¼ÛG-G·ÝP-¤P-Vï-z-¯-¤ïh-hÝ-ÅôP-zºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-fzÅ-Çk ÝG-ºhÛ-ºi-·ÛG-

{ãP-zºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ. zôh-<Û-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-n¤Å-È-TP-}À ô -w¤-Vï-z-·ÛG-{ãP-»ôh.

h-V-ÆÛh-º²Ûm-TP-®ï-¤Ûm-HÛÅ-G®ô-z ô -GmP-zºÛ-= âP-h{P-hzÞ-FÛh-n¤-

qÅ-G¾-VïºÛ -z;º-ÇÀ ôz-hPü. ºIô-Iôm-hPÞ¾-ºzô¼-¤P-qô-zbP-mÅ-zôh-

¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-º±ô-z-hPü. º²âGÅ-Cæm. ¿ËG-q¼-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-<Û-} À -ÆôG-

¿ e¼-GmÅ-qºÛ -V ôÅ-hP-¼ÛG-G·ÝP-GP-TÛ¼-»¼-MÅ-zbP-mÅ. Z¤Å-

q-Åô¼-Vßh-hPü. ¤Û-Z¤Å-GôP-ºwï¾-{ãP-m. hï-zÅ-<P-»G-qô-¼ïh-Åï¤Å-

<Û-ºhÝG =âP-bàh-(¼Þ-º|ÛP-)GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-qm-bàh-(±ôGÅ-q-)GZÛÅ-q. ®ßº Þ -

(±ôGÅ-V ßP-)hP-qóº Û -Vz-z®ôm-zÇem-q-w Þ¾-{ãP-GÛÅ.

uÛ-¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 21 ¾.

wÞ¾.

Z/

G ÝÅ -q -¾ ô - zh Ý m - z® ô m - ºW â G -{Å -qº Û - hqP -dGÅ -z;º -hrh -

¾G-ºE ï¼.


zôh-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-º|ÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛ-ZïÅ-

h ôm-hrh-FºÛ -»Û -G ï.

(1989)¿Ë-FÛ¤Å-ZïÅ-»ÛG-ÍP.

G·ÝP-GbàGÅ-¤Dm. zôh-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-¤Û-h¤PÅ-·Ûz-

hrôh-DP-GÛ -· Ûz-hrôh-¾Å-±z-q-l ô -X ï -hP-G»ÞP-z=-»ÛP-(»Ûm-)·ÛPü.

Hôh-¤Û. fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾. wô. zôh-¼ÛGÅ. ¾ô- 60 zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-M-±-

μôP-GÛ -¤ Û. º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GôP-¿Ë -Å-G®ßG-¾G-DP-|G-¿Ë -< ã -(>À â -)wÞG-¿Ë -

DP-GÛ -Ç ? Ý -GZï¼-¼ïh.

1959 ¾ô¼-GÅ¼-zXï-Pô -L ô¾-HÛ-iG-qôº Û -¸ ÛP-ºFâG-mP-·ÝGÅ-

qºÛ -A ïm-H ÛÅ-F Û¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿ e¼-Z ïÅ-Vh-h ÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-zTßG-¾ ó -Z Û -Á Ý -

zbP-z-hPü. 1980 ¾ô¼-ZïÅ-hÝÅ-G®P-mÅ-JÀ ôh-ºIô¾-{ãP-·ÛPü.

1987 ¾óºÛ -¹- 12 qºÛ-±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-GÅ¼-zXï-P ô -L ô¾-Pm-

Ç? Ý¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-<Û-Hôh-G·ÛÅ-IôP-Eï¼-¿Ë-Å-uÛ-zhï-TßÅ-FïP-;ôm-uÛ-zhï-

»m-¾G-TßÅ-<ÛÅ-zÇk Ý -Z¼-·Ûz-zÁï¼-{Å-bï. 1988 ¾óºÛ -¹- 10 ±ïÅ-

25 ZÛm-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-q-hPü. h-¿e-z®ôm-hÝ -zTßG-

» ôh.

Hôh-¤Û. zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-.(wÞ¾-{ ãP-.) wô. zôh-¼ÛGÅ. ¾ô- 55

¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-<Û-(HÛ -)¤Û. º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-ÇS ôm-¿Ë -Å-IôP-Eï¼-FïP-;ôm-VßÅ-

(IôP-E ï¼-h ô -h¤-¾Å-¾Å-DÞPÅ-)xôGÅ-zÇk ÝÅ-z¸ô-IÔ -GZÛÅ-qºÛ-¯ ÛÅ-q-»Ûm-q-

hPü. z¼-Ç? ô¼-Fô¤-G·ÝP-MÅ-ºhÝÅ-ÆP-¾¤- 2 qºÛ-mP-GÅïÅ- 6

q¼-Çk ôh-<Û-»ôh. 1987 ¾óºÛ - ¹- 12 qºÛ-±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-GÅ¼-zXï¼-

Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-Pm-Ç? Ý¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-{Å-qºÛ-Hôh-G·ÛÅ-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-uÛ-zhï-

TßÅ-FïP-;ôm-uÛ-zhï-»m-¾G-TßÅ-<ÛÅ-zÇk Ý -Z¼-·Ûz-GÁï¼-{Å-bï. 1988

¾óºÛ -¹- 10 ±ïÅ-25 ZÛm-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-q-hPü. h-

¿ e -z®ôm-h Ý -zTßG-»ôh.

Hôh-¤Û-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-hP-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-VßP-({ãP-)GÛÅ-GÅ¼-

zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-Pm-Ç? Ý¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-{ïh-qºÛ-Hôh-G·Û-hï. zôh-¼P-BôP-

¿Y ôPÅ-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-¤Û-h¤PÅ-·Ûz-hrôh-DP-GÛÅ-¼P-¼ïºÛ-FÛ¤Å-DP-¾-

G·ÝP-GbàGÅ-{Å-q-hPü. ·Ûz-hrôh-¾Å-±z-q-lô¼-Xï -hP-G»ÞP-z=-

GZÛÅ-<ÛÅ-FÛ¤Å-¼Ð¼-z·ÝG-(·ÝGÅ.)bï-G·ÝP-GbàGÅ-Mz-zBô¼-{Å-q-

hPü. GôP-GÛ-Hôh-¤ÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-¼P-¾-hG-ºzÞh-{Å-q-zMãh-¼P-¼ïºÛ-FÛ¤Å-

DP-GÛÅ-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-¤Z¤-IôG-(IôGÅ-)FÛ¤Å-¼Ð-z®ßGÅ-bï- 1989

¾óºÛ - ¹ 2 ±ïÅ- 14 ZÛm-Hôh-G·Û-ºhÛ ï¼-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-¤Pôm-GÅ¾-

HÛÅ-ºiÛ-GTôh-{Å-bï-GÅ¾-qô-{ãP-z¼. 1986 ¾ô¼-Hôh-»-¤ÛP-fÞz-zÇem-

n¤-Iô¾-HÛÅ-xÛ-M¾-¾-Çt äm-¤Vïh-fÞG-q¼-xÛm-bï-±ß¼-¾ôG-XïÅ. Hôh-¤Û-

zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-({ãP-)¤Z¤-hÝ -¤ ïÅ-M¾-D-|¾-GbôP-zºÛ -GÅ¼-zXï¼-

Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-»ÛG-V-|ÛÅ-bï-xÛ-M¾-¾-z=¤-Mã-hPü. ¤-¸h-zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-

({ãP-)GÛÅ-»ÛG-V-|ÛÅ-bï -z@ôÅ-q¼-{ïh-Mã. fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-HÛÅ-xÛ-

M¾-¾-zMãh-GbôP-{ïh-Mã -zTÅ-<Û-I ôÅ-¤ô¾-{Å-q-¼ïh.


1987 ¾ô¼-zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-({ãP-)GÛÅ-GÅP-zºÛ-fôG-q¼-z@ôÅ-

{Å-q-“ºVÛ-z¼-Zï -zºÛ-z ôh-¼ÛGÅ-” zôh-¼ÛGÅ-Å-DÞ¾-ºhÛ-M-¤Ûº Û -D Þ¾-

hÝ -ºHã¼-z¼-ZïÅ-(Zï-)zºÛ-¼P-z·Ûm-¾-G¸ÛGÅ-hP-. “hI-zóº Û -f ïPÅ-

GÅÞ¤-HÛ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-mÛ-¼-¤Gô-zÁ¤Å-bï-EÛ-Á-±ôP-z-”¸ï¼-z-ÅôGÅ-<Û-¤ïÅ-

M¾-D-|¾-hP-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-{ïh-qºÛ-mP-hôm-HÛ-zOGÅ-»ÛG-zhÝm-

fßz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-¾-vh-hï. fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-HÛÅ-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-hï-hG-

¿Ë-Å¼-»Þ¾-Ç? ô¼-vô-ºV¤-¾-wïzÅ-¤Dm-HÛ-xÛ-M¾-z¼-zMãh-vôh-<Û-(<ÛÅ-

)xÛ-M¾-¾-zÇ? Ý¼-z-¼ïh.

1987 ¾óºÛ - ¹-z- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛm-hP-. 10.1 GÛ-h ÝÅ-¸ÛP-

XïÅ. Hôh-»-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-HÛÅ-Mã-V-¤Dô-vôh-{Å-q-hP-VôÅ-¤²h-

¤ï-bôG-(¸Þ¼-hÝ-fG-GTôh.)zMãh-¤Û-¯h-hï-(z®¾-bï) ¾ô-MãÅ-hP-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-

fôG-mÅ-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-¾ßGÅ-hP-. 9.27 hP-. 10.1 zTÅ-<Û-

hÝÅ-¸ÛP-¾-·ÝGÅ-¤Û-±ô¼-º±¤Å-ºiÛºÛ-»Û-Gï-zTÅ-q¼-z@ôÅ-{Å-q-¤-¸h-

xÛ-M¾-mÅ-zôh-hÝ-Çt äm-¤Vïh-fÞG-yh-{ïh-q¼-»ôP-¤Dm-HÛ-Å-mÅ-¼P-¼ïºÛ-

D Þ¾-HÛ -GmÅ-±ß¾-zÇk Ý -¼ Þz-zTÅ-{Å-q-¼ïh.

GôP-GÅ¾-hôm-hPôÅ-fôG-¾ôG-uôh-<Û -zOGÅ-»ÛG-hPü. Ço Ý¤-

q¼-MG-{ïh-<Û-ºyâ¾-VÅ-»ôh-q. »Ûm-¤Ûm-GÅ¾-º{ïh-<Û-»Û -G ï -zTÅ-

<ÛÅ-¼-vôh-fÞz-q-hP-hôm-hPôÅ-GÅ¾-¾-ºfÞÅ-ÇK ô -±P-z. GôP-GÛ -Hôh-

¤Û -»P-(¤ÛÅ-<P-)Ç~Å-GÅP-¤ïh-q¼-DÅ-}ÀPÅ-ÁÛP-»ôh.

¼P-¼ïºÛ-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hÝ. Hôh-¤Û-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-ºIô¾-

hPü. zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-({ãP-)GZÛÅ-mÅ-¤ïÅ-M¾-D-|¾-GbôP-z¼-h¤ÛGÅ-

»Þ¾-º²Ûm-bï. GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-Pm-zÇ? Ý¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-<Û-»Û-Gï-º|Û-

z-hPü. q¼-z@ôÅ-{Å-q. zOGÅ-»ÛG-z=¤-q-zTÅ-{Å-ÁÛP-Dô -q-

±óº Û -{-uôh-hôm-hPôÅ-fôG-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô -L ô¾-HÛ-Pm-zÇ? Ý¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-

{ïh-qº Û -mG-Z ïÅ-zÅGÅ-¸ Ûm-q-¤-¸h. mG-Z ïÅ-Á Ûm-b à -V ï -zº Û -zB¼-

zÅGÅ-ZïÅ-Tm-·ÛG-¼ïh. fÞm-¤ôP-mG-ZïÅ-zÅGÅ-qºÛ-{ïh-ÇK óºÛ-mP-fÞz-

zÇem-n¤-ºIô¾-HÛÅ-G®ô-z óº Û -m ÝÅ-q-zbôm-»ôh-qÅ-ZïÅ-Tm-Gbï-q ô -¼ ïh.

zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-mÛ-XïÅ-º|P-ZïÅ-Tm-·ÛG-»Ûm. ¤Û-h¤PÅ-h¤PÅ-G®ó-

ÆÛh-hzP-ÇK ï¼-º²Ûm-HÛ-¾¤-¾ÞGÅ-¾-ÆâP-Bôz-hPü. ¤ïÅ-M¾-GTÛG-ºHã¼-

¾-ÆâP-Bôz-»ôP-z-zTÅ-<Û-Vïh-hÝ-h-¿e-=âP-Gó-¤Û-h¤PÅ-uÛ-¤fÞm-M¾-Ez-

<Û-Z ïÅ-FÛ¤Å-hôm-±m- 102 hP-hôm-±m- 22 hôm-±m- 23 hôm-±m-

24 hôm-±m- 62 hôm-±m- 60 hôm-±m- 52 zTÅ-<Û-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-

¿e¼-zTh-F-GÁ¤-GÅ¾.

1/ Hôh-¤Û-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-ºIô¾-HÛÅ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-Pm-

zÇ? Ý¾-i Û¾-zOGÅ-<Û -mG-Z ïÅ-zÅGÅ-q¼. ZïÅ-Vh-h ÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-

zTßG-¾ô-hGÝ-GbôP-Mã-hPü. Vz-ÆÛh-Dï-hzP-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-z®m-ºyôG-{ïh-

Mã. ZïÅ-hÝÅ-mÛ - 1996 <Û-¹-z- 12 ±ïÅ- 15 z¼-»Ûm. zTh-FºÛ-

Ç S ôm-HÛ -z®m-Z¼-hÝÅ-±ôh-Z ïÅ-h ÝÅ-mP-wz-»ôh.

2/ Hôh-»-¤Û-zÇem-q-wÞm-VßP-GÛÅ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-Pm-

zÇ? Ý¾-i Û¾-zOGÅ-<Û -mG-Z ïÅ-zÅGÅ-qÅ. ZïÅ-Vh-h ÝÅ-z;G-z®ôm-


zTßG-¾ô-zhÝm-GbôP-Mã-hPü. Vz-ÆÛh-Dï-hzP-¾ô-GZÛÅ-z®m-ºyôG-{ïh-

Mã. ZïÅ-hÝÅ-mÛ - 1994 ¹-z- 12 ±ïÅ- 15 ZÛm-z¼-»Ûm. zTh-FºÛ-

Ç S ôm-HÛ -z®m-Z¼-hßÅ-±ôh-Z ïÅ-h ÝÅ-mP-wz-»ôh.

3/ Hôh-G·Û-Çt ï¾-{ïh-<Û-Ço Ý¤-q¼-ºyâ¾-VÅ-GTÛG-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-

G·Û -z¸ÞP-G·ÝP-z·ïÅ-GbôP-Mã. G¾-bï -zTh-F-ºhÛ¼-»Û -¼P-¤ïh-±ï.

zTh-F-º{ô¼-zºÛ-Z Ûm-GZÛÅ-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Z Ûm-zTßº Û -mP-±ßm-z ôh-¼P-BôP-

¿Y ôPÅ-¤fó-¼ Û¤-¤Û -h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-¾-GôP-GbàGÅ-{Å-m-ºIÛG

1989 ¾óºÛ - ¹-z- 4 ±ïÅ- 28 ZÛm.

zôh-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-¿Ë-Å-IôP-ºEï¼-º|ÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û-h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛ-ZïÅ-

hôm-ºiÛ-GTôh-fÛPü.

(h¤-y âG)

ºiÛ-GTôh-hzÞ-º²Ûm. {¤Å-q-hPôÅ-Iâz.

ºiÛ-GTôh-¤Dm. ¾ÛºÛ-È àh-VÛP.

ºiÛ-GTôh-¾Å-±z-q. ¶P-ÁÛm-wÞº Þ.

1989 ¾óºÛ -¹-z- 5 qºÛ-±ïÅ- 9 ZÛm.

¸Ûm-ºGôh-¤Dm. zÇem-º²Ûm-;Ým-hGº.

(¤Vm. GôP-GÅ¾-zTh-FºÛ -Áh-G ÝG-mP-GÅ¾-zºÛ -hG-zTôÅ-< Û -± ÛG-n¤Å. zTh-F-

P ô -¤º Û -mP-» ÛG-m ô¼-{ ãP-z-zT ôÅ-q-» Ûm.)

¿Ë -Å-I ôP-E ï¼-¤ Û -h¤PÅ-· Ûz-hr ôh-DP-G Û -Gb àG-zÁ ï¼-H Û -» Û -G ï .

(89) ¿Ë-Å-·Ûz-hrôh-DP-ZïÅ-hôm-GbàG-zÁï¼-»ÛG-ÍP-. +1/

Hôh-»-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾. wô. zôh-¼ÛGÅ. ºhÛ-¾ô -i âG-Tß-f¤-

q% EÛ¤-±P-º{ãP-DÞPÅ. ¤Pº-±z. ¼P-GÛ-I¾-¼Û¤. IÔ-q. ¿Ë ô -D-M-

¤±ô-μôP-JÀ ÛP-¤hº-VßÅ-JÀ ÛP-¤hº-ÁP-GÛ-¤Û-¼ïh. º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-¤-{Å-GôP-

¿ Ë -Å-W ô¾-(Wô -)DP-|G-¿ Ë -> À â -w ÞG-¿ Ë -DP-G Û -ºGm-ºDÞ¼-q-¼ ïh.

1959 ¾ô¼-Pô-¾ôG-¸ÛP-ºFâG-mP-z·ÝGÅ-(·ÝGÅ-)qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-

ZïÅ-Vh-¾ô- 20 GTôh-(zTh-)q-hPü. 1980 ¾ô¼-ZïÅ-hÝÅ-fÛ¤-mÅ-

JÀ ôh-ºIô¾-zbP-z-¼ïh. 1987 ¾óºÛ -¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 16 ZÛm-GÅ¼-zXï¼-

Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-hP-Pm-zÇ? Ý¾-{Å-qÅ-ZïÅ-qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-zÇk Ý -Z¼-

·Ûz-zÁï¼-{Å-q-hPü. 1987 (GôP-GÅ¾-¿Ë -Å-º|ÛP-¼ Û¤-¤Û -h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-·ïÅ-qºÛ -zTh-FºÛ -mP-. 1988 ¾óº Û -¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 25 ZÛm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-¾ÞGÅ-ºDôh-

ºhÝG-<Pü. GbàG-zÁï¼-H Û -» Û -G ï -P ô -¤-ºhÛº Û -mP- 1987 »Ûm-¾ ÞGÅ-ºDôh-q-GZÛÅ-¾Å.

GôP-ºôG-h ÝÅ-±ôh-¾-hrh-m. 1988 ¾ô¼-hPôÅ-ÅÞ -º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-q-»Ûm-P ïÅ-ºhÝG)¾óºÛ-

¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 25 ZÛm-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-¤Û-h¤PÅ-·Ûz-hrôh-DP-GÛ-VôG-

¤Vm-ºDôh-q-zMãh-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-{Å-q-¼ïh. h-¿e-¼P-

BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-uÛ -zhï -f ÛP-¿e -Æ âP-DP-hÝ -z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-»ôh.

159 160zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û-±ï. hq¾-HÛ -V ôÅ-ºDô¼-¿ Ë -Å¼-xÛ¼-¾ôG-{Å-q.

Hôh-»-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãPü. wô. zôh-¼ÛGÅ. ºhÛ-¾ô - 54 EÛ¤-

±P-º{ãP-DÞPÅ. ¤Pº-±z. ¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-HÛ-¤Û -¼ïh. º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-¤-

{Å-GôP-¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-Fïm-;ôm-VßÅ-(IôP-Eï¼-hô -h¤-¾Å-DÞPÅ-)xôGÅ-zÇk ÝÅ-

z¸ô-IÔ-GZÛÅ-qºÛ-¯ÛÅ-q-¼ïh. EÛ¤-HÛ-Çk ôh-GmÅ-z¼-zÇ? ô¼-Fô¤-¾¤-BÛh-

Çk ôh-ÆP-¾¤-xÛ-ÇK ô -GZÛÅ-q. mP-GÅïÅ-iâG-q. 1987 ¾óºÛ-¹- 12 ±ïÅ-

16 ZÛm-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-hP-Pm-zÇ? Ý¾-{Å-qÅ-ZïÅ-

qºÛ-Aïm-HÛÅ-zÇk Ý -Z¼-·Ûz-zÁï¼-{Å-q-hPü. 1987 (¾ô-h ÝÅ-ºhÛ -»P-G ôP-

GÅ¾-zTh-F-hP-¤Û -¤fÞm.) ¾óºÛ - ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 15 ZÛm-¿Ë -Å-IôP-Eï¼-¤Û-

h¤PÅ-·Ûz-hrôh-DP-GÛ-VôG-¤Vm-ºDôh-q-zMãh-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-º²Ûm-

z¸ÞP-{Å-q-¼ïh. h-¿e -¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-uÛ -zhï -f ÛP-¿e -Æ âP-DP-hÝ -z®ôm-

ºWâG-{Å-»ôh.

Hôh-»-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-hP-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-GÛÅ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-

Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-hP-Pm-zÇ? Ý¾-HÛ-Hôh-G·Û-hï -¿Ë-Å-IôP-Eï¼-uÛ-zhï-

T ßÅ-<Û-º±ô¾-·Ûz-¯h-·Ûz-ºWâG-(¤WâG-)OÛ¾-bï. 1988 ¾óºÛ -¹- 12

±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-ºhÛ-G-·Ûz-hrôh-DP-hÝ-·Ûz-zÁï¼-GbàG-zÁï¼-{ïh-Mã¼-

zB¾-{ãP-zÅ-·Ûz-¯h-{Å-q-zMãh. Hôh-»ºÛ-mG-ZïÅ-hPôÅ-GÅ¾-dôGÅ-

{ãP-z-zÁ¤-(GÁ¤-)GÅ¾.

1986 ¾ô¼-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-M-G¼-hÝ-Çt äm-¤Vïh-fÞG-mÅ-±ß¼-

ÇÀ ïzÅ-XïÅ-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-hP-¤Z¤-hÝ-xÛ-M¾-¾-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-

»Û -G ï -º|Û-Mã -hPü. hI¤-MãºÛ -IôÅ-¤ô¾-GÅP-WâÅ-ºGôh-q-hPü. Ç?zÅ-

hï¼-IôÅ-¤ô¾-HÛ-Gbm-ºDï¾-{Å-q-¾-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-GÛ-(GÛÅ-)»Û-Gï-|ÛÅ-

q-hP-Ço Ý¤-q¼-ºhïzÅ-Mã-hPü. fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï-zMãh-vôh-

{-Mã-{Å-q-¼ïh. ¾ô-ºhÛºÛ-mP-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-GÛÅ-|ÛÅ-q-hP-Ço Ý¤-q¼-

ºhïzÅ-qºÛ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-»Û-Gï -n¤Å-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-¾-vh-

q-hPü. fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï -h ï -n¤Å-zôh-hÝ -»Þ¾-zÇ? ô¼-hÝ -»ôP-

¤Dm-HÛ-xÛ-M¾-¤Û-Ço¼-zMãh-vôh-{Å-q-wÞh. h-hÝP-¼P-ZÛh-<Û-»Û-Gï-D-

ÁÅ-zÇk ÝÅ-bï-hï-n¤Å-»P-(<P-)xÛ-M¾-HÛ-¤Û-Ço¼-zMãh-vôh-hP-z=¤Å-

q-¼ïh.

1987 ¾óºÛ -¹- 2 qº¤- 3 qºÛ-mP-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-hP-

zÇem-q-w Þ¾-{ãP-GZÛÅ-<ÛÅ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô -L ô¾-HÛ -»Û -G ï -ºzô¼-Vïm-|ÛÅ-

Mã-hPü. z=¤-MãºÛ -hGôÅ-¤DóºÛ -Vïh-hÝ -f Þz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-HÛÅ-zÇem-q-

wÞ¾-{ãP-¾-Ço Ý¤-q¼-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-·ÛG-vh-q-hPü. zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-GÛ -

Çk ôh-GmÅ-<P-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-q¼-ºhïzÅ-Å-V-·ÛG-VG-(VGÅ-)q-

¼ïh. hïºÛ -X ïÅ-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-hP-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-GZÛÅ-IôÅ-¤ô¾-

GÅP-WâÅ-ºGôh-q-hPü. ÇS-xÛ-zÇk ô¤Å-“zôh-VôÅ-(Vô¾-)GÅÞ¤-zhïm-hôm-

ºfz-¯ ôh -± ôGÅ-q-hP. z ôh-V ôÅ-(Vô¾-)GÅÞ¤-H Û -M-V ïº Û -Å ï¼-B-¤ Û -

¤P-”zTÅ-¤ÛP-fôG-mÅ-xÛ-M¾-HÛ-¤Û-zMãh-mÅ-M¾-uÛºÛ-¤Z¤-£ï¾-M¾-

±ôGÅ-¾-“¯-¤ïh-hÝ -ºIô-¾-Z ï -zºÛ -z ôh-¤Û -¼ ÛGÅ-”zôh-»Þ¾-hï -M-»Þ¾-¾-

zNå¼-zºÛ-Zïm-D¼-G¸ÛGÅ-hP-. hI-zóºÛ-IôÅ-fïPÅ-GÅÞ¤-qÅ-¾ÞG-¤Gô-

z;¾-mÅ-EÛ-Á-±ôP-z. hI-zôÅ-¯-¤ïh-hÝ-zbP-zºÛ-zôh-<Û-¯-VïºÛ -hPôÅ-


¼ÛGÅ. ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 10 ¾-im-GÅô-·Ý -z. º²¤-JÀ ÛP-GÅ¼-zNå¼.

zTÅ-ºGô -zXôh-h Ý -ºDôh-qºÛ -¾ ôG-uôh-»Û -G ï -GbôP-z-hPü. h-h ÝP-q¼-

ºhïzÅ-z·Ûm-qºÛ-»Û-Gï-“zhïm-hôm-HÛ-¤±ôm-VÅ-μâm-qºÛ-GhôP-¿tGÅ-zÁÝ-

hGôÅ-”hPü. zôh-¼P-z®m-{ïh-Mã¼-Mz-Bô¼-¼ï-z-·Ý-zºÛ-¤-»ÛG-zTÅ.

h-hÝP-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-mP-DÞ¾-hÝ-»ôÅ-¾ô¼-zôh-¼P-z®m-ºIâz-fÞz-hPü. bØ-

¾ºÛ-}À-¤-hP-=âP-Gô-ÆÛh-G·ÝP-ºi-¤Z¤-»Ûm. ·ïÅ-q-hPü. bØ-¾ºÛ-z;º-

ÇÀ ôz-hôm-±m-GÅÞ¤. z®m-º²â¾-M-h¤¼-HÛ-¿? ôG-G»óºÛ -º ôG-zôh-¤Û-mP-

DÞ¾-ºfz-¯ôh-{ïh-<Û-»ôh-qÅ. zôh-¤Û-n¤Å-©ôPÅ-GZÛh-¾Å-Åh-hï-¤fÞm-

OÛ¾-{Å-bï-M-¤Û-(¤ÛºÛ -)¿? ôG-G»ô¼-D-Gbh-zTôG-hGôÅ-TïÅ-qºÛ-zOGÅ-

»ÛG-hPü. ¢¼-±ÛG-zTÅ-z=¤Å-q-¼ïh.

1987 ¾ô-¹- 9 ±ïÅ- 27 ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-¿Ë -Å¼-hÝÅ-

¸ÛP-¾PÅ-XïÅ-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-mÅ-hrh-»ÛG-vh-qºÛ-zôh-mÛ-¼P-hzP-

¼P-z®m-G®P-¤-»Ûm-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-hï. FÛ¤Å-hôm-hP-¾ô-MãÅ-<Û-(<ÛÅ-)¼-

vôh-{Å-q-»Ûm. ¸ï¼-zºÛ-»Û -G ï -h ï -VôÅ-¤²h-¤ï-b ôG-(Hôh-G·Û -G·m-h Ý -fG-

GTôh-{Å-¸ Ûm.)zMãh-¤Û-z®¾-mÅ-Ço Ý¤-q¼-ÁôG-zÞº Û -f ôG-@ô-z-hPü. q¼-

ºhïzÅ-zTß-IP-(IPÅ-){Å-q-hPü. h-hÝP-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-mÅ-¹-

9 ±ïÅ- 27 hPü. ¹- 10 ±ïÅ- 1 ZÛm-¸ÛP-V-ÇÀ ôP-¤Dm-¾-GbôP-zºÛ-

¤±¤Å-ºiÛº Û -»Û -G ï -h ï -zMãh-vôh-hP-z=¤Å-q-¼ïh.

fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Iô¾-HÛ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-¾Å-;-{ïh-Ç?zÅ-h-

hÝP-¤Û-G·m-¾-»P-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-Lô¾-HÛ-»Û-Gï -|ÛÅ-hÝ -(º|Û-¼ Þ -)ºWâG-q-

¼ïh. h-hÝP-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-HÛÅ-xÛ -M¾-mÅ-»ôP-zºÛ-z ôh-¼ÛGÅ-±ï-

¼ÛP-zÅ¤-Iâz-¾-¼P-¼ïºÛ -¿ Y ôPÅ-<Û-z®ôm-DP-DG-hPü. ¿e-ÆâP-DP-mP-

z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-qºÛ -z®ôm-qºÛ -GmÅ-±ß¾-zÇk Ý -¼ Þz-z¸ôÅ-b ï -vh-q-¼ïh.

GôP-GÅ¾-hôm-hPôÅ-±P-¤¼-hqP-dGÅ-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-Z¼-±GÅ-

»ôh-q-hPü. Hôh-»-GZÛÅ-<Û-(<ÛÅ-)<P-Ç~Å-GÅP-GP-»P-¤ïh-q¼-PôÅ-

¾ïm-q-¼ïh. hôm-hPôÅ-GÅ¾-¾-hqP-dGÅ-<P-DÞPÅ-z®m-qô-»ôh-q-hPü.

bm-bm-PôÅ-º²Ûm-{ïh-fÞz-q-»ôh.

ºhÛ-G-·Ûz-hrôh-DP-GÛ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-hÝ. Hôh-»-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-

hP-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-GÛ-(GÛÅ-)GÅP-zºÛ-Pm-WâÅ-{Å-bï-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô -

Lô¾-HÛ-»ÛG-Gï-hPü. zOGÅ-»ÛG-|ÛÅ-q-hP-q¼-ºhïzÅ-{Å-mÅ-ºzô¼-

Vïm-z=¤Å-qºÛ-{-uôh-hï. “=âP-ÈÑ-¤Û-h¤PÅ-uÛ-¤fÞm-M¾-Dz-ZïÅ-FÛ¤Å-

”hôm-±m-Zï¼-GZÛÅ-q-hP-. hôm-±m-¼ï-GZÛÅ-q. hôm-±m-zM-hP-GZÛÅ-

qºÛ-mP-GÅïÅ-GZÛÅ-q-(qºÛ-)Gbm-ºzïzÅ-hP-ºG¾-zÅ-GÅ¼-zXï¼-Pô-

Lô¾-HÛ-Pm-zÇ? Ý¾-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-ZïÅ-q-VGÅ-q-¼ïh. “=âP-ÈÑ -¤Û -h¤PÅ-

uÛ-¤fÞm-M¾-Dz-GÛ-(<Û-)ZïÅ-hôm-GbàG-zÁï¼-zTº-FÛ¤Å-”hôm-±m-zM-

qºÛ-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-G·Û¼-z¸ÞP-mÅ-Vïh-¤PGÅ-<Û-G·ÝP-GbàG-{ïh-Mã-hP-

FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-¿e¼-FÛ Û¤Å-GTôh-»ôh-q-· Ý.

¿Ë -Å-IôP-Eï¼-º|ÛP-¼Û¤-¤Û -h¤PÅ-FÛ¤Å-DP-¾.


(h¤-y âG)

·Ûz-hrôh-¾Å-±z-q. ±ï-¼ÛP-lô -X ï -hP-h{ãP-IGÅ-mÅ.

1989 ¾óº Û -¹- * ±ïÅ- 20 ¾.

(¹-±ïÅ-¤-hqï¼-h¤-y âG-G ÛÅ-O Ûz-Ç ezÅ-GÅ¾-q ó -¤ Û -ºh ÝG)

·¼-{ ãP.

1/ Hôh-»-fÞz-zÇem-n¤-Oô¾-hP-zÇem-q-wÞ¾-{ãP-h-¿e -¼P-

BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-uÛ -zhï -f ÛP-¿e -Æ âP-DP-hÝ -z®ôm-ºWâG-{Å-»ôh.

2/ »ÛG-¼ ÛGÅ-Z¼-ÁôG-DG-GÅÞ¤-»ôh.

3/ Hôh-G·Û -ºhÛº Û -Z ïÅ-dGÅ-hrh-G·Ûº Û -» Û -G ï -±P-¤-zB¾-»ôh.

(¯ÛÅ-Fº Û -» Û -G ï -¾-· Ûz-y-G¸ ÛGÅ.)

b/

1995 ¹- 5 ±ïÅ- 18 ZÛm-&qa-Vïm-Ç? Ý -y ïP-zTß-GTÛG-q-PôÅ-º²Ûm-

¾-z¯Û -z;Ý¼-· Ý -zºÛ -GÅ¾-zOGÅ-um-·Ý.

GÝÅ-ÁÛP-z¯ï-zºÛ-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-¤Z¤-º|ï¾-M¾-±ôGÅ-zhï-ºWGÅ-

¾Å-º²Ûm-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-<Û-hzÞ-FÛh-hPü. Í-¤Û-¼Û-;Å-G®ô-zô-GmP-zºÛ-º²¤-

JÀ ÛP-Eôm-HÛ-iP-zhïm-M¾-Dz-Vï-VßP-DG-hPü. ¤Û-¤P-zTÅ-¾-Ç[m-ÅïP-

GÅ¾-zOGÅ-·Ý-Mã¼. zôh-ÁÛP-wG-mG-¹ºÛ-±ïÅ-zTô-¿S. hq¾-hÝÅ-<Û-

ºDô¼-¾óº Û -h ÝÅ-Vïm-HÛ -Z Ûm. z=-ÁÛÅ-qºÛ -ºGPÅ-Vïº Û -z;º-ºyÛm-·ÛG-

Çe ôP-GÅß¤-HÛ -Ç e ôP-Vïm-q óº Û -ºWÛG-d ïm-D¤Å-¾-Ez-mÅ-ÆÛh-q-GÅß¤-HÛ -

G¸ÞGÅ-»ôh-G¸ÞGÅ-¤ïh-hPü. ºhôh-D¤Å-¾-Ez-Çe ï -¿Ë-¤Û-;Ým-HÛÅ-hGº-

GÝÅ-»Û-¼P-GÛ-z¯Û-z;Ý¼-·ÝÅ-q-ºhÛ-mÛ. zôh-<Û-}À-m-¤ïh-qºÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-GPÅ-

Tm-¿Ë-GTÛG-xG-m-qj¨ ô. ºhÛ-xÛº Û -&BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô -Ç? Ý -y ïP-zTß-z·Û-

q-zÇem-º²Ûm-M-¤±ô -¤VôG-G ÛÅ-GmP-zºÛ -hGôÅ-P ïÅ-hPü. ºôÅ-Á ÛP-

º±¤Å-q. iP-zhïm-zTÅ-<Û-GÅ¾-zOGÅ-ÁÛG-GmP-mÅ-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-

mG-Vß-¿Ë -¼Û -ÇKP-Å-DÞ¾-hÝ-»ôh-qºÛ-»z-;Ým-¤VôG-wÞm-±ôGÅ-¾GÅ-hP-.

»Þ¤-zhï-Vïm-VôÅ-Oôm-GZÛÅ-<Û -ÆÅ-hGï-ºhÝm-VôÅ-<Û -Z Û -¤-¤VôG-&;Ým-

G¸ÛGÅ-&qa-Vïm-f¤Å-Th-¤Eïm-q-Ç? Ý-yïP-zTß-GTÛG-q¼-ºFâ¾-|¾-PôÅ-

º²Ûm-GmP-zºÛ -GÅÞP-z¸P-ºhÛ. P-±ô -z ôh-GPÅ-¿Y ôPÅ-<Û -m¤-¤DºÛ -

h{ÛPÅ-ÅÞ-½ À âP-zÅÛ¾-¤ºÛ-d-¾Å-fôÅ-q-®¤-HÛÅ. Ç? ô¤-q-Vß -ºhôh-hP-

¿e ôGÅ-q-¸Å-ºhôh-¾-¤Dô-zºÛ-¼Ûm-fP-|¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀ ôz-mÛ-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-»P-

hG-q-hPü. wÞm-ÅÞ¤-±ôGÅ-q-zTÅ-»Ûm-qÅ. P-±ô-z ôh-¿Y ôPÅ-ÅÞ-GmÅ-

qºÛ-Vô¾-D-GÅÞ¤-HÛ-M-Vïº Û -Åï¼-B-¿Ë-¤Û -; Ým-HÛ-¾ÞÅ-PG-»Ûh-GÅÞ¤-HÛÅ-

G ÝÅ-xG-hP-z¯Û -z;Ý¼-¤fº-GTÛG-b à -· Ý -M ã -» Ûm.

hï-¾-¤-ºôÅ-¤-º±¤Å-qºÛ-mG-xôGÅ->À->À óº Û -hqÞP-GÛÅ-yG-hôG-

hP-. ºIm-Åï¤Å-<ÛÅ-Gbô¼-zÁÛGÅ-zbP-z-hqï¼-m. M-mG-h¤¼-xôGÅ-

ÆÛh-G·ÝP-GÛÅ-WâÅ-¤ïh-WâÅ-ºFÛ¾-HÛÅ-Ç?h-Pm-zMz-mÅ. h-¾¤-HÛ-GÅ¾-

165 166zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û -±ï. hq¾-HÛ-VôÅ-ºDô¼-¿Ë-Å¼-xÛ¼-¾ôG-{Å-q.

zOGÅ-ºhÛ-GmP-z¼-Dô -q-±ô -¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-¤ïh-±ß¾-hPü. È-¾¤-zôh-<Û -

M-Vïº Û -¤ Û -¤P-ºzG-¾-Hôm-b ï -z ôh-¤ÛÅ-¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-{-GÛ -¤ ïh-±ß¾-HÛ -BG-

zμâm-¿Ë à -O ÛG-hPü. z®m-Áïh-<ÛÅ-hïP-Ç?zÅ-¿Ë-Å¼-zôh-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-

¤Û-h¤PÅ-ºfÞÅ-¤Û-±ôGÅ-Vïm-º±ôGÅ-Ç?zÅ-ºDï¾-zÅ. ±ôGÅ-ºhÝºÛ-IôÅ-

G·ÛºÛ -mP-ZÛm-¿e¼-Gmh-hôm-ºhÛ-IôÅ-zÇk Ý¼-{ïh-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ. ºfÞÅ-¤Û-

±P-¤¼-z®m-Áïh-<ÛÅ-¤Û -¼ ï -P ô -¼ ï¼-Dô -qºÛ -ºhôh-h ôm-DÅ-¾ïm-h Ý -zTßG-

Ç?zÅ. Å-GmÅ-GP-Å-mÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-ºfÞÅ-¤Û-n¤Å-mÛ-IôÅ-zÇkÝ¼-{ïh-Ç?zÅ-

¼P-GÛ -Í-¤-ÁÛ -qºÛ -n¤-ºHã¼-¿e -z Þ -{Å-mÅ-IôÅ-zÇk Ý¼-{ïh-q-m Û. hïP-

Ç?zÅ-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-z½[m-ºyÛm-mP-zbôm-¤ÞÅ-¿e¼. M-h¤¼-z®m-M¾-G·ÝP-

GÛ -ºhôh-h ôm-¿ e¼-Ç?h-V-¤-zÁh-m-Dô -¼P-±óº Û -Æ ôG-¾-GTïÅ-qÅ-fÞGÅ-

DG-Gbm-mÅ-¤ïh. hï-¤Ûm-zôh-mP-Dô-qºÛ-ºhôh-hôm-Oæz-¤Dm-JÀ-w ôGÅ-

<Û-Gmh-hôm-»ôh-¤Dm-ZàP-ÁÅ-®¤-¤-GbôGÅ. È-¾¤-DG-qô-¼ïh. ¿ËG-

q¼-M-h¤¼-HÛÅ-hïP-Ç?zÅ-zÁh-±ß¾-¾. ¤m-Wâ-GôP-¤ºÛ-Ç?zÅ-mÅ-OÛG-

Æô¾-»ôh-¾ÞGÅ-<Û-BG-zμâm-¤-ºhÝÅ-¿Ë à -ºIÛGÅ-G-±ôh-zÁh-<Pü. GTÛG-

mÅ-M¾-Dz-Åô-Åô¼-ÇS ôm-Vh-mÅ-hPôÅ-º{ãP-GÛ-¾ô -MãÅ-»ôh-¾. GTÛG-

ÁôÅ-mÛ-zôh-ºhÛ-ÇS¼-mÅ-¼P-fG-¼P-Vôh-<Û-M¾-Dz-»Ûm-q-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-iP-

zhïm-M¾-Dz-±P-¤Å-¤Eïm-GÅ¾-¿e¼. ¿Ë-¾ÞP-¾-ºiï-¾G-zAP-m-zhïm-

hôm-HÛ -¤±ôm-VÅ-ºiï-¾G-hÝ¤-zÞ¼-GTôh-fÞz.

¿ËG-q¼-hÝ -P-±ô -z ôh-¤Û -Å-»-iâG-GÛÅ-M-h¤¼-hzP-º²Ûm-¾Å-

DÞPÅ-¾-ºDôm-º²Ûm-{ïh-hGôÅ-q-·ÛG-¾. Dô-qÅ-hÝÅ-Mãm-hÝ -zÁh-¤ÞÅ-

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zÅ¤Å-qºÛ-Çe ôP-zÅ¤-·ÛG-zTPÅ-<Û-»ôh. hï-m Û -ºIâz-fzÅ-¯-z-mÅ-

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hzP-º²Ûm-qºÛ-{-Pm-±P-¤-fï¼-ºhôm-{-Mã-¼ïh.

P-±óº Û -} À -m-¤ïh-qºÛ-hzÞ-FÛh. º²¤-JÀ ÛP-·Û -zhï-hPü. ºIô-z-

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m-¤ïh-qºÛ-hzÞ-FÛh-<Û-Ç? Ý -x Õ¼-ÆâP-BôzÅ-¤fº-GTÛG-bà -GmP-zºÛ-BzÅ-

ºWâG-fÞGÅ-Xï-z¯ï-G¸ÛGÅ-hPü. G¾-ÆÛh-º²¤-JÀ ÛP-Eôm-¾-Ez-qºÛ-M-

h¤¼-z®m-M¾-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-qºÛ-Pm-±zÅ-hPü. hïºÛ -MãG-EÛ-±ôÅ-hï -¾Å-

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zôh-M¾-¾ô- 2121 ¼z-{ãP-zTß-zhÝm. ÁÛP-wG-mG-¹.

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167 168zhïm-hôm-º±ô¾-zºÛ-¤Û-±ï. hq¾-HÛ -V ôÅ-ºDô¼-¿Ë -Å¼-xÛ¼-¾ôG-{Å-q.

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