4. special education

Learning Disabilities

Dr. Mohibullah Khan Marwat

SUIT [email protected]

Cell. 03333161616Cell. 03113161616

Learning Disabilities vary from one child to another.

One child may struggle with Reading and Spelling,

Another loves books but can’t Understand Math.

Still another child may have difficulty in Understanding what others are saying or Communicating out Loud.

(Contd)

Nature of Learning Disabilities

It’s not always easy to identify Learning Disabilities.

Because of the wide Variations, there is no Single Symptom or Profile that you can look to as Proof of a Problem.

The problems are very Different, but they are all Learning Disorders.

Nature of Learning Disabilities

Learning Disabilities, or Learning Disorders, is an Umbrella Term for a wide variety of Learning Problems.

A Learning Disability is not a Problem with Intelligence or Motivation.

What is a Learning Disability?

Kids with Learning Disabilities aren’t lazy.

In fact, most are just as Smart as others. Their brains are simply Wired Differently.

This difference affects how they Receive and Process Information.

(Continued)


The most common Types of Learning

Disabilities involve problems with; Reading, Writing, Solving Mathematical problem, Reasoning, Listening, and Speaking.

(Continued)



Having Trouble: Processing information

Organizing information

Applying information

(Continued)

Spoken Language—Listening and

speaking.

Written Language—Reading, writing, and spelling.

Mathematics—Calculation and mathematical concepts.

Reasoning—Organization and integration of ideas and thoughts.

(Continued)


Problems Pronouncing words

Trouble in Finding the Right Word

Difficulty in Rhyming

Trouble in Learning the Alphabet, Numbers,

Colours, Shapes, Days of the Week

(Contd)

Preschool Signs and Symptoms of Learning Disabilities

Difficulty in following Directions or Learning routines

Difficulty in Controlling writing on chalks, Pencils, and Scissors, or coloring within the lines

Trouble with Buttons, Zippers, Learning to Tie Shoes

Preschool Symptoms of Learning Disabilities

Trouble in Learning the Connection between Letters and Sounds

Unable to Produce Proper Sounds to make words

Confuses Basic words when Reading

Consistently Misspells words and makes Frequent Reading Errors

(Contd)

Ages 5-9 Symptoms of Learning Disabilities

Trouble in Learning basic Mathematical concepts

Difficulty in Telling Time and Remembering Sequences

Slow in Learn New Skills


Difficulty with General Reading or Doing Math skills

Trouble with Open-Ended Test Questions

Dislikes Reading and Writing;

Feels uneasy and Avoids Reading Aloud

Spells the Same Word Differently in a same document


Poor Organizational Skills (Bedroom, Homework, Desk is untidy and Disorganized)

Trouble in following Classroom Discussions and Expressing Thoughts Aloud

Poor Handwriting


Causes or Presumed Causes of Learning Disabilities

Real Causes not yet Recognized

Might be caused by:

Hereditary

Accidental

Environmental

1. Abnormal: Dysplasia.

2. a. Impaired: Dysgraphia. b. Difficult: Dysphonia.

3. Bad: Dyslogistic.

4. Diseased, Abnormal, or Faulty condition: Dysentery; Dyslexia.

5. Difficult or painful: Dysuria.

What dose Dys mean?

Learning Disabilities at school level mostly Revolve around:

1. Reading, 2. Writing, or 3. Math.

Common Learning Disabailities

There are two types of Reading Disabilities 1. Reading problems occur when there is

difficulty in Understanding the Relationship between Sounds, Letters and Words.

2. Reading Problems occur when there is

Inability to Understand the Meaning of words, idioms etc.

(Contd)

Learning Disabilities in Reading (Dyslexia)

Signs of reading difficulty include problems with:

1. Recognition of Letter and Word

2. Understanding Words and Ideas

3. Reading “Speed and Fluency”

4. General Vocabulary Skills

Learning Disabilities in Reading (Dyslexia)

Learning Disabilities in Writing are associated with the Physical act of writing or the Mental Activity of understanding and interpreting information.

It refers to Physical Difficulty in Forming Words and Letters.

Expressive Writing Disability indicates a Struggle to Organize Thoughts about Friends, Fellows and the people associated with the child.

(Contd)

Learning Disabilities in Writing (Dysgraphia)

Symptoms include problems with:

1. Neatness and Consistency of writing

2. Accurately Copying letters and words

3. Spelling consistency

4. Writing Organization and Arrangement

Learning Disabilities in Writing (Dysgraphia)

Motor Disability refers to problems with Movement and Coordination whether;

It is with Fine Motor Skills (Cutting, Writing) or Gross motor skills (Running, Jumping, Catching etc).

A motor disability is sometimes referred to as an “Output Activity” meaning that it relates to the output of information from the Brain.

Learning Disabilities in Motor Skills (Dyspraxia)

In order to Run, Jump, Catch, Write or Cut something, the brain establish link with the concerned organ to complete the action.

Signs that your child might have a Motor Coordination Disability include problems with Physical Abilities that require Hand-Eye Coordination, like Holding a Pencil or Buttoning the shirt.

Learning Disabilities in Motor Skills (Dyspraxia)

Language and communication Learning Disabilities involve the ability to Understand and Produce Spoken Language.

Language is also considered an Output Activity because it requires Organizing Thoughts in the Brain and directing the Right Words to verbally explain something or communicate with someone else.

(Continued)

Learning Disabilities in Language (Aphasia/Dysphasia)

Signs of a Language-based Learning Disorder are associated with Language skills, such as;

Ability to Retell a Story or Statement and

The Fluency of Speech, Ability to Understand the Meaning of

words, or Directions, etc.

Learning Disabilities in Language (Aphasia/Dysphasia)

Learning Disabilities in Math vary greatly depending on the child’s other Strengths and Weaknesses.

A child’s ability to do Math will be affected by a

Language Learning Disability, or

Visual Disorder or

Difficulty with Sequencing, Memory or Organization of the data.

(Contd)

Learning Disabilities in Math (Dyscalculia)

A child with a Math-based Learning Disorder may struggle with Memorization and Organization of numbers,

Operation Signs, and Number “facts” (like 5+5=10 or 5x5=25).

Children with Math Learning Disorders might also have trouble with Counting Principles (such as counting by Twos or counting by Fives) or

Have Difficulty in Telling Time.

Learning Disabilities in Math (Dyscalculia)

Eyes and Ears are the Basic Tools of delivering information to the Brain, this process sometimes called “Input”.

If either the Eyes or the Ears aren’t working properly, the process of learning will definitely suffer.

Auditory and Visual Processing Problems: Importance of Ears and Eyes

Professionals may refer to the ability to hear well as “Auditory Processing Skills” or “Receptive Language.”

Inability to Distinguish Slight Differences in Sound, or Hearing sounds at slow speed make it difficult to understand the basic concepts of reading and writing.

Ability to Hear things correctly greatly impacts the ability to Read, Write and Spell.

Auditory Processing Problems:

Professionals refer to the work of the eyes as “Visual Processing.”

Problems in Visual Processing include;

Missing slight Differences in Shapes,

Reversing Letters or Numbers, Misperceiving Depth or Distance,

(Contd)

Visual Processing Problems:

Having problems with Eye–Hand Coordination.

Visual Perception can affect Gross and Fine Motor skills, and Reading.

Skipping the Words,

Skipping the Lines,

Visual Processing Problems:

Difficulty in school doesn’t always stem from a Learning Disability. Anxiety, Depression, Stressful Events, Emotional Trauma, and Other conditions affecting

Concentration make Learning more difficult.

Psychological Conditions and Learning

ANY ?

THANKS FOR LISTENING

4. special education

Education

Transcript of 4. special education