4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and...
-
Upload
peregrine-may -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and...
![Page 1: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
4 developments define postclassical centuries1. Islamic civilization spread
politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa
2. Civilizations expanded into new world regions
3. The great world religions gained adherent from peoples once following local belief structures
4. The creation of a world network linking many of the individual civilizations
![Page 2: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 6, 7, & 8
Political
![Page 3: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Difference between the terms Arab and Islam◦They do not mean the same thing
1st Global Civilization◦What do you think this means???
Very unique development of an empire that expanded throughout the known world. Centralization as well as a unifying factor of
Religion Spread very fast
![Page 4: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
In the beginning
Arab Peninsula◦Bedouin Societies Nomadic
Herders
◦Trade routs◦Clan/family ties
Video
![Page 5: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Clan LifeA way to survive in a VERY harsh
environment◦Subsistence living
Water constant struggle
◦Kin related. So Families made up the Clan◦Survival depended on cooperation,
support and loyalty.◦If you were kicked
out of your clan you would most likely DIE
![Page 6: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TribesClans were smaller family groupsLarger Tribal groups would come
together in times of hardship and war◦They usually didn’t get along
Tribe
Family Clan
Family Clan
Family Clan
Family Clan
Family Clan
![Page 7: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Just a word on CultureClans would feud with each other
◦Could last for hundreds of yearsRevenge is a major part of the
cultureCulture of Violence
◦In order to survive you must win
![Page 8: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Power Organization Unlike prehistory nomads, there
is a great variation of wealth and power ◦Even within the clan
Shaykhs
Warriors (and their families)
Slave families
![Page 9: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
This way of political life begins to change with Mohammad◦He brings the clans together under
one unifying thing Islam Not easy or done quickly Most believe in the 5 pillars Where they diverge is in who should lead
![Page 10: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Life of Muhammad “The hardships of Muhammad’s early life
underscores the importance of Clan ties in the Arabian world”
Muhammad◦Born into a prominent clan of the Quraysh Tribe◦Educated with the clan to be a merchant
During his caravan travels he met Christians and Jews
◦He was aware of the Monotheistic traditions developing
◦c. 610 He started receiving messages from Allah through the angel Gabriel
![Page 11: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Muhammad as a Political LeaderMuhammad settled disputes in
Medina making it a stronger community
Umayyad didn’t like this because it threatened their trade
They attack Muhammad and his followers
After victory Muhammad was able to travel back to Mecca to the Kaa’ba
Proved to be strong both as a man and a religion
![Page 12: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Something to bring us togetherIslam gave a common identity to
the Arab world◦Umma community of Faithful
This would rise above old tribal and clan boundaries
The Qur’an and Muhammad’s teachings would be incorporated into laws
ISLAMTribeClans
TribeClans
TribeClans
TribeClans
![Page 13: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BUT. . .After Muhammad’s death many
of the tribes renounced the faith and tried to return to old ways◦The split◦New leaders needed to be found and
then they had to force those who left to return This was a more Arab empire in the
beginning
![Page 14: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Issue of Succession After Muhammad’s death:
◦They had to decide on a Caliph to be the political and religion successor
1st Four Caliph1. Abu Bakr Expansion by the armies
begin2. Omar Captures Jerusalem3. Othman Captures N. Africa, Turkey,
Afghanistan4. Ali Conflict between Sunni and Shia
![Page 15: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The SplitShi’a: The successor should be a
member of Muhammad’s familySunni: The successor should be
the strongest◦Umayyads
![Page 16: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Umayyad DynastyMu’awiya
◦Opponent of Ali◦Beginning of the Umayyad Line◦Moved the capital to Damascus
Arab conquest that began during the search for a successor continued◦They wanted booty: that means riches
Didn’t worry so much about conversion◦Have to share the booty◦Dhimmi: people of the book
Damascus becomes the political center
![Page 17: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Umayyad declineThey began to move away from the
simple, frugal life that Muhammad taught ◦Were very centered around family ties and
nothing elseAbbasids began to grow angry and
wanted power◦Used the Mawali (non Arab Muslims) and
Shi’a to help them gain the power◦Come to dinner◦Reject those that helped them after they
took power
![Page 18: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The AbbasidsMoved the Capital from
Damascus to BaghdadCreated a very large Bureaucracy
◦Headed by the Vizier
![Page 20: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Who are the Abbasids 3rd Abbasid Caliph was al Mahdi
◦Major love of luxury which caused a lot of corruption
◦Failed to fix the whole succession problem Son assassinated
Most Famous Abbasid Caliph was Harun al-Rashid◦1000 and 1 Nights◦Depended on Persian advisors
How does this cause problems later on
![Page 21: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Death of al Rashid1st civil war over succession
◦End of the real power of the Caliph◦Caliph felt they needed personal
guards Turks became the power center Personal armies (70,000)
Started killing the Caliph they were supposed to protect
All this fighting took a lot of money◦Ran out◦General destruction everywhere
![Page 22: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Slow decline Splinter dynasties created own
kingdoms and began to fight for power
Buyids of Persia take Baghdad in 945◦Shi’a ◦Buyids were the Sultan
These were the true rulers and the Caliph was just a figure head
Seljuk Turks defeat the Buyids in 1055◦Purged the Shi’a during this time
![Page 23: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What impact did the Crusades have on the Islamic empire? The Muslims were not as affected as the Christians
culturally by the crusades The Muslims received Greek learning that was recovered
by the Christians Christians took over small kingdoms temporarily, but
Muslims under Saladin reclaimed them Muslims developed a more negative view of the
Christians Europeans borrowed ideas from the Muslims Italian merchants stayed after crusades diffusing the
Arabian economic system First crusades was most successful due to elements of
surprise and lack of political unity Much of the holy land was captured and divided into
Christian kingdoms◦ It will change back and forth
![Page 24: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Islam in AsiaAs stated earlier people who
made their way into India stayed and were assimilated◦Due to the flexibility of Indian
CultureMuslims enter
◦First time Indians met with a civilization as sophisticated as their own
◦Due to trade
![Page 25: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Africa
![Page 26: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Africa Really large and spread-out
◦Causes a lot of diversity◦Some places were considered
“states” and others were not
![Page 29: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Stateless Societies Organized around kinship or
other forms of obligationLack the concentration of
political power and authorityCan grow very large
◦Usually ruled by counsel or family group There was little concentration of authority
![Page 30: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Difficulties Resist external pressuresMobilize for warfareOrganize large building projectsCreate stable conditions for long
distance trade
Why was this so difficult?????
![Page 31: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Common ElementsEven though they were so
diverse there were some commonalities◦Linguistic Base Bantu
Understanding
◦Animism Nature, animals, magic
![Page 32: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nubia and Ethiopia
![Page 33: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ghana
![Page 34: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Mali
![Page 35: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Songhay
![Page 36: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Central African States
![Page 37: 4 developments define postclassical centuries 1. Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa 2. Civilizations expanded.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062809/5697bfa91a28abf838c9a0cd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Swahili States